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Abstract—Selected mapping (SLM) is a well-known method for or the maximum likelihood decoding scheme introduced in
reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal [9]. More recently, another method was proposed in [10] that
frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The main combines channel estimation using high-power pilot tones and
drawback of this technique is that, for each data block, it requires
the transmission of several side information bits, which results PAPR reduction via SLM. One of the key ideas in [10] consists
in some data rate loss. These redundant bits are so critical to the of choosing the location of the pilot tone used inside each data
error performance of the system that they need in practice to be sub-block depending on the side information index, and then
protected by a powerful channel code. This increases the system exploit the power disparity between this pilot tone and the data
complexity and transmission delay, and decreases the data rate symbols in the same sub-block to allow for side information
even further. In this paper, we propose a novel SLM method
for which no side information needs to be sent. By considering recovery at the receiver side. The technique in [10] assumes
the example of an OFDM system using 16-QAM modulation, the use of several pilot tones in each data block, which is
it is shown that the proposed method performs very well both clearly not a realistic option in some important applications
in terms of PAPR reduction and bit error rate at the receiver such as immobile wireless communications.
output. It is however possible to suppress the practical limitations
Index Terms—Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, of the work in [10] by leaving out the pilot tones and replacing
peak-to-average power ratio, selected mapping, side information. them with data symbols. By doing so, we completely remove
the restrictions regarding the possible locations of the high-
power subcarriers inside the data block. We are therefore
I. I NTRODUCTION left with a problem which is much more general than that
A MAJOR drawback of orthogonal frequency-division addressed in [10]. In this paper, we propose to address this
multiplexing (OFDM) systems has traditionally been problem by describing a novel SLM method without side
their high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). To overcome information and studying its performance in terms of PAPR
this problem, a number of techniques have been developed reduction, probability of erroneous side information detection,
(see, e.g., [1] - [7]). Selected mapping (SLM) is one of as well as bit error rate (BER) at the receiver output. In our
the most promising among all these techniques because it is SLM method, each side information index is associated with
simple to implement (at least from a conceptual viewpoint), a particular set of locations inside the data block at which
introduces no distortion in the transmitted signal, and can the modulation symbols have been extended. In the receiver,
achieve significant PAPR reduction [2]. The basic idea in a side information detection block attempts to determine the
SLM consists of generating a set of signals, all of them locations of the extended symbols.
representing the same data block, and then transmitting the The paper is organized as follows: In Section II, the
one with the lowest PAPR. The implementation of SLM leads proposed SLM technique is presented. Then, in Section III, we
to a decrease in data rate because the selected signal index, consider an example for which we provide various computer
called side information, must also be transmitted to allow for simulation results. Finally, conclusions are drawn in Section
the recovery of the original data block at the receiver side. IV.
The eventual loss of the side information during transmission
significantly degrades the error performance of the system II. T HE P ROPOSED SLM T ECHNIQUE WITHOUT S IDE
since the whole data block is lost in this case. This is why it I NFORMATION
is, in practice, crucial to protect the side information using In this Section, a notation in the form V = (vq )Q shall be
a powerful channel code, which makes the system more used to denote a vector V composed of Q scalar quantities
complex, increases the transmission delay, and further reduces vq , q ∈ {0, 1, ..., Q − 1}.
the data rate.
It is therefore important to try implementing the SLM A. The proposed SLM transmitter
method without having to explicitly send any side information. Consider an OFDM system using N orthogonal subcarriers.
A few techniques for doing so have already been proposed A data block is a vector X = (xn )N composed of N complex
such as, for example, the scrambling method described in [8] symbols xn , each of them representing a modulation symbol
Paper approved by S. A. Jafar, the Editor for Wireless Communication The- transmitted over a subcarrier. In the classical SLM technique,
ory and CDMA of the IEEE Communications Society. Manuscript received X is multiplied element by element with U phase vectors
February 14, 2007; revised July 10, 2007. Bu = (bu,n )N composed of N complex numbers bu,n , u ∈
The authors are with the School of Electrical, Electronic and Computer
Engineering, Newcastle University, UK (e-mail: stephane.le-goff@ncl.ac.uk). {0, 1, ..., U − 1}, defined so that |bu,n | = 1, where | · | denotes
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TCOMM.2008.070021 the modulus operator. Each resulting vector Xu = (xu,n )N ,
0090-6778/08$25.00
c 2008 IEEE
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1776 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 56, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2008
u=1 C 1 C 1 1 C 1 C 1 1 C 1 C 1 1
N −1
1 2πnt u=2 C 1 1 C 1 C 1 1 C 1 C 1 1 C 1
su (t) = √ xu,n · exp j , 0≤t≤T, (1)
N n=0 T u=3 C 1 1 1 C C 1 1 1 C C 1 1 1 C
Once all the phase vectors Bu have been defined, our SLM In this paper, we assume that, for each transmitted symbol
method works exactly like the classical one, i.e. the data block xv,n , the corresponding frequency-domain sample, obtained
X is multiplied element by element with each Bu so as to after discrete Fourier transform, is given by
produce U vectors Xu = (xu,n )N , with xu,n = bu,n · xn , yv,n = hn · xv,n + nn , n ∈ {0, 1, ..., N − 1}, (3)
as well as U corresponding OFDM signals su (t). Finally, the
signal su (t) with the lowest PAPR is transmitted. Throughout where hn is a real sample representing the fading experienced
this paper, this particular signal is denoted as sv (t) and is by the nth subcarrier and nn is a complex Gaussian noise
associated with the vectors Xv = (xv,n )N and Bv = (xv,n )N . sample with zero-mean and variance σ 2 . Equation (3) implies
The index v ∈ {0, 1, ..., U −1} represents the side information that each subcarrier experiences a flat fading channel, which is
to be transmitted. a realistic assumption for most practical OFDM systems. Note
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LE GOFF et al.: A NOVEL SELECTED MAPPING TECHNIQUE FOR PAPR REDUCTION IN OFDM SYSTEMS 1777
that, throughout this work, we assume for simplicity sake that N = 125, 8 dB N = 255, 8 dB
N = 510, 8 dB N = 1020, 8 dB
all fading and noise samples are independent, although this N = 125, 25 dB N = 255, 25 dB
may not always be the case in some OFDM systems [11]. Fi- N = 510, 25 dB N = 1020, 25 dB
nally, we consider that the fading samples are perfectly known 1.E +00
Pdf
1.E -02
index u and a set Su . In other words, it knows that each
M -sample subvector inside Yv corresponds to a transmitted
subvector composed of K symbols that were extended by a
factor C and (M − K) symbols that were not extended. For 1.E -03
If L is not large enough, (5) and (6) may yield inaccurate Fig. 2 shows the probability of detection failure, Pdf , as a
evaluations of the expectation terms. The computation using function of the constant C, for two values of the signal-to-
(4) of the M average energies Es,m based on such evaluations noise ratio (SNR = 8 and 25 dB) and four different numbers
can then lead to erroneous detection of the set Sv , i.e. the index of subcarriers (N = 125, 255, 510, and 1020). Note that
v. In such case, the whole original vector X is lost since the the numbers of subcarriers are chosen to be multiples of
receiver is not able to recover the side information. M = 5 close to the usual powers of two used in practice.
In order to minimize the probability of side information The parameter Pdf represents the probability that the receiver
detection failure, Pdf , it is necessary to maximize the value of cannot recover the side information, i.e. a complete OFDM
L for a given number N of subcarriers, which is equivalent frame (vector X) is lost. The SNR is defined as the ratio
to minimizing the length M of a subvector because M = between the average energy per transmitted bit, Eb , and the
N/L. For a desired number U of phase vectors, the value of one-sided power spectral density, N0 , of white Gaussian noise.
M must however remain large enough so that the condition From Fig. 2, it is observed that the SNR does not have
U≤ M K is satisfied. This can be achieved by taking K = 2
M
a great influence on the value of Pdf . The latter is, on the
for even values of M and K = 2 or K = 2 for odd
M−1 M+1
other hand, much more dependent on the values of parameters
values of M . In any case, the system designer must keep in C and N . As C is increased, the performance of our algo-
mind that, for a constant M , a higher value of K results in rithm improves, simply because a higher value of C allows
a higher energy increase G, which in turns degrades the error for a better distinction between extended and non-extended
performance of the system. symbols after transmission through the channel. Increasing N
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1778 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 56, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2008
Perfect SI
1.E-03 1.E -01
C = 1.1
Pr[PA PR >PAPR0]
C = 1.2
1.E-04
C = 1.3
C = 1.4 1.E -02
C = 1.5
1.E-05
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Eb/N0 (dB) 1.E -03
also results in a better performance because the number of Fig. 4. CCDF of the PAPR of the proposed SLM technique (new SLM)
without side information for C = 1.4 and N = 65, 125, 255, and 510
subvectors L = N/M is then also increased, which provides subcarriers. The length of the subvectors is M = 5 symbols and K = 2
more reliable estimates of the average energies per symbol symbols are extended in each subvector. For comparison purposes, we also
Es,m in positions m ∈ {0, 1, ..., M − 1}. plot for each value of N the curves obtained with the classical SLM method
(class. SLM) as well as those associated with an OFDM system without any
PAPR reduction (no PAPR reduct.).
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LE GOFF et al.: A NOVEL SELECTED MAPPING TECHNIQUE FOR PAPR REDUCTION IN OFDM SYSTEMS 1779
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