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S. Yedidiah
a
To cite this article: S. Yedidiah (2008) A Study in The Use of CFD In The Design of Centrifugal Pumps, Engineering
Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2:3, 331-343, DOI: 10.1080/19942060.2008.11015233
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19942060.2008.11015233
Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 331343 (2008)
Keywords:
centrifugal pumps, CFD, flow pattern, impeller, volute, noise, pump design
1. INTRODUCTION
Successes in predicting the flow patterns within
the passages of centrifugal pumps indicate that
CFD might be capable of assisting a pump
engineer in arriving at improved designs. Success,
however, is still very elusive. This paper
discusses the principal cause of that state of affair,
and what can be done about it.
For a predicted flow pattern to be of practical use,
it has to inform the engineer whether it will allow
the pump to perform at its best, whether there
exists a different flow pattern which will allow
the pump to perform even better, and what
geometry of the waterways will generate such a
flow pattern.
The nearest which a predicted flow pattern came
to answering some of the above questions is based
on the assumption that the presence of vortices
have an adverse effect on performance. This has
been confirmed in practice (Yedidiah, 1996:
p. 191). However, cases in which the presence of
a pair of forced vortices has even improved the
performance of a centrifugal pump are also
known. Below we shall discuss such a case.
2. EFFECT OF A PAIR OF FORCED
VORTICES AT THE PUMP INLET ON ITS
PERFORMANCE
Prang and Oates (1971) presented results of tests,
which were expected to shed light on the effect of
the distribution of the inlet-velocities on the
performance of a centrifugal pump. The objective
of these tests was to determine the optimum
Velocity
m/sec
Fig. 1
RADIUS (inches)
Fig. 3
Fig. 2
Vx
H
m
EFF
100 m3/hour
V
V
V
1 P
= Vx x + Vy x + Vz x
x
x
y
z
Fy
V y
V y
V y
1 P
= Vx
+ Vy
+ Vz
y
x
y
z
Fz
V
1 P
V
V
= Vx z + Vy x + Vz z
z
x
y
z
(2)
100 m3/hour
Fig. 4
Vx
x Vx Vx
=
=
x
T x
T
10
6
(1)
Vx
.
x
Fig. 5
333
nq 20
Cn/U1 [ - ]
S/So [ % ]
Fig. 6
S/So [ % ]
Fig. 7
nq 20
Cn/U1 [ - ]
S/So [ % ]
Fig. 8
Q bo = ( U o C uo )L o R o
334
(3)
Cuo
g
(4)
Qbo
gQq
(5)
Original
Impeller
36
63
Orignial Impeller
Orignial
Impeller
Rb
51
Fig. 9
Q/Qopt
Ra
Lo
Ro
Ro
335
336
2R
) B R
z
b
a
C m ds =
wB dn
e
(6)
2R
)BR C m = w d Bdc d
z
(8)
C m = w Sin .
This means that the flow rate across any arc a-b of
radius R is the same, as the flow rate across any
normal line e-f.
If we assume that the liquid is flowing through a
set of congruent passages (Fig. 13) and that Cm is
constant across any arc of a given radius R, Eq. (6)
can be re-written as:
Q
2R
=(
) B R C m =
z
z
wB dn
e
(7)
337
II
I
II
II
I
2
II
1 m/s
1
4
Quadrant 1 4
Impeller C
H
m
m3/hour
(9)
where C un = U C m Cot n .
The above equations imply that the head
developed by an impeller-blade is determined by
its geometry (not by its tip angles). This
conclusion has also been corroborated by the
results of independent tests carried out thousands
of miles apart (Acosta and Bowerman, 1957;
Saalfield, 1966).
An impeller of a sewage disposal pump is
provided with a pair of heavy blades, whose
thickness varies along their total length. This
339
n
m
VOLUTE
(b)
(c)
DIFFUSOR
340
10. CONCLUSIONS
Properly applied, CFD has the potential of
providing the practicing engineers with enormous
assistance in their quest for better designs.
However, to know how, where and when the use
of CFD is the best choice for a given task requires
an in-depth knowledge and understanding of the
problem(s) to be handled.
At the present explosion of information, this
requires close cooperation between the pump
experts and the specialists in CFD. Such
cooperation, however, can be effective only if
each member of a team knows and understands
what the others are doing.
The presented discussion, as well as the studies in
Yedidiah (2003, 2004, 2007 & Ref. 18), indicates
that the needed mutual understanding between the
pump experts and the specialists in CFD can be
341
C mav
Cu
CE
CU
E
g
H
h
K
L
Lo
n
Ns
Q
Qq
Qb
Q v
R
So
S
S
T
t
U
V
X, Y , Z
Z, z
b
w
blade width
meridian velocity component of the
liquid
average value of Cm , at any given radius
velocity component, in the direction of
U, of the liquid which has been directly
affected by the blade
equivalent magnitude of Cu , related to
the total flow of the pumped liquid
magnitude of Cu for the case when
Cm = Cmav
energy per unit of time (=power)
acceleration due to gravity
total head
head added to the liquid by a strip of a
moving blade
coefficient used in equations
length of a blade element along the
blade surface
length of a strip of a blade which
projects into the eye of an impeller
total length of a normal line which
extends between two consecutive blades
(Fig. 13)
specific speed: (m3/sec)0.5
(rev/min) / (m)0.75
flow rate of pumped liquid
flow rate between two consecutive
blades (=Q/Z)
volume of liquid displaced by a strip of
a moving blade
volume displaced by a finite blade
element R
radius
distance between the shrouds, measured
along the axis #10 respectively axis #6
(shown in Fig. 5)
Distance from suction shroud, (relates
to Figs 6, 7, and 8)
length of an arc of a given radius R
(relates to Fig. 13)
time
pitch of blades
peripheral velocity of a blade
velocity of the liquid
location, determined by Cartesian
coordinates
number of blades
blade angle (=w+)
angle of relative velocity
angle of incidence
density
angular speed radians/sec
efficiency
blockage due to finite thickness of the
blades
head coefficient = gH / U22
flow coefficient = Cm2 / U2
Subscripts
0
1
2
i
ou
av
b
n
n-1
R
x,y,z
REFERENCES
1. Acosta AJ, Bowerman RD (1957). An
experimental study of centrifugal pump
impellers. Trans. ASME J. of Fluids Eng.
81:18211838.
2. Ballesteros-Tajadura Rafael et al. (2006).
Prediction of the aerodynamic noise
generated by a centrifugal fan. ASMEPublication FEDSM2006-98507.
3. Benra FK et al. (2007). Measurement of the
periodic flow field in a radial diffuser pump
by
the
PIV
method.
ASME-Paper
FEDSM2007-37400 [CD-ROM].
4. Hureau F et al. (1993). Study of internal
recirculation in centrifugal impellers. ASMEPublication FED. Vol. 154, 151157.
5. Prang AJ, Oates DM (1971). Suction
Chambers for In-line Centrifugal Pumps with
Inducers. Worthington, Canada.
6. Saalfield K (1966). Einige neuere Gedanken
zur Laufradberechnung von radialen und
halbaxialen Kreiselpumpen (in German).
KSB-Technicsche Berichte, KSB-Company,
Frankenthal (Pfalz), Germany. Aug. 1966, 11.
342
343