Introduction

This Memo provides a summary of the recommendations that should take on the subject of the
allocation of funds for the coming fiscal year in an effort to reduce crime, especially violent
crime. In order to provide recommendations, data in a sample of 50 small cities in New
Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maine, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, Georgia, and Florida was collected and then analyzed. When conducting the study, data
was collected under the topics of overall crime rates, violent crime rates, annual police funding
and percentage of young children in the selected cities are considered.
Analysis
In the analysis, first descriptive statistics of each variable of interest is considered. Following
results are obtained.
Table1. Descriptive statistics of variables
Variable

Average

Standard
deviation
293.9

Minimum
341.0

Maximu
m
1740.0

573.7

29.0

3545.0

13.82

16.0

86.0

58.80

9.97

42.0

81.0

15.40

6.02

4.0

34.0

29.90

14.80

4.0

81.0

13.82

5.16

8.0

36.0

Total overall reported crime rate per 718.0

10,000 residents
Reported violent crime rate per 616.2
100,000 residents
Annual police funding in $/resident
37.76
Percentage of people 25 years with 4
yrs. of high school
Percentage of 16 to 19 year-olds not in
high school and not high school
graduates
Percentage of 18 to 24 year-olds in
college
Percentage of people 25 years with at
least 4 years of college

The above table there is 718 crimes in average in every small city in this study. The minimum
amount of crime rate that have obtained for a particular city is 341 crimes per 10000 residents.
And the maximum amount of crime rate that have obtained for a particular city is 341 crimes per
10000 residents. The violent crime rates have obtained for 100000 residents. It can be clearly
noticed that the statistics for violent crime rate is lower than the overall crime rate.
When consider the annual police funding per resident, each city has allocated 37.76$ per resident
in average. The minimum amount of funding that has allocated by a city is $16 per resident. And

the maximum value is 864 per resident. According to the above table there are about 58.8% of
people in average who are 25 years old and completed 4 years in the high school. At the same
time there are about 15.4% of people in average who are in the age category of 16 to 19 and not
in high school are not yet graduated from the high school. According to the above table it can be
determined that the average Percentage of 18 to 24 year-olds who are studying in college is
greater than the average percentage of people who are in the age category of 16 to 19 and not in
high school are not yet graduated from the high school. The lowest average percentage has
obtained for the category of people who are 25 years old with at least 4 years of college.
In order to get some insight information, the average values Total overall reported crime rate per
10,000 residents and Reported violent crime rate per 100,000 residents are categorized based on
the some conditions. The conditions are mentioned in the following table.
Table2: Average values overall crime and violent crime based on conditions
Condition

Total overall reported crime Reported violent crime rate

rate per 10,000 residents
per 100,000 residents
Annual police funding greater 869.11
838.17
than or equal to 37.76$
Annual police funding less than 632.94
491.32
37.76$
Percentage of people 25 years 670.08
511.85
with 4 yrs. of high school greater
than or equal to 58.8%
Percentage of people 25 years 683.8
670.15
with at least 4 years of college
greater than or equal to 13.82%
According to the first condition, cities which have police a police fund greater than or equal to
the $37.76 per resident (Overall average) are considered. Using that information, it can be
identified that for those cities, the average overall reported crime rate per 10,000 residents is
greater than the overall average of Total overall reported crime rate per 10,000 residents (718.0).
Same thing can be noticed for Reported violent crime rate per 100,000 residents as well. But
when consider the cities which have police a police fund less than the $37.76 per resident, the
particular category averages are less than the overall averages.
When categorize cities by the condition Percentage of people 25 years with 4 yrs. of high school,
greater than or equal to 58.8% (overall average) , the category averages for Total overall reported
crime rate per 10,000 residents and Reported violent crime rate per 100,000 residents are less
than the overall averages of those two variables. At the same time When categorize cities by the
condition Percentage of people 25 years with at least 4 years of college , greater than or equal to
13.82% (overall average) , the category average for Total overall reported crime rate per 10,000

residents is less than the overall average. Also the category average for Reported violent crime
rate per 100,000 residents is greater than the overall average.
Next to identify any linear relationships between variables, Pearsons correlation coefficient is
calculated. Following results are obtained. Scatter plots are also plotted to demonstrate the
relationship graphically.
Table 3: Correlation coefficients
Variable X

Variable Y

Total overall reported crime rate per

10,000 residents
Reported violent crime rate per
100,000 residents
Total overall reported crime rate per
10,000 residents

Annual police funding in $/resident

Correlation
coefficient
0.533

Annual police funding in $/resident

0.509

Percentage of 16 to 19
not in high school and
school graduates
Reported violent crime rate per Percentage of 16 to 19
100,000 residents
not in high school and
school graduates

Reported violent crime rate per Vs Annual police funding in $/resident

year-olds 0.323
not high
year-olds 0.291
not high

Total overall reported crime rate Vs Annual police funding in $/resident

90

90

80

80

70

70
60
X3

60
50

50
40

40

30

30

20
20
10
500

10
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

750

1000

X1

1250

1500

1750

Reported violent crime rate vs % of 16 to 19 year-olds not in high school

Total overall reported crime rate VS % of 16 to 19 year-olds not in high school

35
35

30

30

25

25

20

20

15

15

10

10

1000

2000

3000

4000

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

Correlation coefficients are in between -1 to +1. Using the sig of the correlation coefficient, the
direction of the relationship can be identified. At the same time using the magnitude of the
correlation coefficient, strength of the relationship can be measured. If the correlation is between
1 and 0.75, then there is a high correlation between the two variables. If the correlation is
between 0.75 and 0.5, then there is a moderate correlation between the two variables. If the
correlation is between 0.5 and 0.25, then there is a low correlation between the two variables.
Otherwise it is said that there is no correlation between the variables.
So according to the above results, there is a moderate positive relationship between Total overall
reported crime rate and Annual police funding per resident. At the same time there is a moderate
positive relationship between Reported violent crime rate and Annual police funding per
resident. Also it can be determined that there are low positive correlations between the other two
pairs of variables.
So next a
Conclusion
Using the correlation coefficients, it is identified that there is no strong linear relationships
between crime rates and police funds or between crime rates and percentage of young people.
Because the correlation values are below 0.75.
When consider the descriptive statistics, it can be identified that although the police funds has
increased, both the percentage of overall crime rate and the percentage of violent crime rate has
not decreased. The moderate positive correlations between those variables also confirm that.
When consider the descriptive statistics, it can also be determined that in the cities where there
are more percentage people who are 25 years old and with 4 yrs. of high school , the crime rates
are below the overall average. But according to the correlation coefficients there are low
correlations between the crime rates and percentages of young people.

In the case of the police funds, there seems to be a problem with the management of the funds. In
terms of the correlation there is a good moderate correlation. But the direction of the correlation
is the problem. So my recommendation is first, a good management team should establish to
check the effective flow of the funds. After that more money should be allocated to police funds.
So in future, crime rates will be decreased.