ALL ABOUT MARINE ENGINNERING

GENERAL ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE

What interlocks are there on the start air system?
An interlock to prevent fuel being injected
An interlock on turning gear and an interlock CCP system, pitch has to
be on zero before starting engine.
What is a shipboard use of stainless steel and the properties that make it
appropriate?
Stainless steel could be used for seawater pump shafts. It has good
corrosive properties.
What are the differences between cross head and trunk piston engines?
What are the impurities in heavy fuel oil?
Impurities in H.F.O. come in the form of solids and liquids.
Solids-------dirt, rust, and sand.
Liquids----- water and sludge
What is the safety devices fitted to an air compressor?
Low L.O.pressure shutdown
High air temperature shutdown
First stage relief valve

Second stage relief valve

A fusible plug is fitted after the second stage cooler, set at 120 deg cents
If water cooled, a jacket water safety valve is fitted.
Explain heavy fuel oil system from bunker tanks to engine?
Fuel is pumped from the fuel oil D.B.tank via a transfer pump to a F.O
sett tank where it is heated. the F.Opurifiers/centrifuges take suction
from the sett tank via purifier heaters, pass through the purifiers, where
any water and impurities are removed and passed on to the serv tank
which also has a set of heating coils.
From the serv tank the fuel then passes via a flow meter to the mixing
tank from where the booster pumps take suction discharging to the
F.O.heaters where the correct F.O.temp/viscosity achieved for correct
fuel combustion in the engine, the fuel then passes through the viscosity
regulator which controls the heater temp, then on to the F.O.filter (which
are heated) to the fuel pumps then to the fuel injector via double
skin/wall high pressure pipe. Any surplus fuel returns via regulating
valve from the fuel pumps back to the mixing tank.D.O. can also be used
in the system and is fed to the system via a 3 way valve.
Note : when diesel is used, no heating is required.
How is leakage in the high-pressure pipeline between the fuel pump and
injector detected?
Leakage between the double skin/wall of the high pressure pipe line
between the fuel pump and injector is detected as this space between
double skin/walled pipes is led via drain line to a small tank fitted with a
level alarm.
Give an example of the density of H.O, L.O and D.O?

H.F.O. --------- 950 kg/cu.m

L.O --------- 870 kg/cu.m
D.O --------- 880 kg/cu.m
What is the purpose of the scum valve on a boiler?
The scum valve on a boiler is connected to a shallow dish positioned at
the normal water level of the boiler and enables the blowing down or
removal of scum and impurities from the water surface.
Why are quick closing valves fitted in a fuel system and how can they
fail to operate?
Quick closing valves are fitted in fuel system so that in the event of a
fire in the vicinity of these system or a fracture or break in these lines the
system c an be shutdown rapidly and remotely, this valves are
pneumatically operated. If by any means control air fails to reach the
valve the system will fail.
At what temp does the department of trade and industry state the fuels
must be kept in the storage tanks?
14 deg cent under their flash points.
Why are weighed cocks fitted to sounding pipes of fuel oil tanks?
To prevent F.O.spills from overflow. They also prevent vapours escaping
from tanks.
What are the properties of H.F.O?
High viscosity
Long ignition delay i.e. low cetane index

How does over speed trip work?

By shutting the fuel off to the engine.There arte various types of trips,
mechanical types which work on the principle of fly weights, or
electrical types which work on the principle of speed pick up operating
a stop solenoid
What fittings would you expect to find a start air receiver?
Safety valve, fusible plug, isolation valve to main air start system.
, filling valve from compressor, drain valve, valve to control air, valve to
whistle, and pressure gauge
How is the L.O.temp controlled?
By means of a thermostatically controlled valve which will allow L.O.to
bypass the cooler when too cold and divert L.O.through the cooler when
too hot. Preset wax elements being incorporated in these valves for this
purpose.
Describe the duties of a duty engineer?
1. Regularly check and record all pressure and temp in the
engine room log
2. Pay attention to readings for deviation from normal
particular attention being made to exhaust temp, scavenge
temp and pressures and turbocharger r.p.m
3. Adjustments should be made for s.w. Temp, changes to keep
correct temp and pressures
4. Checks should be made on the pressure drops across fuel and
lub oil filters to see that they are operating within required
limits.

5. Check all oil levels in auxiliary machinery, main engine sump

levels, cylinder lubricators, turbocharger and governors.
6. Check around all bearings and crankcase doors using palm of
hand to feel for any increasing temp.
7. ensure that fuel in the daily service tanks is at correct levels
and that is sludged and drained of water
8. depending on type of purifiers fitted sludge and drain , check
oil level, signs of vibration and clean if required
9. Carryout all routine assignment as recommended by engine
builders or the company.
10.
At all times use sight, smell and hearing and this is
often the first sign of a fault developing in the engine room
11.
Check bilge levels, stern gland, air start bottles and
maintain correct level a and pressures
12.
Record and fuel/lub oil transfer and any irregularities
in log.
Why are high and low suction fitted on f.o. serv tank?
The high and low suctions are a safety feature to prevent shutdown of
main engines, generators and boilers due to water contamination of the
fuel. Normally the low suction is kept in used if any water should find its
way into the fuel and sevr tank, it will gradually separate towards the
tank bottom when it becomes apparent water is present by finding it at
the tank drains or by operation of the engine, it is possible to bring the
high suction into operation and avoid shutdown
What trips are there on a generator?

L.o.low pressure shutdown, j.cw.high temp and over speed shutdown

What steering gear checks would u do before setting sail?
1) Prior to a ships departure from any port the steering gear should be
tested to ensure the satisfactory operation. These tests should include
a) Operation of main steering gear
b) Operation of auxiliary steering gear or the use of the second pump
which acts as a auxiliary
c) Operation of the remote control system from the main bridge
steering positions
d) Operation of steering gear using the emergency power supply
e) The rudder angle indicator reading with respect to actual rudder
angle should be checked
f) The alarms fitted to the remote control system and steering gear
power units should be3 checked for correct operation
g) Steering gear header tank levels should be checked.
2. During these tests the radar should be moves through its full
travel in both port and starboard and the various equipment
items, linkages etc visually inspected for damage or wear. The
communication system between bridge and steering gear room
should also be operated
What would happen if the duty engineer did not report in after
answering an alarm?
The dead man alarm would activate which the duty engineer
would have to accept in the engine room, if not accepted the

watch keeper on the bridge would send someone to investigate if

there was a problem
Why would the bridge need to be informed that the engine is
about to be stopped?
The bridge would need to be informed that the engine was about
to be stopped to ensure it was navigationally safe to do so.ie not in
busy shipping lanes or near land.
Draw a 2 stroke-timing diagram
How does the turbocharger work?
The turbocharger mainly consists of a turbine and a compressor
assembled as a single unit on a shaft. The exhaust gas from the
engine flows through a water-cooled gas inlet (cooling from
engine j.w. system) to a nozzle ring, which directs gases at the
turbine rotor balding. This force causes a rotor to rotate at high
velocity. The gases leaving via a water-cooled gas outlet casing to
an exhaust pipe and atmosphere. The air required for the diesel
engine is drawn in by the compressor via a combined
silencer/filter. The entry passage after the filter is then divided
onto splitters which prevent draught losses and guide the air to
the compressor and discharge radially at high velocity to the
diffuser, which charges much of the velocity to pressure. From the
diffuser the air passes into the volute casing, changing the rest of
the airs kinetic energy to pressure before being discharged to the
charge air cooler and to the engine for combustion.
What would happen if the l.o.pressure just dropped to zero/?
The engine would shutdown on the low l.o.pressure trip.

How is the signal from the bridge when the helm is moved
transmitted to the hydraulic rams in steering flat/?
When the helm on the bridge is moved, electrical impulses are
produced. These impulses are transmitted via an amplifier or
control unit to the steering flat. In the steering flat these impulses
are relayed to a servo motor (telemotor) which drives an adjusting
gear and floating lever which put the steering gear variable
delivery pump on stroke, thus crating hydraulic pressure in the
system which means the rams, thus moving the tiller and rudder.
The pump is only required to deliver oil when the whelm is moved
i. e once rudder has matched the helm angle, the control lever,
will put the pump off stroke.
How many starts do you require to get from a receiver without
recharging?
On a reversible engine 12 starts
On engines with CPP propellers 6 starts
What is the maximum compressed air temperature that should
leave the air compressor? 93 deg centigrade
What are the pipes used for pumping fuel around the shipprotected by/
Quick closing valves---------which can be operated remotely. In
most cases from the bridge or a remote location from the engine
room.
What measuring devices are there on the cylinder head of 4-stroke
engine?
Exhaust temperature pyrometer and j.w. Outlet thermometer.

After stripping and cleaning a purifier what do you have to make

sure of on reassembly?
The mark on the bowl lock ring lines up with the mark on the
bowl.
Also if vertical shaft has been removed that height of shaft is
correct
How would you check that there was excess water in the sump?
By using water finding paste
What types of valves are boiler feed check valves and why?
Non return type valves a and are fitted in pairs one being the main
and the other the stand by or auxiliary and they must give an
indication of open or closed positions. They are of non-return type
to prevent back flow of boiler pressure down the feed line.
Give a shipboard use of cupro nickel and the properties that make
it suitable for this use?
Heat exchanger tubes. It has good corrosive qualities and very
good heat transfer qualities.
What is an indication in the exhaust gas of good combustion?
Grey smoke indicated good combustion.
What would cause a crankcase explosion?
A crankcase explosion could be caused by the formation of hot
spot i.e. the overheating of a bearing, which in turn could cause an
oil mist to be generated,

. If this oil mist is allowed to build up an explosive condition could

occur where the oil mist can be ignited by piston blow by or the
hot spot itself.
Explain a main engine l.o.system?
l.o. for an engine is stored at the bottom of a crankcase known as
sump or in a drain tank located beneath the engine. The oil is
drawn from this tank through a strainer by one of two pumps in
parallel, one pump being on stand by. The pump discharges the
oil into one of a pair of fine filters it is then passed through a
cooler before entering the engine and being distributed to the
various branches pipes. The branch pipe for a particular unit feed
the main bearing, for instance. Some of this oil will pass along a
drilled passage in the crankshaft to the big end bearing and then
up a drilled passage in the connecting rod to the gudgeon pin in a
trunk piston engine or a crosshead bearing in a crosshead bearing.
An alarm at the end of the distribution pipe ensures that adequate
pressure is maintained by the pump. Pump and filters are
arranged in duplicate with one as stand by. After use in the3
engine the l.o.drain back to the sump or drain tank for reuse.
What limit does the department of trade and industry state that
the lower limit of flash point of fuel used onboard ship should be?
60deg cent
Explain how would you start an air compressor and stop it (after
overhauling)
1. Check oil level in crankcase.
2. Then ensure all drains are open. intercooler drain and also
unloader

3. Check air intake filters is cleaned

4. Ensure oil pressure gauge is open and that air pressure
gauges i.e. first and second stage are partially open to stop
gauge fluctuation.
5. If water-cooled check valves are open and cooling is supplied
also check header tank.
6. Bar machine over by hand to see if its free to turn
7. Start the machine, check there are no unusual noises or
vibration and oil pressure is correct.
8. then close drains and unloader
9. If all seem o.k. run for 30 minutes after which can be
stopped, covers removed and bearing checked. If o.k.
machine can be started on automatic and run
10. To stop the machine, always make sure the machine is
unloaded and drains opened before stopping unless
automatic drains and unloaders are fitted.
What is the purpose of rocker gear on an engine?
To operate the inlet and exhaust valves on the cylinder head
Why does a centrifugal cargo pump have a relief valve?
A centrifugal cargo pump requires a relief valve, as the working
pressure of the pump has to tie in with the working pressure of
the cargo pipe work.
Draw the timing diagram of 4-stroke engine?

Crankcase inspection: frequency, procedure and reasons they are

carried out?
The frequency may vary from different engine manufacturers but
its roughly around 5000 hrs.
Also inspection are carried out after any work has taken place in
the crankcase
Procedure is as follows:
1. Remove crankcase doors from the both sides of the engine
2. Relief valves can be checked at the same time as the are off
3. Inspect condition of all bolt locking devices, replace any
damaged components
4. Turn engine over using turning gear. ENSURE NO ONE is in
crankcase while doing this and that the indicator cocks are
open check condition of camshaft driving gears.
5. Start main l.o.pump and check oil flow from bearings and
piston cooling parts. Check for any leakage from internal oil
pipes and galleries.
6. Check for any damage of cam shaft lobes
7. Check for any evidence of water leakage from lower cylinder
liner o rings
8. Replace any damaged crankcase door joints
9. Record any defects
What is the first indication of leaking exhaust valves?

A rise of exhaust gas temp at the outlet of the valve

What instrument measures small changes in crankcase pressure?
A manometer
What is an indication in the exhaust gas of good combustion?
Grey smoke indicates good combustion
If there was no water in gauge glass after blowing down?
Shut down the boiler immediately and use easing gear to relieve boiler
pressure
What procedure does the duty engineer follow when answering an alarm
on UMS?
Answer alarm; ensure wearing correct clothing before entering engine
room
Never use the ships lift, if fitted use the stairs
Once in the engine room inform bridge
Answer alarm, rectify problem
Then inform bridge when vacating the engine room
What is the diffuser plate in turbo charger?
It is found on the compressor side, it converts the velocity, Kinetic
energy from the compressor into the pressure
How can exhaust valve leakage be confirmed?

By taking an indicator card. The card should be taken with fuel ON and
OFF the unit. If the valve is leaking, the compression pressure and
maximum pressure will be low.
How many PPMS can be pumped in marpol restricted areas?
15PPM
What is the purpose of the cylinder relief valve and operating pressure?
It is designed to relieve pressures in excess of 10% 20%above normal
The operation of this device indicates a fault in the engine which should
be discovered and corrected immediately
What would you do in the event of a scavenge fire?
If a scavenge fire were to start, the 2 main objectives are to confine the
scavenge fire to the scavenge space and to minimize damage to the
engine.
In the event of the fire breaking out, inform bridge that the engine is to
be brought to dead slow ahead and also inform the chief engineer.
The fuel should be cut off to that particular cylinder.
The cylinder l.o. should be increased to prevent seizure and wear.
If fixed fire fighting is attached to the scavenge trunking this can be
brought into operation, depending on severity of situation. But in most
cases the fire will generally subside within 5 15 minutes.
Once the fire is out and navigational circumstances allow it, the engine
must be stopped.

Do not open scavenge space doors or crankcase doors before site of fire
has cooled down. When opening up, care must be taken to keep clear of
any flame.
After opening up all scavenge spaces must be thoroughly cleaned and all
debris removed. The piston rods and cylinder liner should be examined
for surface blemishes, straightness etc, and the diaphragm glands
(stuffing box) examined to ensure that t they are operational and not
damaged.
Also piston rings should be checked, as blow by may have been the
ignition source of the fire. If possible the piston head in question should
be renewed at the earliest possible moment and the damaged unit
overhauled.
On engines fitted with tie bolts, it may be necessary to retighten the bolts
adjacent to the fire.
When starting the engine, care must be taken after switching on the fuel
to the cylinder in question, and that also the cylinder l.o. quantities are
reduced to normal.
What causes white smoke from combustion I.e., in the exhaust?
The presence of water
What is the regulation regarding use of evaporators in shore?
Evaporators should not be used within 20 miles from shore, due to risk
of pollutants being taken into the f.w.system
How would you blow down a boiler gauge glass?
Close the water and steam cocks on the gauge glass and open the drain

Then open the steam cock a strong jet of steam should be seen from
the drain.
Close the steam cock
Open the water cock -- a strong jet of water should be observed from the
drain
Close the water cock and then close the drain
Then open the water cock, the water will rise in the gauge above normal
level
Then open the steam cock, the water should then settle down, finding its
correct level.
If only one inch of water was observed in the gauge glass (only one
gauge glass) after blowing down the boiler gauge glass, what would you
do?
Reduce firing rate of burner and increase feed water flow to boiler by
starting another feed pump.
How would you get water in the combustion spaces?
From cracked exhaust valve gages, cracked cylinder head and liner, fuel
contamination via fuel injector and under cooling of the charge/scavenge
air
What safety devices are fitted to a start air line?
Non return valve, flame traps/arrestors, bursting discs and safety valves
What is the importance of M notices?
M notices are important as they convey very useful information such
as,

Merchant shipping notices (MSNs): which will only be used to convey

mandatory information, which must be complied with under British
legislation
Merchant guidance notices (MGNs): which will provide advice and
guidance to relevant parties in order to improve the safety of shipping
and of life at sea
Marine information notes (MINs): which will provide information to
as more limited audience such as training establishments or equipment
manufacturers
What is the correct method of starting and stopping as centrifugal pump?
The correct way to start and stop a centrifugal pump is with the
discharge valve from the pump closed, i.e. less load on the motor when
starting and stopping
What are the properties of heavy fuel oil?
High viscosity, long ignition delay i.e., low cetane index
What would cause the level of the l.o.sump or drain tank to rise?
Water entering the oil, or fuel or even a l.o filling valve passing
What are looking when you pull a piston?
When you pull a piston, you are looking for any damage to the piston
crown, including cracks,
The condition of piston rings are checked, plus piston ring grooves,
check for any scuffing of piston skirt
Check condition of top end bearing, bush and gudgeon pin, p [plus
clearance between pin and bush

Check lubrication bores are clear on under side of piston

Draw a boiler gauge glass
What would you do if you had high j.c.w. temperature?
Inform bridge and then reduce engine load and investigate problem
which could be insufficient flow through cooler due to fouled cooler or
faulty thermostatic valve
What would be your first indication that there was water in the sump\/
Your first indication would be from your l.o.puriofier or even possibly
from water in l.o.tests if done regularly
What is cross flow scavenging?
In cross flow scavenging, the incoming air is directed upwards, pushing
the exhaust gases before it. The exhaust gases then travel down and out
of the exhaust port. Advantage is no exhaust valve.
What safety devices are fitted to the main engine crankcase?
Explosion door/relief valves and oil mist detectors.
How does oil mist detector work?
The oil mist detector uses a photoelectric cell to measure small increases
in oil density. A motor driven fan continuously draws samples of
crankcase oil mist through a measuring tube. An increased meter reading
and an alarm will result if any crack case sample contains excessive mist
when compared to either clean air or to the other crankcase
compartments. The rotary valve which draces the samples then stops to
indicated the suspect crankcase compartment.
The alarm will cause an engine slowdown or shut down.

How is 15 PPM reached in an oily water separator?

15 ppm is achieved in an oily water separator by normally passing
through a 2 stage separator where in the first stage oil/water is passed
into the coarse separating compartment. Here some oil will rise to the
top of the compartment due to its lower density. Heating coils may aid
this. The remaining oil/water will flow down into the fine separating
compartment and moves slowly between catch plates. More oil will
separate out onto the underside of these plates and travel outwards until
free water (usually being at 100ppm at this stage) will then pass to the
second stage of the separator which is filter unit comprising of 2 filter
units. The first filter stage removes physical impurities present and
promotes some fine separation. The second stage filter uses coalescer
inserts to achieve the final de-oiling, oil/water mixture leaving this stage
at less than 15 ppm.
What could start a scavenge fire?
The main cause of a scavenge fire is the fouling of scavenge spaces by
the blow by products of incomplete combustion caused by incorrect
cylinder lubrication, faulty fuel injection equipment, accumulation of
such mixtures in the scavenge space can be set alight by sparks or flame
blow by
What would prevent water rushing out of the boiler, if the gauge glass
were to break?
A ball valve is fitted below the gauge glass tube to shut off the water
What type of clutch is used on an electrical windlass?
A dog clutch
What can you do to prevent scavenge fires?

Conscientious maintenance of the engine and regular inspection and

cleaning of scavenge air spaces will help prevent scavenge fire up
What are the symptoms of a scavenge fire?
When a scavenge fire has broken out the scavenge air temp and the
exhaust temperature of the unit in question will considerably and in
some cases the turbocharger may start surging. Even hot spots on the
scavenge trunking can be found
What are the rough l.o pressure on the following on a 2 stroke engine?
Piston cooling 6 7 bar
Cross headbearing 4 5 bar
Main bearing 2.5 3 bar
What percentage of engine speed does the over speed operate at?
10 15 % maximum speed
How often the emergency steering is tested?
At least once in every 3 months
What is the purpose of the crankcase oil mist detector?
To detect the build up of oil mist in the crankcase generated from a hot
spot. The detector will then give an alarm, either shut down or slow the
engine down and give and indication of which unit the oil mist is
generated
What procedure would you go through before taking over a watch?

Before taking over a watch a round of the machinery space should be

taken, checking various temps and pressures of machinery. Also
checking oil and tank levels.
Check the log book and ensure all parameters are met. Also ensure that
you understand any instructions that are handed over to you i.e, any
machinery that might be out of service
How is medium speed engine reverse (without CPP)
In medium speed diesel engines, reversing is achieved by the use of
duplicate cams for the air inlet valves, exhaust valves and fuel pumps.
Air start distributor timing is also changed by means of camshaft
movement or by a directional air supply being admitted to the start air
distribution, to reposition cams
To engage correct cams for ahead and astern movements the camshaft
slides axially in its bearings. This movement is controlled by the
camshaft reversing gear, which is normally a servo piston. Motion of the
piston being directly transmitted to the camshaft.
Note: in a slow speed, only duplicate fuel cams required.
What does a positive displacement pump require that a centrifugal pump
does not?
A relief valve
Procedure for handing over a watch?
The engineer should not vacate the engine room until his relief arrives
He should acquaint the relieving engineer of any abnormal operating
conditions that have occurred during the watch

Any orders from the bridge, recorded in the log book should be pointed
out
Instructions from the senior engineer should be passed on
Any repairs should be reported together with information on any
machinery that has been dismantled
The presence of any other members of ships staff in the engine room
should be reported
The engineer much ascertain that his relief if fit and able before vacating
the machinery space
What would you do in the case of a crankcase explosion?
When the alarm sounds, the engine speed must be reduced to slow and
permission obtained to stop the engine.
Inform chief engineer
When an engine has stopped under alarm conditions under no
circumstances must any doors or inspection windows be opened
Oil should continue to be circulated and time allowed for the hot spot to
cool.
The early opening of doors could cause an explosion due to ingress of
air
During cooling down period the engine room staff must keep clear of the
side of the engine fitted with explosion doors.
After a period of at least 20 minutes, stop l.o.pump, cut off all air and
engage turning gear

The access doors should then be opened and personal must keep clear of
possible flames. Under no circumstances should naked lights be used nor
should anyone be permitted to smoke
Examination should then take place for any squeezed out bearing metal
or loose bearing metal in the crankcase
Heat discolored metal parts or blistering of paintwork must be
investigated. The ceiling of the crankcase and guide bars should also be
observed. If the crankcase is clear, the camshaft drive and main thrust
bearing should be inspected for signs of overheating. Should any
damage be found, then a permanent repair must be put in hand
immediately
After repair, low should be check for free flow. The engine should then
run in i.e, 15 minutes, and then check components for signs of
overheating then half an hour at half speed, again check, the one hour
full speed then check again.
Note: varying times have been quoted for the cooling down period and
no set rules are available but the longer the time taken, the greater the
safety factor
What causes blue smoke in combustion i.e. in the exhaust?
Excessive l.o.was being burnt in combustion
How would you know an air start valve was leaking or passing?
The adjacent start air line for that valve would become very hot
What would happen to the amperes of a centrifugal pump if it were with
the discharge valve shut?
The amps would drop as there would be no load on the pump

What causes black smoke from combustion i.e. in the exhaust?

Black smoke would indicate faulty fuel injection equipment or it would
indicate insufficient air supply
What would you do the j.c.w.temperature started to rise?
Inform bridge and reduce load on engine, investigate problem, which
would be a fouled cooler
How is fuel supplied from fuel pump to the injector?
Through double wall/skin high pressure pipes
What preventive mai9ntenece should be frequently done to diesel engine
start air receiver?
They should be drained of accumulated moisture
Name main engine shut downs
Low l.o.pressure
High j.c.w. temperature
High main bearing temperature
Over speed and
Oil mist detector
What is the pressure between the fuel injector and fuel pump?
250 350 bar
Why is overlap necessary on air start valves?

Overlap is necessary as if there was no overlap it would be possible for

the engine to stop in a position where no valves are open i.e. unable to
start
F.w.supplied for drinking and culinary purposes must meet specified
purity standards. How is this achieved?
These standards are met by passing the few. Through as hydrochorinator
where the water is sterilized by an excess dose of chlorine provides as
hypochlorite tablets. It is then dechlorinated in a bed of activated carbon
to remove excess chlorine. Any color, taste and odour which was present
in the water, will also be removed by the carbon.
Another method is to pass the f.w. through an ultraviolet.
Describe the different types of cooling systems i.e. s.w. cooling system
and central cooling system
A S.W. cooling system is an arrangement that uses individual coolers for
l.o, j.w and the piston c.w. system. Each cooler being circulated by s.w
As where some modern ships use a central cooling system with only one
large S.W. circulated cooler. This cools a supply of f.w. which then
circulates to the other individual coolers. With less equipment in contact
with s.w, the corrosion problems are much reduced in this system.
Why carry out boiler feed water tests?
To prevent and detect contamination of the feed water i.e, a build up of
scale occurring, which could reduce boiler efficiency and can cause
serious overheating.
Also to prevent corrosion
Prevent carryover where soluble salts and suspended solids are carried
over with steam

How many pumps are there in the engine room that you can pump bilges
with?
A bilge pump which is normally positive displacement. The others may
vary from ship to ship but can be the ballast pump, g.s.pump and main
S.W. pump. These pumps are only used for pumping bilges in the event
of emergency and have an emergency bilge suction/injection valve
connected to them
What could cause an excessive high pressure in a refrigeration system?
High pressure could be caused by lack of cooling or a fouled condenser
or even overcharge, but this is unlikely
What would you do in the event of oil spill?
Raise the alarm, inform bridge and chief engineer
There should be a set drill for oil spills, which is practiced regularly
If possible contain the spill on deck and start clean up procedures using
appropriate oil spill equipment
If the oil has split into the sea: if in port, port authorities should be
informed.
If at sea: coast guard should be informed.
The time of spill should be recorded with the place or position of ship at
the time of spill along with approximate quantity and type of oil
Circumstances of discharge or escape would be logged in oil record
book and engine room log book
What types of pumps are used for pumping bilges in an emergency?
High capacity centrifugal pumps (mostly main cooling s.w.pump)

What would you do if you had a high chloride level in the boiler?
To reduce the chloride level in the boiler the boiler would be blown
down, thus allowing fresh feed to the boiler
What are the normal j.c.w temperatures and pressures?
Normal j.c.w. pressures are between 2- 3 bar
Temperatures 70 80 deg cent
Alarm at 85 deg cent
Shutdown at 90deg cent
Describe the boiler hot well and cascade tank. Why is it fitted and how
would you trace an oil leak?
The boiler hot well is where the condensate drains return from the
condenser. This condensate may be contaminated as some of the drains
are from f.o.heating systems or tank heating system. Normally these
drains will pass to the hot well via an observation tank, which permits
inspection of drain and their discharge to an oily bilge if contaminated.
The hot well tank is also arranged with internal baffles to bring about
preliminary oil separation from any contaminated fuel or drains. The
feed water is then passed through charcoal or cloth filters to complete
the cleaning process. Any overflow from the hot well passes to the feed
water tank which provides additional feed water to the system when
required. Feed pumps take suction from the hot well to the boiler.
To trace an oil leak to the system, various heating coils to tanks would
be shut off in turn until the leak stopped, thus indicating which heating
coil was leaking.
What is the pressure of a start air receiver?

25 40 bar depending on the type of engine

How do you purify h.f.o?
Heavy fuel oils purified using a centrifugal separator, which operated by
the principle of centrifugal force separating 2 liquids in this case fuel oil
and water by means of a cylindrical interface between the two. The
positioning of this interface being very important for the correct
operation
How would you prepare a main engine for sea?
This may vary from engine to engine
Have a visual check all around the engine
Start the engine l.o.pump; engage turning gear and turn the engine
ensuring indicator cocks are open
J.c.w. heating should be on ensuring the engine is warmed through
circulate by a circulating pump
The F.O. booster pump should be running, circulating fuel around the
system.
Note: if maneuvering on high viscosity F.O. the fuel should be heated
and circulated around the injectors to give the correct viscosity for the
grade of the fuel in use.
Ensure fuel injectors are vented and primed. Drain any water from air
start receivers and starting air manifold also control system
Check jacket heater tank level
Check oil levels, sump, governor, turbocharger, cylinder l.o.tank, rocker
arm if on 4 stroke.

Operate cylinder lubricators by hand

Check f.o.service tank i.e., drain off water/sludge
Disengage turning gear
Inform bridge that you are about to blow the engine over on air they
will give you permission. Open air start valve from receiver
Once engine is blown over on air, close indicator cocks start j.c.w
pumps, shut off jacket heating and circulating pump
If two stroke engine, start auxiliary blower
Inform bridge you are ready to start engine
Start engine and s.w .cooling pump
Have a good visual check around the engine and check all parameters
are correct
Inform bridge that you are ready for stand by
Why is simultaneous injection of f.o and starting air into main engine
cylinder undesirable and how it is prevented?
As it could lead to an explosion in the start air system
It is prevented by means of interlock, which prevents fuel being injected
when the air start auto valve is open. The interlock operated a stop
solenoid, which keeps the fuel rack to zero position
What is the primary function of expansion valve in refrigeration system?
To regulate the flow of refrigerant from the high pressure side to the low
pressure side of the system

The pressure drop causes the saturation temperature to drop enabling it

to boil off at the low temp of the evaporator
How would you know a refrigeration system was undercharged?
Undercharge will show as a low compressor pressure and large bubbles
in the liquid line sight glass
What is compression
COMPRESSED?

and

explain

what

happens

AIR

IS

Compression is where the air that is drawn into the cylinder is

compressed on the upward stroke of the piston both inlet and exhaust
valves being closed on this stroke. As the air is compressed by the rise of
the piston the air temp is consequently raised. As the piston reaches the
TDC fuel is injected causing ignition and very rapid rise in pressure of
the gases forcing the piston down
What action would you take in the event of the main engine oil sump
level rising? What could be the problem and how would you fix it?
The action to be taken would depend on how fast the level was rising
and what was causing it to rise.
It could be due to water or fuel entering the sump, the engine would
have to be stopped as soon as it was safe to do so
Tests should be carried out to tell if tit were water or fuel
If it were fuel, you can normally smell this in the oil, but a flow stick test
can be done
Water has a tendency to form the color of the oil, depending on extent of
contamination

If it were fuel the most likely cause would be faulty injector therefore it
would be changed
It were water it could be coming from cracked liner or liner O rings,
therefore possible liner change to solve the problem
The oil may have to be changed depending on extent of contamination
but the l.o purifier may be able to cope with it
How would you know if you had a cracked liner or cylinder head?
Your jacket water header tank would start to fall. Possibly higher
temperatures on the unit
On a medium speed 4 stroke engine if the liner was cracked you would
get water contamination of the sump
On a 2 stroke engine there would be possible water leakage from
stuffing box drains.
Explain the bilge system from bilge wells to overboard?
How would you test for a leaking air start valve in port?
First ensure all the engine indicator cocks are open for all cylinders then
isolate the air supply to the timing valves, this will ensure no pilot air is
supplied to the air start valves when the auto valve is opened. Then
operate the auto valve, any air discharge from the indicator cocks will
indicate a leaking or pass8ing air start valve.
How do you start up/ and parallel a generator?
First check engine oil levels such as l.o.sump, turbocharger oil level,
governor oil level, rocker arm bank oil level (if fitted)
Check j..c.water header tank level

Ensure indicator cocks are open, start up l.o.priming pump then bar
engine over (ensure turning bar is removed)
Kick engine on air close indicator cocks
Start the engine
Check all parameters are correct--- l.o.pressure/temperature, j.c.w.
pr/temp
Check s.w cooling pr and rocker arm l.o pr
Allow engine to warm up and when satisfied that everything is o.k
Engine may be paralleled as follows
Ensure the voltage of the machine to be paralleled is the same as the bus
bar voltage. Ensure the frequencies of both machine are same (the
frequency of the incoming machine can be adjusted using the speed
control)
Select the machine to tbe paralleled on the synchroscope selector. The
synchroscope should then start to rotate; it should be rotating in a
clockwise direction slowly. If it is rotating in an anticlockwise direction,
this means the speed of the incoming machine is too slow or if it is
rotating fast clockwise, the speed of the incoming machine is too fast,
this is adjusted using the speed control.
When the needle of the synchroscope is rotating in the clockwise
direction slowly, the breaker of the incoming machine should be closed.
When the needle of the synchroscope is at the 5 to 12 position, this will
allow the incoming machine to take a slight amount of load when
coming on the switch board and also prevent the machine tripping on
reverse power

What is the purpose of volute casing in a turbocharger?

To change the air velocity into pressure.
It also ensures a constant velocity of air leaving the turbocharger by
accommodating for the gradual increase in quantity of air that builds up
at the circumference of the compressor
How is the j.c.w. temp controlled?
It is controlled by means of a thermostatic valve normally known as an
AMOT VALVE. This operates by diverting j.w. through the cooler
when too hot or by passing the cooler when cooler. The amot valves
normally use wax elements to operate the valve
What are the reasons for not enough scavenge/charge air?
Blocked air filter on turbocharger or a faulty turbocharger
Give a shipboard use for grey cast iron and the properties that make it
suitable for this use?fresh water pump casings
It has fairly good machining qualities and is also inexpensive
What would you do if l.o temp started to fall?
Reduce S.W. cooling flow through the l.o cooler by throttling the S.W.
discharge valve from the cooler
What types of water tests would you do on a l.p. auxiliary
boiler/economizer?
1. Chloride test
2. PH_- alkalinity test
3. Total dissolved solids test _ using hydrometer

4. Phenolphthalein alkalinity test

5. Hardness test
6. Phosphate reserve
What is the difference between clarifier and purifier?
A purifier removes water as where a clarifier removes solid impurities.
In some cases, both are used for separation purposes, firstly the oil is
purified, then clarified
What is the purpose of a fusible plug on an air receiver and at what temp
is it designed to melt?
The purpose of fusible plug is to act as a safety feature to release
compressed air from the receiver in the event of a fire in the vicinity.
The fusible plug is designed to melt a t 121 deg cent
What would cause excessive exhaust temp?
On a single cylinder it could be an incorrect fuel pump timing i.e. late
injection causing after burn, too much fuel, leaking fuel injector or burnt
out exhaust valve. If all exhaust temps were high, it could be due to high
scavenge temp, charge air cooler fouled, turbocharger air filters dirty or
fouled, high engine load
Give a shipboard use of al.bronze and the properties that make it suitable
for this use?
Pump impellers
It has good wear, fatigue and corrosive properties
Where on board a ship would you find information on the carriage of
hazardous substances?

Information on the carriage of hazardous substances would be found in

the IMDG (International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code) which
would normally be found on the bridge.
What are the crankcase pressure relief valves for?
These valves act as a safeguard to relieve excessive crankcase pressures,
which may occur from oil vapor igniting in the occurrence of an engine
component overheating. They also prevent flames from being omitted
from the crankcase and must also be self closing to stop the return of
atmospheric air into the crankcase
What would you do if you found that you had a cracked liner or cylinder
head?
Inform bridge that engine would have to be stopped and of the situation,
also inform chief engineer and repair the unit as soon as it is safe to do
so
Why purge the boiler furnace?
A boiler furnace is purged before burner operations to ensure that there
is no unburned fuel or gases in the furnace, which may cause a blow
back. Purging should be carried out for at least two minutes
Give a rough indication of engine speed ranges i.e., slow, medium and
high speed
Slow 100 150 rpm
Medium 300 850 rpm
High 850 3000 rpm
What is uniflow scavenging?

With uniflow scavenging the incoming air enters at the lower end of the
cylinder and leaves at the top. The outlet at the top of the cylinder being
a large exhaust valve. The advantages of uniflow is the simple design of
the liner and it is the most efficient
What is the critical and barred range of an engine?
This is where the speed of an engine in rpm, at which the resonant
condition occurs, and is referred to as critical speed. The high stresses
associated with resonant condition start to build up as critical speed is
approached and do not come back to a safe value until speed is beyond
critical speed. The unsafe stresses either side of critical speed are known
as flank stresses either side of of critical speed are known as flank
stresses this is known as the barred speed range. The engine must not be
continuously operated at speeds within the barred range
How does generator l.o.copewith blow by?
Generator l.o. cope with blow by, by having a TBN of 20 30 (TBN
standing for Total Base Number which is an indication of the quantity of
alkali, i.e., base, which is available to neutralize acids from blow by)
Why is a j.c.w. Safety valve fitted on air compressor?
It is fitted to relieve excess pressure in the cooling system should a
cooler tube burst and compressed air escape
Give a ship board use of spheroidal cast iron and the properties that
make it suitable for this use?
Cylinder heads and liners
It has high compressive strength qualities and also good wears resistive
qualities

How many PPMS can be pumped in other than Marpol restricted

areas?
15 PPM
What are the Marpol restricted area?
The Mediterranean sea, Baltic sea, Black sea, Red sea, Gulf areas, North
sea, Antarctic, wider Caribbean region including gulf of Mexico and the
Caribbean sea
Name the 2 most common types of coolers
Shell and plate type coolers
Shell being where a tube stack is used and fitted into a shell and closed
at either end with end covers
Plate being made up of a number of pressed plates surrounded by seals
and held together in a frame
Why is gear pump used for pumping oil, while a centrifugal pump is
used for pumping water?
A gear pump is used for pumping oil as it has a high suction lift, is self
priming, able to produce the discharge pressure required by the system
and can handle large amounts of vapor or entrained gases. If is also able
to pump high viscous fluids
A centrifugal pump is used for pumping water, as it is unable to pump
high viscous fluids such as oil; the centrifugal pump is not self priming
What should you do to ensure that there is no water leakage into the
engine cylinder before preparing main engine for se?
The engine should be turned using turning gear with indicator cocks
open, keeping a close eye on the cocks for any sign of water discharge

Immediately prior to starting, the engine should be kicked on air

Note: 2 stroke engines should be turned at least one revolution where a 4
stroke should be turned 2 revolutions
Explain your companys bunkering procedures?
Most companies will have bunkering procedures which will consists of a
check list containing procedures such as
Ensure vessel is securely moored
Scuppers are plugged
There are communications between both parties
No smoking signs placed
No hot work is taking place in the vicinity
Oil spill gear is available
Correct valves are opened for bunkering
The overflow tank is empty
This check list is then signed by both parties and the chief engineer
The time of bunkers starting and finishing are then recorded
The amount to each tank
Place of bunkering
Type of F.O. bunkered, this is also recorded in the Oil Record Book

Note: before bunkering a set of sounding should be taken, also during

bunkering to ensure fuel is going to correct tanks and at the end of
bunkering
Sample of fuel bunkered should be taken throughout bunkering for
analysis
What are the uses of centrifugal pumps, positive displacement pumps
and gear pumps on board a ship?
Centrifugal pumps s.w.cooling pumps,j.c.w. pumps, boiler feed pumps
(multistage pumps)
Positive displacement pumps bilge pumps. steering gear pumps, cargo
pumps
Gear pumps f.o.booster pumps, f.o.transfer pumps
What would happen if the l.o.pr dropped too low on a pump?
If the l.o.pr were to drop too low on the l.o.pump, the stand by l.o.pump
would cut in
What is loop scavenging in a 2 stroke engine?
It is where the incoming air passes over the piston, crown, and then rises
towards the cylinder head forcing exhaust gases down and out the
exhaust ports, just above the inlet port. The advantage of loop is that no
exhaust valve is required
What type of safety valve is fitted to a boiler and at what pressure does it
lift?
High lift safety valve s and are designed to operate at 10% boiler
working pressure and must also be capable of releasing all the steam the
boiler can produce without the pr rising more than 10% over a set

period. 15 min for tank boilers and 7 minutes for water tube. The spring
pr once set is fixed and sealed by a surveyor.
Note: the above test is known as the accumulation of pr test
Give possible reasons why the engine room bilge pump may not be able
to empty bilges?
The strum box from the bilge may be fouled. Bilge pump suction filter
may be blocked
A valve may be left open from an empty bilge
There could be a hole in the system on the suction side of the pump
Depending on type of bilge pump, the pump suction or discharge valves
may need overhauling
SAFETY
What is the purpose of the deck seal on an inert gas system?
To act as a non return valve and prevent the back flow of gases, i.e.,
hazardous to non hazardous
Regarding the energy bilge injection valve what is its relevant size
compared to the main S.W. injection valve?
The valve size of the emergency bilge injection must not be less than
two third the size of the main S.W. injection valve
What safety equipment should there be at a bunker station?
A foam fire extinguisher, oil spill gear, such as spill absorbent and there
should also be communication of some sort
What is regarded as an enclosed space?

It is a space that can not be assumed to contain oxygen.

There are spaces such as a duct keel, a D.B.tank, a coffer dam, boiler etc
What is the duration of 9 liters foam fire extinguishers?
Approximate duration of around 50 seconds
Once a fire detector has detected or sensed a fire, what happens?
Associated with fire detectors is a circuit connected to an alarm panel,
which is usually situated on the bridge, where the alarm is accepted,
usually there is a repeater panel in the engine control room. The panel
giving an indication on which deck and zone the detector was activated.
Someone will then be sent to investigate and verify if it is a fire or a a
false alarm
Where would you find heat detector and why?
In places such as the galley, where other types of detectors would give
false alarms.
What are boundary cooling and the reasons for it? it should be
remembered that a fire exists in 3 dimensions and therefore has 6 sides,
there can be transmitted through bulkheads due to radiant heat, i.e.,
causing combustible materials in adjacent compartments to catch fire,
therefore this radiant heat is prevented by boundary cooling of all sides
of the compartment on fire, using water spray hoses
Explain the procedure for lowering a life boat with gravity davits?
The life boat is held in against a cradle by ropes called gripes and the
cradle is secured by pins, with the gripes and securing pins (sometimes
known as harbor pins) are removed and released, the winch hand brake
can be released to enable the cradle to slide down and over the ships

side. A Tricing - in Pennant (wire) bring the life boat close to the ships
side to enable it to be boarded.
The browsing lines which fasten to each end of the life boat are then
used to hold it into the ships side, the Tricing in pennant then being
released
A painter is then led from the forward end of the life boat and attached
somewhere forward of the life boat on the ship. Life boat plugs are then
secured
Once the crews are on board the life boat the browsing lines are released
and the life boat is lowered to the water.
The engine is started, falls released and then the painter
On what type of fire would you use a dry chemical powder fire
extinguisher?
On all classes of fire, but it has no cooling effect
How is water hammer prevented?
In order to prevent water hammer it is necessary too open up drains on
steam lines bei9ng brought into use. The water must be completely
drained so it leaves the line clear. The steam valve is then cracked open
so the line is heated and brought up to near working temp. Any
condensate found during this process drains out of the line via the drains
previously opened. The valve may then be opened and drains closed.
How do you carryout a face seal check on a breathing apparatus set?
Don face mask, tighten straps properly and turn air supply on. Then
switch air supply off and breath in the mask should stick to face. Note pr
gauge should not drop rapidly either. Switch air supply back on.

State the regulations regarding the emergency fire pump?

It is to be located remote from the machinery space and with
independent means of power, which could be a diesel engine or from the
emergency switch board
What should be used with breathing apparatus sets when entering a
space or compartment?
A time in/ time out board should be used. This board will normally have
a built in clock. On this board the time the wearer enter a space is noted,
plus bottle number and pr, the time the wearer is due out is calculated as
the time the low pr whistle operates at. This gives the wearer time to
exit.
What is the principle operation of a flame detector?
As flame has a characteristic flicker frequency of 25 Hz, use is made of
this fact to trigger an alarm. Flickering radiation from flames reaching
the detector lens/filter unit, which only allows infra red rays to pass and
be focused upon the cell. The signal from the cell goes into the selective
amplifier, which is tuned to 25Hz, then to a time delay unit (to minimize
incidence of flame alarms) then to an alarm circuit.
What is a good practice before using a dry chemical powder
extinguisher/
It is good practice to give a DCP extinguisher a shake before use, as the
extinguisher could have been lying for a while causing the powder to
clog up
What is done to ensure that a life boat engine will start when needed?
At least once every 2 weeks, but better still once a week the life boat
engine should be run, all fuel and oil levels checked and the gear box
should be operated i.e., engine run astern and ahead to check operation

Most engines are air cooled, but some are a combination of air and
water, in which case water level checked and if operating in cold
climates anti freezing levels also.
Larger life boat engines will be battery started, therefore condition of
battery must be checked i.e, specific gravity of electrolyte and that
electrolyte is covering cell plates.
Describe a SCBA set?
Set usually consists of one or two cylinders of compressed air kept in a
harness, which is carried on the back. Cylinders usually being charged to
a pressure of around 200 240 bar. The high pr air is fed through a
reducing valve and then to a demand valve, which can be set in positive
pr mode, that will supply a const demand of air or in demand mode,
which will only supply air as the wearer demands. A non return valve
permits breathing out to atmosphere.
The set incorporates a warming whistle that sounds on low air pr
A standard cylinder will allow for about 20 25 mins. Operatrion, but
this will also depend on a few factors, such as work load of wearer.
Describe an inert gas generator?
The inert gas generator burns fuel in designed quantities to produce
perfect combustion. This produces an exhaust gas, which is largely
nitrogen and CO2 with very small oxygen content. The exhaust gases
pass to a cooling and washing chamber to remove sulphur and excess
carbon.
The washed or scrubbed gas is now inert and passes to a distribution
system for fire fighting. The complete unit is arranged to be
independently operated in order to supply inert gas for as long as the fuel
supply lasts. On tankers the IG can be supplied and used to blanket the

oil cargo during discharging operations. Empty tanks are filled with gas
and inert gas is blown out when oil is loaded.
Explain and sketch a funnel inert gas?
In a boiler funnel inert gas system, exhaust gas is taken from the boiler
uptakes and passed through a scrubber tower where the gas is cleaned
with sulphur and excess carbon being removed. The gas which by then is
considered inert and mainly contains nitrogen and carbon dioxide with
less than 5% oxygen is then supplied via blowers and deck seal which
acts as a non return valve along deck pipes to cargo banks. The inert gas
being used to blanket the oil cargo during discharging operations, empty
tanks are filled with gas and the inert gas is blown out when oil is
loaded.
What are the safety features fitted to a battery carbon dioxide system?
A stop valve to stop discharge of carbon dioxide to the machinery space.
A safety valve between the starting cylinders and operating piston. This
is to prevent operation o f the system due to leaking starting bottles
Pr alarm in discharge line to give an indication of an accident escape or
leaking carbon dioxide bottle from the battery
The main engine cyl.l.o.tank is empty oil drums are on the main deck
beside run down pipes to the tank and air is hardy. What do you do?
If need be, the engine should be stopped to allow filling of the tank.
Under no circumstances should you use the air hose to pressurize the
drums to speed up the process. Oil drums are not a pressure vessel and it
could lead to a fatality
On what type of vessel would you expect to find a bulk carbon di oxide
system and what is normally incorporated into these systems?

You would normally expect to find a bulk carbon dioxide system on a

cargo or Ro Ro type vessel where hold areas need fire fighting
protection and the cargo space system is normally arranged for smoke
detection, alarm and carbon dioxide flooding. Small air sampling pipes
from the individual cargo holds are fed into a cabinet on the bridge. Air
is drawn from each hold by a small fan and each pipe is identified for its
particular hold. If smoke is drawn into the cabinet from one of the holds
it will set off an alarm. The smoke is also passed into the wheel house
where it can be detected by personnel on watch.
The location of the fire can be identified in the cabinet and the hold
distribution valve below the cabinet is operated. This valve shuts off the
sampling pipe from the cabinet and opens it to the carbon di oxide main,
leading to the bulk carbon dioxide, discharge manifold. A chart
indicating the amount of time the release valve is opened for and this is
done by first opening the main discharge valve to the manifold setting
off carbon dioxide alarms
What is the gas analysis after the scrubber tower on an inert gas system?
OXYGEN 0 - 1%
CARBON MONOOXIDE 0%
CARBON DIOXIDE 14 - 15%
NITROGEN 85%
Where is carbon dioxide extinguishers not permitted?
In the living quarters of the accommodation
Note: within the accommodation block carbon di oxide extinguishers are
available in the cargo control room, bridge and radio room where dry
powder could damage this apparatus.

What advantage do inert gas producing units used for fire fighting
installations have over carbon dioxide and halon systems?
It has the advantage of being able to continuously produce inert gas. A
bottle storage system, such as carbon dioxide or halon flooding is a one
shot fire extinguisher which leaves a ship unprotected until further gas
supplies can be found
What is and where would you find the international shore connections?
This is a standard size flange which is fitted with a suitable coupling for
the ships fire hoses. The flange is slotted in order to fit any shore side
fire main and enable water to be brought on board ship lying alongside.
Usually located on the bridge.
Why is a hydrostatic release unit fitted to a life boat?
In the event of the vessel sinking, the hydrostatic release operates at a
predetermined water depth, releasing the life raft lashings, allowing the
life raft to float free and inflate
What is the principle operation of a heat detector?
This type of heat detector uses 2 bi metallic strips/coils attached to a
vertical support bracket. When temp is present the bimetallic strips will
start to move at a fixed temperature. The first strip will hit a stop, the
second strip continuing to move, thus the contact is made and triggers
the alarms
Sketch and describe a bulk carbon dioxide system
The system consisting of a large insulated vessel which holds carbon
dioxide a working pressure of 21 bars at around -20 degree centigrade.
To maintain this pressure and temperature a refrigeration circuit is
required. One is stand by the other in operation. As it is essential to
maintain pressure in the vessel, a heater is also incorporated. The system

will discharge into the engine room and hold a main discharge valve
opening of this valve will shut down ventilation and activate the carbon
dioxide alarm, warning personnel of the imminent discharge of carbon
dioxide, all personnel must then be accounted for and space seated
before discharge of carbon dioxide. With this system, the actual line to
the engine room and other spaces where the carbon dioxide is discharged
to will have an individual manual valve and as the system is a bulk
system and the spaces being discharged to will have different areas, a
chart will predetermine how long valve will be opened for to give proper
discharge coverage for each space
Fires are classified according to the types of materials which are acting
as the source, what are these classifications?
CLASS A fires burning wood, glass fiber, upholstery and furnishings
CLASS B fires burning liquids such as l.o and fuels
CLASS C fires burning gas fuels such as LPG
CLASS D fires burning combustible materials such as magnesium and
aluminium
CLASS E fires burning any of the above materials together with high
voltage electricity
Carbon dioxide gas black
Foam white
Water red
BCF green
What happens to the carbon dioxide system in dry-dock?
It must be made inoperable

Why should the boiler not be blown down on finding oil contamination?
The boiler should not be blown down, as this will cover all heating
surfaces with oil i.e., insulating the tubes, heating surfaces
What speed does the centrifugal brake on a life boat winch limit the
speed of fall of the life boat to?
Speed of fall of the life boat to fall faster than 36 meter/ minute
Halon fire fighting system, describe it
Sketch and describe a dry powder fire extinguisher?
The outer container containing sodium bicarbonate powder. A capsule of
carbon dioxide gas is located beneath a plunger mechanism in the central
cap. On depressing the plunger the carbon dioxide gas forces the powder
up a discharge tube and out of the discharge nozzle.
State the capabilities of ships main fire pump
It must be capable of supplying water to at least two hoses and nozzles
in the ship and they must produce a good jet of water simultaneously
What oxygen level would you regard as safe to enter an enclosed space?
20% or above
Sketch and describe a carbon dioxide extinguisher
A carbon dioxide extinguisher coinsists of a very strong container that is
used to store liquid carbon dioxide under pressure. A central tube
provides the outlet passage for the carbon dioxide which is released
either by a plunger bursting disc or a valve operated trigger. The liquid
changes to a gas as it leaves the extinguisher and passes through a swivel
pipe or hose to a discharge horn

What are the advantages of halon systems over carbon dioxide systems?
Less halon is needed to extinguish a fire than carbon dioxide therefore
less storage space is required
Also the atmospheric in a halon flooded space is not toxic although does
contain some highly irritant gases when extinguishing
What are the 2 brakes on a life boat winch?
A centrifugal brake and a weighted brake known as a dead mans brake
i.e, once you let go of the braking lever, the brake will come into action
stopping the fall of the life boat
How is the bilge injection valve brought into operation?
To bring the bilge injection valve into operation during an emergency,
the valve is opened fully and the sea injection or suction valve is fully
closed. After it is established the bilge injection valve is capable of
lowering water level in the engine room the sea water injection valve or
suction valve may be opened slowly. This should be done in stages so
that the tank tops are not pumped dry as this would cause the sea water
pump to loose suction
Sketch and describe the mechanical foam type fire extinguisher
The outer container is fitted with water. The central container holds a
carbon dioxide charge and a foam solution. A plunger mechanism with a
safety guard is located above the central container. When the plunger is
depressed the carbon dioxide released and the foam solution and water
mix. They are then forced out through a special nozzle, which creates the
mechanical foam. The extinguisher has an internal pipe and is operated
upright
What is the range of foam fire extinguisher?

Roughly 7 meter
Where are the infra red fire detectors best situated
They are best situated in machinery spaces and boiler rooms, where
there is a high risk of fire
Briefly explain how high expansion foam is produced
By means of a foam generator, where from foam concentrate and sea
water 100 times quantity is achieved. The generator blows air through a
net sprayed with foam concentrate and water. The vastly expanded foam
is then diverted away to the space to protect. The foam is an insulator
ands an absorber of radiant heat; it also excludes oxygen from the fire
What can be fitted over relief valve vents on a bulk carbon dioxide
system to give an indication of leakage?
Balloons
Sketch and describe the chemical foam type of extinguisher
The main container is fitted with sodium bicarbonate solution and a long
inner polythene container is fitted with aluminium sulphate. The inner
container is sealed by a cap held in place by a plunger. When the plunger
is unlocked by turning it the cap is released. The extinguisher is the
inverted for the two liquids to mix. Carbon dioxide is produced by the
reaction, which pressurizes the container and forces out the foam
What testing and maintenance is done regarding sodas acid and foam
extinguisher
The extinguisher containers are pressure vessels therefore require
testing.

Containers are initially tested to 25 bar every year for 5 years and
thereafter at 4 yearly intervals to 20 bars. On soda type extinguishers
20% of contents should be discharged per year and replenished with
foam type 50% where practical the operating mechanism of portable
extinguishers should be examined every 3 months
Sketch and explain a foam fire fighting installation
Here an automatic foam induction system is shown. The automatic
inductor unit ensures the correct mixing of water and foam compound
which is then pumped to hydrants, deck or machinery space for use. The
foam compound tank is sealed to protect the contents from deterioration
and has linked compound supply and air vent valves. To operate the
system, these 2 linked valves are opened and the fire pump started.
Foam mixing is carefully metered by the automatic inductor unit. The
fire pump and compound tank must be located outside the protected
space.
Where would you expect to find a soda acid fire extinguisher? (Water)
Accommodation areas
What is the procedure for entering an enclosed space?
An enclosed space entry permit is required which can only be obtained
with the permission of a responsible officer. This permit will list the
conditions to one met before entry. The space should be well ventilated
before entry takes place, before entry oxygen levels must be checked
using an oxygen meter. (Oxygen analyzer)
Another person should remain at the entrance while the person is in the
space, to summon assistance if necessary and there should also be means
of communications arranged between the person within the space and
the attendant.

Lifelines and harnesses should be available at the entrance to the space

If the occupant appears to be in danger the attendant should first raise
the alarm but should not enter the space unless equipped with breathing
apparatus
What is the reentry procedure once a machinery space has been flooded
with carbon dioxide or halon?
Once a carbon dioxide or halon flooding has taken place, the space
should be continued to the boundary cooled
Only when the extinguished fire has been left long enough to cool down
can the space be reentered. Note: early reentry can lead to reignition
Reentry should be done by personnel wearing breathing apparatus taking
water spray hoses with them to cool down any hot surfaces. Note:
reentry should also take place from the lowest point remote from the seat
of the fire, if possible. Cooling and smoke dispersal are the first
priorities to provide an atmosphere in which others can operate and
gradually bring machinery back into service e
Where the machinery space fire involves electrical equipment then the
only dry powder or carbon dioxide extinguishers can be used until the
equipment is isolated
What is the principle operation of a smoke detector?
The above detector of the light scatter type uses a photo cell separated
by a barrier from a semiconductor intermittently flashing light source
housed in an enclosure whose containment allows smoke but not light
inside. When smoke is present in the enclosure, light is scattered around
the barrier on the photocell and an alarm is triggered.
What are the two types of carbon dioxide fixed installations used on
board ships for fire fighting?

Battery and bulk system

How is a life raft launched?
The life raft is simply launched by releasing it from its lashing a painter
is secured to the ship and the life raft container is thrown over the side.
Inflation takes place automatically the container bursting open and the
life raft floats clear. A pressurized cylinder of carbon dioxide is used the
inflate the raft. Life raft must normally be boarded from water level dry
if possible
What different types of fire fighting foam are there?
AFFF - synthetic type
Protein based foams (Oxs blood)
Which can be low expansion for use on decks etc for fire fighting or
high expansion which can be used in machinery spaces?
Fire is the 3 combination factors. What are these?
1. a substance that will burn
2. a supply of oxygen usually from air
3. ignition source
What is the duration and range of a 136 liters trolley foam
extinguishers?
15 minutes approximately with a range of around 18 meters
Sketch an auto sprinkler system for the ships accommodation and
explain?

The sketch shows an auto sprinkler system which provides a network of

sprinkler heads throughout protected accommodation zones
The sprinkler heads in the accommodation both detect and extinguish
fires. The sprinkler heads is closed by a quartazoid bulb, which contains
a liquid that expands considerably on heating, i.e., in the event of a fire.
When excessively heated the liquid expands shatters the bulb and water
will issue from the sprinkler heat causes the water to spray out over a
large area
The water is supplied initially from a tank pressurized by compressed air
and fresh water. Once the tank pressure falls as a sprinkler head issues
water a salt water pump cuts in automatically to maintain the water
supply as long as possible. The system is initially charged with
freshwater to reduce corrosion effects.
What is the water fog based on fire fighting installation?
Unlike conventional sprinkler system utilizing water under low pressure
in heavy large dia pipes, the water fog extinguishing system operates by
using water under very high pressure in small bore pipes. This reduces
the weight and volume of the system ands permits easy installation on
board
The water fog system produces micro droplets of water, thus a very large
cooling surface is created with only small quantities of water. With this
system the amount of water required for successful fire extinguishing is
much less than conventional sprinkler systems. This allows for the use of
fresh water as the medium. Also with the water fog system, the water fog
is propelled into hidden spaces just like halon or carbon dioxide
providing the most reliable fire extinguishing.
In accommodation areas this system can use a dual purpose nozzle
which incorporates a quartazoid bulb for detection and extinguishing.
The water fog system is also suitable for engine room

What does the opening of the carbon dioxide release cabinet do?
It sets off an alarm in the engine room to warn personnel that the release
of carbon dioxide is eminent.
It also stops all ventilation
What checks should be carried out on a breathing set before entering a
smoke filled compartment?
The checks should be carried out,
Ensure the bottle is full
Check operation of low pressure whistle and
Face seal check should be carried out
Why is an alarm sounded when carbon dioxide is released into the
engine room?
An alarm is sounded to inform personnel in the engine room that the
release of carbon dioxide is imminent. The type of alarm will be visual
and sound different from engine room alarm and general alarm.
Carbon dioxide cannot support life
Where would you expect to find a dry powder extinguisher?
It is usually located near electrical equipment in the machinery space
and elsewhere on the ship
What must the capability of gravity davits be with regards heel of ship?
The davits must be able to lower the life boats when the ship is heeled to
15 degree on either side

Would you enter an enclosed space if the oxygen levels were recorded as
19% or below?
No
What are the alarms fitted to a bulk carbon dioxide system?
Low level alarm (loss of 5% volume)
High level alarm (increase of contents over 98% volume)
Leakage alarm past main discharge valve alarm when main discharge
valve is opened
With regards carbon dioxide extinguishers what testing and maintenance
is carried out?
Being a pressure vessel the carbon dioxide extinguisher is initially tested
to 225 bar and after every 10 years and after 2 such tests every 5 years
Carbon dioxide extinguisher should also be weighed every 6 months to
check for leakage
What can you tell me about halon systems with regards to new
installations and existing ones?
SOLAS prohibits the installations of new or portable systems in all ships
from 1st October 1994 and providing existing fixed installations and
portable extinguishers remain serviceable and fit to purposes, they may
remain in place (ref. mgn80 (AUGUST 1998))
What type of detector should be fitted in conjunction with an infra red
type fire detector?
It should be used in conjunction with a smoke detector to give an early
warning of fire

What are water hammer and its danger?

When steam lines are shut down it is possible from various causes for
them to fill with water. If steam is allowed to enter a line with water, the
steam starts to move the water down the line. The steam in contact with
the water eventually condenses and a vacuum is formed causing the
water to be pulled back to the valve which has just been opened and
striking it with a heavy blow, often fracturing the valve. If the valve with
a heavy blow often fracturing the valve. If the valve fractures it may end
disastrously with risk of loss of life
Is the code of safe working practices law?
Yes it is law
What percentage halon is required to extinguish a fire in a compartment?
5%
What is the purpose of the 2 sets of relief valves on a bulk carbon
dioxide system?
the purpose of the 2 sets of relief valves on a bulk carbon dioxide system
is that one set being a low pressure set being set at 24.5 bars and
designed to relieve excess pressure to atmosphere in the event of over
pressure. The high pressure set is at 27 bars and is required to discharge
into the compartment this causes a rapid rise in pressure and in theory
carbon dioxide will discharge into the compartment extinguishing the
fire
What survival equipment would you expect to find in a life boat?
Oars, a boat hook, a compass, distress rockets, first aid equipments,
rations and fresh water
What does SOLAS stand for?

Safety of Life At Sea

Sketch & describe the battery CO2 system?
The above system shows a battery CO 2 system for a machinery space.
On opening the release cabinet, this will sound the alarm in the engine
room, warning personnel that release is imminent and that they should
vacate the engine room. Opening of the cabinet will also stop
ventilation. Before release of CO2 a head count must be done to see all
personnel are accounted for and the machinery space must be sealed
When the operating handle is pulled this opens a set of CO 2 starting
bottles which in turn supply CO2 to operation piston via a safety valve.
The piston in turn allows the battery of CO2 bottles to be released to the
engine room. This is known as a ONE SHOT method
What are the requirements of a fixed CO2 fire fighting installation?
The system must give 40% saturation of the compartment to be filled.
85% of the co2 charge must be discharged into the compartment within
the first 2 minutes
Once a fire detector has detected or sensed a fire what happened?
Associated with fire detectors is a circuit connected to an alarm panel,
which is usually situated on the bridge, where the alarm is accepted
usually there is repeater panel in the ECR. The panel giving an
indication on which deck and zone the detector was activated. Someone
will then be sent to investigate and verify if it is a fire or a false alarm
How much foam is produced from a 9L foam extinguisher?
72L of foam
What are the advantages of CO2 systems compared to halon system?

CO2 is more environmentally friendly also halon system are being

phased out
What is the bilge injection valve?
The bilge injection is a valve that enables the engine room bilges to be
pumped out directly over board in the event of an emergency such a
flooding. The valve is normally fitted to the end of a branch connection
with the main sea water suction line. This enables large main sea water
cooling pumps to be used as a bilge pump in an emergency
Describe and sketch a soda acid extinguisher
The container of the extinguisher holds a sodium bicarbonate solution.
The screw on cap contains a plunger mechanism covered by a safety
guard. Below the plunger is a glass phial containing sulphuric acid.
When the plunger is struck, the glass phial is broken and the acid and
sodium bicarbonate mix. The resulting chemical reaction produces
CO2 gas, which pressurizes the space above the liquid, forcing it out
through the internal pipe to the muzzle
What does AFFF stand for and where would you use the type of
extinguisher?
AFFF stands for: Aqueous Film Forming Foam.
This would be used on class B fires, fires burning liquids such as L.O.
and fuels
What can you tell me about halon system, with regards to new
installations and existing ones?
SOLAS prohibits the installation of new or portable system in all ships
from 1st October 1994 and provides existing fixed installations and
portable extinguishers remain serviceable and fit for purposes, they may
remain in place (ref: MGN 80 (august 1998)

What type of fire detection equipment did you have on board ship?
Flame detector, smoke detector and heat detector
Why are CO2 extinguishers not permitted in the accommodation?
Because if used in a confined space, it could be lethal
What action would you take in the event of fire breaking out in the
machinery space?
If a fire breaks out, the alarm should be raised and the bridge informed
immediately. If the ship in port, the local fire authority should be called.
If possible an attempt should be made to extinguish or limit the fire by
any means of possible (a fire in its first few minutes can usually be
readily extinguished)
Ventilation fans should be stopped (should stop automatically on
activation of fire alarm). Openings to the space should be sealed to
reduce the supply of air to the fire and to prevent it spreading. Any fuel
lines feeding the fire or threatened by it should be isolated. If
practicable, combustible materials adjacent to the fire should be
removed
After the fire as been extinguished precautions should be taken against
spontaneous reignition
Personnel unless wearing SCBA should not reenter a space in which a
fire has occurred before it has been fully ventilated
What are the 4 principle types of portable fire extinguishers found on
board ships?
Water Soda acid type extinguishers
Foam extinguishers

Dry powder
CO2
What advantage do inert gas producing units used for fire fighting
installations have over CO2 and halon system
Inert gas producing units have the advantage of being able to
continuously produce inert gas. A bottle storage system such as CO 2 or
halon flooding is a one shot fire extinguisher which leaves a ship
unprotected until further gas supplies can be found
What are the various cutouts and alarms in a funnel inert gas system
high O2 level (above 5%)
Loss of S.W. pressure /flow
Fan/blower failure
High gas temp alarm
What are the dangers of excessive lubrication in start air compressors?
There is a danger that excessive cylinder lubrication in start air
compressors could lead to explosions in air start lines/manifolds.
Excessive lubrication can lead to carry over with compressed air, being
deposited in the receiver then transferred to the air start manifold, where
a leaking air start valve may allow hot gases from combustion into the
air start manifold, ignite the oil vapour, causing explosion
What is fitted in a foam or water type fire extinguishers that ensures
liquid, not gases comes out on discharge
A dip lobe or internal pipe is fitted in the fire extinguisher which is
connected to the extinguisher hose and travels to the bottom of the
extinguisher

How is a life raft launched?

A life raft simply launched by releasing it from its lashings a painter is
secured to the ship and the life raft container is thrown over the side.
Inflation takes place automatically, the container bursting open ant the
life raft floats clear. A pressurized cylinder of CO 2 is used to inflate the
raft; life rafts must normally be boarded from water level dry if possible
How does a foam nozzle work?
A foam nozzle works on the venturi principle where air is drawn into the
nozzle aerating the foam solution for good quality fire fighting foam
What type of fire for CO2 EXTINGUISHER?
Class B&C and electrical
What is the duration of a 9l foam fire extinguisher?
Approximately 50 seconds
Explain how the emergency generator starts up in the event of total
power failure
The start up of the emergency generator is initiated by an electrical relay
which monitors the normal mains power supply. Falling mains
frequency or voltage causes the start up relay to operate the generator
starting equipment. The prime mover may be electrically cranked for its
own 24 v battery and starter motor or air started from its own air
reservoir fitted local to the generator engine. A manual start up may also
be initiate by push buttons in the main control room and in the
emergency generator room. Also when power loss occurs, the breaker
feeding the emergency switch board from the main switch board opens.
This breaker is interlocked with the emergency generator breaker which
is normally open under normal circumstances but in the event of total

power failure this breaker will close when the breaker feeding the
emergency generator will feed the emergency switch board
Name the trips found on a generator circuit breaker
Over current, under voltage, reverse power
When working on batteries, what precautions should be taken?
Ensure the space is well ventilated, do not smoke or use naked lights and
also wear protection clothing such as apron, gloves and face shield
What is meant by the term type Exp?
exp pressurization
This is where equipment is pressurized to prevent any gases entering
equipment
Would you enter an enclosed space if the O2 levels were recorded as
19% or below?
No

Electrical
What is the purpose of the over current protection trip
The purpose of the over current protection trip is to trip the generator in
over load situations. The trip is usually set at 150% operating capacity

and has a time delay of usually 20 sec. this allows for short periods of
overload currents. If also protects against a short circuit in the generator
What is done to ensure emergency generator is always available and will
start
The system should be checked regularly and operated weekly to ensure
its availability if required. Fuel tanks should be kept full, ample cooling
water in radiator cooling system and starting equipment should be
functional i.e, batteries should be charged fully or air receiver full
Describe how a self excited a.c.generator would work
The self excited a.c.generator basically consists of a synchronis motor
where 3 phase supply is generated an a.c. exciter and a rotary rectifier
and a static excitation device. The rotating diodes change a.c. into D.C.
for the d.c.excitation current, which is supplied through bushes. The
exciter in conjunction with the AVR is used to monitor the correct
voltage under load changes
How do you ensure that batteries are always in good working order?
Where lead acid batteries are used they require a constant trickle charge,
but for both types of batteries a regular charge of up is necessary
Check state of battery reaching a hydrometer; lead acid specific
gravity 1270. Alkaline is 1190 but SB for alkaline batteries does not
change much during charge or discharge
Ensure cells are covered with electrolyte if not top up with distilled
water. Keep batteries dry and clean
Terminals should be smeared with petroleum jelly
How would you know about earth fault in the system?

Finding an earth fault would be by the process of elimination i.e., circuit

breakers would be opened and closed until earth fault disappeared,
taking care which breaker were being opened and closed as they may be
supply essential at the time. It would be good practice to start with
places such as the galley and laundry where fault are common
What conditions are necessary to parallel two generators?
The speed of both machines must be same i.e., the frequency and the
voltages must be same in phase
What are the causes of single phasing?
Single phasing can be caused when one of the three back up fuses blows
or if one of the conductor conducts is in open circuit
What are the advantage and disadvantages of alkaline batteries?
The advantages of alkaline batteries are that they retain charge on open
circuit and even if discharged, it can be left for long periods without
adverse effects
The disadvantages are that they require a greater number of cells to
produce a particular voltage
They are also more expensive than lead acid batteries
What is sequential starting?
Sequential starting is the automatic starting of essential equipment when
power is returned after a power failure, i.e. equipment such a steering
gear
Describe how synchronizing lamps are sued to parallel a generator

This is normally used as a back up alternative way to the synchroscope;

the lamps are connected between the incoming generator and the bus
bars
The sequence method is the most preferred one as it displays a rotation
of lamp brightness, which indicates whether the incoming machine is
running fast (clockwise) or slow (anticlockwise). As with the
synchroscope the lamp sequence must appear to rotate slowly clockwise.
Correct synchrosnisation occurs when the top or keys lamp is dark and
the two bottom lamps are equally bright
What gas is given off by batteries while charging
Hydrogen
Draw a star 3 phase connection
What are the two main types of batteries commonly used on board ships
Lead acid and alkaline
What is meant by preference tripping
Preference tripping is the tripping of non essential load when an
overload condition occurs on a generator. If a generator overload
develops the preference trip relay operates an alarm and acts to trip
selected non essential loads. These load may trip at set intervals
depending on how essential the .load first trip 5 sec, second trip 10 sec
What arte the essentials supplied by the emergency switch board
Essentials are emergency lighting, alarm, communication, water tight
doors and other services necessary to maintain safety and to permit safe
evacuation of the ship by life boats. Also you will find a steering gear
motor, emergency air start compressor, and emergency fire pump motor
are supplied from the emergency switch board

Describe how an ac motor works

Most ac motors on ships and the induction or squirrel cage motor types,
the principle of operation for which is as follows. The starter is made up
of 3 separately phased windings, to which a 3 phase supply is connected.
The rotor has a series of copper conductors along its axis, which are
joined by rings at the ends to form a cage. When the motor is started, the
rotating magnetic field induces an EMF in the cage and thus a current
flow. The current carrying conductor in a magnetic field produces the
motor effect, which turns the rotor. The motor speed builds up to a value
just less than the speed of rotation of the magnetic field. The motor
speed depends upon the EMF induced in the rotor and this depends upon
the difference in speed between the conductors and the magnetic field
The number of different fixed speeds is possible by changing the number
of poles (conductors)
What would you do if you found an engineer in electric shock?
First raise alarm then isolate or switch off the current. If this is not
possible, pull or push the victim away from the source, taking care not to
make electrical contact with the victim or the electrical source, i.e., use
something non conductive
Once the victim has been removed from the electrical source if the
breathing is feasible or ceased artificial respiration should be started at
once. Delay on starting artificial respiration can prove fatal
Note: if artificial respiration is started once 70% of the victims recover.
If there is 3 minutes delay only 20% of the victims recover
What is the AVR?
The function of the AVR is to regulate the exciter fields current
automatically, comparing the generator terminal voltage with the

standard set voltage and thus maintaining the generator terminal voltage
to a constant value regardless of load changes
What loads are considered as non essentials?
Loads considered as non essentials are air conditioning and ventilation,
laundry, galley, refrigeration and deck equipment
What is single phasing of motor?
Single phasing is where are the 3 phases supplying the motor becomes
disconnected. The motor will continue to run it this happens and can
result in motor burnout. The effect of single phasing is to increase the
current in the two remaining lines and cause the motor to become very
noisy due to uneven torque produced
Name the trips found in a generator circuit breaker
Over current
Under voltage
Reverse power
Explain regulation regarding power supply for steering gear
The electrical supply must b e from two widely separated supplies i.e.,
one from the main switch board and the other from emergency board
Electrical leafs and fuses are allow 100% over load, giving only short
circuit protection
If failure does occur on one system, the standby system will cut in
within 45 sec
The steering motor will have sequential starting

What would you consider a minimum insulation reading resistance?

Insulation resistance must be kept above at least 1 MW, the higher the
insulation resistance the better, companies have their own regulation but
most companies only allow reading above 5 M ohms
What is meant by the term type Exe?
Exe - increased safety equipment
Increased safety equipment is based primarily on the elimination of
open sparking i.e., equipment does not have contacts
What is the purpose of the over current protection trip
It is to trip the generator in overload situations. The trip ix usually set at
150% operating capacity and has a time delay of usually 20 sec. this
allows for short periods of overload currents. It also protects against a
short circuit in the generator
What is minimum current can be regarded as fatal;
A shock current as low as 15 mA ac or dc can be fatal
How can you reverse the direction of motor?
By swapping any two supply line connections over
Draw and explain how earth lamps works
A direct earth on one pole coil short circuit its lamp causing the other
two to shine brightly
What is load sharing?
It is equal balance of loads between generators irrespective of load
changes

When working on batteries what precautions should be taken?

Ensure the space is well ventilated, do not smoke or use naked lights and
also wear protective clothing such as apron, gloves and face shields
What is the normal reading on and insulati0n test meter?
Infinity is normal reading, but reading should be kept above 5 ohms
What is meant by protection discrimination?
This is the ability of a protection system to disconnect only faulty
circuits and to maintain the electrical supplies to healthy one
Discrimination is advised by coordinating the current ratings and the
time settings of the fuses and over current relays used between the
generator and the load
The devices nearest the load having the lowest current rating and
shortest operating time; these nearest the generator having the highest
current rating and the longest operating time i.e., a motor fault on a
centrifugal pump would not cause the generator breaker to trip
What is the term ExI?
ExI intrinsically safe
Equipment with circuits that do not generate enough heat to ignite a gas.
This generally means limiting circuits to less than 30v. 50mA
Draw a delta 3 phase connection
Why do you require earth lamps on 220v distribution board when you
have them on the main switch board?

You require earth lamps on the 220v distribution board as well the main
switch board, due to the air gap in step down transformer i.e., 440v earth
lamps cannot detect earth on 220v systems due to the gap
When would a star/delta starter used on a motor
Where slow moving high criteria load obis involves the starting time
must be considered because of the heating effect of the starting current
and in this case a star/delta starter would be used
The star/delta starter first connects the starter windings in star and when
running charges over to delta. The star connection results in about 58%
line voltage being applied to each phase with therefore a reduction in
starting current. The starting torque reduced to about 1/3 of its direct on
line value
What sort of starting current do you get with a direct on line starter?
6 8 times full load current
What is meant by the terms type Exp
exp; - pressurization
This is where equipment is pressurized to prevent any gases entering
equipment
What is meant by the term Exd
Exd flame proof enclosure
this is an enclosure that will withstand an internal explosion of
flammable gas within itself and dissipate heat from that explosion before
reaching outside atmosphere, which could ignite the gas in surrounding
atmosphere i.e., a ships battery locker should be classed as Exd
What is reverse power protection for?

Generators intended to operate in parallel must have a reverse power

protection trip. A reverse power relay monitors the direction of power
flowing between the generator and the switch board
If a prime mover failure occurred the generator would act as a motor.
The reverse power relay detects the fault and acts to trip the generator
circuit breaker
What is the purpose of under voltage trip?
It is fitted to all generator breakers. Its main function is to trip the
breaker when severe voltage dip (around 50%0. the under voltage trip on
a generator circuit breaker also prevents it trip on a generator circuit
breaker also prevents it being closed when the generator voltage is very
low or absent
What is the function of fuse?
The function of the fuse is to give short circuit protection and also over
load protection and operates in milliseconds
Explain what would happen if you were to lose a generator
First the standby generator set would start up and automatically put itself
on the board. If this did not happen, the ship would black out and after
a time delay usually 30 seconds the eme
What is the function of a circuit breaker?
The circuit breaker is an isolating switch that also acts as a fuse. It has
two designed ratings: one normal safe working current and the other
against overload, which may also have a time delay
What is battery used for an board ships

they are used for supplying essential power to radio equipment,

telephone exchange, fire detection, general alarm circuit etc. these
system are after supplied from two sets of batteries worked on a regular
charge/discharge cycle
they are also used as emergency supplies i.e., emergency generator
startup and emergency lighting being used in this case in a stand by
role to give power when main supplies fail
Where on the ship is the emergency generator located
The emergency generator is located remotely from the engine room,
usually on the accommodation in deck or at weather deck level or above
What are disadvantages and advantages of a lead acid battery?
The advantages of a lead acid battery are they require fewer cells to
achieve particular voltage an d are reasonably priced
The disadvantages are they require regular attention to keep fully
charged, always require a trickle charge and they discharge on open
circuit
Explain how the emergency generator starts up in the event of total
power failure
The start up of the emergency generator is initiated by an electrical relay,
which monitors the normal mains power supply. Failing mains
frequency or voltage causes the start up relay to operate the generator
starting equipment. The prime movers may be electrically cranked from
its own 24v battery and starter motor or air started from its own air
reservoir filled local to the generator engine. A manual start up may also
be initiated by push buttons in the main control room and in the
emergency generator room

Also when power loss occurs, the breaker feeding the emergency switch
board from the main switch board opens. This breaker is interlocked
with the emergency generator breaker, which is normally open under
normal circumstances, but in the event of total power failure, this
breaker will close when the breaker feeding the emergency board from
the main board opens. Thus the emergency generator will feed the
emergency switch board.
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