Professional Documents
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VERSION 4.3b
May 2013
COMSOL 4.3b
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Part number: CM022902
Model Definition
This model compares the hoop stress and inflation pressure as a function of the stretch
for a spherical rubber balloon.
Symmetry
Thickness
Inner
Radius
20
Figure 1: Model geometry. The initial inner radius is set to 10 cm, and the initial thickness
to 1 mm.
In this example, the following four hyperelastic material models are compared:
Neo-Hookean, Money-Rivlin, Ogden, and Varga.
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Due to the spherical symmetry, an arbitrary sector in the azimuthal direction can be
used. Here, a 20 degrees sector is modeled in a 2D axial symmetry plane.
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The analytical expression for the hoop stress for the Ogden material model becomes
(Ref. 1)
N
2 p
p=1
where p and p are Ogden parameters, and is the largest principal stretch.
Since rR and hH/2, the analytical expression for the inflation pressure is
calculated as a function of Ogden parameters, stretch, initial thickness and initial inner
radius
N
h
H
p i = 2 --- = 2 ----r
R
p 3
2 p 3
p=1
The results are in excellent agreement with experimental results and the figures
portrayed in Ref. 1.
The experiments show a rapid rise in the internal pressure until reaching a maximum
value, followed by a pressure decrease until reaching a minimum, and then increasing
again. This phenomenon is similar to snap-through buckling, and can only be
recovered by the Ogden material model. The Neo-Hookean and the Varga material
models can only reproduce balloon inflations at small strain levels.
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The material parameters C10 and C01 are related to the shear modulus C10C01
In this example, they are set as C10and C01, so that the relation
C10C01 is fulfilled.
The predefined nearly incompressible Ogden material is implemented with the
isochoric elastic stretches and the initial bulk modulus
N
Ws =
p=1
p (kPa)
1.3
630
5.0
1.2
-2.0
-10
The Varga material model is implemented with a user defined strain energy density
2
1
W s = 2 el1 + el2 + el3 3 + --- J el 1
2
When the relation between the applied load and the displacement is not unique, a
suitable modeling technique is to use an algebraic equation that controls the applied
pressure, so that the model reaches the desired displacement increments.
In this example, a Global Equation uses the radial displacement at point 3 to add an
extra degree of freedom for the inflation pressure.
Global equations are a way of adding an additional equation to a model. A global
equation can be used to describe a load, constraint, material property, or anything else
in the model that has a uniquely definable solution. In this example, the model is
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augmented by a global equation which solves for the inflation pressure to achieve a
desired applied stretch.
References
1. G.A. Holzapfel, Nonlinear Solid Mechanics: A Continuum Approach for
Engineering, Wiley, 2000.
2. H. Azarnoush et al. Real-time control of angioplasty balloon inflation based on
feedback from intravascular optical coherence tomography: preliminary study on an
artery phantom. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 59, pp. 697-705, 2012.
Modeling Instructions
MODEL WIZARD
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Global Definitions and choose Parameters.
Parameters
1 In the Parameters settings window, locate the Parameters section.
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Expression
Description
Ri
10[m]
Inner radius
0.1[m]
Thickness
mu
4.225e5[Pa]
Shear modulus
kappa
1e5*mu
Bulk modulus
stretch
Applied stretch
Setting the bulk modulus to 105 times the shear modulus is based on the
assumption that the material is incompressible.
Variables 1
1 Right-click Global Definitions and choose Variables.
2 In the Variables settings window, locate the Variables section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Description
u_appl
(stretch-1)*Ri
Applied displacement
Use the stretch and geometry parameters to calculate the applied displacement.
GEOMETRY 1
Circle 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Geometry 1 and choose Circle.
2 In the Circle settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type Ri+H.
4 In the Sector angle edit field, type 20.
5 Click to expand the Layers section. In the table, enter the following settings:
Layer name
Thickness (m)
Layer 1
Delete Entities 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Geometry 1 and choose Delete Entities.
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2 In the Delete Entities settings window, locate the Entities or Objects to Delete section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Domain.
4 On the object c1, select Domain 1 only.
5 Click the Build All button.
6 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
SOLID MECHANICS
Hyperelastic Material 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Solid Mechanics and choose
Hyperelastic Material.
2 Select Domain 1 only.
3 In the Hyperelastic Material settings window, locate the Hyperelastic Material section.
4 Select the Nearly incompressible material check box.
5 In the edit field, type kappa.
6 From the list, choose User defined. In the associated edit field, type mu.
7 Right-click Model 1>Solid Mechanics>Hyperelastic Material 1 and choose Rename.
8 Go to the Rename Hyperelastic Material dialog box and type Neo-Hookean in the New
name edit field.
9 Click OK.
Hyperelastic Material 2
1 Right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Hyperelastic Material.
2 Select Domain 1 only.
3 In the Hyperelastic Material settings window, locate the Hyperelastic Material section.
4 From the Material model list, choose Mooney-Rivlin, two parameters.
5 From the C10 list, choose User defined. In the associated edit field, type 0.4375*mu.
6 From the C01 list, choose User defined. In the associated edit field, type 0.0625*mu.
7 In the edit field, type kappa.
8 Right-click Model 1>Solid Mechanics>Hyperelastic Material 2 and choose Rename.
9 Go to the Rename Hyperelastic Material dialog box and type Mooney-Rivlin in the
New name edit field.
10 Click OK.
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Hyperelastic Material 3
1 Right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Hyperelastic Material.
2 Select Domain 1 only.
3 In the Hyperelastic Material settings window, locate the Hyperelastic Material section.
4 From the Material model list, choose Ogden.
5 Select the Nearly incompressible material check box.
6 Click Add twice.
7 In the Ogden parameters table, enter the following settings:
Shear modulus (Pa)
Alpha parameter
6.3e5
1.3
0.012e5
-0.1e5
-2
edit field.
11 Click OK.
Hyperelastic Material 4
1 Right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Hyperelastic Material.
2 Select Domain 1 only.
3 In the Hyperelastic Material settings window, locate the Hyperelastic Material section.
4 From the Material model list, choose User defined.
5 Select the Nearly incompressible material check box.
6 In the Wsiso edit field, type
2*mu*(solid.stchelp1+solid.stchelp2+solid.stchelp3-3).
edit field.
10 Click OK.
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Symmetry 1
1 Right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Symmetry.
2 Select Boundaries 1 and 2 only.
Boundary Load 1
1 Right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Boundary Load.
2 Select Boundary 3 only.
3 In the Boundary Load settings window, locate the Force section.
4 From the Load type list, choose Pressure.
5 In the p edit field, type p_f.
You will define the pressure p_f using a Global Equation feature shortly. First, define
an integration coupling operator to evaluate the displacement at Point 3.
DEFINITIONS
Integration 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Definitions and choose Model
Couplings>Integration.
2 In the Integration settings window, locate the Source Selection section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Point.
4 Select Point 3 only.
Variables 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Definitions and choose Variables.
2 In the Variables settings window, locate the Variables section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Description
ub
intop1(u)
SOLID MECHANICS
1 In the Model Builder windows toolbar, click the Show button and select Advanced
Physics Options in the menu to allow to add a global equation and other advanced
modeling features.
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Global Equations 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Solid Mechanics and choose
Global>Global Equations.
2 In the Global Equations settings window, locate the Global Equations section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
f(u,ut,utt,t)
p_f
ub-u_appl
MESH 1
Mapped 1
In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Mesh 1 and choose Mapped.
Distribution 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Mesh 1 right-click Mapped 1 and choose
Distribution.
2 Select Boundary 2 only.
3 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
4 In the Number of elements edit field, type 3.
Distribution 2
1 Right-click Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.
2 Select Boundary 3 only.
3 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
4 In the Number of elements edit field, type 50.
5 In the Model Builder window, right-click Mesh 1 and choose Build All.
6 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
The first study solves the problem with a Neo-Hookean material model.
STUDY 1
Step 1: Stationary
1 In the Model Builder window, under Study 1 click Step 1: Stationary.
2 In the Stationary settings window, locate the Physics and Variables Selection section.
3 Select the Modify physics tree and variables for study step check box.
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Define a parametric analysis where the applied stretch varies from 1 to 10.
6 Click to expand the Study Extensions section. Select the Continuation check box.
7 Click Add.
8 In the table, enter the following settings:
Continuation parameter
stretch
Solver 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 1 and choose Show Default Solver.
Use manual scaling to help the nonlinear solver at the first steps. A constant
predictor is also suitable for nonlinear materials.
2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Solver 1 node, then click Dependent
Variables 1.
3 In the Dependent Variables settings window, locate the Scaling section.
4 From the Method list, choose Manual.
5 In the Model Builder window, expand the Study 1>Solver Configurations>Solver
1>Stationary Solver 1 node, then click Direct.
6 In the Direct settings window, locate the General section.
7 From the Solver list, choose PARDISO.
8 In the Model Builder window, under Study 1>Solver Configurations>Solver
1>Stationary Solver 1 click Parametric 1.
9 In the Parametric settings window, locate the General section.
10 From the Predictor list, choose Constant.
11 In the Model Builder window, under Study 1>Solver Configurations>Solver
1>Stationary Solver 1 click Fully Coupled 1.
12 In the Fully Coupled settings window, click to expand the Method and Termination
section.
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Add a second study to solve for the Mooney-Rivlin material model, then repeat the
steps described above.
ROOT
In the Model Builder window, right-click the root node and choose Add Study.
MODEL WIZARD
Step 1: Stationary
1 In the Model Builder window, under Study 2 click Step 1: Stationary.
2 In the Stationary settings window, locate the Physics and Variables Selection section.
3 Select the Modify physics tree and variables for study step check box.
4 In the Physics and variables selection tree, select Model 1>Solid
Mechanics>Neo-Hookean, Model 1>Solid Mechanics>Ogden, and Model 1>Solid
Mechanics>Varga.
5 Click Disable.
6 Locate the Study Extensions section. Select the Continuation check box.
7 Click Add.
For the Mooney-Rivlin material, use a parametric analysis that changes from 1 to 5
in 50 steps.
8 In the table, enter the following settings:
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Continuation parameter
stretch
range(1, 0.1, 5)
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Solver 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 2 and choose Show Default Solver.
2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Solver 2 node, then click Dependent
Variables 1.
3 In the Dependent Variables settings window, locate the Scaling section.
4 From the Method list, choose Manual.
5 In the Model Builder window, expand the Study 2>Solver Configurations>Solver
2>Stationary Solver 1 node, then click Direct.
6 In the Direct settings window, locate the General section.
7 From the Solver list, choose PARDISO.
8 In the Model Builder window, under Study 2>Solver Configurations>Solver
2>Stationary Solver 1 click Parametric 1.
9 In the Parametric settings window, locate the General section.
10 From the Predictor list, choose Constant.
11 In the Model Builder window, under Study 2>Solver Configurations>Solver
2>Stationary Solver 1 click Fully Coupled 1.
12 In the Fully Coupled settings window, locate the Method and Termination section.
13 From the Nonlinear method list, choose Constant (Newton).
14 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 2 and choose Compute.
ROOT
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Step 1: Stationary
1 In the Model Builder window, under Study 3 click Step 1: Stationary.
2 In the Stationary settings window, locate the Physics and Variables Selection section.
3 Select the Modify physics tree and variables for study step check box.
4 In the Physics and variables selection tree, select Model 1>Solid
Mechanics>Neo-Hookean, Model 1>Solid Mechanics>Mooney-Rivlin, and Model 1>Solid
Mechanics>Varga.
5 Click Disable.
6 Locate the Study Extensions section. Select the Continuation check box.
7 Click Add.
8 In the table, enter the following settings:
Continuation parameter
stretch
Solver 3
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 3 and choose Show Default Solver.
2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Solver 3 node, then click Dependent
Variables 1.
3 In the Dependent Variables settings window, locate the Scaling section.
4 From the Method list, choose Manual.
5 In the Model Builder window, expand the Study 3>Solver Configurations>Solver
3>Stationary Solver 1 node, then click Direct.
6 In the Direct settings window, locate the General section.
7 From the Solver list, choose PARDISO.
8 In the Model Builder window, under Study 3>Solver Configurations>Solver
3>Stationary Solver 1 click Parametric 1.
9 In the Parametric settings window, locate the General section.
10 From the Predictor list, choose Constant.
11 In the Model Builder window, under Study 3>Solver Configurations>Solver
3>Stationary Solver 1 click Fully Coupled 1.
12 In the Fully Coupled settings window, locate the Method and Termination section.
13 From the Nonlinear method list, choose Constant (Newton).
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Step 1: Stationary
1 In the Model Builder window, under Study 4 click Step 1: Stationary.
2 In the Stationary settings window, locate the Physics and Variables Selection section.
3 Select the Modify physics tree and variables for study step check box.
4 In the Physics and variables selection tree, select Model 1>Solid
Mechanics>Neo-Hookean, Model 1>Solid Mechanics>Mooney-Rivlin, and Model 1>Solid
Mechanics>Ogden.
5 Click Disable.
6 Locate the Study Extensions section. Select the Continuation check box.
7 Click Add.
8 In the table, enter the following settings:
Continuation parameter
stretch
Solver 4
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 4 and choose Show Default Solver.
2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Solver 4 node, then click Dependent
Variables 1.
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The first default plot shows the von Mises stress on the modeled 2D cross section for
the Neo Hookean material at maximum inflation. When you adjust the scaling, the
plot should become similar to the one below.
RESULTS
Stress (solid)
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>Stress (solid)>Surface 1 node, then
click Deformation.
2 In the Deformation settings window, locate the Scale section.
3 In the Scale factor edit field, type 0.05.
4 Click the Plot button.
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Stress, 3D (solid)
The second default plot shows the von Mises stress in a 3D revolved plot.
To reproduce Figure 3 proceed as follows.
1D Plot Group 3
1 Right-click Results and choose 1D Plot Group.
2 In the 1D Plot Group settings window, locate the Plot Settings section.
3 Select the x-axis label check box.
4 In the associated edit field, type Applied stretch.
5 Select the y-axis label check box.
6 In the associated edit field, type Inflation pressure (100 Pa).
7 In the 1D Plot Group settings window, click to expand the Title section.
8 From the Title type list, choose Manual.
9 In the Title text area, type Inflation pressure vs. prescribed stretch..
10 Right-click Results>1D Plot Group 3 and choose Point Graph.
11 In the Point Graph settings window, locate the Data section.
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4 Click to expand the Coloring and Style section. Find the Line style subsection. From
1D Plot Group 4
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click 1D Plot Group 3 and choose Duplicate.
2 In the 1D Plot Group settings window, locate the Title section.
3 In the Title text area, type First principal stress versus prescribed
stretch..
4 Locate the Plot Settings section. In the y-axis label edit field, type First principal
stress (MPa).
5 Click to expand the Axis section. Select the Manual axis limits check box.
6 In the y maximum edit field, type 40.
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7 In the Model Builder window, expand the 1D Plot Group 4 node, then click Point
Graph 1.
8 In the Point Graph settings window, locate the y-Axis Data section.
9 In the Expression edit field, type solid.sp1.
10 From the Unit list, choose MPa.
11 In the Model Builder window, under Results>1D Plot Group 4 click Point Graph 2.
12 In the Point Graph settings window, locate the y-Axis Data section.
13 In the Expression edit field, type solid.sp1.
14 From the Unit list, choose MPa.
15 In the Model Builder window, under Results>1D Plot Group 4 click Point Graph 3.
16 In the Point Graph settings window, locate the y-Axis Data section.
17 In the Expression edit field, type solid.sp1.
18 From the Unit list, choose MPa.
19 In the Model Builder window, under Results>1D Plot Group 4 click Point Graph 4.
20 In the Point Graph settings window, locate the y-Axis Data section.
21 In the Expression edit field, type solid.sp1.
22 From the Unit list, choose MPa.
23 In the Model Builder window, under Results>1D Plot Group 4 click Point Graph 5.
24 In the Point Graph settings window, locate the y-Axis Data section.
25 In the Expression edit field, type
((6.3e5[Pa]*(stretch^(1.3)-stretch^(-2*1.3)))+(0.012e5[Pa]*(stret
ch^(5)-stretch^(-2*5)))-(0.1e5[Pa]*(stretch^(-2)-stretch^(2*2)))).
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Model Definition
The model studies the Palmaz-Schatz stent model. Due to the stents circumferential
and longitudinal symmetry, it is possible to model only one twenty-forth of the
geometry. Figure 1shows the geometry used in the study, represented with the meshed
domain.
Figure 1: reduced geometry used in the study (meshed) and full stent geometry.
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The main focus of the study consists in the stress evaluation in the stent. The
angioplasty balloon is assumed to stretch with a maximum expansion radius of 2 mm.
MATERIAL
The stent is made of stainless steel. The material parameters are given in the following
table.
MATERIAL PROPERTY
VALUE
Youngs modulus
193[GPa]
Poissons ratio
0.27
207[MPa]
692[MPa]
LOADS
Apply a radial outward pressure on the inner surface of the stent to represent the
balloon expansion.
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Figure 4 shows the effective plastic strains at the maximum balloon inflation.
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Figure 5: Stent dogboning (blue) and foreshortening (green) versus pressure inside the
angioplasty balloon.
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Modeling Instructions
MODEL WIZARD
Import 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Geometry 1 and choose
Import.
2 In the Import settings window, locate the Import section.
3 From the Geometry import list, choose COMSOL Multiphysics file.
4 Click the Browse button.
5 Browse to the models Model Library folder and double-click the file
biomedical_stent.mphbin.
Plasticity 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Solid Mechanics right-click Linear Elastic
Material 1 and choose Plasticity.
2 In the Plasticity settings window, locate the Plasticity Model section.
3 From the Plasticity model list, choose Large plastic strains.
MATERIALS
Material 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Materials and choose Material.
2 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
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Name
Value
Young's modulus
193[GPa]
Poisson's ratio
nu
0.27
Density
rho
7050
sigmags
207[MPa]
Et
692[MPa]
DEFINITIONS
Step 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Definitions and choose
Functions>Step.
2 In the Step settings window, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the Location edit field, type 2e-3.
4 In the From edit field, type 1.
5 In the To edit field, type 0.
6 Click to expand the Smoothing section. In the Size of transition zone edit field, type
1e-5.
Variables 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Definitions and choose Variables.
2 In the Variables settings window, locate the Variables section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Description
sqrt(y^2+z^2)
Average 1
1 Right-click Definitions and choose Model Couplings>Average.
2 In the Average settings window, locate the Source Selection section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Edge.
4 Select Edge 28 only.
Piecewise 1
1 Right-click Definitions and choose Functions>Piecewise.
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End
Function
(2e-3-7.1e-4)*t+7.1e-4
(2e-3-7.1e-4)*(1-t)+2e-3
Symmetry 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Solid Mechanics and choose
Symmetry.
2 Select Boundaries 5, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 31 only.
Boundary Load 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Boundary Load.
2 Select Boundary 4 only.
3 In the Boundary Load settings window, locate the Force section.
4 From the Load type list, choose Pressure.
5 In the p edit field, type p*step1(r).
6 In the Model Builder windows toolbar, click the Show button and select Advanced
Physics Options in the menu.
Global Equations 1
1 Right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Global>Global Equations.
2 In the Global Equations settings window, locate the Global Equations section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
f(u,ut,utt,t)
Description
aveop1(r)-r0(t)
Pressure
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MESH 1
Free Triangular 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Mesh 1 and choose More
Operations>Free Triangular.
2 Select Boundary 3 only.
Size 1
1 Right-click Model 1>Mesh 1>Free Triangular 1 and choose Size.
2 In the Size settings window, locate the Element Size section.
3 Click the Custom button.
4 Locate the Element Size Parameters section. Select the Maximum element size check
box.
5 In the associated edit field, type 6e-5.
6 Select the Minimum element size check box.
7 In the associated edit field, type 5e-6.
8 Select the Maximum element growth rate check box.
9 In the associated edit field, type 1.4.
10 Select the Resolution of curvature check box.
11 In the associated edit field, type 0.2.
Swept 1
In the Model Builder window, right-click Mesh 1 and choose Swept.
Distribution 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Mesh 1 right-click Swept 1 and choose
Distribution.
2 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
3 In the Number of elements edit field, type 2.
4 Click the Build All button.
DEFINITIONS
Integration 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Definitions and choose Model
Couplings>Integration.
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Integration 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Definitions and choose Model
Couplings>Integration.
2 In the Integration settings window, locate the Source Selection section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Point.
4 Select Point 3 only.
5 Locate the Operator Name section. In the Operator name edit field, type distal.
Variables 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Definitions click Variables 1.
2 In the Variables settings window, locate the Variables section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Description
dogboning
(distal(r)-central(r))/
distal(r)
Dogboning
length
2*abs(distal(x)-central
(x))
L0
2*abs(distal(X)-central
(X))
foreshorten
ing
(length-L0)/length
Foreshortening
GLOBAL DEFINITIONS
Parameters
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Global Definitions and choose Parameters.
2 In the Parameters settings window, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Description
Time
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STUDY 1
Step 1: Stationary
1 In the Model Builder window, under Study 1 click Step 1: Stationary.
2 In the Stationary settings window, click to expand the Results While Solving section.
3 Select the Plot check box.
4 Click to expand the Study Extensions section. Select the Continuation check box.
5 Click Add.
6 In the table, enter the following settings:
Parameter value list
range(0,1e-2,1.5)
Solver 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 1 and choose Show Default Solver.
2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Study 1>Solver Configurations>Solver
1>Dependent Variables 1 node, then click Pressure (mod1.ODE1).
3 In the State settings window, locate the Scaling section.
4 From the Method list, choose Manual.
5 In the Scale edit field, type 1e6.
6 In the Model Builder window, expand the Study 1>Solver Configurations>Solver
1>Stationary Solver 1 node, then click Parametric 1.
7 In the Parametric settings window, locate the General section.
8 From the Predictor list, choose Constant.
Add a stop condition to prevent the computed pressure from becoming negative.
9 Right-click Study 1>Solver Configurations>Solver 1>Stationary Solver 1>Parametric 1
Specify that the solution is to be stored just before the stop condition is reached.
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13 Locate the Output at Stop section. From the Add solution list, choose Step before
stop.
14 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 1 and choose Compute.
RESULTS
Data Sets
Use Mirror 3D and Sector 3D data sets to display the solution on the entire geometry.
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>Data Sets node.
2 Right-click Data Sets and choose More Data Sets>Mirror 3D.
3 Right-click Data Sets and choose More Data Sets>Mirror 3D.
4 In the Mirror 3D settings window, locate the Data section.
5 From the Data set list, choose Mirror 3D 1.
6 Locate the Plane Data section. From the Plane list, choose zx-planes.
7 Right-click Data Sets and choose More Data Sets>Sector 3D.
8 In the Sector 3D settings window, locate the Data section.
9 From the Data set list, choose Mirror 3D 2.
10 Locate the Axis Data section. In row Point 2, set x to 1.
11 In row Point 2, set z to 0.
12 Locate the Symmetry section. In the Number of sectors edit field, type 6.
Stress (solid)
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results click Stress (solid).
2 In the 3D Plot Group settings window, locate the Data section.
3 From the Data set list, choose Sector 3D 1.
4 Click the Plot button.
5 Click the Go to Default 3D View button on the Graphics toolbar.
6 In the Model Builder window, click Stress (solid).
7 In the 3D Plot Group settings window, locate the Data section.
8 From the Time list, choose 1.
9 Click the Plot button.
Stress (solid) 1
1 Right-click Stress (solid) and choose Duplicate.
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2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Stress (solid) 1 node, then click Surface 1.
3 In the Surface settings window, click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of
the Expression section. From the menu, choose Solid Mechanics>Strain (Gauss
points)>Effective plastic strain, Gauss-point evaluation (solid.epeGp).
4 In the Model Builder window, right-click Stress (solid) 1 and choose Rename.
5 Go to the Rename 3D Plot Group dialog box and type Effective plastic strain
1D Plot Group 3
1 Right-click Results and choose 1D Plot Group.
2 In the 1D Plot Group settings window, locate the Data section.
3 From the Time selection list, choose From list.
4 In the Times list, select all the solution steps between 0 and 1.
5 Right-click Results>1D Plot Group 3 and choose Global.
6 In the Global settings window, click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of
the y-Axis Data section. From the menu, choose Definitions>Dogboning (dogboning).
7 Click Add Expression in the upper-right corner of the y-Axis Data section. From the
Evaluate the length recoil, the distal radial recoil, and the central radial recoil.
Derived Values
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click Derived Values and choose
Global Evaluation.
2 In the Global Evaluation settings window, locate the Data section.
3 From the Time selection list, choose From list.
4 In the Times list, select 1.
5 Locate the Expression section. In the Expression edit field, type
(length-with(103,length))/length.
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11 Click OK.
12 Right-click Results>Derived Values>Global Evaluation 1 and choose Duplicate.
13 Right-click Results>Derived Values>Longitudinal recoil evaluation 1 and choose
Rename.
14 Go to the Rename Global Evaluation dialog box and type Distal radial recoil
evaluation in the New name edit field.
15 Click OK.
16 In the Global Evaluation settings window, locate the Expression section.
17 In the Expression edit field, type (distal(r)-with(103,distal(r)))/
distal(r).
23 Click OK.
24 In the Global Evaluation settings window, locate the Expression section.
25 In the Expression edit field, type (central(r)-with(103,central(r)))/
central(r).
3D Plot Group 4
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Results and choose 3D Plot Group.
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Bracket Geometry
This is a template MPH-file containing the bracket geometry. For a description of this
model, including detailed step-by-step instructions showing how to build it, see the
section Modeling Contact Problems in the book Introduction to the Structural
Mechanics Module.
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BRACKET GEOMETRY
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BRACKET GEOMETRY
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BracketPlasticity Analysis
Introduction
The elastoplastic material model represents the material behavior when the stresses are
higher than the yield stress of the material. Above this value, inelastic strains develop
and extra parameters are required to represent the behavior.
In this example you will learn how to perform a stress analysis of a bracket subjected
to external load. The applied load is increased so that the stresses locally become higher
than the yield stress.
It is recommended you review the Introduction to the Structural Mechanics Module,
which includes background information and discusses the bracket_basic.mph model
relevant to this example.
Model Definition
This model is an extension to the model example described in the section The
Fundamentals: A Static Linear Analysis in the Introduction to the Structural
Mechanics Module.
Due to symmetry in the model settings, you can consider only one half of the full
geometry, see Figure 1.
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BRACKETPLASTICITY ANALYSIS
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BRACKETPLASTICITY ANALYSIS
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BRACKETPLASTICITY ANALYSIS
Modeling Instructions
1 From the View menu, choose Model Library.
2 Go to the Model Library window.
3 In the Model Library tree, select Nonlinear Structural Materials
Module>Plasticity>bracket basic.
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BRACKETPLASTICITY ANALYSIS
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4 Click Open.
MODEL 1
In the Model Builder window, right-click Model 1 and choose Add Physics.
MODEL WIZARD
Import 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Geometry 1 click Import 1.
2 In the Import settings window, locate the Import section.
3 From the Geometry import list, choose COMSOL Multiphysics file.
4 Click the Browse button.
5 Browse to the models Model Library folder and double-click the file
bracket_symmetry.mphbin.
Expression
Description
theta0
135[deg]
Direction of load
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BRACKETPLASTICITY ANALYSIS
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Model 1>Solid Mechanics node.
2 Right-click Linear Elastic Material 1 and choose Plasticity.
Plasticity 1
In the Plasticity Settings page you can define plasticity properties such as yield
function, initial yield stress, and hardening model. For this example the default settings
(von Mises stress yield function and Isotropic hardening model) are fine.
MATERIALS
The elastoplastic material model requires additional material properties, in this case
initial yield stress and the isotropic tangent modulus.
Structural steel
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Materials click Structural steel.
2 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Name
Value
sigmags
260[MPa]
Et
200[MPa]
SOLID MECHANICS
You can now add a displacement constraint, a boundary load and symmetry condition
to the model.
Fixed Constraint 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Solid Mechanics and choose
More>Fixed Constraint.
2 In the Fixed Constraint settings window, locate the Domain Selection section.
3 From the Selection list, choose Box 1.
Symmetry 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Symmetry.
2 Select Boundaries 43 and 44 only.
Boundary Load 1
1 Right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Boundary Load.
2 In the Boundary Load settings window, locate the Boundary Selection section.
3 From the Selection list, choose Box 2.
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BRACKETPLASTICITY ANALYSIS
2013 COMSOL
4 Locate the Coordinate System Selection section. From the Coordinate system list,
x1
loadIntensity
x2
x3
MESH 1
Use a refined mesh in the geometry region where you can expect the material to enter
the plastic region.
Free Tetrahedral 1
In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Mesh 1 and choose Free
Tetrahedral.
Size 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Mesh 1 right-click Free Tetrahedral 1
Step 1: Stationary
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Study 1 node, then click Step 1: Stationary.
2 In the Stationary settings window, click to expand the Results While Solving section.
Using the Plot while solving option you have the possibility to visualize how the
solution develops while the solver is running.
3 Select the Plot check box.
4 Click to expand the Study Extensions section. Select the Continuation check box.
5 Click Add.
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BRACKETPLASTICITY ANALYSIS
P0
range(2e7,5e6,9e7)
The default plot shows the von Mises stress for the final value of the applied load.
3D Plot Group 2
Follow the step below to generate Figure 3.
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Results and choose 3D Plot Group.
2 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click 3D Plot Group 2 and choose
Surface.
3 In the Surface settings window, locate the Expression section.
4 In the Expression edit field, type solid.epe>0.
5 Click the Plot button.
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BRACKETPLASTICITY ANALYSIS
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Model Definition
The pipe has an external radius, R0, of 200 mm and a wall thickness of 25 mm. The
material is a stainless steel with the following properties
TABLE 1: MATERIAL DATA
PROPERTY
VALUE
Youngs modulus
195 GPa
Poissons ratio
0.3
Yield stress
250 MPa
616 MPa
Ultimate strain
0.52
The hardening curve is available as a text file containing pairs of data (plastic strain,
stress) which can be imported as a function. The function is shown in Figure 1below.
The stress is measured as true (Cauchy) stress, and the strain is measured as true
(logarithmic) strain. The data can thus be used directly as input to COMSOL when
large strain plasticity is used. Note that if the strain is above the ultimate strain, then
the curve is implicitly flat, so that deformation will continue under constant stress.
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compression of the pipe, the distance between the indenters is decreased by 300 mm,
and then they are retracted to their original positions.
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of the results from the integration points inside the elements, where the constitutive
law is exactly fulfilled.
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Figure 5: Effective plastic strain at maximum compression, detail. The black contour
indicates the ultimate strain (0.52).
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The final state after the retraction of the indenters is shown in Figure 6. There is some
reversed yielding during the unloading process. The springback is very small.
Figure 6: Deformed shape and residual stresses at the end of the process.
The load used to compress the pipe is computed from the reaction force in the
indenter, and it is shown in Figure 7.
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Modeling Instructions
MODEL WIZARD
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GLOBAL DEFINITIONS
Parameters
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Global Definitions and choose Parameters.
2 In the Parameters settings window, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Description
Ro
200[mm]
Outer radius
thic
25[mm]
Ri
Ro-thic
Inner radius
para
Solution parameter
Interpolation 1
1 Right-click Global Definitions and choose Functions>Interpolation.
2 In the Interpolation settings window, locate the Definition section.
3 Click Load from File.
4 Browse to the models Model Library folder and double-click the file
compressed_elastoplastic_pipe_stress_strain.txt.
Interpolation 2
1 Right-click Global Definitions and choose Functions>Interpolation.
2 In the Interpolation settings window, locate the Definition section.
3 In the Function name edit field, type compr.
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2013 COMSOL
f(t)
0.15
Circle 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Geometry 1 and choose Circle.
2 In the Circle settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type Ro.
4 In the Sector angle edit field, type 90.
Circle 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Geometry 1 and choose Circle.
2 In the Circle settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type Ri.
4 In the Sector angle edit field, type 90.
Difference 1
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Boolean Operations>Difference.
2 Select the object c1 only.
3 In the Difference settings window, locate the Difference section.
4 Under Objects to subtract, click Activate Selection.
5 Select the object c2 only.
6 Click the Build All button.
Rectangle 1
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Rectangle settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width edit field, type 0.05.
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Form Union
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Geometry 1 click Form Union.
2 In the Finalize settings window, locate the Finalize section.
3 From the Finalization method list, choose Form an assembly.
4 Click the Build All button.
5 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
DEFINITIONS
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Definitions and choose
Pairs>Contact Pair.
2 Select Boundary 5 only.
3 In the Pair settings window, click Activate Selection in the upper-right corner of the
Destination Boundaries section. Select Boundary 4 only.
SOLID MECHANICS
Plasticity 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Solid Mechanics right-click Linear Elastic
Material 1 and choose Plasticity.
2 Select Domain 1 only.
3 In the Plasticity settings window, locate the Plasticity Model section.
4 From the Plasticity model list, choose Large plastic strains.
5 From the Isotropic hardening list, choose Use hardening function data.
6 In the h(pe) edit field, type hardFcn(solid.epe).
MATERIALS
Material 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Materials and choose Material.
2 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
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Name
Value
Young's modulus
195[GPa]
Poisson's ratio
nu
0.3
Density
rho
8000
sigmags
250[MPa]
SOLID MECHANICS
Contact 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Solid Mechanics and choose
Pairs>Contact.
2 In the Contact settings window, locate the Pair Selection section.
3 In the Pairs list, select Contact Pair 1.
4 In the Contact settings window, locate the Penalty Factor section.
5 From the list, choose Speed.
Symmetry 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Symmetry.
2 Select Boundaries 1 and 2 only.
Prescribed Displacement 1
1 Right-click Solid Mechanics and choose More>Prescribed Displacement.
2 Select Domain 2 only.
3 In the Prescribed Displacement settings window, locate the Prescribed Displacement
section.
4 Select the Prescribed in x direction check box.
5 Select the Prescribed in y direction check box.
6 In the u0x edit field, type -compr(para).
MESH 1
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Free Triangular 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Mesh 1 right-click Free Triangular 1 and
choose Delete.
2 Click Yes to confirm.
Mapped 1
Right-click Mesh 1 and choose Mapped.
Distribution 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Mesh 1 right-click Mapped 1 and choose
Distribution.
2 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
3 In the Number of elements edit field, type 1.
4 Select Boundaries 5 and 6 only.
One element is enough on the indenter, since the whole domain is under
displacement control.
Distribution 2
1 Right-click Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.
2 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
3 From the Distribution properties list, choose Predefined distribution type.
4 Select Boundaries 1 and 2 only.
5 In the Number of elements edit field, type 8.
6 In the Element ratio edit field, type 2.
7 Select the Symmetric distribution check box.
Distribution 3
1 Right-click Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.
2 Select Boundary 3 only.
3 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
4 In the Number of elements edit field, type 80.
5 Click the Build All button.
STUDY 1
Step 1: Stationary
1 In the Model Builder window, under Study 1 click Step 1: Stationary.
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2013 COMSOL
2 In the Stationary settings window, click to expand the Study Extensions section.
3 Select the Continuation check box.
4 Click Add.
5 In the table, enter the following settings:
Continuation parameter
para
range(0,0.02,1) range(1.005,
0.005, 1.05) 1.1 2
6 Click to expand the Results While Solving section. Select the Plot check box.
7 Click the Compute icon on the toolbar.
Data Sets
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click Data Sets and choose More
Data Sets>Mirror 2D.
2 Right-click Data Sets and choose More Data Sets>Mirror 2D.
3 In the Mirror 2D settings window, locate the Data section.
4 From the Data set list, choose Mirror 2D 1.
5 Locate the Axis Data section. In row Point 2, set x to 1.
6 In row Point 2, set y to 0.
Stress (solid)
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results click Stress (solid).
2 In the 2D Plot Group settings window, locate the Data section.
3 From the Data set list, choose Mirror 2D 2.
4 Click the Plot button.
5 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
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Export
Create a graph of the applied force as function of the compression.
Derived Values
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click Derived Values and choose
Integration>Surface Integration.
2 Select Domain 2 only.
3 In the Surface Integration settings window, locate the Expression section.
4 In the Expression edit field, type -solid.RFx*2/1E6.
5 Click the Evaluate button.
6 In the Table window, click Table Graph.
1D Plot Group 2
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results click 1D Plot Group 2.
2 In the 1D Plot Group settings window, locate the Plot Settings section.
3 Select the y-axis label check box.
4 In the associated edit field, type Force/unit length [MN/m].
5 Click the Plot button.
6 In the Model Builder window, right-click 1D Plot Group 2 and choose Rename.
7 Go to the Rename 1D Plot Group dialog box and type Compression force in the
New name edit field.
8 Click OK.
2D Plot Group 3
1 Right-click Results and choose 2D Plot Group.
2 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click 2D Plot Group 3 and choose
Surface.
3 In the Surface settings window, click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of
the Expression section. From the menu, choose Solid Mechanics>Strain (Gauss
points)>Effective plastic strain, Gauss-point evaluation (solid.epeGp).
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the Expression section. From the menu, choose Solid Mechanics>Strain (Gauss
points)>Effective plastic strain, Gauss-point evaluation (solid.epeGp).
3 Locate the Levels section. From the Entry method list, choose Levels.
4 In the Levels edit field, type 0.52.
5 Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Coloring list, choose Uniform.
6 From the Color list, choose Black.
7 Clear the Color legend check box.
8 Right-click Results>2D Plot Group 3>Contour 1 and choose Deformation.
9 In the Deformation settings window, locate the Scale section.
10 Select the Scale factor check box.
11 In the associated edit field, type 1.
12 Click the Plot button.
13 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
14 In the Model Builder window, right-click 2D Plot Group 3 and choose Rename.
15 Go to the Rename 2D Plot Group dialog box and type Plastic strain in the New
name edit field.
16 Click OK.
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Model Definition
The physical geometry of the problem consists of a hollow cylinder with a 0.16 m inner
radius and a 0.25 m outer radius. For simplicity, the study is performed on a 2D plane
using an axial symmetry assumption, reducing the model geometry to a rectangle.
The benchmark setup takes the cylinder to be infinitely long so that it can be modeled
using a plane-strain assumption in the pipe axis plane. This assumption can easily be
implemented by constraining the axial displacement in the whole geometry.
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
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Stress (Pa)
3.9e-4
12500
9.5e-4
15200
2.95e-3
17500
6.15e-3
20000
(1)
c
where is the equivalent creep strain increment, is the equivalent stress, and t is
the time. In Equation 1, the stress is given in Pa and the time in seconds. To follow
the benchmark example, the creep behavior starts after 2 s.
LOAD HISTORY
Figure 1: Internal pressure versus time (blue line). The red line is the default
extrapolation of the pressure outside the defined domain.
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2013 COMSOL
T =
t=0
500t
50t
50
0.07
r--------------------- 0.09
0.16
r--------------------- 0.09
0 t 0.1
0.1 t 1
t1
Figure 2: Time history of effective plastic strain when the cylinder is affected by the
temperature gradient.
The dotted curve corresponds to the target data for the benchmark purpose. You can
see that the computed solution is in fairly good agreement with the targeted solution.
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The initial temperature gradient creates thermal stresses in the cylinder. The stress
varies through the cross section and is high enough to develop plastic strain at the inner
surface. In the considered time interval, stress is significantly higher at the inner surface
than in the center or at the outer radius. After 0.1 s, the thermal load at the inner radius
is removed but it is still present in the rest of the cylinder, where the material starts to
deform plastically. After 1 s, the temperature is constant in the material and in
combination with the mechanical load the plasticity develops but at a lower rate. After
2 s the material relaxes and creep takes over; see Figure 3.
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Reference
1. D. Linkens, Selected Benchmarks For Material Non-Linearity, Volume 2,
NAFEMS, 1993.
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Modeling Instructions
MODEL WIZARD
Parameters
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Global Definitions and choose Parameters.
2 In the Parameters settings window, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Description
sigma_yield0
9900
0.9
DEFINITIONS
Interpolation 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Definitions and choose
Functions>Interpolation.
2 In the Interpolation settings window, locate the Definition section.
3 In the Function name edit field, type sigma_yield.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
8 |
f(t)
3.9e-4
12500
9.5e-4
15200
2.95e-3
17500
6.15e-3
20000
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Interpolation 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Definitions and choose
Functions>Interpolation.
2 In the Interpolation settings window, locate the Definition section.
3 In the Function name edit field, type pressure.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
t
f(t)
3600
999
3600
1000
-3600
3000
-3600
Analytic 1
1 Right-click Definitions and choose Functions>Analytic.
2 In the Analytic settings window, locate the Function Name section.
3 In the Function name edit field, type T.
4 Locate the Definition section. In the Expression edit field, type 500*t^((r-7e-2)/
9e-2)*(t<=0.1)+50*t^((r-0.16)/9e-2)*(t>0.1)*(t<=1)+50*(t>1).
Interpolation 3
1 Right-click Definitions and choose Functions>Interpolation.
2 In the Interpolation settings window, locate the Definition section.
3 From the Data source list, choose File.
4 Click the Browse button.
5 Browse to the models Model Library folder and double-click the file
elastoplastic_creep_target.txt.
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8 Find the Functions subsection. In the table, enter the following settings:
Function name
Position in file
sz_target
sphi_target
mises_target
epe_target
ece_target
GEOMETRY 1
Rectangle 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Geometry 1 and choose
Rectangle.
2 In the Rectangle settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width edit field, type 9e-2.
4 In the Height edit field, type 9e-3.
5 Locate the Position section. In the r edit field, type 0.16.
6 Click the Build All button.
MATERIALS
Material 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Materials and choose Material.
2 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Name
Value
Young's modulus
2.2e7
Poisson's ratio
nu
0.3
Density
rho
SOLID MECHANICS
section.
3 From the Structural transient behavior list, choose Quasi-static.
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2013 COMSOL
Thermal Expansion 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Solid Mechanics right-click Linear Elastic
Material 1 and choose Thermal Expansion.
2 In the Thermal Expansion settings window, locate the Model Inputs section.
3 In the T edit field, type T(t,r).
4 Locate the Thermal Expansion section. In the Tref edit field, type 0.
Plasticity 1
1 Right-click Linear Elastic Material 1 and choose Plasticity.
2 In the Plasticity settings window, locate the Plasticity Model section.
3 From the Isotropic hardening list, choose Use hardening function data.
4 In the h(pe) edit field, type sigma_yield(solid.epe)-sigma_yield0.
Creep 1
1 Right-click Linear Elastic Material 1 and choose Creep.
2 In the Creep settings window, locate the Creep Data section.
3 From the Material model list, choose Norton-Bailey.
In order to fulfill the benchmark requirements the creep material model is activated
only after t 2 s.
4 In the Creep settings window, locate the Creep Data section.
5 In the A edit field, type 1e-26/m*(t>2).
6 In the ref edit field, type 1.
7 In the n edit field, type 5.25.
8 In the m edit field, type m.
9 In the tshift edit field, type 1e-3.
10 In the tref edit field, type 1.
Boundary Load 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Boundary Load.
2 Select Boundary 1 only.
3 In the Boundary Load settings window, locate the Force section.
4 In the FA table, enter the following settings:
pressure(t)
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MATERIALS
Material 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Materials click Material 1.
2 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Name
Value
alpha
1.85e-5
sigmags
sigma_yield0
SOLID MECHANICS
Prescribed Displacement 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Solid Mechanics and choose
More>Prescribed Displacement.
2 Select Domain 1 only.
3 In the Prescribed Displacement settings window, locate the Prescribed Displacement
section.
4 Select the Prescribed in z direction check box.
MESH 1
Mapped 1
In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Mesh 1 and choose Mapped.
Distribution 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Mesh 1 right-click Mapped 1 and choose
Distribution.
2 Select Boundary 1 only.
3 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
4 In the Number of elements edit field, type 1.
Distribution 2
1 Right-click Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.
2 Select Boundary 2 only.
3 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
4 In the Number of elements edit field, type 10.
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Solver 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 1 and choose Show Default Solver.
2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Solver 1 node, then click Time-Dependent
Solver 1.
3 In the Time-Dependent Solver settings window, click to expand the Time Stepping
section.
Ensure that results are given at exactly the same times as in the benchmark reference.
4 From the Steps taken by solver list, choose Strict.
5 Click to expand the Output section. From the Times to store list, choose Steps taken
by solver.
6 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 1 and choose Compute.
RESULTS
Stress (solid)
Follow the steps below to obtain Figure 2:
Data Sets
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click Data Sets and choose Cut Point
2D.
2 In the Cut Point 2D settings window, locate the Point Data section.
3 In the R edit field, type 0.16 0.205 0.25.
4 In the Z edit field, type 5e-3.
1D Plot Group 3
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Results and choose 1D Plot Group.
2 In the 1D Plot Group settings window, locate the Legend section.
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corner of the y-Axis Data section. From the menu, choose Solid Mechanics>Strain
(Gauss points)>Effective plastic strain, Gauss-point evaluation (solid.epeGp).
3 Click to expand the Coloring and Style section. Find the Line style subsection. In the
Width edit field, type 2.
4 Click to expand the Legends section. Select the Show legends check box.
5 From the Legends list, choose Manual.
6 In the table, enter the following settings:
Legends
Computed inner surface
Computed mid-thickness
Computed outer surface
7 In the Model Builder window, right-click Effective Plastic Strain and choose Global.
8 In the Global settings window, locate the y-Axis Data section.
9 In the table, enter the following settings:
Expression
Unit
Description
epe_target(t)
10 Click to expand the Coloring and Style section. Find the Line style subsection. From
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2013 COMSOL
corner of the y-Axis Data section. From the menu, choose Solid Mechanics>Strain
(Gauss points)>Effective creep strain (solid.eceGp).
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3 In the Model Builder window, under Results>Effective Creep Strain click Global 1.
4 In the Global settings window, locate the y-Axis Data section.
Data Sets
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click Data Sets and choose Cut Point
2D.
2 In the Cut Point 2D settings window, locate the Point Data section.
3 In the R edit field, type 0.16.
4 In the Z edit field, type 5e-3.
choose Duplicate.
2 In the 1D Plot Group settings window, locate the Title section.
3 In the Title text area, type Axial stress.
4 Right-click Results>Effective Creep Strain 1 and choose Rename.
5 Go to the Rename 1D Plot Group dialog box and type Axial Stress at inner
surface in the New name edit field.
6 Click OK.
7 In the 1D Plot Group settings window, locate the Data section.
8 From the Data set list, choose Cut Point 2D 2.
9 Locate the Legend section. From the Position list, choose Upper right.
corner of the y-Axis Data section. From the menu, choose Solid Mechanics>Stress
(Gauss points)>Stress tensor, Gauss-point evaluation (Spatial)>Stress tensor,
Gauss-point evaluation, z component (solid.sGpz).
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3 Locate the Legends section. In the table, enter the following settings:
Legends
Computed
4 In the Model Builder window, under Results>Axial Stress at inner surface click Global 1.
5 In the Global settings window, locate the y-Axis Data section.
edit field.
6 Click OK.
Hoop Stress
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>Hoop Stress node, then click Point
Graph 1.
2 In the Point Graph settings window, click Replace Expression in the upper-right
corner of the y-Axis Data section. From the menu, choose Solid Mechanics>Stress
(Gauss points)>Stress tensor, Gauss-point evaluation (Spatial)>Stress tensor,
Gauss-point evaluation, phi component (solid.sGpphi).
3 In the Model Builder window, under Results>Hoop Stress click Global 1.
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Hoop Stress 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Hoop Stress and choose Duplicate.
2 In the 1D Plot Group settings window, locate the Title section.
3 In the Title text area, type Von Mises stress at inner surface.
4 Right-click Results>Hoop Stress 1 and choose Rename.
5 Go to the Rename 1D Plot Group dialog box and type Von Mises Stress in the New
name edit field.
6 Click OK.
corner of the y-Axis Data section. From the menu, choose Solid Mechanics>Stress
(Gauss points)>von Mises stress, Gauss-point evaluation (solid.misesGp).
3 In the Model Builder window, under Results>Von Mises Stress click Global 1.
4 In the Global settings window, locate the y-Axis Data section.
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Model Definition
Figure 1 shows the plates geometry. Due to the double symmetry of the geometry
you only need to analyze a quarter of the plate.
Symmetry lines
20mm
5mm
36mm
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Plastic properties: Yield stress 243 MPa and a linear isotropic hardening with
tangent modulus 2171 MPa.
CONSTRAINTS AND LOADS
Symmetry plane constraints are applied on the left most vertical boundary and the
lower horizontal boundary.
The right vertical edge is subjected to a stress, which increases from zero to a
maximum value of 133.65 MPa and then is released again. The peak value is selected
so that the mean stress over the section through the hole is 10% above the yield
stress (1.1243(2010)/20).
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Figure 2: Development of plastic region (red) for load levels 0.59, 0.68, 0.78, 0.88, 0.98
and 1.08.
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In the second study it is shown how to proceed when you have a tabulated data from
a general tensile test. Note that in metal plasticity, the hardening function h to be
entered is the stress added to the initial yield stress ys0 as function of the effective
plastic strain pe. Thus, the function must always pass the point (0,0). If your tabulated
data contains total stress versus total strain, the hardening function must thus be
written as
h pe = tab pe + e E ys0
here, e is the effective (von Mises) stress, E is the Youngs modulus, and tab is an
interpolated function of your tabulated data. Figure 4 shows the linear elastic and
plastic regions.
Figure 3: The interpolated stress-strain curve shows both the elastic and hardening regions.
The results show in Figure 4 and Figure 5 are in good agreement. In Study 1, isotropic
hardening is generated with an isotropic tangent modulus ETiso = 2.171 GPa, and in
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Study 2 it is generated with interpolated hardening function data, which mimics the
isotropic tangent modulus from Study 1.
Figure 4: Deformation and von Mises stress for load level 2.2. The harding was
implemented with isotropic tangent modulus ETiso = 2.171 GPa.
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Figure 5: Deformation and von Mises stress for load level 2.2. The harding was
implemented with the interpolated hardening function.
Reference
1. O.C. Zienkiewicz and R.L. Taylor, The Finite Element Method, Fourth Edition,
McGraw-Hill, 1991.
Modeling Instructions
MODEL WIZARD
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Rectangle 1
1 Right-click Model 1>Geometry 1 and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Rectangle settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width edit field, type 18.
4 In the Height edit field, type 10.
5 Click the Build Selected button.
Circle 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Geometry 1 and choose Circle.
2 In the Circle settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type 5.
4 Click the Build Selected button.
Difference 1
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Boolean Operations>Difference.
2 In the Difference settings window, locate the Difference section.
3 Under Objects to add, click Activate Selection.
4 Select the object r1 only.
5 Under Objects to subtract, click Activate Selection.
6 Select the object c1 only.
7 Click the Build Selected button.
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GLOBAL DEFINITIONS
Parameters
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Global Definitions and choose Parameters.
2 In the Parameters settings window, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Description
para
DEFINITIONS
Interpolation 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Definitions and choose
Functions>Interpolation.
2 In the Interpolation settings window, locate the Definition section.
3 In the Function name edit field, type loadfunc.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
t
f(t)
1.1
133.65
2.2
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MATERIALS
Material 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Materials and choose Material.
2 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Name
Value
Young's modulus
70e9
Poisson's ratio
nu
0.2
Density
rho
7850
sigmags
243e6
Et
2.171e9
SOLID MECHANICS
Symmetry 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Solid Mechanics and choose
Symmetry.
2 Select Boundaries 1 and 3 only.
Boundary Load 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Boundary Load.
2 Select Boundary 4 only.
3 In the Boundary Load settings window, locate the Force section.
4 In the FA table, enter the following settings:
loadfunc(para)[MPa]
MESH 1
Free Triangular 1
In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Mesh 1 and choose Free
Triangular.
Refine 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Mesh 1 and choose More Operations>Refine.
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Step 1: Stationary
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Study 1 node, then click Step 1: Stationary.
2 In the Stationary settings window, click to expand the Study Extensions section.
3 Select the Continuation check box.
4 Click Add.
5 In the table, enter the following settings:
Continuation parameter
para
0 range(0.44,0.05,0.59)
range(0.63,0.05,1.08)
range(1.1,0.2,1.9)
range(1.95,0.05,2.2)
With these settings, the edge load you defined earlier increases from zero to a
maximum value of 133.65 MPa and is then released.
6 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 1 and choose Compute.
RESULTS
Stress (solid)
1 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
The default plot shows the von Mises stress for the final parameter value.
Visualize the plastic zone using a Boolean expression solid.epe>0 which is 1 in the
plastic region and 0 elsewhere.
2D Plot Group 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Results and choose 2D Plot Group.
2 Right-click 2D Plot Group 2 and choose Surface.
3 In the Surface settings window, locate the Expression section.
4 In the Expression edit field, type solid.epe>0.
5 Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Color table list, choose WaveLight.
6 In the Model Builder window, click 2D Plot Group 2.
7 In the 2D Plot Group settings window, locate the Data section.
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The plot in the Graphics window should now look like that in the upper-left panel
of Figure 2.
11 Repeat Steps 8 and 9 for the parameter values 0.68, 0.78, 0.88, 0.98, and 1.08 to
To fit the first study case, the stress-strain curve will be very simple, an elastic slope =
70e9 and then a plastic slope = 2.171e9. Only three points are needed to define the
stress-strain curve in this simple case.
Interpolation 2
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Definitions and choose
Functions>Interpolation.
2 In the Interpolation settings window, locate the Definition section.
3 In the Function name edit field, type stress_strain_curve.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
t
f(t)
243e6/70e9
243e6
243e6/70e9+50e6/
2.171e9
243e6+50e6
5 Locate the Interpolation and Extrapolation section. From the Extrapolation list,
choose Linear.
6 Click the Plot button.
Variables 1a
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Definitions and choose Variables.
2 In the Variables settings window, locate the Variables section.
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Expression
hardening
max(0,stress_strain_curve(solid.epe+solid.mises/
solid.E)-solid.sigmags)
SOLID MECHANICS
Plasticity 2
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Solid Mechanics right-click Linear Elastic
Material 1 and choose Plasticity.
2 In the Plasticity settings window, locate the Plasticity Model section.
3 From the Isotropic hardening list, choose Use hardening function data.
4 In the h(pe) edit field, type hardening.
ROOT
Step 1: Stationary
1 In the Model Builder window, under Study 2 click Step 1: Stationary.
2 In the Stationary settings window, locate the Study Extensions section.
3 Select the Continuation check box.
4 Click Add.
5 In the table, enter the following settings:
Continuation parameter
para
0 range(0.44,0.05,0.59)
range(0.63,0.05,1.08)
range(1.1,0.2,1.9)
range(1.95,0.05,2.2)
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Stress (solid) 1
1 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
The default plot of the second study shows the von Mises stress for the final
parameter value.
The analysis is now finished. If you want to store this model and re-use it later, you will
need to disable the second plasticity feature for the first study.
STUDY 1
Step 1: Stationary
1 In the Model Builder window, under Study 1 click Step 1: Stationary.
2 In the Stationary settings window, locate the Physics and Variables Selection section.
3 Select the Modify physics tree and variables for study step check box.
4 In the Physics and variables selection tree, select Model 1>Solid Mechanics>Linear
Elastic Material 1>Plasticity 2.
5 Click Disable.
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Hyperelastic Seal
Introduction
In this model you study the force-deflection relation of a car door seal made from a
soft rubber material. The model uses a hyperelastic material model together with
formulations that can account for the large deformations and contact conditions.
You find the theory for hyperelastic materials in the section Hyperelastic Material
Theory in the Nonlinear Structural Materials Module Users Guide.
Model Definition
The seal is compressed between a stationary plane surface and an indenting cylinder.
It is of special interest to investigate the effect of air confined within the seal. Figure 1
shows the undeformed geometry of the seal and the contacting surfaces.
R = 12
1.5
R = 4.5
8
R = 2.5
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1 dA =
A =
x dA =
xnx dl
(1)
You need to compute the integral in the deformed geometry, which is the default.
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
(2)
(3)
The lower straight part of the seal is glued to the car body, which is modeled with a
spring foundation condition. The spring foundation uses glue stiffness as spring
coefficient.
One contact pair between the cylinder and the seal.
One contact pair between the stationary plate and the seal.
The rigid cylinder is lowered using the parameter of the parametric solver as the
negative y displacement. It starts with a gap of 0 mm and is lowered 4 mm.
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Figure 3: The contact pressure distribution over the area between the seal and cylinder for
different indentations without internal pressure.
Figure 4 shows the result of the computations with the internal pressure taken into
account. The the seal profile appears inflated.
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Figure 5: The contact pressure distribution for different indentations with the internal
pressure taken into account.
Figure 6 contains a plot of the force per unit length versus compression (displacement
of the rigid cylinder) with and without the internal pressure taken into account.
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Figure 6: Force per unit length versus compression with and without internal pressure.
Notice that the forces needed to compress the seal can be up to one order of
magnitude larger when the effect of the air is taken into account.
In reality, a car door seal contains small holes through which the air can escape as long
as the compression is not too fast. Thus the computed values are the limits
corresponding to very slow and very fast compression, respectively.
Modeling Instructions
MODEL WIZARD
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3 Click Next.
4 In the Add physics tree, select Structural Mechanics>Solid Mechanics (solid).
5 Click Next.
6 Find the Studies subsection. In the tree, select Preset Studies>Stationary.
7 Click Finish.
GEOMETRY 1
Circle 1
1 Right-click Model 1>Geometry 1 and choose Circle.
2 In the Circle settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type 6.
4 Locate the Position section. In the y edit field, type 6.
5 Locate the Rotation Angle section. In the Rotation edit field, type 45.
6 Click the Build Selected button.
Circle 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Geometry 1 and choose Circle.
2 In the Circle settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type 4.
4 Locate the Position section. In the x edit field, type 8.
5 In the y edit field, type 4.
6 Locate the Rotation Angle section. In the Rotation edit field, type 45.
7 Click the Build Selected button.
8 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
Circle 3
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Circle.
2 In the Circle settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type 4.
4 Locate the Position section. In the x edit field, type 8.
5 In the y edit field, type 8.
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6 Locate the Rotation Angle section. In the Rotation edit field, type 45.
7 Click the Build All button.
8 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
Rectangle 1
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Rectangle settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width edit field, type 8.
4 In the Height edit field, type 12.
5 Click the Build Selected button.
Rectangle 2
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Rectangle settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width edit field, type 5.
4 In the Height edit field, type 4.
5 Locate the Position section. In the x edit field, type 7.
6 In the y edit field, type 4.
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Union 1
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Boolean Operations>Union.
2 Click in the Graphics window, press Ctrl+A to highlight all objects, and then
Circle 4
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Circle.
2 In the Circle settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type 4.5.
4 Locate the Position section. In the y edit field, type 6.
5 Click the Build Selected button.
Circle 5
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Circle.
2 In the Circle settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type 2.5.
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Circle 6
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Circle.
2 In the Circle settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type 2.5.
4 Locate the Position section. In the x edit field, type 8.
5 In the y edit field, type 8.
6 Click the Build Selected button.
Rectangle 3
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Rectangle settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width edit field, type 8.
4 In the Height edit field, type 9.
5 Locate the Position section. In the y edit field, type 1.5.
6 Click the Build Selected button.
Rectangle 4
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Rectangle settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width edit field, type 3.5.
4 In the Height edit field, type 4.
5 Locate the Position section. In the x edit field, type 7.
6 In the y edit field, type 4.
7 Click the Build Selected button.
Difference 1
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Boolean Operations>Difference.
2 In the Difference settings window, locate the Difference section.
3 Under Objects to add, click Activate Selection.
4 Select the object uni1 only.
5 Under Objects to subtract, click Activate Selection.
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Rectangle 5
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Rectangle settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width edit field, type 22.
4 In the Height edit field, type 2.5.
5 Locate the Position section. In the x edit field, type -7.
6 In the y edit field, type -2.5.
7 Click the Build Selected button.
8 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
Circle 7
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Circle.
2 In the Circle settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type 12.
4 Locate the Position section. In the x edit field, type 4.
5 In the y edit field, type 24.
6 Click the Build Selected button.
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Rectangle 6
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Rectangle settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width edit field, type 22.
4 In the Height edit field, type 6.
5 Locate the Position section. In the x edit field, type -7.
6 In the y edit field, type 12.
7 Click the Build Selected button.
Intersection 1
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Boolean Operations>Intersection.
2 Select the objects r6 and c7 only.
3 Click the Build Selected button.
4 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
Form Union
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Geometry 1 click Form Union.
2 In the Finalize settings window, locate the Finalize section.
3 From the Finalization method list, choose Form an assembly.
4 Clear the Create pairs check box.
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GLOBAL DEFINITIONS
Add a parameter that you can use to gradually increase the vertical displacement.
Parameters
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Global Definitions and choose Parameters.
2 In the Parameters settings window, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Description
para
Vertical displacement
parameter
DEFINITIONS
Explicit 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Definitions and choose
Selections>Explicit.
2 In the Explicit settings window, locate the Input Entities section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Boundary.
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edit field.
7 Click OK.
8 Right-click Definitions and choose Pairs>Contact Pair.
9 In the Pair settings window, locate the General section.
10 In the Pair name edit field, type upper.
11 Select Boundaries 6 and 7 only.
12 Click Activate Selection in the upper-right corner of the Destination Boundaries
In the plane strain approximation, this setting only affects total force computations.
Hyperelastic Material 1
1 Right-click Model 1>Solid Mechanics and choose Hyperelastic Material.
2 In the Hyperelastic Material settings window, locate the Hyperelastic Material section.
3 From the Material model list, choose Mooney-Rivlin, two parameters.
4 Select Domain 3 only.
5 In the edit field, type 1e4[MPa].
Fixed Constraint 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Solid Mechanics and choose More>Fixed
Constraint.
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Prescribed Displacement 1
1 Right-click Solid Mechanics and choose More>Prescribed Displacement.
2 Select Domain 2 only.
3 In the Prescribed Displacement settings window, locate the Prescribed Displacement
section.
4 Select the Prescribed in x direction check box. Leave the value in the u0 edit field at 0
5 Select the Prescribed in y direction check box.
6 In the u0y edit field, type -para*1[mm].
You add an elastic spring foundation at the seal bottom to model the glue layer.
Spring Foundation 1
1 Right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Spring Foundation.
2 Select Boundary 8 only.
3 In the Spring Foundation settings window, locate the Spring section.
4 In the kA table, enter the following settings:
1e10
2e10
Contact 1
1 Right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Pairs>Contact.
2 In the Contact settings window, locate the Pair Selection section.
3 In the Pairs list, select Contact Pair 1.
Friction 1
1 Right-click Model 1>Solid Mechanics>Contact 1 and choose Friction.
2 In the Friction settings window, locate the Friction section.
3 In the stat edit field, type 0.2.
Contact 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Pairs>Contact.
2 In the Contact settings window, locate the Pair Selection section.
3 In the Pairs list, select Contact Pair 2.
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Friction 1
1 Right-click Model 1>Solid Mechanics>Contact 2 and choose Friction.
2 In the Friction settings window, locate the Friction section.
3 In the stat edit field, type 0.2.
DEFINITIONS
Integration 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Definitions and choose Model
Couplings>Integration.
2 In the Integration settings window, locate the Operator Name section.
3 In the Operator name edit field, type AreaInt.
4 Locate the Source Selection section. From the Geometric entity level list, choose
Boundary.
5 From the Selection list, choose Inner Boundary.
Variables 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Definitions and choose Variables.
2 In the Variables settings window, locate the Geometric Entity Selection section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Boundary.
4 From the Selection list, choose Inner Boundary.
5 Locate the Variables section. In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
EnclosedArea
AreaInt(-x*solid.nx)
int_p
0.1[MPa]*((123.63[mm^2]/
EnclosedArea)^1.4-1)
MATERIALS
Material 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Materials and choose Material.
2 Select Domain 3 only.
3 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
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Name
Value
Density
rho
1100[kg/m^3]
Model parameters
C10
0.37[MPa]
Model parameters
C01
0.11[MPa]
Because all displacements on the rigid parts are prescribed, the choice of material is
insignificant. For the sake of clarity, select steel. It is also possible to use the rubber
material for the entire model.
Material Browser
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Materials and choose Open Material Browser.
2 In the Material Browser settings window, In the tree, select Built-In>Structural steel.
3 Click Add Material to Model.
Structural steel
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Materials click Structural steel.
2 Select Domains 1 and 2 only.
MESH 1
Free Triangular 1
In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Mesh 1 and choose Free
Triangular.
Size 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Mesh 1 right-click Free Triangular 1 and
choose Size.
2 In the Size settings window, locate the Geometric Entity Selection section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Boundary.
4 Select Boundaries 8, 11, 1719, and 22 only.
5 Locate the Element Size section. Click the Custom button.
6 Locate the Element Size Parameters section. Select the Maximum element size check
box.
7 In the associated edit field, type 0.15.
Size 2
1 Right-click Free Triangular 1 and choose Size.
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2 In the Size settings window, locate the Geometric Entity Selection section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Boundary.
4 Select Boundaries 6 and 7 only.
5 Locate the Element Size section. Click the Custom button.
6 Locate the Element Size Parameters section. Select the Maximum element size check
box.
7 In the associated edit field, type 0.4.
Size 3
1 Right-click Free Triangular 1 and choose Size.
2 In the Size settings window, locate the Geometric Entity Selection section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Domain.
4 Select Domain 3 only.
5 Locate the Element Size section. Click the Custom button.
6 Locate the Element Size Parameters section. Select the Maximum element size check
box.
7 In the associated edit field, type 0.8.
8 Click the Build All button.
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STUDY 1
Step 1: Stationary
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Study 1 node, then click Step 1: Stationary.
2 In the Stationary settings window, click to expand the Study Extensions section.
3 Select the Continuation check box.
4 Click Add.
5 In the table, enter the following settings:
Continuation parameter
para
range(0,0.25,4)
6 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 1 and choose Show Default Solver.
The default scale for the displacement variables is calculated from the entire
geometry size. For models with prescribed displacements as domain or boundary
constraints, the maximum prescribed displacement usually gives a better estimate of
the scale.
Solver 1
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Study 1>Solver Configurations>Solver
1>Dependent Variables 1 node, then click Displacement field (Material) (mod1.u).
2 In the Field settings window, locate the Scaling section.
3 In the Scale edit field, type 1e-3.
Change the scales for the pressure and contact variables to account for the material
properties of the seal made of soft rubber.
4 In the Model Builder window, under Study 1>Solver Configurations>Solver
1>Dependent Variables 1 click Pressure (mod1.solid.pw).
5 In the Field settings window, locate the Scaling section.
6 In the Scale edit field, type 1e5.
7 In the Model Builder window, under Study 1>Solver Configurations>Solver
1>Dependent Variables 1 click Contact pressure, contact pair p1 (mod1.solid.Tn_p1).
8 In the Field settings window, locate the Scaling section.
9 In the Scale edit field, type 1e5.
10 In the Model Builder window, under Study 1>Solver Configurations>Solver
1>Dependent Variables 1 click Contact pressure, contact pair p2 (mod1.solid.Tn_p2).
11 In the Field settings window, locate the Scaling section.
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Step 1: Stationary
1 In the Model Builder window, under Study 1 click Step 1: Stationary.
2 In the Stationary settings window, click to expand the Results While Solving section.
3 Select the Plot check box.
4 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 1 and choose Compute.
RESULTS
The default plot shows the von Mises stress distribution in the seal; see Figure 2.
The following steps show how to display the contact pressure at the top of the seal.
1D Plot Group 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Results and choose 1D Plot Group.
2 In the 1D Plot Group settings window, locate the Data section.
3 From the Parameter selection (para) list, choose Manual.
4 In the Parameter indices (1-17) edit field, type range(2,3,17).
5 Locate the Title section. From the Title type list, choose Manual.
6 In the Title text area, type Contact pressure profile.
7 Right-click Results>1D Plot Group 2 and choose Rename.
8 Go to the Rename 1D Plot Group dialog box and type Contact Force Without
Pressure in the New name edit field.
9 Click OK.
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of the y-Axis Data section. From the menu, choose Solid Mechanics>Contact>Contact
pressure, contact pair p1 (solid.Tn_p1).
4 Click to expand the Coloring and Style section. Find the Line style subsection. Set the
Width value to 1.
5 Click to expand the Legends section. Select the Show legends check box.
6 Click the Plot button.
The plot in the Graphics window should now look like that in Figure 3.
Now you can compute the solution including the internal pressure.
SOLID MECHANICS
Boundary Load 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Solid Mechanics and choose
Boundary Load.
2 In the Boundary Load settings window, locate the Boundary Selection section.
3 From the Selection list, choose Inner Boundary.
4 Locate the Force section. From the Load type list, choose Pressure.
5 In the p edit field, type int_p.
ROOT
In the Model Builder window, right-click the root node and choose Add Study.
MODEL WIZARD
Step 1: Stationary
1 In the Stationary settings window, click to expand the Study Extensions section.
2 Select the Continuation check box.
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3 Click Add.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
Continuation parameter
para
range(0,0.25,4)
Solver 2
1 Right-click Study 2 and choose Show Default Solver.
2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Study 2>Solver Configurations>Solver
2>Dependent Variables 1 node, then click Contact pressure, contact pair p1
(mod1.solid.Tn_p1).
3 In the Field settings window, locate the Scaling section.
4 In the Scale edit field, type 1e5.
5 In the Model Builder window, under Study 2>Solver Configurations>Solver
2>Dependent Variables 1 click Contact pressure, contact pair p2 (mod1.solid.Tn_p2).
6 In the Field settings window, locate the Scaling section.
7 In the Scale edit field, type 1e5.
8 In the Model Builder window, under Study 2>Solver Configurations>Solver
2>Dependent Variables 1 click Displacement field (Material) (mod1.u).
9 In the Field settings window, locate the Scaling section.
10 In the Scale edit field, type 1e-3.
11 In the Model Builder window, under Study 2>Solver Configurations>Solver
2>Dependent Variables 1 click Pressure (mod1.solid.pw).
12 In the Field settings window, locate the Scaling section.
13 In the Scale edit field, type 1e5.
14 In the Model Builder window, under Study 2>Solver Configurations>Solver
2>Dependent Variables 1 click Friction force, contact pair p1 (Spatial)
(mod1.solid.Tt_p1).
15 In the Field settings window, locate the Scaling section.
16 In the Scale edit field, type 1e4.
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HYPERELASTIC SEAL
Stress (solid) 1
You can see that the detachment region has disappeared as a result of the seal
pressurization; compare with Figure 4.
6 Click OK.
Derived Values
Finally, compute the force needed for the compression as the sum of all vertical
reaction forces on the indentor.
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Derived Values and choose
Integration>Surface Integration.
2 Select Domain 2 only.
3 In the Surface Integration settings window, locate the Expression section.
4 In the Expression edit field, type -solid.RFy/solid.d.
5 From the Unit list, choose N/mm.
6 Locate the Integration Settings section. From the Method list, choose Summation.
7 Click the Evaluate button.
8 Locate the Data section. From the Data set list, choose Solution 2.
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1D Plot Group 5
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results>1D Plot Group 5 click Table Graph 1.
2 In the Table Graph settings window, click to expand the Legends section.
3 Select the Show legends check box.
4 From the Legends list, choose Manual.
5 In the table, enter the following settings:
Legends
Without pressure
With pressure
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Global Definitions and choose Load Group.
2 In the Load Group settings window, locate the Group Identifier section.
3 In the Identifier edit field, type pressure.
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HYPERELASTIC SEAL
SOLID MECHANICS
Boundary Load 1
In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Solid Mechanics right-click Boundary Load
1 and choose Load Group>Load Group 1.
STUDY 1
Step 1: Stationary
1 In the Model Builder window, under Study 1 click Step 1: Stationary.
2 In the Stationary settings window, locate the Study Extensions section.
3 Select the Define load cases check box.
4 Click Add.
5 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 1 and choose Rename.
6 Go to the Rename Study dialog box and type Without Pressure in the New name
edit field.
7 Click OK.
STUDY 2
Step 1: Stationary
1 In the Stationary settings window, locate the Study Extensions section.
2 Select the Define load cases check box.
3 Click Add.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
pressure
field.
7 Click OK.
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Model Definition
The structure has the shape of a cylinder capped by two half spheres. The cylinder has
a radius R025 cm, height H080 cm, and thickness T02 cm; see Figure 1. The
cylinder radius and thickness are also the radius and thickness of the half spheres.
Because of 2D axial symmetry and reflection symmetry, it is sufficient to model a
quarter of the container; see Figure 1. The red dash-dotted line defines the rotation
symmetry axis whereas the red dashed line is the reflection symmetry axis. The radius
is measured to the center of the thin wall. The variable p denotes the internal pressure.
T0
2H0
H0
R0
2R0
Figure 1: Schematic description of the container geometry and dimensions.
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MATERIAL MODEL
381
381
= 450 MPa
240
240
220
(1)
The rolled steel has better mechanical properties in the out-of-plane direction,
direction 3. To account for this anisotropy, use a special coordinate system that follows
the component shape; see Figure 2.
3
z
1
r
3
1
Figure 2: Orientation of local material coordinate system. The second principal direction
is oriented in the circumferential direction, perpendicular to the rz-plane.
The container structure can be split into two domains: one representing the spherical
cap, and another representing the cylinder. For the cylindrical part the material
coordinate system does not change and is given by
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2013 COMSOL
e1 = ez
(2)
e2 = e
e3 = er
where e i denotes the direction vector of the coordinate i.
For the spherical part, the coordinate system is defined by two simple rotations; see
Figure 3.
3
3
z
r
1
1
e
0 0 1 cos 0 sin r
= 01 0
e
0 1 0
1 0 0 sin 0 cos e
z
(3)
and the local coordinate system for the spherical part of the container is given by
e 1 = sin e r cos e z
(4)
e2 = e
e 3 = cos e r + sin e z
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R0
1 = p ---------2T 0
R0
2 = p ------T0
(5)
3 = p
Following Hills criterion, the yielding will occur for
2
R0
R0 2
R0 R0 2
2
p F ------- + 1 + G 1 + ---------- + H ---------- -------
= 1
T0
2T 0
2T 0 T 0
(6)
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To assign the new base vector system to the component, select it from the Coordinate
system list in the Linear Elastic Material settings windows Coordinate System Selection
section.
Figure 6 visualizes the base vector system defined by Equation 2 and Equation 4 using
a Coordinate System Surface plot (accessible from a 2D Plot Group nodes context
menu under More Plots).
Figure 6: Orientation of the base vector system used in the material model.
Modeling Instructions
MODEL WIZARD
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3 Click Next.
4 In the Add physics tree, select Structural Mechanics>Solid Mechanics (solid).
5 Click Next.
6 Find the Studies subsection. In the tree, select Preset Studies>Stationary.
7 Click Finish.
GEOMETRY 1
Circle 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Geometry 1 and choose Circle.
2 In the Circle settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type 0.26.
4 In the Sector angle edit field, type 90.
5 Click the Build Selected button.
Circle 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Geometry 1 and choose Circle.
2 In the Circle settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type 0.24.
4 In the Sector angle edit field, type 90.
5 Click the Build Selected button.
Difference 1
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Boolean Operations>Difference.
2 Select the object c1 only.
3 In the Difference settings window, locate the Difference section.
4 Under Objects to subtract, click Activate Selection.
5 Select the object c2 only.
6 Click the Build Selected button.
Rectangle 1
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Rectangle settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width edit field, type 0.02.
4 In the Height edit field, type 0.4.
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Parameters
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Global Definitions and choose Parameters.
2 In the Parameters settings window, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Description
pressure
1[N/m^2]
Internal pressure
DEFINITIONS
x1
sin(atan2(Z,R))*(dom
==1)
-cos(atan2(Z,R))*(do
m==1)-1*(dom==2)
x3
cos(atan2(Z,R))*(dom
==1)+1*(dom==2)
sin(atan2(Z,R))*(dom
==1)
4 Find the Simplifications subsection. Select the Assume orthonormal check box.
SOLID MECHANICS
In the Model Builder window, expand the Model 1>Solid Mechanics node.
Symmetry 1
1 Right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Symmetry.
2 Select Boundary 3 only.
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Boundary Load 1
1 Right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Boundary Load.
2 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Solid Mechanics right-click Boundary
Load 1 and choose Rename.
3 Go to the Rename Boundary Load dialog box and type Boundary Load Pressure
section.
2 From the Coordinate system list, choose Base Vector System 2.
Plasticity 1
1 Right-click Model 1>Solid Mechanics>Linear Elastic Material 1 and choose Plasticity.
2 In the Plasticity settings window, locate the Plasticity Model section.
3 From the Yield function F list, choose Hill orthotropic plasticity.
4 From the Hardening model list, choose Perfectly plastic.
MATERIALS
Material 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Materials and choose Material.
2 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Name
Value
Young's modulus
210e9
Poisson's ratio
nu
0.3
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Property
Name
Value
Density
rho
ys
{381e6,
381e6,
450e6,
240e6,
240e6,
220e6}
MESH 1
Mapped 1
In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Mesh 1 and choose Mapped.
Distribution 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Mesh 1 right-click Mapped 1 and choose
Distribution.
2 Select Boundary 1 only.
Distribution 2
1 Right-click Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.
2 Select Boundaries 6 and 7 only.
3 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
4 From the Distribution properties list, choose Predefined distribution type.
5 In the Element ratio edit field, type 4.
6 In the Number of elements edit field, type 15.
Distribution 3
1 Right-click Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.
2 Select Boundaries 2 and 5 only.
3 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
4 From the Distribution properties list, choose Predefined distribution type.
5 In the Number of elements edit field, type 15.
6 In the Element ratio edit field, type 4.
7 Select the Reverse direction check box.
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The mesh should consist of 150 elements. Finer elements are created at the
connection between the cylinder and the half sphere since due to geometrical
change stress gradients are expected there.
STUDY 1
Step 1: Stationary
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Study 1 node, then click Step 1: Stationary.
2 In the Stationary settings window, click to expand the Study Extensions section.
3 Select the Continuation check box.
4 Click Add.
5 In the table, enter the following settings:
Parameter value list
range(31e6, 0.1e6, 38e6)
2D Plot Group 3
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Results and choose 2D Plot Group.
2 Right-click 2D Plot Group 3 and choose Rename.
3 Go to the Rename 2D Plot Group dialog box and type Plastic strain 2D in the
New name edit field.
4 Click OK.
Plastic strain 2D
1 Right-click Results>2D Plot Group 3 and choose Surface.
2 In the Surface settings window, click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of
the Expression section. From the menu, choose Solid Mechanics>Strain (Gauss
points)>Effective plastic strain, Gauss-point evaluation (solid.epeGp).
3 Click the Plot button.
The onset of plasticity can be investigated by evaluating the volume of the material
which has exceeded the yield stress. This occurs at a pressure between 35.7 MPa and
35.8 MPa.
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Derived Values
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click Derived Values and choose
Integration>Surface Integration.
2 Select Domains 1 and 2 only.
3 In the Surface Integration settings window, locate the Expression section.
4 In the Expression edit field, type solid.epeGp>0.
5 Select the Description check box.
6 In the associated edit field, type Volume having reached yield stress.
7 Click to expand the Integration Settings section. Select the Compute volume integral
check box.
8 Click the Evaluate button.
9 In the Table window, click Table Graph.
1D Plot Group 4
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click 1D Plot Group 4 and choose Rename.
2 Go to the Rename 1D Plot Group dialog box and type Yielded volume in the New
name edit field.
3 Click OK.
2D Plot Group 5
1 Right-click Results and choose 2D Plot Group.
2 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click 2D Plot Group 5 and choose
Rename.
3 Go to the Rename 2D Plot Group dialog box and type Material principal
direction in the New name edit field.
4 Click OK.
section.
3 From the Coordinate system list, choose Base Vector System 2.
4 Click the Plot button.
Stress, 3D (solid)
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Stress, 3D (solid) node.
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W =
i
j 1
2
C i j I 1 3 I 2 3 + --- K J el 1
2
i j = 0
Here I 1 and I 2 are the first and second invariant of the left isochoric Cauchy-Green
deformation tensor, Jel is the elastic Jacobian, Ci,j are coefficients in the polynomial,
and K is the bulk modulus.
In this example, you will see two material models based on the above expression: a
two-term equation and a five-term equation. The two-term Mooney-Rivlin material
model implementation is then validated with the results obtained with the predefined
Mooney-Rivlin hyperelastic material.
Model Definition
You will use a simple geometry, consisting of a single block of the hyperelastic material
as shown in Figure 1. The block is fixed at one face and loaded with an uniform normal
load of 1 MPa at the opposite face. Due to symmetry, only one quarter of the
geometry is represented.
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Fixed
Symmetry
1 MPa
W siso
C I1 3 + C I2 3 + C I1 3 +
1 0
0 1
2 0
=
2
C 0 2 I 2 3 + C 1 1 I 1 3 I 2 3
1
2
W svol = --- J el 1
2
Note: Both the two-term and the five-term Mooney-Rivlin material model are
available in the Hyperelastic Model feature node.
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Figure 2: Stress plot (Y-component of the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress) along the geometry
length.
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Figure 3 shows the von Mises stress distribution in the geometry with the two-term
Mooney-Rivlin material.
Figure 3: von Mises stress distribution for the two-term polynomial hyperelastic material
model.
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Figure 4 shows the von Mises stress distribution in the geometry with the five-term
Mooney-Rivlin material model. Note the difference in deformation: the five-term
polynomial model has a significantly smaller deformation than the two-term model.
Figure 4: von Mises stress distribution for the five-term polynomial hyperelastic material
model.
In the second case, you can see that the stress in the region far away from the fixed end
is significantly lower than in the first case. The reason is that the total load is the same
in both cases, but the area reduction is much larger with the more flexible two-term
material. The von Mises effective stress is computed from the Cauchy stress, which is
based on force per current area.
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Modeling Instructions
MODEL WIZARD
Parameters
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Global Definitions and choose Parameters.
2 In the Parameters settings window, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Description
kappa
3[MPa]
Bulk modulus
C01
0.5[MPa]
C10
0.1[MPa]
C11
0.15[MPa]
C20
0.2[MPa]
C02
0.4[MPa]
GEOMETRY 1
Block 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Geometry 1 and choose Block.
2 In the Block settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Width edit field, type 0.1.
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Variables 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Definitions and choose
Variables.
2 In the Variables settings window, locate the Variables section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Description
Wsiso_MR2
C10*(solid.I1CIel-3)+C0
1*(solid.I2CIel-3)
Wsiso_MR5
Wsiso_MR2+C20*(solid.I1
CIel-3)^2+C02*(solid.I2
CIel-3)^2+C11*(solid.I1
CIel-3)*(solid.I2CIel-3
)
Wsvol
0.5*kappa*(solid.Jel-1)
^2
SOLID MECHANICS
Fixed Constraint 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Solid Mechanics and choose
Fixed Constraint.
2 Select Boundary 5 only.
Symmetry 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Symmetry.
2 Select Boundaries 1 and 3 only.
Boundary Load 1
1 Right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Boundary Load.
2 Select Boundary 2 only.
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-1[MPa]
TW O - P A R A M E T E R P O L Y N O M I A L H Y P E R E L A S T I C M A T E R I A L M O D E L
Hyperelastic Material 1
1 Right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Hyperelastic Material.
2 Select Domain 1 only.
3 In the Hyperelastic Material settings window, locate the Hyperelastic Material section.
4 From the Material model list, choose User defined.
5 Select the Nearly incompressible material check box.
6 In the Wsiso edit field, type Wsiso_MR2.
7 In the Wsvol edit field, type Wsvol.
8 Right-click Model 1>Solid Mechanics>Hyperelastic Material 1 and choose Rename.
9 Go to the Rename Hyperelastic Material dialog box and type Polynomial, two
parameters in the New name edit field.
10 Click OK.
MESH 1
Mapped 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Mesh 1 and choose More
Operations>Mapped.
2 Select Boundary 5 only.
Distribution 1
1 Right-click Model 1>Mesh 1>Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.
2 Select Edges 6 and 12 only.
3 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
4 From the Distribution properties list, choose Predefined distribution type.
5 In the Number of elements edit field, type 4.
6 In the Element ratio edit field, type 5.
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Distribution 2
1 Right-click Mapped 1 and choose Distribution.
2 Select Edges 7 and 8 only.
3 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
4 From the Distribution properties list, choose Predefined distribution type.
5 In the Number of elements edit field, type 6.
6 In the Element ratio edit field, type 5.
Swept 1
In the Model Builder window, right-click Mesh 1 and choose Swept.
Distribution 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Mesh 1 right-click Swept 1 and choose
Distribution.
2 In the Distribution settings window, locate the Distribution section.
3 From the Distribution properties list, choose Predefined distribution type.
4 In the Number of elements edit field, type 15.
5 In the Element ratio edit field, type 5.
6 Click the Build All button.
STUDY 1
Solver 1
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Study 1>Solver Configurations node.
2 Right-click Solver 1 and choose Solution>Copy.
RESULTS
Stress (solid)
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click Stress (solid) and choose
Rename.
2 Go to the Rename 3D Plot Group dialog box and type Polynomial, two
parameters in the New name edit field.
3 Click OK.
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1D Plot Group 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Results and choose 1D Plot Group.
2 Right-click 1D Plot Group 2 and choose Line Graph.
3 In the Line Graph settings window, locate the Data section.
4 From the Data set list, choose Solution 2.
5 Select Edge 2 only.
6 Click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of the y-Axis Data section. From
Derived Values
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click Derived Values and choose
Maximum>Volume Maximum.
2 In the Volume Maximum settings window, locate the Data section.
3 From the Data set list, choose Solution 2.
4 Select Domain 1 only.
5 Click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of the Expression section. From
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Hyperelastic Material 2
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Solid Mechanics and choose
Hyperelastic Material.
2 Select Domain 1 only.
3 In the Hyperelastic Material settings window, locate the Hyperelastic Material section.
4 From the Material model list, choose Mooney-Rivlin, two parameters.
5 From the C10 list, choose User defined. In the associated edit field, type C10.
6 From the C01 list, choose User defined. In the associated edit field, type C01.
7 In the edit field, type kappa.
8 Right-click Model 1>Solid Mechanics>Hyperelastic Material 2 and choose Rename.
9 Go to the Rename Hyperelastic Material dialog box and type Mooney-Rivlin in the
New name edit field.
10 Click OK.
STUDY 1
Solver 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 1 and choose Compute.
2 Right-click Solver 1 and choose Solution>Copy.
RESULTS
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1D Plot Group 2
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results>1D Plot Group 2 right-click Line Graph 1
Derived Values
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results>Derived Values click Volume Maximum 1.
2 In the Volume Maximum settings window, locate the Data section.
3 From the Data set list, choose Solution 3.
4 Click the Evaluate button.
FIVE-PAR AMET ER POLYNOMIAL HYPERELAST IC MATERIAL MODEL
SOLID MECHANICS
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6 Click OK.
STUDY 1
Mooney-Rivlin 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click Mooney-Rivlin and choose
Duplicate.
2 In the 3D Plot Group settings window, locate the Data section.
3 From the Data set list, choose Solution 1.
4 Click the Plot button.
5 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
6 Right-click Results>Mooney-Rivlin 1 and choose Rename.
7 Go to the Rename 3D Plot Group dialog box and type Polynomial, five
parameters in the New name edit field.
8 Click OK.
Derived Values
1 In the Volume Maximum settings window, locate the Data section.
2 From the Data set list, choose Solution 1.
3 Click the Evaluate button.
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Temperature-Dependent Plasticity in
Pressure Vessel
Introduction
This example demonstrates how to use temperature dependent materials within the
Nonlinear Structural Materials Module. Material data such as Youngs modulus, yield
stress and strain hardening have strong temperature dependencies.
A large container holds pressurized hot water. Several pipes are attached to the pressure
vessel. Those pipes can rapidly transfer cold water in case of an emergency cooling. The
pressure vessel is made of carbon steel with an internal cladding of stainless steel. In
case of a fast temperature transient, the differences in thermal expansion properties
between the materials will cause high stresses.
Model Definition
GEOMETRY
The pressure vessel has the shape of a closed cylinder. Four pipes are attached at two
levels along its height. At each level, the pipes are equidistantly spaced around the
container.
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TE M P E R A T U R E - D E P E N D E N T P L A S T I C I T Y I N P R E S S U R E V E S S E L
The pipes are welded into the vessel and the welding can be considered as a chamfer
between those two parts. The structure, together with its key dimensions, is presented
in Figure 1.
pipe
rv
vessel
lp
tv
vessel
lv
pipe
tp
rp
Figure 1: Pressure vessel and the dimensions for the vessel-pipe connection.
The structure has the following dimensions:
Inner vessel radius, rv = 1000 mm,
Inner pipe radius, rp = 60 mm,
Vessel thickness, tv = 100 mm,
Pipe thickness, tp = 40 mm.
The vessel length, lv, and the pipe length, lp, are large compared to the thickness of
both parts. For modeling purposes, they need to be large enough so that local effects
at the vessel-pipe connection can be disregarded. The chamfer extends 20 mm from
the corner at the connection between the pipe and the vessel.
The dual material consists of a thin 10 mm layer of stainless steel (dark gray in
Figure 1) that faces the water, and carbon steel (light gray in Figure 1) that faces the
outside air.
In order to save computational time, only the connection between one pipe and the
vessel is modeled, as shown on the left image of Figure 1.
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MATERIAL MODEL
The thermoelastic material data of stainless steel is given in Table 1. Table 2 shows the
yield stress as a function of plastic strain at temperatures of 20, 100, 200, and 300 C.
TABLE 1: THERMOELASTIC MATERIAL DATA OF STAINLESS STEEL.
Temperature (C)
20
100
200
300
E (GPa)
194
189
179
175
(1/C)
1610-6
16.510-6
1710-6
17.510-6
cp (J/(kgK))
482
498
515
524
k (W/(mK))
13.9
14.9
17.0
18.0
Temperature (C)
20
100
200
300
ys(0.0) (MPa)
228
190
156
140
ys(0.0004) (MPa)
232
195
160
144
ys(0.001) (MPa)
238
201
166
148
ys(0.002) (MPa)
246
210
173
155
ys(0.004) (MPa)
250
215
177
158
ys(0.001) (MPa)
263
230
189
169
The yield stress of the carbon steel is two or three times higher than that of stainless
steel. It is therefore considered as elastic. Its material properties are shown in Table 3.
TABLE 3: THERMOELASTIC MATERIAL DATA OF CARBON STEEL
Temperature (C)
20
100
200
300
E (GPa)
208
202
196
189
(1/C)
10.910-6
12.410-6
13.810-6
14.910-6
cp (J/(kgK))
489
519
546
569
k (W/(mK))
51.2
48.3
45.5
42.7
The heat transfer coefficient between steel and air is 10 W/(m2K), and between steel
and water is 100 W/(m2K).
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
A pressure of 70 bar acts on the vessel and pipes inner walls. The temperature on the
inside of the pressure vessel is initially at 280 C, while the outside air remains at 50 C.
Suddenly and instantaneously, cold water at C is pumped through the pipe into the
vessel, where the hot water needs 30 minutes to cool down to C. The cooling
speed is constant.
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MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
Due to symmetries only a 45 sector of the vessel is modeled. The influence of the hot
water pressure at the end of the vessel is approximated with an axial stress of 33.3 MPa,
which is 4.76 times the inner pressure. The parameters lv and lp are both set to
200 mm.
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As the temperature decreases, the yield stress increases, so hot parts are more sensitive
to high stresses. Figure 4 shows the effective stress after 30 min of cooling.
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Modeling Instructions
MODEL WIZARD
Parameters
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Global Definitions and choose Parameters.
2 In the Parameters settings window, locate the Parameters section.
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Expression
Description
internalPressure
70[bar]
Internal pressure
0[s]
The thermal shock caused by the cold water is time dependent. Therefore the
variable for time, t, needs to be set to zero so that the heat boundary conditions can
be evaluated also in the static analysis.
If you do not want to build all the geometry, you can load the geometry sequence from
the stored model. In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Geometry 1
and choose Insert Sequence from File. Browse to the models Model Library folder and
double-click the file temperature_dependent_plasticity.mph. You can then
continue to the Definitions section.
To build the geometry from scratch, continue here.
GEOMETRY 1
Work Plane 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Geometry 1 and choose Work
Plane.
2 In the Work Plane settings window, locate the Plane Definition section.
3 From the Plane list, choose xz-plane.
Bzier Polygon 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Geometry 1>Work Plane 1 right-click
Plane Geometry and choose Bzier Polygon.
2 In the Bzier Polygon settings window, locate the Polygon Segments section.
3 Find the Added segments subsection. Click the Add Linear button.
4 Find the Control points subsection. In row 1, set xw to 1.3 and yw to 0.07.
5 In row 2, set xw to 1.08 and yw to 0.07.
6 Find the Added segments subsection. Click the Add Linear button.
7 Find the Control points subsection. In row 2, set yw to 0.14.
8 Find the Added segments subsection. Click the Add Linear button.
9 Find the Control points subsection. In row 2, set xw to 1.12 and yw to 0.1.
10 Find the Added segments subsection. Click the Add Linear button.
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11 Find the Control points subsection. In row 2, set xw to 1.3 and yw to 0.1.
12 Find the Added segments subsection. Click the Add Linear button.
13 Find the Control points subsection. Click the Close Curve button.
14 Click the Build Selected button.
Revolve 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Geometry 1 right-click Work Plane 1 and
choose Revolve.
2 In the Revolve settings window, locate the Revolution Axis section.
3 Find the Direction of revolution axis subsection. In the xw edit field, type 1.
4 In the yw edit field, type 0.
5 Locate the Revolution Angles section. In the End angle edit field, type -90.
6 Click the Build Selected button.
Work Plane 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Geometry 1 and choose Work Plane.
2 In the Work Plane settings window, locate the Plane Definition section.
3 From the Plane list, choose xz-plane.
Rectangle 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Geometry 1>Work Plane 2 right-click
Plane Geometry and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Rectangle settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width edit field, type 0.09.
4 In the Height edit field, type 0.3.
5 Locate the Position section. In the xw edit field, type 1.01.
6 Click the Build Selected button.
Revolve 2
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Geometry 1 right-click Work Plane 2 and
choose Revolve.
2 In the Revolve settings window, locate the Revolution Angles section.
3 In the End angle edit field, type 45.
4 Click the Build Selected button.
5 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
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Cylinder 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Geometry 1 and choose Cylinder.
2 In the Cylinder settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type 0.07.
4 In the Height edit field, type 0.4.
5 Locate the Position section. In the x edit field, type 0.95.
6 Locate the Axis section. From the Axis type list, choose Cartesian.
7 In the x edit field, type 1.
8 In the z edit field, type 0.
9 Click the Build Selected button.
Difference 1
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Boolean Operations>Difference.
2 Select the objects rev2 and rev1 only.
3 In the Difference settings window, locate the Difference section.
4 Under Objects to subtract, click Activate Selection.
5 Select the object cyl1 only.
6 Click the Build Selected button.
Work Plane 3
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Work Plane.
2 In the Work Plane settings window, locate the Plane Definition section.
3 From the Plane list, choose xz-plane.
Rectangle 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Geometry 1>Work Plane 3 right-click
Plane Geometry and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Rectangle settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Width edit field, type 0.3.
4 In the Height edit field, type 0.01.
5 Locate the Position section. In the xw edit field, type 1.
6 In the yw edit field, type 0.06.
7 Click the Build Selected button.
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Work Plane 3
In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Geometry 1 right-click Work Plane 3 and
choose Revolve.
Revolve 3
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Geometry 1>Work Plane 3>Plane
Geometry right-click Rectangle 1 and choose Build Selected.
2 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Geometry 1 click Revolve 3.
3 In the Revolve settings window, locate the Revolution Axis section.
4 Find the Direction of revolution axis subsection. In the xw edit field, type 1.
5 In the yw edit field, type 0.
6 Locate the Revolution Angles section. In the End angle edit field, type -90.
7 Click the Build Selected button.
Work Plane 4
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Geometry 1 and choose Work Plane.
2 In the Work Plane settings window, locate the Plane Definition section.
3 From the Plane list, choose xz-plane.
Rectangle 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Geometry 1>Work Plane 4 right-click
Plane Geometry and choose Rectangle.
2 In the Rectangle settings window, locate the Size section.
3 In the Height edit field, type 1.0.
4 In the Width edit field, type 0.01.
5 In the Height edit field, type 0.3.
6 Locate the Position section. In the yw edit field, type 0.
7 In the xw edit field, type 1.
8 Click the Build Selected button.
Revolve 4
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Geometry 1 right-click Work Plane 4 and
choose Revolve.
2 In the Revolve settings window, locate the Revolution Angles section.
3 In the End angle edit field, type 45.
4 Click the Build Selected button.
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Cylinder 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Geometry 1 and choose Cylinder.
2 In the Cylinder settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type 0.06.
4 In the Height edit field, type 0.4.
5 Locate the Position section. In the x edit field, type 0.95.
6 Locate the Axis section. From the Axis type list, choose Cartesian.
7 In the x edit field, type 1.
8 In the z edit field, type 0.
9 Click the Build Selected button.
MODEL 1
Difference 2
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Boolean Operations>Difference.
2 Select the objects rev4 and dif1 only.
3 In the Difference settings window, locate the Difference section.
4 Under Objects to subtract, click Activate Selection.
5 Select the object cyl2 only.
6 Click the Build Selected button.
Ignore Faces 1
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Virtual Operations>Ignore Faces.
2 On the object fin, select Boundaries 11, 15, 17, 23, 26, and 28 only.
3 Click the Build Selected button.
Ignore Edges 1
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Virtual Operations>Ignore Edges.
2 On the object igf1, select Edge 21 only.
3 Click the Build Selected button.
Load the table containing yield stress as function of plastic strain and temperature.
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DEFINITIONS
Interpolation 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Definitions and choose
Functions>Interpolation.
2 In the Interpolation settings window, locate the Definition section.
3 From the Data source list, choose File.
4 Click the Browse button.
5 Browse to the models Model Library folder and double-click the file
temperature_dependent_plasticity_function.txt.
6 Find the Functions subsection. In the table, enter the following settings:
Function name
sY
7 Locate the Units section. In the Arguments edit field, type degC,1.
8 In the Function edit field, type Pa.
9 Locate the Definition section. Click the Import button.
THERMAL STRESS
Plasticity 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Thermal Stress right-click Thermal
Linear Elastic Material 1 and choose Plasticity.
2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Thermal Linear Elastic Material 1 node, then
click Plasticity 1.
3 In the Plasticity settings window, locate the Plasticity Model section.
4 From the Isotropic hardening list, choose Use hardening function data.
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The hardening function is the stress increase from the initial yield stress. As the full
stress-strain curve is given, subtract the stress at zero strain.
MATERIALS
Material 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Materials and choose Material.
2 Right-click Material 1 and choose Rename.
3 Go to the Rename Material dialog box and type Stainless steel in the New name
edit field.
4 Click OK.
5 Select Domain 1 only.
Stainless steel
1 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
2 In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Name
Value
Poisson's ratio
nu
0.3
Density
rho
8000
sigmags
sY(T,0)
Interpolation 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Materials>Stainless steel right-click
Basic and choose Functions>Interpolation.
2 In the Interpolation settings window, locate the Definition section.
3 In the Function name edit field, type fE.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
t
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f(t)
20
194
100
189
200
179
300
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5 Locate the Units section. In the Arguments edit field, type degC.
6 In the Function edit field, type GPa.
Stainless steel
Add thermal expansion as function of temperature for the stainless steel.
Interpolation 2
1 Right-click Basic and choose Functions>Interpolation.
2 In the Interpolation settings window, locate the Definition section.
3 In the Function name edit field, type fA.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
t
f(t)
20
16e-6
100
16.5e-6
200
17e-6
300
17.5e-6
5 Locate the Units section. In the Arguments edit field, type degC.
6 In the Function edit field, type 1/K.
Stainless steel
Add thermal conductivity as function of temperature for the stainless steel.
Interpolation 3
1 Right-click Basic and choose Functions>Interpolation.
2 In the Interpolation settings window, locate the Definition section.
3 In the Function name edit field, type fK.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
t
f(t)
20
13.9
100
15.5
200
16.8
300
17.8
5 Locate the Units section. In the Arguments edit field, type degC.
6 In the Function edit field, type W/(m*degC).
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Stainless steel
Add heat capacity as function of temperature for the stainless steel.
Interpolation 4
1 Right-click Basic and choose Functions>Interpolation.
2 In the Interpolation settings window, locate the Definition section.
3 In the Function name edit field, type fCp.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
t
f(t)
20
482
100
504
200
521
300
530
5 Locate the Units section. In the Arguments edit field, type degC.
6 In the Function edit field, type J/(kg*degC).
Stainless steel
1 In the Model Builder window, click Stainless steel.
2 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Name
Value
Young's modulus
fE(T)
alpha
fA(T)
Thermal conductivity
fK(T)
Cp
fCp(T)
Material 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Materials and choose Material.
2 Right-click Material 2 and choose Rename.
3 Go to the Rename Material dialog box and type Carbon steel in the New name edit
field.
4 Click OK.
5 Select Domain 2 only.
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Carbon steel
1 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
2 In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Name
Value
Poisson's ratio
nu
0.3
Density
rho
8000
Interpolation 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Materials>Carbon steel right-click Basic
f(t)
20
208
100
202
200
196
300
189
5 Locate the Units section. In the Arguments edit field, type degC.
6 In the Function edit field, type GPa.
Carbon steel
Add thermal expansion as function of temperature for the carbon steel.
Interpolation 2
1 Right-click Basic and choose Functions>Interpolation.
2 In the Interpolation settings window, locate the Definition section.
3 In the Function name edit field, type fA.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
t
f(t)
20
10.9e-6
100
12.4e-6
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f(t)
200
13.8e-6
300
14.9e-6
5 Locate the Units section. In the Arguments edit field, type degC.
6 In the Function edit field, type 1/K.
Carbon steel
Add thermal conductivity as function of temperature for the carbon steel.
Interpolation 3
1 Right-click Basic and choose Functions>Interpolation.
2 In the Interpolation settings window, locate the Definition section.
3 In the Function name edit field, type fK.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
t
f(t)
20
51.2
100
48.3
200
45.5
300
42.7
5 Locate the Units section. In the Arguments edit field, type degC.
6 In the Function edit field, type W/(m*degC).
Carbon steel
Add heat capacity as function of temperature for the carbon steel.
Interpolation 4
1 Right-click Basic and choose Functions>Interpolation.
2 In the Interpolation settings window, locate the Definition section.
3 In the Function name edit field, type fCp.
4 In the table, enter the following settings:
t
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f(t)
20
489
100
519
200
546
300
569
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5 Locate the Units section. In the Arguments edit field, type degC.
6 In the Function edit field, type J/(kg*degC).
Carbon steel
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Materials click Carbon steel.
2 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Name
Value
Young's modulus
fE(T)
alpha
fA(T)
Thermal conductivity
fK(T)
Cp
fCp(T)
DEFINITIONS
Add the time history for the temperature of the water in the pipe.
Step 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Definitions and choose
Functions>Step.
2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Definitions node, then click Step 1.
3 In the Step settings window, locate the Function Name section.
4 In the Function name edit field, type pipeWaterTemp.
5 Locate the Parameters section. In the Location edit field, type 1.
6 In the From edit field, type 280.
7 In the To edit field, type 20.
Add the time history for the temperature of the water in the pressure vessel.
Interpolation 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Definitions and choose
Functions>Interpolation.
2 In the Interpolation settings window, locate the Definition section.
3 In the Function name edit field, type vesselWaterTemp.
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f(t)
280
1800
20
Add an operator for capturing the x-displacement in a point at the pipe end.
Integration 1
1 Right-click Definitions and choose Model Couplings>Integration.
2 In the Integration settings window, locate the Source Selection section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Point.
4 Select Point 19 only.
Add an operator for capturing the z-displacement in a point at the cut in the pressure
vessel.
Integration 2
1 Right-click Definitions and choose Model Couplings>Integration.
2 In the Integration settings window, locate the Source Selection section.
3 From the Geometric entity level list, choose Point.
4 Select Point 12 only.
Variables 1
1 Right-click Definitions and choose Variables.
2 In the Variables settings window, locate the Variables section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
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Name
Expression
edgeX
intop1(u)
edgeZ
intop2(w)
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THERMAL STRESS
Initial Values 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Thermal Stress click Initial Values 1.
2 In the Initial Values settings window, locate the Initial Values section.
3 In the T edit field, type 280[degC].
Symmetry 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Thermal Stress and choose the boundary
Boundary Load 1
1 Right-click Thermal Stress and choose the boundary condition Solid
Mechanics>Boundary Load.
2 Select Boundaries 2 and 10 only.
3 In the Boundary Load settings window, locate the Force section.
4 From the Load type list, choose Pressure.
5 In the p edit field, type internalPressure.
Boundary Load 2
1 Right-click Thermal Stress and choose the boundary condition Solid
Mechanics>Boundary Load.
2 Select Boundaries 4 and 8 only.
3 In the Boundary Load settings window, locate the Force section.
4 In the FA table, enter the following settings:
0
4.76*internalPressure
Heat Flux 1
1 Right-click Thermal Stress and choose the boundary condition Heat Transfer>Heat
Flux.
2 Select Boundaries 9, 14, and 15 only.
3 In the Heat Flux settings window, locate the Heat Flux section.
4 Click the Inward heat flux button.
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Heat Flux 2
1 Right-click Thermal Stress and choose the boundary condition Heat Transfer>Heat
Flux.
2 In the Heat Flux settings window, locate the Heat Flux section.
3 Click the Inward heat flux button.
4 Select Boundary 10 only.
5 In the h edit field, type 100.
6 In the Text edit field, type pipeWaterTemp(t[1/s])[degC].
Heat Flux 3
1 Right-click Thermal Stress and choose the boundary condition Heat Transfer>Heat
Flux.
2 In the Heat Flux settings window, locate the Heat Flux section.
3 Click the Inward heat flux button.
4 Select Boundary 2 only.
5 In the h edit field, type 100.
6 In the Text edit field, type vesselWaterTemp(t).
Make the cuts stay plane under deformation by prescribing the normal displacement
over the entire boundary to be equal to the value in a single point in the boundary.
Prescribed Displacement 1
1 Right-click Thermal Stress and choose the boundary condition Solid
Mechanics>Prescribed Displacement.
2 Select Boundaries 12 and 17 only.
3 In the Prescribed Displacement settings window, locate the Boundary Selection
section.
4 Click Clear Selection.
5 Select Boundaries 16 and 17 only.
6 In the Prescribed Displacement settings window, locate the Prescribed Displacement
section.
7 Select the Prescribed in x direction check box.
8 In the u0 edit field, type edgeX.
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Prescribed Displacement 2
1 Right-click Thermal Stress and choose the boundary condition Solid
Mechanics>Prescribed Displacement.
2 Select Boundaries 4 and 8 only.
3 In the Prescribed Displacement settings window, locate the Prescribed Displacement
section.
4 Select the Prescribed in z direction check box.
5 In the w0 edit field, type edgeZ.
STUDY 1
Solver 1
1 Right-click Study 1 and choose Show Default Solver.
2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Solver 1 node, then click Time-Dependent
Solver 1.
3 In the Time-Dependent Solver settings window, click to expand the Time Stepping
section.
Since plasticity is a path dependent phenomenon, it is important to capture the
development accurately, so you want to limit the time steps.
4 Select the Maximum step check box.
5 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 1 and choose Compute.
RESULTS
Stress (ts)
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>Stress (ts)>Surface 1 node, then
click Deformation.
2 In the Deformation settings window, locate the Scale section.
3 Select the Scale factor check box.
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4 In the associated edit field type 0, then click the Plot button.
Stress (ts) 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Stress (ts) and choose Duplicate.
2 Right-click Stress (ts) 1 and choose Rename.
3 Go to the Rename 3D Plot Group dialog box and type Plastic strain in the New
name edit field.
4 Click OK.
Plastic strain
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>Plastic strain node, then click
Surface 1.
2 In the Surface settings window, click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of
the Expression section. From the menu, choose Thermal Stress>Strain (Gauss
points)>Effective plastic strain, Gauss-point evaluation (ts.epeGp).
3 Click the Plot button.
4 In the Model Builder window, click Plastic strain.
5 In the 3D Plot Group settings window, locate the Data section.
6 From the Time list choose 0, then click the Plot button.
Temperature (ts)
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Temperature (ts) node, then click Surface 1.
2 In the Surface settings window, locate the Expression section.
3 From the Unit list, choose degC.
4 In the Model Builder window, expand the Results>Temperature (ts)>Surface 1 node,
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Model Definition
The geometry is a hollow sphere with inner radius 200 mm and outer radius 500 mm.
The problem has rotational symmetry where the solution depends only on the radial
coordinate. You could therefore select any section having radial cuts as the
computational domain. To follow the original example the sphere is modeled with a
2D axisymmetric 10 sector with symmetry constraint conditions applied on edges of
the sector; see Figure 1.
c = A1 e 1 f2 T
(1)
with A13.010-6 h-1 that accounts for the stress normalization of the effective
stress, e, in MPa, n15.5, and f2Te12500/T, where T defines the
temperature in K
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LOADS
Figure 2: Radial displacement at inner radius (blue) and outer radius (green) with time.
In the following table you can compare the values at time 1010 h with the reference
values:
RADIUS
COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS
REFERENCE (Ref.
200 mm
26.0 mm
26.1 mm
500 mm
4.20 mm
4.22 mm
1)
Initially the mechanical and thermal load have greater influence on the inner boundary
of the sphere and results in larger creep strains. This with time causes relaxation that
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propagates from the inner radius towards the outer radius. This phenomena is visible
in Figure 3 where the von Mises effective stress is shown at 108 h.
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final state the stresses are completely redistributed. The mechanical load is then larger
on the outer exterior than the inner exterior.
Figure 4: Time history of the von Mises effective stress at r = 205 mm (blue), 350 mm
(green), and 495 mm (red).
The following table shows the final values of the von Mises effective stress at t1010 h
and the reference values for comparison:
RADIUS
COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS
REFERENCE (Ref.
205 mm
11.4 MPa
11.5 MPa
350 mm
17.6 MPa
17.6 MPa
495 mm
21.1 MPa
21.1 MPa
1)
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solution for the inner pressure as initial conditions or to first solve a stationary problem
with the inner pressure followed by a time study.
The creep law defined in Equation 1follows Norton law which is accessible in the
Nonlinear Structural Materials Module. In COMSOL Multiphysics it is defined as
e n
c = A ----- e
r
Q
--------RT
(2)
In order to normalize the effective stress in MPa set the reference stress r1 MPa.
In the exponential temperature function R8.314 J/(molK) and therefore the creep
activation energy Q1.039105 J/mol.
Reference
1. D. Linkens, Selected Benchmarks For Material Non-Linearity, Volume 2,
NAFEMS, 1993.
Modeling Instructions
MODEL WIZARD
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DEFINITIONS
Variables 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Definitions and choose
Variables.
2 In the Variables settings window, locate the Variables section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Description
333[K]*(1+0.1[m]/sqrt(R*R+Z*Z))
Prescribed temperature
GEOMETRY 1
Circle 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Geometry 1 and choose Circle.
2 In the Circle settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type 0.5.
4 In the Sector angle edit field, type 10.
5 Click the Build All button.
6 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
Circle 2
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Geometry 1 and choose Circle.
2 In the Circle settings window, locate the Size and Shape section.
3 In the Radius edit field, type 0.2.
4 In the Sector angle edit field, type 10.
5 Click the Build All button.
Difference 1
1 Right-click Geometry 1 and choose Boolean Operations>Difference.
2 Select the object c1 only.
3 In the Difference settings window, locate the Difference section.
4 Under Objects to subtract, click Activate Selection.
5 Select the object c2 only.
6 Click the Build All button.
7 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
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MATERIALS
Material 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Materials and choose Material.
2 In the Material settings window, locate the Material Contents section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Name
Value
Young's modulus
10[GPa]
Poisson's ratio
nu
0.25
Density
rho
1000
SOLID MECHANICS
Creep 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Solid Mechanics right-click Linear Elastic
Material 1 and choose Creep.
2 In the Creep settings window, locate the Model Inputs section.
3 In the T edit field, type T.
4 Locate the Creep Data section. In the A edit field, type 3e-6[1/h].
5 In the n edit field, type 5.5.
6 Select the Include temperature dependency check box.
7 In the Q edit field, type 1.0393e5[J/mol].
Symmetry 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Symmetry.
2 Select Boundaries 1 and 2 only.
Boundary Load 1
1 Right-click Solid Mechanics and choose Boundary Load.
2 Select Boundary 3 only.
3 In the Boundary Load settings window, locate the Coordinate System Selection section.
4 From the Coordinate system list, choose Boundary System 1.
5 Locate the Force section. In the FA table, enter the following settings:
0
t1
-30[MPa]
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section.
8 From the Structural transient behavior list, choose Quasi-static.
MESH 1
In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Mesh 1 and choose Mapped.
Size
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Mesh 1 click Size.
2 In the Size settings window, locate the Element Size section.
3 From the Predefined list, choose Coarse.
4 Click the Build All button.
STUDY 1
Solver 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 1 and choose Show Default Solver.
2 In the Model Builder window, expand the Solver 1 node, then click Time-Dependent
Solver 1.
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3 In the Time-Dependent Solver settings window, click to expand the Time Stepping
section.
4 From the Steps taken by solver list, choose Strict.
5 Click the Compute button.
RESULTS
Stress (solid)
Select the solution at 10^8 hours. Note that the solution time is shown in seconds.
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results click Stress (solid).
2 In the 2D Plot Group settings window, locate the Data section.
3 From the Time list, choose 3.6e11.
4 Click the Plot button.
5 Click the Zoom Extents button on the Graphics toolbar.
6 In the Model Builder window, right-click Results and choose 1D Plot Group.
1D Plot Group 3
1 In the 1D Plot Group settings window, locate the Axis section.
2 Select the x-axis log scale check box.
3 Right-click Results>1D Plot Group 3 and choose Point Graph.
4 Select Points 2 and 4 only.
5 In the Point Graph settings window, click Replace Expression in the upper-right
corner of the y-Axis Data section. From the menu, choose Solid
Mechanics>Displacement>Displacement field (Material)>Displacement field, R
component (u).
6 Locate the y-Axis Data section. From the Unit list, choose mm.
7 Locate the x-Axis Data section. From the Parameter list, choose Expression.
8 Click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of the x-Axis Data section. From
Data Sets
The commands below generate Figure 4.
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1 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click Data Sets and choose Cut Point
2D.
2 In the Cut Point 2D settings window, locate the Point Data section.
3 In the R edit field, type 205[mm] 350[mm] 495[mm].
4 In the Z edit field, type 0.
1D Plot Group 4
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Results and choose 1D Plot Group.
2 In the 1D Plot Group settings window, locate the Data section.
3 From the Data set list, choose Cut Point 2D 1.
4 Locate the Axis section. Select the x-axis log scale check box.
5 Right-click Results>1D Plot Group 4 and choose Point Graph.
6 In the Point Graph settings window, click Replace Expression in the upper-right
corner of the y-Axis Data section. From the menu, choose Solid Mechanics>Stress
(Gauss points)>von Mises stress, Gauss-point evaluation (solid.misesGp).
7 Locate the x-Axis Data section. From the Parameter list, choose Expression.
8 Click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of the x-Axis Data section. From
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1---m
(1)
where p is the inelastic strain rate, A is the pre-exponential factor, Q is the activation
energy, m is the strain rate sensitivity, is the multiplier of stress, R is the Boltzmann
constant, and T is the absolute temperature.
The internal variable s is called deformation resistance, and it obeys the evolution
equation
s a
s
(2)
where
p
Q
s = s ----- exp --------
A
RT
(3)
is the saturation value of s, h0 is the hardening constant, a is the strain rate sensitivity
of hardening, s is the coefficient for deformation resistance saturation, and n is the
strain rate sensitivity of deformation resistance.
Model Definition
The model geometry is shown in Figure 1. It includes two electronic components
(chips) mounted on a circuit board by means of several solder ball joints.
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PROPERTY
VALUE
DESCRIPTION
1.49107 1/s
Pre-exponential factor
QR
10,830 K
0.303
0.0231
a
s
1.34
80.42 MPa
s0
56.33 MPa
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VALUE
DESCRIPTION
11
Multiplier of stress
h0
2640.75 MPa
Hardening constant
T0
313 K
Initial temperature
The structure has initially constant temperature T0313 K. The heat generation
within the chips causes the thermal loading of the structure. The simulation runs 80 s
of such loading. You model it by the constant heat source Q1108 W/m3.
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Figure 3 shows about 2.5% increase in the deformation resistance at the end of the
process.
Figure 3: Hardening.
The elastic and inelastic strains at the same position within the solder are shown in
Figure 4. A clear start of intensive plastic flow appears after about 40 s of the loading.
This is in good agreement with the material behavior and shows the ability of Anand
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model to predict results comparable with the plasticity models based on the yield stress
criteria, which require computations of the yield surfaces.
Figure 4: Viscoplasticity.
In a model with creep or viscoplasticity, you can select to compute also the dissipated
energy, as is shown in this example. This quantity is used in several fatigue evaluation
criteria when dimensioning against thermal fatigue in electronic components. In
Figure 5 the dissipated energy as function of time is shown for the same point as the
graphs above.
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Reference
1. Z.N. Cheng, G.Z. Wang, L. Chen, J. Wilde, and K. Becker, Viscoplastic Anand
Model for Solder Alloys and its Application, Soldering & Surface Mount Technology,
vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 3136, 2000.
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Modeling Instructions
MODEL WIZARD
Parameters
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Global Definitions and choose Parameters.
2 In the Parameters settings window, locate the Parameters section.
3 In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Description
T0
313[K]
Initial temperature
GEOMETRY 1
Import 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Geometry 1 and choose
Import.
2 In the Import settings window, locate the Import section.
3 Click the Browse button.
4 Browse to the models Model Library folder and double-click the file
viscoplastic_solder_joints.mphbin.
Form Union
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Geometry 1 click Form Union.
2 In the Settings window, click Build All.
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DEFINITIONS
Explicit 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Definitions and choose
Selections>Explicit.
2 Select Domain 1 only.
3 Right-click Model 1>Definitions>Explicit 1 and choose Rename.
4 Go to the Rename Explicit dialog box and type FR4 in the New name edit field.
5 Click OK.
Explicit 2
1 Right-click Definitions and choose Selections>Explicit.
2 Select Domain 2 only.
3 Right-click Model 1>Definitions>Explicit 2 and choose Rename.
4 Go to the Rename Explicit dialog box and type Copper in the New name edit field.
5 Click OK.
Explicit 3
1 Right-click Definitions and choose Selections>Explicit.
2 Select Domains 3 and 24 only.
3 Right-click Model 1>Definitions>Explicit 3 and choose Rename.
4 Go to the Rename Explicit dialog box and type Silicon in the New name edit field.
5 Click OK.
Explicit 4
1 Right-click Definitions and choose Selections>Explicit.
2 In the Explicit settings window, locate the Input Entities section.
3 Select the All domains check box.
4 Select Domains 423 and 2540 only.
You can do this by first copying the text 423 and 2540 and then clicking the
Paste Selection button next to the Selection box or clicking in the box and pressing
Ctrl+V.
5 Right-click Model 1>Definitions>Explicit 4 and choose Rename.
6 Go to the Rename Explicit dialog box and type Solder in the New name edit field.
7 Click OK.
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Explicit 5
1 Right-click Definitions and choose Selections>Explicit.
2 In the Explicit settings window, locate the Output Entities section.
3 From the Output entities list, choose Adjacent boundaries.
4 Locate the Input Entities section. Select the All domains check box.
5 Select Domains 423 and 2540 only.
6 Right-click Model 1>Definitions>Explicit 5 and choose Rename.
7 Go to the Rename Explicit dialog box and type Solder_face in the New name edit
field.
8 Click OK.
THERMAL STRESS
section.
3 In the Tref edit field, type T0.
Viscoplasticity 1
1 Right-click Model 1>Thermal Stress>Thermal Linear Elastic Material 1 and choose
Viscoplasticity.
2 In the Viscoplasticity settings window, locate the Domain Selection section.
3 From the Selection list, choose Solder.
4 Locate the Model Inputs section. From the T list, choose Temperature (ts/tle1).
5 Locate the Viscoplasticity Model section. In the A edit field, type 1.49e7.
6 In the Q edit field, type 90046.
7 In the edit field, type 11.
8 In the m edit field, type 0.303.
9 In the s0 edit field, type 80.42[MPa].
10 In the h0 edit field, type 2640.75[MPa].
11 In the a edit field, type 1.34.
12 In the n edit field, type 0.0231.
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Initial Values 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Thermal Stress click Initial Values 1.
2 In the Initial Values settings window, locate the Initial Values section.
3 In the T edit field, type T0.
Roller 1
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Thermal Stress and choose the boundary
Prescribed Displacement 1
1 Right-click Thermal Stress and choose Points>Prescribed Displacement.
2 Select Point 193 only.
3 In the Prescribed Displacement settings window, locate the Prescribed Displacement
section.
4 Select the Prescribed in z direction check box.
Heat Source 1
1 Right-click Thermal Stress and choose the domain setting Heat Transfer>Heat Source.
2 In the Heat Source settings window, locate the Domain Selection section.
3 From the Selection list, choose Silicon.
4 Locate the Heat Source section. In the Q edit field, type 1e8.
Heat Flux 1
1 Right-click Thermal Stress and choose the boundary condition Heat Transfer>Heat
Flux.
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Material Browser
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1 right-click Materials and choose Open
Material Browser.
2 In the Material Browser settings window, In the tree, select Built-In>FR4 (Circuit
Board).
3 Click Add Material to Model.
Material Browser
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Materials and choose Open Material Browser.
2 In the Material Browser settings window, In the tree, select Built-In>Copper.
3 Click Add Material to Model.
Copper
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Materials click Copper.
2 In the Material settings window, locate the Geometric Entity Selection section.
3 From the Selection list, choose Copper.
Material Browser
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Materials and choose Open Material Browser.
2 In the Material Browser settings window, In the tree, select Built-In>Silicon.
3 Click Add Material to Model.
Silicon
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Materials click Silicon.
2 In the Material settings window, locate the Geometric Entity Selection section.
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Material Browser
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Materials and choose Open Material Browser.
2 In the Material Browser settings window, In the tree, select Built-In>Solder,
60Sn-40Pb.
3 Click Add Material to Model.
Solder, 60Sn-40Pb
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Materials click Solder, 60Sn-40Pb.
2 In the Material settings window, locate the Geometric Entity Selection section.
3 From the Selection list, choose Solder.
MESH 1
Size 1
1 In the Model Builder window, under Model 1>Mesh 1 right-click Free Tetrahedral 1
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Solver 1
1 In the Model Builder window, expand the Study 1>Solver Configurations>Solver 1
section.
3 From the Method list, choose Generalized alpha.
4 From the Steps taken by solver list, choose Manual.
5 In the Time step edit field, type 1.
6 In the Amplification for high frequency edit field, type 0.5.
In cases where the time derivatives are not important as results, the file size can be
significantly reduced by not storing these variables.
7 Click to expand the Output section. Clear the Store time-derivatives check box.
Make sure the thermal problem is solved before the mechanical problem.
8 In the Model Builder window, expand the Study 1>Solver Configurations>
Solver 1>Time-Dependent Solver 1>Segregated 1 node.
9 Right-click Segregated Step 1 and choose Move Down.
The creep energy dissipation is not part of problem to be solved, but rather a result
quantify to be computed, so it can be placed in a segregated step of its own.
Changing this is not necessary, but it will reduce the memory requirements
somewhat.
10 In the Segregated Step settings window, locate the General section.
11 In the Variables list, select Creep dissipation density (mod1.ts.Wc).
12 Under Variables, click Delete.
13 In the Model Builder window, under Study 1>Solver Configurations>Solver
1>Time-Dependent Solver 1 right-click Segregated 1 and choose Segregated Step.
14 In the Segregated Step settings window, locate the General section.
15 Under Variables, click Add.
16 Go to the Add dialog box.
17 In the Variables list, select Creep dissipation density (mod1.ts.Wc).
18 Click the OK button.
19 In the Model Builder window, right-click Study 1 and choose Compute.
RESULTS
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1D Plot Group 3
1 Right-click Results and choose 1D Plot Group.
2 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click 1D Plot Group 3 and choose
Point Graph.
3 Select Point 36 only.
4 In the Point Graph settings window, locate the y-Axis Data section.
5 In the Expression edit field, type ts.tle1.vpl1.saGp/ts.tle1.vpl1.sa_initGp.
6 Click to expand the Coloring and Style section. Find the Line style subsection. In the
Width edit field, type 2.
7 In the Model Builder window, click 1D Plot Group 3.
8 In the 1D Plot Group settings window, locate the Plot Settings section.
9 Select the x-axis label check box.
10 In the associated edit field, type Time (s).
11 Select the y-axis label check box.
12 In the associated edit field, type Normalized deformation resistance.
13 Click the Plot button.
1D Plot Group 4
1 In the Model Builder window, right-click Results and choose 1D Plot Group.
2 Right-click 1D Plot Group 4 and choose Point Graph.
3 Select Point 36 only.
4 In the Point Graph settings window, click Replace Expression in the upper-right
corner of the y-Axis Data section. From the menu, choose Thermal Stress (Solid
Mechanics)>Strain>Strain tensor, local coordinate system>Strain tensor, local
coordinate system, 12 component (ts.el12).
5 Locate the Coloring and Style section. Find the Line style subsection. In the Width
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9 In the Model Builder window, under Results>1D Plot Group 4 right-click Point Graph
1 and choose Duplicate.
10 In the Point Graph settings window, click Replace Expression in the upper-right
corner of the y-Axis Data section. From the menu, choose Thermal Stress (Solid
Mechanics)>Strain (Gauss points)>Creep strain tensor, local coordinate system>Creep
strain tensor, local coordinate system, 12 component (ts.ecGp12).
11 Locate the Legends section. In the table, enter the following settings:
Legends
Creep strain
12 Click to expand the Coloring and Style section. Find the Line style subsection. From
1D Plot Group 5
1 In the Model Builder window, under Results right-click 1D Plot Group 3 and choose
Duplicate.
2 In the Model Builder window, expand the 1D Plot Group 5 node, then click Point
Graph 1.
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3 In the Point Graph settings window, click Replace Expression in the upper-right
corner of the y-Axis Data section. From the menu, choose Thermal Stress (Solid
Mechanics)>Energy and power>Creep dissipation density (ts.WcGp).
4 In the Model Builder window, click 1D Plot Group 5.
5 In the 1D Plot Group settings window, locate the Plot Settings section.
6 Clear the y-axis label check box.
7 Click the Plot button.
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