Icengines 140301050002 Phpapp02 PDF

M S Steve
Assistant professor
Dept of Mechanical Engineering
Amal Jyothi College of Engineering
1
msstevesimon@gmail.com
Heat Engines
Absorb energy in the
form of heat
Convert part of it into
work
Reject balance as heat
Combustion
Heat Engines
1.
2.
External Combustion Engines steam engine

Internal combustion Engines automobile engine
Internal Combustion Engine

Burns fuel and air in enclosed space
Produces hot burned gases
Converts some of this heat into
useful work
Allows heat to flow from hot engine to cold outside air
Nikolaus Otto
patented the 4stroke engine when
he was only 34!
5
Internal Combustion Engines are those

heat engines where the combustion of
the fuel takes place inside the engines
Advantages of I C Engines
1.
2.
3.
4.
High thermal efficiencies ( 30 to 35%)

Higher power to weight ratio
Compact and suitable for portable applications
Quick-starting and simple in construction
Disadvantages of I C Engines
1.
2.
Since fuel combustion occurs in the cylinder, consequent

very high temperatures of engines necessitates engine
cooling arrangements
High temperatures restrict ICEngines to be single-acting,
reducing the power strokes per revolution
Classification of IC Engines
According to:
Fuel used
Strokes per cycle
Thermodynamic cycle
Speed of engine
Method of ignition
Method of cooling
Method of governing
Arrangement of engine cylinders
Number of cylinders
Application
9
Arrangement of Cylinders
10
Arrangement of Cylinders
11
Comparison of Petrol and Diesel Engines

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
12
PETROL ENGINE
Works on Otto Cycle
Fuel-air mixture is
admitted during suction
stroke
Spark ignition
Low compression ratios
(6 to 10)
Lower engine efficiency
Higher fuel consumption
Lower engine vibrations
and noise
High running cost
Light duty application
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
DIESEL ENGINE
Works on Diesel Cycle
Fuel is injected at the end
of compression stroke
Compression ignition
High compression ratios
(10 to 20)
Higher engine efficiency
Lower fuel consumption
Higher engine vibrations
and noise
Low running cost
Heavy duty application
IC Engine
13
14
IC Engine Parts
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
15
Cylinder Head
Cylinder Block and Liner
Piston
Connecting Rod
Crankshaft
Crank Case and Sump
Cylinder head
16
Engine valves
17
Valve mechanism
18
Piston assembly
19
Crank case
20
Crank shaft assembly
21
Four Stroke and Two Stroke Engines
22
Four Stroke I C Engine

In a four stroke I C Engine, one cycle of operation is
completed in four strokes of the piston in the engine
cylinder
The strokes are:
1. Suction (Induction) stroke
2. Compression Stroke
3. Power Stroke
4. Exhaust Stroke
23
Suction (Induction) stroke
24
Compression Stroke
25
Power Stroke
26
Exhaust Stroke
27
The four-stroke engine
Spark plug
Exhaust valve
Inlet valve
Cylinder
Piston
28
Inlet valve
open
INDUCTION STROKE
29
Inlet valve
open
Piston down
30
INDUCTION STROKE

Charge in
Inlet valve
open
Piston down
31
INDUCTION STROKE

Charge in
Inlet valve
open
Piston down
32
INDUCTION STROKE

Charge in
Inlet valve
open
INDUCTION STROKE
33
Exhaust valve
closed
Inlet valve
closed
COMPRESSION STROKE
Piston up
34
Exhaust valve
closed
Inlet valve
closed
Piston up
35
COMPRESSION STROKE
Exhaust valve
closed
Inlet valve
closed
Piston up
COMPRESSION STROKE
36

Exhaust valve
closed
Inlet valve
closed
BANG
POWER STROKE
37
Exhaust valve
closed
Inlet valve
closed
Piston down
powerfully
38
POWER STROKE
Exhaust valve
closed
Inlet valve
closed
POWER STROKE
39
Piston down
powerfully
Exhaust valve
closed
Inlet valve
closed
POWER STROKE
40
Inlet valve
closed
Exhaust valve
open
EXHAUST STROKE
41
Inlet valve
closed
Exhaust valve
open
Exhaust gases
out
Piston up
42
EXHAUST STROKE
Inlet valve
closed
Exhaust valve
open
Exhaust gases
out
Piston up
EXHAUST STROKE
43
Inlet valve
open
Exhaust valve
closed
INDUCTION STROKE
44
And so the
cycle
continues!!
45
46
1.
Induction Stroke
Engine pulls piston out of cylinder

Low pressure inside cylinder
Atmospheric pressure pushes fuel
and air mixture into cylinder

Engine does work on the gases
during this stroke
47
Engine Stroke 1
Fuel and air mixture

after induction stroke:
Pressure
Temperature
48
= Atmospheric
= Ambient
2. Compression Stroke
Engine pushes piston into
cylinder
Mixture is compressed to high
pressure and temperature
Engine does work on the gases
during this stroke
49
Engine Stroke 2
Fuel and air mixture

after compression stroke:
Pressure
Temperature
50
= High
= Hot
3. Power Stroke
Mixture burns to form hot gases
Gases push piston out of cylinder
Gases expand to lower pressure and
temperature
Gases do work on engine during this
stroke
51
Engine Stroke 3
Burned gases after ignition:

Pressure
Temperature
52
= Very high
= Very hot
Engine Stroke 4
Burned gases after power stroke:

Pressure
Temperature
53
= Moderate
= High
4.
Exhaust Stroke
Engine pushes piston into cylinder

High pressure inside cylinder
Pressure pushes burned gases out of
cylinder
Engine does work on the gases during
this stroke
54
Two Stroke Engines
55
56
57
Two Stroke I C Engine

In a two stroke I C Engine one cycle of operation is
completed in two strokes of the piston in the engine cylinder
Stroke 1: Scavenging and Compression
Stroke 2: Power and Exhaust
58
Scavenging and Compression
59
Power and Exhaust
60
61
Advantages of Two Stroke engines

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
62
One power stroke every revolution of crankshaft results in high

power to weight ratio
Torque is more uniform needing lighter flywheel
Simpler in construction due to absence of valves and valve gear
Friction loss is less giving higher mechanical efficiency
Lower initial cost
Easier starting
Disadvantages of Two Stroke engines

Overall efficiency is less due to:
a) Inadequate scavenging as some combustion products remain in
cylinder
b) Loss of fresh charge during scavenging
c) Less effective compression ratio for same stroke length
2. Engine overheating due to power stroke in every revolution
3. High lubricating oil consumption
4. Exhaust is noisier
1.
63
Comparison of Four Stroke and Two Stroke Engines

FOUR STROKE ENGINE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
64
One cycle in 4 strokes of

piston or 2 revolutions of
crankshaft
Valves are used for charge
admission and exhaust
One power stroke in two
revolution causing torque
fluctuations needing heavy
flywheel
Low power to weight ratios
Higher overall efficiency
Complex construction due to
valve gear
Heavy duty applications
TWO STROKE ENGINE

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
One cycle in 2 strokes of piston

or one revolution of crankshaft
No valves but ports are used
for admission and exhaust
One power stroke in one
revolution causing smoother
torque and consequent lighter
flywheel
Higher power to weight ratios
Lower overall efficiency due to
loss of fresh charge
Simpler construction
Light duty applications
I C Engine Systems
65
I C Engine Systems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
66
Air & Exhaust System

Fuel Systems
Ignition Systems
Cooling Systems
Lubrication Systems
AIR SYSTEM FOR PETROL

ENGINE
67
AIR SYSTEM FOR PETROL ENGINE
AIR FROM ATM
AIR FILTER
Carburettor
Product of combustion to atm
68
Engine
SILENCER
FUEL SYSTEMS
Petrol Engines
Diesel Engines
69
Fuel Systems
Petrol Engines
Correct quantity of petrol is mixed with air in carburettor before
being admitted into cylinder during suction stroke
70
FUEL SYSTEM FOR PETROL ENGINE
AIR FROM ATM
AIR FILTER
combu
stion
Fuel storage
tank
71
Fuel Pump
Fuel Filter
Carburettor
Engine
FUEL SYSTEM FOR PETROL

ENGINE
72
FUEL SYSTEM FOR DIESEL ENGINE

AIR FROM ATM
Low
pressure
pump
filter
filter
AIR
FILTER
High
pressure
pump
Fuel storage
tank
Fuel Injector
Product of combustion to atm
SILENCER
Engine
73
FUEL PUMP
74
It pumps fuel from storage tank to carburetor

Actuated by cam, it is in touch with rocker arm
As the link is pulled downwards diaphragm will move down
and fuel will enter the chamber

Inlet and Exhaust valves are one way valves
75
One-way
Inlet Valve
One-way
Outlet Valve
Diaphragm
Driving Cam
76
Diaphragm Pump
Air
Filter
Carburettor
Cockpit
Gauge
Inlet
Tank
Pump
77
PETROL ENGINE Carburettor Fuel System
Exhaust
78
79
JET
VENTURI
FLOAT NEEDLE VALVE
AIR VENT
FUEL
LEVEL
FLOAT
FLOAT CHAMBER
80
SIMPLE CARBURETOR WORKING

FUEL
FEED @
PUMP
Major function of carburetor is to provide air fuel mixture

Basic principle : When a volatile fuel is placed in the passage
of high velocity air, the fuel gets vaporized at a faster rate

Arrangement:
81
Jet and fuel nozzle

Venturi tube & venturi throat
Float chamber
Throttle valve
Float , float needle, air vent
Working
1.
2.
Petrol is pumped into the float chamber, level of petrol is

maintained by a float arrangement
Suction stroke of engine causes air flow through venturi tube.
3. VELOCITY of air at throat will increase & PRESSURE will

decrease at JET point(will be less than Atm. Pressure)
4. In float chamber the pressure acting is Atm. Pressure, due to this
pressure difference fuel will flow from FLOAT CHAMBER to
the JET
5. Function of throttle is to control speed and power to engine,
more the throttle is closed flow of air & fuel mixture to the
cylinder is less
82
FUEL
FLOW
AIR FLOW
AIR FLOW
AIR/FUEL
MIXTURE
FLOWS TO
ENGINE
AIR IS SUCKED THROUGH VENTURI ..

A PISTON MOVING DOWN ON SUCTION STROKE
THE LOWER AIR PRESSURE PULLS FUEL THROUGH THE JET
FUEL LEVEL DROPS
MOVING AIR HAS LOWER PRESSURE

83

FUEL LEVEL DROPPING LOWERS FLOAT
PULLING AIR INTO FLOAT CHAMBER
FUEL LEVEL DROPS
84
FUEL LEVEL DROPPING LOWERS FLOAT

FUEL LEVEL RISING FORCES THE NEEDLE VALVE CLOSED
AND ALLOWS FUEL TO ENTER FLOAT CHAMBER FROM PUMP
FUEL LEVEL DROPS
85
FUEL LEVEL RISING FORCES THE NEEDLE VALVE CLOSED
FUEL IS PULLED OUT OF THE FLOAT CHAMBER
ONLY WHEN PISTON IS ON THE INDUCTION STROKE

86
We now need to look at controlling

the air/fuel mixture flowing into the
engine
Controlling the air/fuel mixture
means controlling the engine
The carburettor part which controls
the flow is.
THE THROTTLE
87
THROTTLE
VALVE
88
THROTTLE VALVE
THIS WOULD BE A HIGH THROTTLE SETTING OR FULL POWER
OPEN THROTTLE ALLOWS VENTURI TO WORK AT MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
89
LOW THROTTLE SETTING - CALLED IDLE OR TICK-OVER

ALMOST CLOSED THROTTLE MEANS THE VENTURI DOES NOT WORK VERY
WELL
LOW AIR FLOW MEANS VERY LITTLE OR NO FUEL/AIR MIXING IN THE
VENTURI
SO AN ALTERNATIVE AND EFFECTIVE VENTURI NEEDS TO BE FOUND
90
LOW THROTTLE SETTING - CALLED IDLE OR TICK-OVER
EDGE GAPS BECOME THE VENTURI FOR THE LOW AIR FLOW
AT IDLE - SLOW RUNNING JET
T CONTROLS FUEL FLOW
91
92
LIMITATIONS OF CARBURETTOR
Distribution of air /fuel mixture to cylinder is not uniform
Construction of venturi causes low volumetric efficiency
There is a loss of volumetric efficiency also due to restricted
flow of mixture in various parts such as chokes, tubes, jets,
throttle valve, inlet pipe bends, etc.
All the above limitations of carburettor can be avoided by introducing the fuel
through injection rather than the carburettor
93
FUEL INJECTION PUMP

A fuel injection pump is used to supply precisely metered
quantity of diesel under high pressure to the injectors at the
correct time.
94
95
96
97
FUEL PUMP
Spring
Delivery valve
Fuel overflow port

Inlet port
Barrel
Rack
plunger
98
barrel
Barrel houses the inlet port and fuel overflow port
99
Plunger
Plunger driven by cam & tappet
Plunger reciprocates in a barrel & fuel enters thru inlet port
Plunger have a vertical and helical groove which help in
determining the amount of fuel supplied to the fuel injector
100
Delivery valve is a non return valve,

kept in position by a spring.
When the Pr. In the barrel exceeds a
predetermined value and valve opens
against the compression of the spring
and the pressure of the fuel above.
Fuel pump is connected to the fuel

injector through a passage
101
Working
When the plunger is at bottom the fuel inlet & overflow
102
ports are uncovered and filtered fuel is forced into the barrel
Both ports are covered when the plunger moves upwards
Fuel will get compressed when the plunger moves further
forward
The high pressure lifts the delivery valve and fuel flows out
thru the delivery valve
With further rise of the plunger the overflow port is
uncovered by the plunger and pressure drops
The quantity of fuel pumped can be varied by the angular
position of the helical groove relative to the inlet port
103
104
Diesel Fuel Pump

Plunger reciprocates on a barrel(hollow cylinder like
105
arrangement)
A rectangular helical groove in the plunger which extends
from top to another helical groove
When the plunger is at bottom -- fuel inlet and overflow port
are open,--fuel will come inside the barrel
When the plunger moves up both ports are closed and fuel
inside the barrel get compressed
Due to the high pressure of compressed fuel delivery valve
will get opened
FUEL INJECTOR
106
FUEL INJECTOR
A fuel injector is used to inject the fuel in the cylinder
in atomised form and in proper quantity. Fuel
injectors are available in several designs. Main
components of fuel injectors are : NOZZLE
VALVE
BODY
SPRING
The nozzle is its main part which is attached to the
nozzle holder. Entry of fuel in the injector is from the
fuel injection pump.
107
108
FUEL INJECTION NOZZLE
109
Spray Structure
110
PARTS OF FUEL INJECTOR

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
111
Nozzle valve
Nozzle body
Spring
spindle
Adjusting screw
Lock nut
Passage
Nozzle
Leak of connection
Nozzle valve is fitted in a nozzle body.

The spring retains the valve in its seating through a spindle.
Adjusting screw and lock nut- to adjust the lift of the nozzle
112
Working
High pressure fuel from the fuel pump enters the injector
through the passage and lift the nozzle valve

Fuel travels down the nozzle and is injected into the engine
cylinder in the form of fine spray
When the fuel pressure drops the spring force overcomes the
fuel pressure and the valve get closed
Any leakage of the fuel at the end of the compression is fed
back to the fuel pump suction chamber by the leak off pipe
113
FUEL INJECTOR
114
Nozzle valve is held on its seat by a spring which exerts
pressure through a spindle

Fuel from fuel pump enters the passage and lifts the
nozzle valve
then the fuel will sprayed through the nozzle and is injected
into the engine
When pressure drops the nozzle valve will occupy in its
seat under the compression of the spring
115
Ignition Systems
Ignition
process in Petrol Engines requires an electric spark

produced at the spark plug.
This spark is generated by an electric discharge produced by the
ignition system.
Ignition systems in petrol engines are classified as :
1.Battery ignition system.

2.Magneto ignition system
The difference between the two systems is in the source of
primary voltage.
116
Ignition systems
Basic requirements of an ignition systems
A source of electrical energy
A device for boosting the low voltage to produce high voltage
A device for timing and distributing the high voltage to each
spark plug
117
Battery Ignition System.
118
Battery ignition system

It is also called coil ignition system.
The source of energy to the primary windings is a 6V or
12V battery.
As the number of windings in the secondary is 50 to 100
times more than that of the primary , the output voltage

induced will be of the order of 10000v to 20000V.
119
Magneto Ignition System
120
Magneto ignition system

The source of energy is either rotating magnets with fixed
coils or rotating coils with fixed magnets.

The rapid collapse and reversal of magnetic field induces a
very high voltage in the secondary winding.
It is generally employed in racing cars, motor cycles etc.
121
Spark plug
TaskThe spark plug ignite the suctioned and compressed fuel-air
mixture due to arcing between the electrodes.
FunctionThe ignition voltage travels to the spark plug from directly

Connected ignition coils or over the ignition lines from the
Ignition coils causing arcing in the air gap between the center
and ground electrodes.
122
The Spark Plug

Spark plug is located in the cylinder head,
it ignites the air and fuel mixture.
Has centre and side electrodes,
with an air gap between them.
Terminal
Insulator
Hex
Centre electrode receives coil voltage.

Metal
shell
Side electrode is grounded.

High voltage jumps the
air gap, creating a spark.
Insulator prevents high voltages
from shorting to ground.
123
Gasket
Thread
Side
electrode
Centre
electrode
Gap
Next >
Lubricating Systems
Purpose:
1. To reduce friction and wear
2. To provide sealing between piston and cylinder
3. To cool piston heads, valves, etc.
4. To wash away carbon and metal particles
124
Lubrication Systems:
Petroil lubrication
Wet sump lubricating system
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
125
Splash lubrication
Pressure lubrication
Dry sump lubricating system
Petrol Lubrication System

This system of lubrication is used in scooters and motor
cycles.
About 3% to 6% of lubricating oil is added with petrol in the
petrol tank.
The petrol evaporates when the engine is working. The
lubricating oil is left behind in the form of mist.
The parts of the engine such as piston cylinder walls,
connecting rod are lubricated by being wetted with the oil
mist.
126
Wet sump lubrication system

The splash
system is used only on small four-stroke-cycle
engines.
As the engine is operating, dippers on the ends of the connecting rods
enter the oil supply, pick up sufficient oil to lubricate the connectingrod bearing, and splash oil to the upper parts of the engine.
The oil is thrown up as droplets, or fine spray, which lubricates the
cylinder walls, piston pins and valve mechanism.
In the pressure-feed system, oil is forced by the oil pump through
oil lines and drilled passageways.

The oil, passing through the drilled passageways under pressure, supplies
the necessary lubrication for the crankshaft main bearings, the
connecting-rod bearings piston-pin bushings, camshaft bearings, valve
lifters, valve push rods, and rocker studs.
127
Splash lubrication
Simplest of all types, used only for small capacity engines.
128
Pressure lubrication
129
Dry Sump Lubrication System

In a wet sump, the oil pump sucks oil from the bottom of the
oil pan through a tube, and then pumps it to the rest of the
engine.
In a dry sump, extra oil is stored in a tank outside the
engine rather than in the oil pan. There are at least two oil
pumps in a dry sump -- one pulls oil from the sump and
sends it to the tank, and the other takes oil from the tank and
sends it to lubricate the engine. The minimum amount of oil
possible remains in the engine.
130
Dry sump lubrication

The supply of oil is from an external tank.
131
An oil pump is employed to circulate the oil under pressure

,from the tank to various bearings of the engine.
Functions of a Lubricant
Lubricant reduces friction between moving part.
It reduces wear and tear of the moving parts.
It minimizes power loss due to friction.
It provides cooling effect. While lubricating it also carries
some heat from the moving parts and delivers it to the

surroundings through the bottom of the engine (crank case).
It helps reduce noise created by the moving parts.
132
THE COOLING SYSTEM
133
Purpose of cooling
To regulate the engines internal temperature
To remove excess heat from the engine
To prevent heat to the passenger compartment
To Control temperature of hot combustion,4000 degree
temps. could seriously damage engine parts.

Cool Trans fluid & Oil
134
Cooling Systems
Intense heat is generated during the combustion of fuels
inside the engine cylinder.

30% of heat generated is converted into mechanical
work & 40% is carried away by exhaust gases to the
atmosphere.
The remaining part of heat (30%) will be absorbed by
the engine parts which leads to overheating of these
parts.
In order to avoid the problem of overheating it is
essential to provide some kind cooling systems.
135
The two important characteristics of cooling systems for
the efficient working are:

(i)It should not remove more than 30%
of heat
generated.(larger amount of heat removal reduces the
thermal efficiency)
(ii)The rate of cooling should not be constant.(the rate
of cooling should increase with increase in heat
generated)
136
Two types of cooling systems used in IC engines are:
1.Air cooling system

2.water cooling system
137
Air cooling
The heat is dissipated directly in to the atmospheric air
by conduction through cylinder walls.

The rate of cooling is increased by increasing the outer
surface area of the cylinder by providing radiating fins &

flanges.
Normally it is used for the engines of motor cycles ,
scooters etc.
138
To increase the surface area exposed fins are provided

In some cases blower is provided to increase the heat tr. rate
139
Air cooling system
140
Air cooling
Heat is dissipated to the surrounding air around the cylinder
Basic principle- to have continuous flow air around parts
which are to be cooled

The heat dissipated depends on :
The surface area of the metal, in contact with the air flow
The Temp difference between the surface & the air
Thermal Conductivity of the metal
141
Advantages of Air-cooled Engines:

Air-cooled engines are smaller and lighter because they dont
need to house any of those parts like the Water cooled engines
In some climates, water has the tendency to freeze and this is a
problem for water-cooled engines.
Air-cooled engines warm up quickly and are easy to maintain.
Disadvantages of Air-cooled engines:
The cooling tends to be uneven and leads to cylinder distortion.
It is almost impossible to manage with air-cooling if the number
of cylinders increases beyond two.

The fins vibrate sometimes leading to a lot of noise.
142
Water cooling system.

It is also called thermosyphon system of cooling .
Water is circulated through water jackets around each of the
combustion chambers.
The circulating water is cooled by the air drawn through
radiator by a fan
143
Liquid cooling (water cooling)

Cooling medium water
Water circulated through the passages
around the main components

Passages water jackets
Water circulation- pump or by gravity
force
144
Water after passing through the jackets flows to a radiator.

Radiator cools hot water with the help of moving air around the
radiator tubes
Fans are provided to increase the heat transfer rate
This system also uses a thermostat to control the flow of the
coolant
Antifreeze added to avoid freezing of coolant- ethylene glycol
145
Water cooling system
146
Water Jackets
Surrounds the cylinders
with water passage.

Absorbs heat from the
cylinder wall.
Pump move water to
radiator where heat is

exchanged to the air.
147
Radiators
A radiator is a heat
exchanger.
Tube and fin style the
most popular.
Made of copper and
brass or aluminum and

plastic.
148
Its job is to block the flow of coolant to the radiator until the
engine has warmed up.

When the engine is cold, no coolant flows through the
engine. Once the engine reaches its operating temperature
(generally about 200 degrees F, 95 degrees C), the
thermostat opens.
By letting the engine warm up as quickly as possible, the
thermostat reduces engine wear, deposits and emissions.
149
INJECTION METHODS
150
151
TYPES OF CI INJECTION SYSTEMS
152
COMMON RAIL DIRECT INJECTION (CRDI)
153
154
COMMON RAIL
155
Working
HP fuel pump maintains fuel in the common rail at a pressure
of about 200 MPa.

Common rail branches off to ECU controlled injector valves
Valve contains precision machined nozzles and a plunger
driven by solenoid valves
ECU controls the timing and quantity of fuel injected
depending on the load conditions
156
Advantages of CRDI
Higher efficiency due to variable injection timing
Better combustion at low speeds
Better power balance- reduced vibration
Lesser moving parts
Compact engine
157
158
AIR FURL SYSTEM IN SI (PETROL)

ENGINES
159
Gasoline direct injection

Petrol Direct Injection or Direct Petrol
Injection or Spark Ignited Direct Injection

(SIDI) or Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI)
160
161
Components of GDI engine

Pumping element
Metering element
Mixing element
Mixture control
Distributing element
Ambient control
162
163
MULTI POINT FUEL INJECTION

Petrol vehicles used carburettor for supplying the air fuel mixture in
correct ratio to cylinders in all rpm ranges.

Carburettor achieves this by breaking up fuel into minute particles and
mixing it with air.

But this process may not always be perfect and might reduce the
performance of the engine.

Therefore, multi point fuel injection system (MPFI) is used, which can
assure proper air fuel ratio to an SI engine.

164
MPFI
MPFI stands for multi-point fuel injection
It allows more efficient combustion of fuel, thereby
producing more power with less emissions

It is similar to CRDI in diesel engines
All modern petrol engines use MPFI systems
165
MULTIPOINT INJECTION
166
MPFI System
MPFI does the same function as the carburettor
It has injectors which spray correct quantity of fuel for each
cylinder
The fuel and air are mixed in the intake manifold before
admission to the cylinder
167
Components of MPFI
Electronic Control Unit (ECU)- sometimes called Engine
Control Module (ECM)

High Pressure Pump Module-pump, filter, pressure
regulator, common rail, sensor
Injector for each cylinder, also controlled by ECU
168
169
ECU
The function of ECU is to receive inputs from
various sensors, compare them with pre-loaded
engine and throttle parameters and send control
signals to the actuators.
Sensors: Sense different parameters

(Temperature, Pressure, Engine Speed etc.) of the
engine and send signal to ECU.
Actuators: Receive control signal from ECU and
actuates pump and injectors
170
ECU Inputs
For the Inputs, the microprocessor (or ECU) reads a number of
sensors:
Ambient temperature
Engine RPM
Coolant temperature
Vehicle road speed
Exhaust temperature
Crankshaft position
Exhaust oxygen content
Camshaft position
Inlet manifold vacuum
Outside air pressure
Throttle position
Pressure on throttle
Based on all these inputs from the sensors, the computer in the
MPFI system decides what amount of fuel to inject, when, for what
duration, and into which cylinder. It then sends signals to actuators
for injection of correct quantity of fuel.
171
Thus it makes the engine cleaner, more responsive, ensures

complete combustion, and uses less fuel as it knows what
amount of petrol should go in.
Modern cars ECUs have memory, which will remember
your driving style and will behave in a way so that you get the
desired power output from engine based on your driving
style.
For example, if you have a habit of speedy pick-up, cars
computer will remember that and will give you more power
at low engine speeds by putting extra petrol, so that you get a
good pick-up. It will typically judge this by the amount of
pressure you put on accelerator.
172
173
174
A multi-point injection system, also called port injection, has an
injector in the port (air-fuel passage) going to each cylinder.

Gasoline is sprayed into each intake port and toward each intake
valve. Thereby, the term multipoint (more than one location)
fuel injection is used.
175
Advantages of MPFI:
More uniform fuel-air mixture will be supplied to each cylinder.
Thus the power developed by different cylinders will be more

uniform.
More appropriate fuel-air mixture will be supplied, which will
increase the combustion efficiency.

Cold starting can be improved.
Immediate response in case of sudden acceleration and
deceleration.
176
ADVANTAGES OF MPFI SYSTEMS OVER

SPFI SYSTEM
177
MPFI
SPFI
Better power
Low power
Better refinement of engines
Lesser refinement of engines
Better control over the process
Lesser control over the process
Longer life due to lesser load per injector
Lesser life due to higher load
Cleaning not required frequently
Frequent cleaning is required
No delay in response
Delay in response
No difference in delivery to each cylinder
Difference in delivery to each cylinder
Thank you!!
178

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M S Steve

External Combustion Engines steam engine

Internal Combustion Engine

Converts some of this heat into

Internal Combustion Engines are those

High thermal efficiencies ( 30 to 35%)

Since fuel combustion occurs in the cylinder, consequent

Comparison of Petrol and Diesel Engines

Crank shaft assembly

Four Stroke and Two Stroke Engines

Four Stroke I C Engine

Suction (Induction) stroke

The four-stroke engine

The four-stroke engine

The four-stroke engine

The four-stroke engine

The four-stroke engine

The four-stroke engine

The four-stroke engine

The four-stroke engine

The four-stroke engine

The four-stroke engine

The four-stroke engine

The four-stroke engine

The four-stroke engine

The four-stroke engine

The four-stroke engine

The four-stroke engine

The four-stroke engine

Engine pulls piston out of cylinder

and air mixture into cylinder

Fuel and air mixture

Fuel and air mixture

Burned gases after ignition:

Burned gases after power stroke:

Engine pushes piston into cylinder

Two Stroke Engines

Two Stroke I C Engine

Scavenging and Compression

Power and Exhaust

Advantages of Two Stroke engines

One power stroke every revolution of crankshaft results in high

Disadvantages of Two Stroke engines

Comparison of Four Stroke and Two Stroke Engines

One cycle in 4 strokes of

TWO STROKE ENGINE

One cycle in 2 strokes of piston

Air & Exhaust System

AIR SYSTEM FOR PETROL

AIR SYSTEM FOR PETROL ENGINE

AIR FROM ATM

Product of combustion to atm

FUEL SYSTEM FOR PETROL ENGINE

AIR FROM ATM

FUEL SYSTEM FOR PETROL

FUEL SYSTEM FOR DIESEL ENGINE

Product of combustion to atm

It pumps fuel from storage tank to carburetor

and fuel will enter the chamber

PETROL ENGINE Carburettor Fuel System

FLOAT NEEDLE VALVE

SIMPLE CARBURETOR WORKING