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Answer
1.
The following histogram was constructed. (See spreadsheet Prob.1301Chrt.xls for details.)
a)
Bin
11.25
11.55
11.85
12.15
12.45
12.75
13.05
13.35
13.65
13.95
13.25
Frequenc
y
0
2
7
16
24
18
18
7
6
1
1
c) Both the shape of the histogram and the pattern of the sample
means on the run chart suggest abnormal variation. Therefore, it
seems likely that the process is not in control.
2.
Answer
2. Results from 30 samples of 3 for Magnum Magnetics measurements
show that the grand mean for all the values is 0.444, which indicates
some off-centering from the assumed nominal value of 0.375 T. (See
spreadsheet Prob13-02Chrt.xls for details.)
a)
c) Due to the pattern of the histogram and the variability shown in the
run chart, it is possible that the process is not in control. Control
charts would have to be constructed to verify this.
3.
J. Phelps Swim Club is trying to calibrate their chlorine pump to ensure that the right
amount of chlorine (1.0 1.5 ppm of free chlorine) is mixed into the water. 30 samples of
3 readings at random times during the week were taken. These data can be found in the
worksheet Prob. 13-03.
a. Compute the mean and range of each sample, calculate control limits, and plot them
on x and R control charts.
b. Does the process appear to be in statistical control? Calculate descriptive statistics that
may help you to determine the answer to this question. What evidence is there for your
conclusion?
Answer
3.
samples 2 and 10 are on, or almost on, their control limits. Also,
samples 15 and 17 are more than two standard errors away from the
mean. Finally, sample 30 on the R chart is on the upper control limit.
Assignable causes should be determined and eliminated, and control
limits should be re-calculated.
It should be noted that the process appears to be capable, with all
values within the acceptable limit of 1.0 1.5 based on analysis of the
histogram and descriptive statistics. However, it appears that more
work needs to be done in order to stabilize the process.
For the Center Lines, CL x :
LCL x =
A2 R
4.
Mount Blanc Hospital is working on reducing waiting time in order to give customers
better service in their waiting rooms. Fifty samples of size 5 were taken at random times
from their main waiting room. These data can be found in the worksheet Prob. 13-04.
a. Compute the mean and range of each sample, and control limits, and plot them on x
and R control charts.
b. Does the process appear to be in statistical control? Why or why not?
Answer
4.
A2 R
LCL x =
- A2
5.
10
minutes for the Excellante Cleaning Companys average time to completely clean a rug.
Compute control limits for x and R charts and estimate the standard deviation of the
process.
Answer
5.
For the Excellante Service Companys center lines, CL x :
CLR : R = 2.5
= 30.0;
LCLR = D3 R = 0
Estimated =
6.
11
Quality Service Companys average time to complete an order. Compute control limits
for x and R charts and estimate the standard deviation of the process.
Answer
6.
= 8.0; CLR :
LCLR = D3 R = 0
Estimated =
7.
In testing the temperature in an analysis process in Heritage DNA Labs, LLC, containing
both positive and negative values, the data listed in the worksheet Prob. 13-07 were
obtained.
a. Compute the mean, standard deviation and other descriptive statistics for the data.
b. Construct x - and R charts for these data. Determine whether the process is in control.
If not, eliminate any assignable causes and compute revised limits.
Answer
7.
Results from the samples of 50 of size 5 for Heritage DNA Labs, LLC
temperature readings were calculated. (See spreadsheet Prob1307XR.xls for details.)
a. For the 250 individual readings given for Heritage DNA Labs, LLC,
the following descriptive statistics were obtained.
Descriptive Statistics
Mean
0.011
Standard Error
0.035
Median
0.055
Mode
0.030
Standard Deviation
0.559
Sample Variance
0.312
Kurtosis
-0.542
Skewness
-0.096
Range
2.600
Minimum
-1.310
Maximum
1.290
Sum
2.710
Count
250
Bin
Frequenc
y
-1.35
-0.95
13
-0.55
32
-0.15
51
0.25
67
0.65
51
1.25
35
1.65
12
13
8.
14
While testing the voltage of a component used in a microcomputer for the Hertz
Company, the data listed in the worksheet Prob. 13-08 were obtained. Construct x - and
15
R charts for these data. Determine whether the process is in control. If not, eliminate any
assignable causes and compute revised limits.
Answer
8.
We can see from the initial control charts [labeled as x-bar chart (A)
and R-chart (A)], for the Hertz Company that there are two out-ofcontrol points, one on the x - chart and one on the R - chart. We must
throw out outliers #16, #23, and revise the chart to yield the results
shown in part b), below. (See spreadsheet Prob.13-08XR.xls, tabs for
detailed data on both the original and revised parts.)
For the Center Lines, CL x :
a) Initial charts
b) Revised charts
16
9.
17
The data for 25 samples of 4 items each, from the study at Tri-State Bank (Prob. 13-01,
above) was further analyzed in an effort to use it for process control.
18
a. Compute the mean and range of each sample, and control limits, and plot them on x and R control charts.
b. Does the process appear to be in statistical control? Why or why not?
Answer
9.
A2 R
UCL x =
LCL x =
10.
The data for 30 samples of 3 items each, from the study at Magnum Magnetics (from
Prob. 13-02, above) was further analyzed in an effort to use it for process control.
19
20
a. Compute the mean and range of each sample, calculate the control limits, and plot
them on x - and R control charts.
b. Does the process appear to be in statistical control? Why or why not?
Answer
10.
A2 R
UCL x =
LCL x =
21
11.
22
The data in worksheet Prob. 13-11 list processing time values for 40 samples of size 4
that were taken from Rapid Check Kiters, Inc.s check processing firm over a 20-hour
period.
a. Compute the mean and standard deviation of all 40 samples for the sample data.
b. Calculate the control limits and construct the x - and R charts, using the first 20
samples. Is the process under control at that point?
c. Specifications for the process are 1.065 0.13. If the process is under control, calculate
the capability indexes, Cpu, Cpl, Cp and Cpk using the part of the x - and R charts Excel
template that calculates the process capability. What do the indexes indicate?
d. After calculating the control limits, the last 20 samples were collected. When plotted
using the control limits calculated earlier, does the process appear to be in statistical
control? Why or why not? What should be done if it is not under control?
Answer
11.
The data in worksheet Prob. 13-11 list processing time values for 40
samples of size 4 that were taken from Rapid Check Kiters, Inc.s were
analyzed.
a. The mean and standard deviation for the process (based on data
from all 40 samples shown as descriptive statistics in spreadsheet
Prob13-11AXR.xls) are:
x=
b. The control limits (based on the first 20 samples see spreadsheet Prob1311AXR.xls for details) are:
For the Center Lines, CL x :
A2 R
- A2
23
24
The x - and R charts show that the process appears to be under control.
c. The computations for the process capability, taken from the spreadsheet template, show
that the process is minimally capable (see spreadsheet Prob13-07AXR.xls for
details).
Process
Capability
Calculations
Upper
specification
Lower
specification
Six
sigma
0.272
1.205
Cp
1.028
0.925
Cpu
Cpl
Cpk
0.996
1.060
0.996
Capability indexes are Cpu = 0.996, Cpl = 1.060, Cpk = 0.996 and Cp = 1.028. The overall
capability, Cp is satisfactory, since it is greater than 1. The Cpu, which is also the Cpk =
0.996 is unsatisfactory, since it is below 1. The smaller number, with the Cpl = 1.06,
indicates that the process is not centered around the mean. The process should be adjusted
to center it. In addition, steps should be considered to reduce variability in order to
increase capability.
25
d. After calculating the control limits, the last 20 samples were plotted
using the same control limits and placed on the control charts, below
(see spreadsheet Prob13-011BXR.xls for details). Note to instructors:
The templates for the x and R charts had to be modified to show the
control limits, based only on the first 30 samples, and the data for the
additional 20 samples were then added to the table and as shown
below.
26
The data in worksheet Prob. 13-12 list electrical resistance values (ohms) for 50 samples
of size 5 that were taken from Babbage Chips, Inc.s computer chip-making process over
a 25-hour period.
a. Compute the mean, standard deviation and other descriptive statistics for the data.
b. Calculate the control limits and construct the x - and R charts, using the first 30
samples. Is the process under control at that point?
c. Specifications for the process are 9.2 3.2 ohms. If the process is under control,
calculate the capability indexes, Cpu, Cpl, Cp and Cpk using the part of the x - and R charts
Excel template that calculates the process capability. What do the indexes indicate?
27
d. After calculating the control limits, the last 20 samples were collected. When plotted
using the control limits calculated earlier, does the process appear to be in statistical
control? Why or why not? What should be done if it is not under control?
Note to instructors: The templates for the x and R charts had to be
modified to show the control limits, based only on the first 30 samples,
and the data for the additional 20 samples were then added to the
table and as shown below.
Answer
12.
9.046
0.070
9.011
9.215
1.103
1.218
-0.323
0.071
5.716
6.341
12.057
2261.440
250.000
0.137
Bin
6.0
6.6
7.2
7.8
8.4
9.0
9.6
10.2
10.8
11.4
12.0
12.6
Frequenc
y
0
3
9
23
36
52
48
44
19
12
3
1
28
Histogram
60
Frequency
50
40
Frequency
30
20
10
12.6
12.0
11.4
10.8
10.2
9.6
9.0
8.4
7.8
7.2
6.6
6.0
Bin
b) Results from first 30 samples of 5 for Babbage show that both the x
and R charts are apparently in control. (See spreadsheet Prob1312AXR.xls for details).
For the Center Lines, CL x :
A2 R
UCL x =
LCL x =
- A2
29
c) The computations for the process capability, taken from the spreadsheet template, show
that the process is not quite capable (see spreadsheet Prob13-12AXR.xls for
details).
Six
sigma
6.56
12.4
Cp
0.976
6.0
Cpu
Cpl
Cpk
0.985
0.966
0.966
30
Capability indexes are Cpu = 0.985, Cpl = 0.966, Cpk = 0.966 and Cp = 0.976. All the
indexes are unsatisfactory, since they fall below 1. The smaller number, with the Cpl =
0.966, indicates that the process is not centered around the mean. The process should be
adjusted to center it. In addition, steps should be considered to reduce variability in order
to increase capability.
d) Using the previously calculated control limits to monitor the last 20
samples, there is one unusual occurrence, with seven out of the last
eight samples below the centerline, indicating a probable out-of-control
condition. See spreadsheet Prob13-12BXR.xls for detailed data. Note to
instructors: The templates for the x and R charts had to be modified
to show the control limits, based only on the first 30 samples, and the
data for the additional 20 samples were then added to the table and as
shown below.
31