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A Synopsis of New World Habenaria (Orchidaceae) II

Author(s) :Joo A. N. Batista, Luciano de Bem Bianchetti, Roberto GonzlezTamayo, Xochitl M. C. Figueroa, and Phillip J. Cribb
Source: Harvard Papers in Botany, 16(2):233-273. 2011.
Published By: Harvard University Herbaria
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3100/0.25.016.0202
URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3100/0.25.016.0202

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