1

DNB PAEDIATRICS
THEORY QUESTION BANK
(UPDATED TILL DECEMBER 2014)
HOW TO INTERPRET THE QUESTIONS:
1. Questions are divided based on Chapters of Nelsons Textbook of Paediatrics
2. Questions contain two numbers at the end. Numbers within bracket indicates the year. For example
(97/1)- 97 means year 1997
1 means June, 2 means December)
Thus (06/1) means June 2006
3. Number at the end of the question(not within bracket) indicates marks

1 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Define Growth, Development, Velocity of growth mean, median, percentiles. Enumerate causes of
retarded growth. Briefly outline a schedule for investigation of such a case (92/2) 25
2. Factors affecting Development of children (92)
15
3. Gessel Developmental Schedule (93/1) 15
4. Discuss the basis for use of Growth Standards. What should be taken as a reasonable approach for India?
(94/2) 25
5. Describe the events of sexual development in relation to physical growth. Name the most important
regulatory factors.
(94) 25
6. Velocity and cross-sectional standards as applied to Human Growth (95/2) 15
7. Sexual Maturity Rating in female adolescents.
(95/2) 15
8. What are the developmental disorders in preschool years? Discuss their management. (97/1) 15
9. Growth Monitoring (98/1) 15
10. Growth Factors (99/1) 15
11. Principles of Growth and Development
(00/1) 15
12. Approach to a child with Delayed Speech (02/1) 15
13. Discuss the causes and approach to a Preschool child with Developmental Regression (02/1) 25
14. Importance of Bone age assessment in children 15
15. SMR (03/2)
16. What is SMR? Discuss the secular trend in Children (05/2)
5+5
17. How would you assess sexual maturity of a female adolescent (06) 10
18. Factors affecting Adolescent health and development (06) 10

19. Write the height velocity curves of girls and boys from birth to adolescence, describe the principles and
factors governing the growth and development in children (06)
10
20. Bone age assessment and its usefulness (07/2) 10
21. Growth and development in second year of life in children (07/1) 10
22. Outline the basic principles of sleep hygiene for children and adolescents (09/1) 10 (12/1) 5+5 (13/1) 5
23. Describe: (09/2) 5+5
a) Factors affecting child development
b) Developmental screening tests available and suitable for use in Indian children.
25. Developmental milestones in first two years of life. (10/1) 10
26. Outline the fine motor milestones along with their normal age of achievement in sequence attained
between birth and 5 years of age. (10/2) 10
27. Discuss the evolution and characteristics of WHO growth charts. Discuss their implications on the
magnitude of malnutrition in Indian setting. (11/1)
3+4+3
28. Enumerate the available methods and indications for determination of bone age in children and
adolescents. Outline the differential diagnosis of a child with short stature on the basis of bone age.
(11/1)
3+3+4
29. Describe Tanners Sexual Maturity Rating (pubertal staging) in boys based on a) Genitalia and b)
Pubic hair development. (11/2) 5+5
30. Describe in detail the physical growth and development in all domains from birth till completion of
first year. (11/2) 5+5
31. What is developmental delay? Describe different tools used for screening of developmental delay.
(11/2) 3+7
32. Define growth velocity. Draw a typical height velocity curve from birth to puberty for boys and girls.
Discuss the utility of determining growth velocity. (12/1) 2+4+4 Read up the newer growth standards
by WHO (released upto 5years; percentiles and 2 scores; for ht/age, wt/age, BMI, wt/ht, motor
milestones)
33. What is developmental screening? Enumerate common developmental screening test. What issues
they identify in a child? (12/1) 2+4+4
34. Define developmental delay and developmental dissociation. Outline the screening and definitive tests for
diagnosis of developmental delay. (13/1) 5+5
35. What is global developmental delay? What are the common causes of global developmental delay? Discuss
the algorithmic approach to evaluate a child with global developmental delay. (13/2) 2+3+5

2 PSYCHOLOGIC DISORDERS
PSYCHOSOMATIC ILLNESS
1. Management of Conversion reactions

(98/1)

15

VEGETATIVE DISORDER
1. Sleep Disorders in children
(99/2)
10
2. Encopresis
(99/2)
15
3. What is Vegetative Disorder (05) 5
4. What is vegetative disorder? Discuss management of a child with injuries (05) 5+5
5. Rumination (06/1) 5

6. Pica (07/1)
5
HABIT DISORDER
1. Habit Disorders in children
MOOD DISORDER
1. Childhood Depression

(06)

(07/1)

10

10

DISRUPTIVE BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS

1. Common Behavioural problems in children (97/2)

15

PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER AND CHILDHOOD PSYCHOSIS

1. Autism (03/2)
15
2. Define autism. Outline its aetiology. Outline the clinical markers of autism and its prognosis. (04/2)
2+3+3+2
3. Discuss the management of a child with schizophrenia (04/2) 5
4. Autistic spectrum disorder (07/2) 10
5. Autistic Disorder (07/1) 10
6. Aetiology, clinical manifestations and treatment of Autistic Disorder (06/1) 10
7. Discuss the management of a child with Schizophrenia (05) 5
8. Describe the aetiology, clinical manifestations and management of autistic spectrum disorders in
children. (09/2) 2+3+5
9. Discuss briefly the diagnostic features and management of Pervasive Developmental Disorders/
autistic spectrum disorders. (11/2) 4+6
10. Enumerate various pervasive developmental disorders and autism spectrum disorders. Outline one
core feature of each of them. (12/1) 5+5
11. What are Autistic Spectrum Disorders? Discuss the differential diagnosis and management of a child
with autism. (14/1) 3+(3+4)
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DYSFUNCTION IN THE SCHOOL AGED CHILD
1. Attention Deficit Disorders (97/1) (95/2) (00/1)
15
2. ADHD (03/1) 15
3. Describe clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of ADHD (06) 10
4. Define dyslexia. Briefly discuss its management.(14/2) 5

3 SOCIAL ISSUES, CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL HEALTH NEEDS

FAILURE TO THRIVE
1. Causes of Failure to Thrive in infancy (96/2)
15
2. Approach to a child with Failure To Thrive (96/1)
14
3. Define failure to thrive. Outline a diagnostic approach for a child with failure to thrive. (04/2)

2+8

4. Non organic failure to thrive (07/1) 10

5. Define failure to thrive. Give its aetiology, classification, clinical features and management. (09/2)
1+2+2+2+3
6. Define failure to thrive and tabulate its causes. Outline the approach to manage a child with failure to
thrive. (10/2) 2+3+5
ADOPTION
1. Role of Paediatrician in Adoption of a child (95/1) (13/1) 10 5
2. Adoption (03/2)
CHILD ABUSE
1. Define child abuse. List the aetiology of child abuse in India. Outline strategies for prevention. (04/2)
2. Discuss Child maltreatment. What are the factors related with child abuse
(05) 5+5
3. Define Child Abuse. Describe clinical manifestations of Child Abuse. Discuss some useful
investigations in a suspected case of Child Abuse (06) 10
4. Management of the sex abused child (95/2) 15
5. Define child abuse. Describe in brief the factors responsible for child abuse. Outline management of a
child who is suspected of being abused. (11/1)
2+3+5
6. Define child abuse and neglect. Discuss various clinical manifestations, diagnostic work up and
management of physical abuse. (11/2) 2+3+2+3
7. Write short notes on : (09/2) 5+5
a. Female infanticide (14/2) 5
b. Karyotyping (14/2) 5
8. Short note : Child Abuse (14/2) 5
MENTAL RETARDATION / INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
1. Various physical features that are likely to be associated with specific syndromes of mental retardation
(95/2) 10
2. Preventable and treatable causes of Mental retardation (96/2) 10
3. Enumerate the causes of mental retardation in children. Give an outline of management of a child with
mental retardation. (10/1) 4+6
4. Enumerate the criteria for diagnosis of mental retardation (MR). Classify MR and describe its
evaluation.(14/1)
2+(2+6)

4 NUTRITION
PEM
1. Discuss the influences of malnutrition on mental functions in relation to its onset, severity and type of
functional losses with supportive advances (93/1) 25
2. Prevention of hypocalcaemia in PEM (93/1) 15
3. Biochemical changes in PEM (96/2)
10

4.
5.
6.
7.

Immunological changes that take place in PEM (98/2) 10

Age independent Anthropometric criteria for assessment of PEM (06) 5
Management of a 4 year old child with grade 4 PEM (07/2) 10
Outline the initial management ( in first 48 hours) of a 2 year old severely malnourished child (weight
5.5kg) who is cold to touch and has oedema and poor peripheral pulses. (08/1) 10
8. Discuss biochemical and metabolic derangements in a child with severe malnutrition. Discuss factors
associated with high mortality in severe PEM. (08/2) 10
9. Outline the 10 steps of management of severe malnutrition, as per WHO guidelines, in appropriate
sequence. (10/2) 10
10. Define Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM). Outline the tools for its diagnosis in the community and
discuss their merits/ demerits. (12/1) 2+4+4
11. Enlist the clinical and anthropometric criteria for diagnosis of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM).
Discuss the principles of management of SAM in an 18 months old baby who also has watery
diarrhoea. (13/1) 3+7
12. What are the different growth charts? Discuss the WHO growth chart. What is SAM (Severe Acute
Malnutrition)? How do you manage a child with SAM?(14/1) 2+2+2+4
VIT A
1. Hazards and virtues of Vitamin A in paediatric practice (96/2) 10
2. Vitamin A supplementation (07/1) 5
3. Enumerate functions of vitamin A in human body. Tabulate the WHO classification of vitamin A
deficiency. Outline the treatment schedule for managing Xerophthalmia in children. (10/2) 2+3+5
4. Describe the role of Vitamin A in health and disease. Enumerate clinical manifestations of Vitamin A
deficiency and its treatment. (12/2) 4+(3+3)
5. Describe WHO classification of eye manifestations of vitamin A deficiency. Discuss prevention and
management of vitamin A deficiency in children.(14/2) 4 +6
VIT B
1. Discuss the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management of cobalamine deficiency.
(12/1) 2+3+1+4
VIT D
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Clinical manifestations of Rickets (93/2)

10
Vitamin D Resistant Rickets (96/2) 12
Renal Rickets (97/2) 15
Functions of vitamin D (98/2)
10
Resistant Rickets
15
Outline the metabolism and function of Vitamin D in human body. Describe in detail the aetiology and
pathological changes in rickets (99/2)
25
7. What are the causes of non-nutritional rickets. How will you manage such a child?
(04/2)
3+7
8. Classify the various causes of rickets and outline how to differentiate them (05) 5+5
9. Diagnostic approach to a child with resistant rickets (06) 10
10. Resistant Rickets (06/1) 10
11. Discuss calcium and vitamin D metabolism. Outline an approach to a case of Resistant Rickets (07/1)
10

12. Discuss the pathophysiological basis of clinical and radiological manifestations of nutritional rickets.
(09/1) 10
13. Describe vitamin D metabolism. Describe diagnostic approach to a 3 year old child with rickets who has
shown no response to treatment with 6 lac I.U. of vitamin D. (09/2) 4+6
14. Outline the clinical features, radiological changes, diagnosis and treatment of nutritional vitamin D
deficiency rickets (10/2) 2+2+2+4
15. Write in brief the role of vitamin D in health and disease in children. Outline the management of
Vitamin D deficiency disorder. (12/1) 6+4
VIT C
1. Scurvy- radiological changes. How are they produced? What is the role of Blood Level of Vit C in the
diagnosis? (05) 10
VIT E
1. Vitamin E and its role in human nutrition (92/2)
15
2. Enumerate the functions and therapeutic uses of Vit E (98/1)
VITAMINS
1. Hypervitaminosis in Children (96/1)

15

12

COPPER
1. What are the dietary sources of copper? What are the diseases associated with abnormal copper
metabolism? Describe investigations, clinical features and treatment of any one of them. (09/2) 1+2+7
ZINC
1.
2.
3.
4.

Relevance of Zinc in human nutrition (92)

15
Role of Zinc in health and diseases of children (97/1)
10
Effects of Zinc supplementation in persistent diarrhoea (98/2) 10
Give dietary requirements of Zinc in children and discuss its role in childhood immunity and infections
(07/1) 10
5. Write short notes on: Zinc supplementation when and how? (11/2) 5

MAGNESIUM
1. Sources, deficiency state and uses of magnesium in children. (10/1) 3+3+4
2. Short note: Magnesium in therapy.(14/1) 3
MILK
1. Anti-infective properties of Human milk
(95/2)
10
2. Differences in the composition of Milk secreted by mothers delivering Term and Preterm babies (96/2)
10
3. Bioactive factors in Human Milk (98/1)
15
4. Discuss the physiology of Breast Milk secretion and advantages of breast feeding with special reference
to metabolic aspects. What are the causes of lactation failure?
(99/1)
25
5. Enlist the problems of breastfeeding and outline the management of the same(05) 4+6
6. Explain the occurrence of low prevalence of Hypoglycemia and iron deficiency anemia in breast fed
infants
(05)
10

7. How would you assess the adequacy of breast milk for a 2 months old baby. Enumerate 4 features of
good attachment of a baby to the breast. What can be the problems with poor attachment
(06) 10
8. Compare the composition of human milk with cows milk. Outline the difference in the milk
composition of a mother with a premature neonate from that of a term neonate. Describe the
immunological factors present in human milk. (08/2) 10
IODINE
1. Prevention of Iodine deficiency

(95/1)

FLUORINE
1. Prevention of Fluoride toxicity (95/1)

15
15

OBESITY
1. Approach to a child with obesity (99/1) 15
2. Define obesity in childhood. List the causes of obesity in children. Outline strategies for its prevention.
(04/2) 2+3+5
3. What is Obesity? Discuss the management in children (05) 3+7
4. Approach to a child with Obesity (06/1) (07/2) 10
5. Outline the diagnostic measures and clinical manifestations of obesity. Enlist the differential diagnosis
of childhood obesity. (09/2) 2+3+5
6. Define syndrome X. Outline the diagnostic criteria and laboratory work up for obese children. (10/1)
2+3+5
7. Define obesity. List causes of obesity. Discuss approach to a child with obesity. (11/1)
2+3+5
8. A 2 year old toddler presents with a weight of 25 kg. Discuss the possible causes, evaluation and
treatment for this child.(14/1) 3+4+3
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Metabolism of fat absorption along with role of MCT in nutrition (03/1) 15
2. What is Complimentary Feeding? Discuss the feeding problems in first year of life (05) 5+5
3. How would you assess the nutritional status of a child whose age is not known (05)
10
4. Describe the attributes of complementary feeding. What is the safe age of introduction of
complementary feeding in your opinion Justify. Describe some foods appropriate for complimentary
feeding. (08/2) 10
5. Daily nutritional requirements as recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) in infants and children. (10/1)
5+5
6. Define complimentary feeding. Outline the attributes of complimentary foods. Enumerate the
recommendations on complimentary feeding, as per the National guidelines on Infant and Young Child
Feeding (IYCF) (10/2) 2+2+6
7. Name the micronutrients required for various body functions. Discuss briefly their dietary sources and
the effects of deficiency of mineral micronutrients (trace elements). (11/2) 3+2+5
8. Outline the nutritional support of a critically ill child. List the complications during management of such
a child. (12/1) 7+3
9. Brief notes: Trophic feeding (13/1) 5
10. Short note: Enteral feeding in a sick child (14/1) 4

5 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF BODY FLUIDS AND FLUID THERAPY ACUTELY ILL

CHILD
SHOCK
1. Management of Cardiogenic shock (96/1)
12
2. Discuss the classification and causes of shock in children (97/1)
15
3. Discuss the management of an infant with Shock (00/1) 25
4. Define Shock. Describe the pathophysiology and management of septic shock in children (94/2) 25
(04/2) 5+5
5. Shock-pathogenesis of different types and pathological changes in different organs (03/1) 25
6. How do you classify Shock in children? Write its aetiopathogenesis and management (06) 10
7. Discuss the pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock. How are the various haemodynamic parameters
affected in cardiogenic shock? Discuss steps in monitoring and treatment of cardiogenic shock. (08/2)
10
8. Define fluid refractory shock. Describe the management strategy for a 2 year old child with fluid
refractory shock. (10/1) 3+7
9. Define septic shock. Describe the aetiopathogenesis and clinical features in a 15 month old child
presenting with septic shock. (11/2) 2+4+4
10. Discuss the pathophysiology of Septic shock. Describe the International consensus definition for
paediatric sepsis.(13/1) 5+5
11. Define SIRS, sepsis, severe sepsis and septic shock. Discuss the management of septic shock. (13/2)
1+1+1+1+6
12. Aetiology and Management of Cardiogenic shock. (14/2) 3+7
POTASSIUM
1. List the causes of Hypokalemia. Discuss the clinical features, laboratory diagnosis and management of
Hypokalemia (06) 10
2. Define hypokalemia. Enlist its causes and outline clinical features and its treatment (09/2) 1+3+2+4
3. Discuss the diagnostic algorithm for investigating persistent hypokalaemia in a child. (13/2) 10
4. Define hyperkalaemia. Discuss the management of hyerkalaemia.(14/2) 2+8
SODIUM
1. List the causes of Hyponatremia. Discuss the clinical features, lab diagnosis
and management of Hyponatremia (05)
3+4+3
2. Enumerate common causes of Hyponatremia (06) 5
3. Define hypernatremia. Describe the pathophysiological changes and steps of management of
hypernatremia. (10/1) 2+4+4
4. Define hyponatremia. Enumerate the aetiology of hyponatremia. Describe the management of
hypovolemic hyponatremia. (10/2) 2+3+5
5. Define hypernatremia. Enumerate the aetiology of hypernatremia. Describe the management of
hypernatremic dehydration. (11/1)
3+4+3
6. Causes and management of hypernatremia in children. (13/2) 5

ACID-BASE BALANCE
1. Define pH and base excess. Discuss briefly regulation of Acid-base homeostasis and management of
Respiratory Acidosis (93/1) 15
2. Physiological compensatory mechanisms during Metabolic Acidosis (97/1) 15
3. Describe briefly how the acid-base balance of body is maintained in health (98/1)
25
4. Anion Gap (98/2) (00/1) 10
5. Pathophysiology of Acid-base disorders (03/1) 15
6. Anion Gap (03/2) 15
7. Define anion gap and its utility. Outline the major causes of metabolic acidosis in children. Outline the
treatment of renal tubular acidosis. (04/2)
2+4+4
8. Outline the normal mechanism of acid-base regulation in children. What is anion-gap? Describe the
causes and management of a child with metabolic acidosis
(07/2) 10
9. Classify and list the causes of metabolic alkalosis. Describe the pathophysiology, clinical features and
treatment. (08/2) 10
10. Classify metabolic acidosis based on anion gap. Mention the various causes of lactic acidosis. Describe
the approach to diagnosis of inborn error of metabolism in an infant. (08/2) 10
11. Classify and enlist the causes of metabolic alkalosis. Outline the treatment modalities. (10/1)
3+3+4
12. Define anion gap. Enlist causes of increased anion gap acidosis and discuss its management in brief.
(11/1)
2+3+5
DEHYDRATION
1. Why children are more vulnerable to develop dehydration? (96/2) 10
2. One year old infant with AGE develops Abdominal Distension. Discuss the differential diagnosis
(97/1)
10
3. Pathogenesis and Management of Hypernatremic Dehydration (97/2) 15
4. Management of Acute Diarrhoea in children (98/1) 15
5. Management of Hypernatremic Dehydration (02/1) 15
6. Hypernatremic Dehydration (03/1) 15
7. Hyponatremic Dehydration (03/2) 15
8. Steps in management of patient with Hypernatremic Dehydration (06) 10
9. A one year old infant weighing 5.5kg presents with Acute Dysentery and severe dehydration. Discuss its
complete management (06/1)
10
10. Pathophysiology of regulation of Plasma Osmolality (06) 10
11. A one year old baby weighing 5.5kg comes in severe dehydration. Discuss complete management
(07/2)
10
12. Discuss causes, predisposing factors and pathophysiology of Hypernatremic dehydration in young
children (07/1) 10
13. Describe the pathophysiology of hyponatremic dehydration. Briefly discuss the management of a child
with serum sodium of 110 meq/liter presenting with moderate dehydration and seizures. (08/2) 10
14. Define osmolarity. Discuss the mechanism of regulation of plasma osmolarity in the human body.(14/2)
2+8

10

6 ACUTELY ILL CHILD

DROWNING
1. Near drowning in children (06) 10
2. An 18 month old child was brought to you after he fell upside down in a tub filled with water. Briefly
describe the possible injuries and preventive strategies to avoid similar situation in future. (08/1) 10
3. Describe the pathogenetic mechanism of injury in near drowning. Discuss the steps of initial
resuscitation and subsequent hospital management. (08/2) 10
4. Discuss the pathophysiology of submersion injury. A 4 year old boy was rescued 10 min back from a
pond and rushed to the hospital emergency. Mention the basic principles of management. (12/1) 5+5
PAIN
1. Pain management in infants and children
(98/1) 15
2. Pathogenesis and management of pain in children (06) 10
3. Enumerate various sedatives and analgesics recommended for children undergoing painful procedures.
Describe their main action, indication in paediatric practice and important side effects in a tabular
format. (08/1) 10
4. Write short notes: (12/1) 5+5
a)Non-pharmacological methods in pain management.
b) Drug therapy in neonatal pain management.
BURN
1. How is the degree of Burns classified? Write the initial fluid therapy for a one year old child weighing
10 kg with 20% 2ND degree burns (06) 10
2. Provide classification of burns injury. Describe the clinical manifestation of electrical burns. Outline
emergency management of a child with 20% burns. (11/2) 2+3+5
COLD INJURIES
1. Cold Injury

(07/1)

10

BRAIN DEATH
1. Brain Death
(98/1) (99/2) 15
2. Define Brain Death. Write age specific criteria for Brain Death in children. (11/2)

2+8

P.A.L.S.
1. Draw an algorithm for managing pulseless ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. (08/1) 10
2. How will you assess that a 10 year old child who has fallen unconscious in front of you required basic life
support. What are the steps for basic life support to such a child (as per American Heart Association
Guidelines for CPR) (09/1) 3+7
3. What is Rapid Sequence Intubation (RSI)? Outline the steps involved. Discuss the indications and
advantages of RSI.(14/2)
2+5+3
MECHANICAL VENTILATION

11

1. Describe the various pressures which are used or varied during mechanical ventilation. What is Cycling
and Control in mechanical ventilator? Describe the differences in pressure controlled and volume controlled
ventilation. Illustrate with suitable indication use of these forms of ventilation. (08/2) 10

7 GENETICS
1. Early stimulation in Down syndrome (92/2) 15
2. Genetic counseling of a case of Down Syndrome (99/1) 15
3. Briefly discuss the principles of genetic counseling. Outline the counseling of a family with a child with
Downs syndrome. (04/2)
5+5
4. Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome and Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 15
5. Gene Therapy in Children (06/1) 10
6. Gene therapy (07/1) 5
7. Enumerate and describe the structural abnormalities of autosomes. Illustrate with suitable examples.
(08/1) 10
8. What are trisomies? What are predisposing factors? Discuss clinical features of 3 common trisomies
seen in clinical practice? (08/1) 10
9. Describe the symbols used in pedigree chart. Draw pedigree charts over 4 generations depicting a) X
linked dominant disease b) X linked recessive disease.
10. A couple has a child with Down Syndrome. Outline the principles of genetic counseling and antenatal
management for the subsequent pregnancy.(09/1)10
11. Write a short note: Karyotyping (09/2) 5
12. What are mutations? Describe their consequences. (10/1) 5+5
13. Discuss the genotypic and phenotypic features of Turners syndrome (11/1) 4+6
14. What are mitochondrial genes? How are they transmitted? Briefly discuss diseases transmitted by them?
(11/2) 2+2+6
15. Define and explain the mechanisms of following chromosomal anomalies:
a) Inversion
b) Isochromosome
c) Anaphase lag
d) Mosaicism
e) Genomic Imprinting
(12/2)
2x5
16. Enumerate classic and non-classic forms of genetic inheritance. Discuss in brief the characteristics of
autosomal recessive inheritance. Illustrate with a pedigree chart. (13/1) 5+3+2

8 METABOLIC DISEASES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Homocysteinuria (94/2) 15
Screening tests for Inborn Errors Of Metabolism (96/2) 10
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (96/1)
12
Discuss the diet plan in various metabolic disorders (99/1) 15
Write briefly about glucose metabolism in body. Describe briefly glycogen storage disorders.
4+6

(04/2)

12

6. Laboratory Screening tests for metabolic Disorders (06/1) 10

7. Provide a diagrammatic representation of urea cycle. Indicate and name related disorders of urea cycle
metabolism at each step. (08/1) 10
8. Discuss the enzymes replacement therapy and substrate reduction strategies in management of metabolic
disease. (08/2) 10
9. Enlist the inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) with their associated peculiar odor. Provide the
investigative approach for an infant with suspected IEM. Describe the treatment of phenylketonuria.
(09/2) 4+4+2
10. Define hypoglycemia. Describe clinical features and management of hypoglycemia in newborn and
children. (11/2) 1+4+5

9 NEONATOLOGY
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
1. Pathophysiology of RDS of newborn (94) 15
2. Tests for pulmonary maturity and surfactant therapy for RDS (94/2) 15
3. Describe in brief PPHN (or PFC) with regard to Pathology, pathophysiology, Diagnosis and
management (94/2) 25
4. BPD (97/1) 15
5. Meconium Aspiration Syndrome(97/2) 15
6. Surfactant therapy (98/2) 10
7. Discuss RDS with special reference to surfactant therapy (98/2) 15
8. Surfactant therapy for HMD
15
9. Discuss the pathogenesis and management of MAS (00/1) 25
10. Describe the surgical causes of Respiratory difficulty in newborn (02/1) 25
11. HMD- pathophysiology and management (03/1) 25
12. List the causes of respiratory distress in preterms. Outline the principles of surfactant therapy in
preterms. Outline the manifestations of oxygen therapy in newborns. (04/2) 2+4+4
13. What is the aetiopathogenesis of PPHN of Newborn. Outline the diagnosis and management (05)
3+3+4
14. What is the sequence of events leading to the first breath after delivery? What is the significance of
establishment of Functional Residual Capacity? (06) 10
15. Aetiology, pathogenesis and management of a neonate with RDS (06/1) 10
16. PPHN (06/1) 10
17. Briefly discuss normal foetal development of Surfactant. List the uses of Surfactant in newborn (07/2)
10
18. Discuss the diagnosis and management of PPHN (07/2)
19. Enumerate causes of persistent pulmonary hypertension in neonates and discuss its pathophysiology.
(08/1) 10

13

20. Discuss the approach to diagnosis of Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of Newborn (PPHN). Outline
the available modalities of management, highlighting their key features in a tabular format. (10/2) 4+6
21. Discuss the pathophysiology of hyaline membrane disease in premature newborns. (10/2)
10
22. Describe the pathophysiology of hyaline membrane disease (HMD) in newborns. Outline important
available strategies to prevent HMD. (11/1) 5+5
23. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis and management of persistent pulmonary hypertension in a
newborn. (12/2) 2+2+6
24. Outline and discuss the strategies to prevent lung injury and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a preterm
baby. (13/1) 10
25. Enumerate the factors associated with prematurity and low birth weight. Discuss the potential pathways
by which infection plays a role in premature delivery. (13/1) 4+6
26. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management of a two months old child
with chronic lung disease.(14/1)
2+2+2+4
27. Write short notes on: INSURE therapy in neonates(14/1) 5
28. Aetiology and Management of PPHN. (14/2) 3+7
SURGICAL
1. Enumerate congenital anomalies presenting as severe respiratory distress in a newborn. Describe the
pre-operative and post-operative care of a neonate with tracheo oesophageal fistula. (10/1) 4+3+3
2. Enumerate causes of persistent vomiting in a 4 week old child. Describe clinical features and
management of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. (12/1) 3+3+4
3. Describe the development of the midgut. Enumerate the causes for bilious vomiting in a two week
neonate and discuss its management.(14/1)
3+(2+5)
RESUCITATION
1. Steps in Neonatal Resuscitation
15
2. Care of newborn in the delivery room.
3. How do you assign APGAR score to a neonate. In which 5 conditions will you get a low score without
associated hypoxia? What are fallacies of APGAR score. (06)
10
4. A term baby is apnoeic. What information of the perinatal events you would like to know? What are the
initial steps of management in the labour room? What are the possible complications in the next 48
hours? (08/2) 10
5. Describe the changes taking place in circulation at birth and their implications in neonatal resuscitation.
(09/1) 5+5
6. Enumerate the newer recommendations of neonatal resuscitation by American Academy of Paediatrics
2010 guidelines. Comment on the level of evidence for each of the changes. (12/1) 6+4
7. Discuss the recent changes in guidelines for resuscitation of new born and older children with the
rationale for the changes. (13/1) 10

BIRTH ASPHYXIA
1. HIE (93/1) (92/2) 15
2. Prognosis of Birth Asphyxia. (93/1) 10
3. HIE in newborn (95/1) 10
4. Discuss the etiopathology and management of birth asphyxia . (96/2)

25

14

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

HIE (97/2) 15
Clinical and laboratory correlates of neuromotor outcome in Birth Asphyxia (97/1) 10
Discuss briefly pathophysiology and recent modalities of management of HIE (99/2) 25
Perinatal asphyxia- clinical features and management (02/1) 15
What are the aetiological causes of Foetal Hypoxia? Write pathophysiology of Foetal Hypoxia. Describe
stages of HIE (06) 10
10. Pathophysiology of Hypoxic Brain injury in neonate. (06/1) 10
11. Discuss the pathophysiology of hypoxic Ischaemic Encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates. (09/1) 10
12. Define hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy in neonate. Outline newer modalities in its management.
(
12/2)
(2+8)
13. Discuss aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and management of Hypoxic-Ischaemic
Encephalopathy. (13/2) 2+2+2+4
NEONATAL SEIZURES
1. Aetiopathogenesis of neonatal seizures (02/1) 15
2. Management of Resistant Neonatal Seizure (03/2) 15
3. Classify neonatal seizures. Outline their aetiology and provide a brief clinical description. Provide
general principles of management of a seizure in neonate. (12/1) 2+2+3+3
IVH
1. IVH (03/1)
15
2. Outline the risk factors, pathophysiology and principles of management of intraventricular haemorrhage
in preterm neonates. (10/2) 3+3+4
3. Discuss the pathogenesis of intracranial haemorrhage in newborn infants. Outline the possible promoters
and protectors for occurrence of subsequent white matter disease. (12/1) 6+2+2
PAIN
1. Discuss the impact of pain on a preterm neonate. Identify common procedures
associated with pain in a newborn. Describe the strategies for pain
management in a newborn. (08/2) 10
2. Write short notes: (12/1) 5+5
a) Non-pharmacological methods in pain management.
b) Drug therapy in neonatal pain management.
NEONATAL HYPOGLYCEMIA
1. Management of neonatal hypoglycemia (98/2) (92/2) 10
2. Define Hypoglycemia in newborn. List its causes. Describe stepwise treatment if hypoglycemia in a
newborn (06) 10
3. Define hypoglycaemia in a newborn. Enlist the aetiology and outline the management of hypoglycaemia
(12/2) 2+(3+5)
TEMPERATURE
1. Thermoregulation peculiarities in newborn (94/2)

15

15

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Hypothermia in the newborn (97/1)

15
Thermal regulation in newborn (98/2) 10
Prevention of Hypothermia in the newborn (98/2) 15
Physiological and biochemical consequences of Hypothermia in Neonates. (99/1) 15
Thermal balance in Neonates (03/2) 15
Discuss management of Neonatal Hypothermia (06) 5
Write the components, pre-requisites and benefits of Kangaroo Mother care. (08/2) 10 , (11/2) 5+2+3
Discuss the principles of care of the skin in neonates. Outline the role of touch and massage therapy in
newborn infants. (10/2) 4+3+3
10. Describe the advantages and methods of giving Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC). Enlist metabolic
consequences of hypothermia.(13/1) 4+4+2
ANTENATAL DIAGNOSIS
1. Amniocentesis in prenatal diagnosis (92) 15
2. Intrauterine Diagnosis (93/2) 10
3. Discuss the methods of detection of congenital malformations in the fetus and their prevention
(95/1) 25
4. Antenatal Diagnosis (98/2) 10
5. Methods to diagnose foetal disorder. Foetal medical therapy (05) 5+5
6. List various methods for Foetal diagnosis and assessment along with indications (06) 5
7. Prenatal Diagnosis and Foetal therapy (06/1) 10
8. Medical management of Foetal Problems (07/2) 10
9. Treatment and prevention of foetal diseases (07/1) 10
10. What are the methods of diagnosis of foetal disorders? Describe the foetal medical and surgical
therapeutic options for various foetal disorders. (09/2) 10
11. Outline the methods of assessing foetal well-being with their clinical indications. (13/2) 10
12. Short notes : Antenatal screening for Down Syndrome (13/1) 5
FETUS
1. Describe in detail tests for antepartum and intrapartum monitoring of foetal distress (06) 5
2. Foetal monitoring (06) 10
3. Discuss the complications in the fetus and newborn of a mother with diabetes during pregnancy. (08/1)
10
RENAL
1. Kidney functions in neonate (98/2) (99/2) 10
2. Non excretory functions of the kidney.
3. Discuss briefly pathogenesis of congenital hydronephrosis and its management.
4. Define oliguria in a 2 day old newborn. Enumerate the causes of oliguria and outline its management.
(12/2) 2+(2+6)
INFECTIONS
1. Antibiotic treatment of Neonatal Meningitis (93/2)
10
2. Early diagnosis of Neonatal Septicemia (94/2) 15
3. Infants of HBV seropositive mothers (95/1) 15
4. Rapid diagnostic tests in a suspected case of Neonatal Septicemia

(95/2)

10

16

5. Congenital toxoplasmosis (97/2) 15

6. Infection control in neonatal intensive care (98/2) 10
7. Newer modalities in the management of neonatal sepsis (99/2) 15
8. Screening tests for neonatal sepsis 15
9. Prevention of Mother to Child transmission of Hep B 15
10. Sepsis Screen in neonates (06/1) 10
11. Candidiasis in Neonates (06) 10
12. Adjuvant therapy in Neonatal sepsis (06) 10
13. Differential Diagnosis of Neonatal sepsis (07/1) 10
15. Discuss various adjunct therapies in neonatal sepsis. (08/1) 10
16. Discuss the risk factors for vertical transmission of HIV infection and methods to prevent parent to
child transmission of HIV. (09/1) 4+6
17. Discuss the predisposing factors, causative agents, methods of diagnosis and treatment of neonatal
osteomyelitis. (09/1) 4+6
18. A 3 day old home delivered boy (Weight 1450g, Gestation 36 wk) is brought to you with abnormal body
movements and not accepting feeds. The child is cold to touch and capillary filling time is 5 sec. outline
the immediate, short term and long term management of this child. (09/1) 4+6
19. Enumerate the clinical features that indicate presence of a possible intra -uterine infection in a
neonate. Describe the interpretation of TORCH screen. (09/2) 6+4
20. Clinical features, investigations and prevention of Congenital Rubella Syndrome. (10/1) 3+3+4
21. Outline the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of a neonate with intrauterine CMV
infection. (11/1)
3+4+3
22. Discuss the available strategies for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV. (12/1) 10
23. Immunotherapy if neonatal septicaemia.
24. Various adjunctive therapies in the management of overwhelming sepsis in neonates. (13/2) 5
SFD
1. Factors associated with IUGR (93/1) 10
2. Immune status of SFD babies (98/1) 15
3. Enumerate the aetiology of foetal or intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Describe the screening and
diagnosis of IUGR. (11/2) 3+4+3
APNEA OF PREMATURITY
1. Pathophysiology of Apnoea Of Prematurity (97/2) 15
2. A 10 day old preterm neonate has recurrent cessation of breathing lasting for more than 20 seconds with
bradycardia. Classify and enumerate causes for this condition. Discuss in brief the management of this
condition. (12/1) 4+6
3. Brief notes : Management of neonatal apnoea. (13/1) 5
RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
1. ROP (07/1)
10
2. Enlist the risk factors in Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP). Mention the stages of ROP. Outline the
management and prevention of ROP. (12/2) 3+3+4
OSTEOPENIA OF PREMATURITY

17

1. Osteopenia of prematurity

(06)

10

NEONATAL JAUNDICE
1. Pathogenesis of kernicterus (96/2) 10
2. A 3 week old infant brought to the hospital with moderate jaundice. Discuss the Diagnosis (97/2) 10
3. Kernicterus (97/1) 15
4. Discuss the Bilirubin metabolism and list the causes and approach to Diagnosis of Hyperbilirubinemia in
a neonate (00/1) 25
5. Breastfeeding and neonatal jaundice.
6. Discuss reasons for Physiological Jaundice in a Newborn. Define and list causes of pathological
jaundice in a newborn. Discuss clinical manifestations (acute and chronic)of kernicterus (06) 10
7. Outline the normal metabolism of bilirubin. Outline the principle of phototherapy for treatment of
neonatal jaundice. List factors that influence efficacy of phototherapy. (08/1) 10 (09/1),(10/2)
4+3+3
8. Critically describe the role of various treatment modalities for treating neonatal unconjugated
hyperbilirubinemia. (11/2) 10
9. Outline and discuss various strategies to manage hyperbilirubinaemia in newborns. (13/1) 10
10. Side effects of Phototherapy. (14/2) 5
NEC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

NEC (97/2) 15
Pathogenesis of NEC (97/1) (92) 15
Aetiology and pathology of NEC 15
Aetiology of NEC, staging and management. (04/2) 10
Discuss management of NEC (06) 5
Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. (09/1)
3+7
7. Discuss the pathophysiology, classification and diagnostic features of necrotizing enterocolitis. (10/2)
4+3+3
8. A 6 day old preterm neonate presents with abdominal distension, feed intolerance, vomiting and blood in
stools. Discuss the differential diagnosis, diagnostic approach and principles of initial stabilization.
(12/1) 4+3+3

NEONATAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
1. Clinical features of Cretinism in newborn babies (97/1)
10
2. Describe in brief the aetiology, clinical features, diagnostic investigations and management of congenital
hypothyroidism. (11/1)
2+2+3+3
PRETERM
1. Enumerate the socio-demographic factors associate with Low birth weight babies. Discuss the clinical
problems of Preterm babies (96/1) 25
2. Why preterm babies are susceptible to develop bacterial infections?
3. Pharmacotherapy in prematurity clinical decisions- salient features (03/1) 15
4. Management of Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) in preterm neonates. Factors which delay the closure of
PDA. (10/1)10

18

5. Short notes: Immediate and late problems due to low birth weight (13/1) 5
6. Describe the development of the ductus arteriosus. Enumerate the duct dependent lesions in the newborn
and outline their management.(14/1)
3+(2+5)
HAEMATOLOGY
1. Causes of Anemia in the Newborn (93/1)
10
2. Haemorrhagic Disease of The Newborn (95/2) 15
3. Management of Neonatal Thrombocytopenic Purpura (00/1) 15
4. Discuss aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management of a Bleeding Neonate (06/2) 10
5. Anemia in newborn infant (07/1) 10
6. Define polycythaemia in a newborn. What are the factors predisposing to it? Describe the impact of
polycythaemia on various systems and their clinical presentation. Describe the management of
polycythaemia in newborn. (08/2) 10
7. Outline the classification, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and differential diagnosis of
vitamin K deficiency bleeding. (12/1) 3+3+2+2
FLUID THERAPY
1. Fluid therapy in special situations in neonates (06/1)

10

HIGH RISK INFANT

1. Discuss the basic elements of the At Risk concept with regard to their advantages and disadvantages
and fallacies if any as they relate to health care of mothers and children (95/2)
25
2. Define High risk infant. Discuss the long term management of such infants with emphasis on detection
and early intervention of infants with developmental disabilities
(95/1)
25
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Scheme for identifying High Risk Foetuses (92/2) 15
2. Endocrine problems that can be diagnosed on the first day of life (95/1) 10
3. Bullous skin eruptions in newborn babies (95/2) 15
4. Placental dysfunction syndrome (95/2) 15
5. Role of O2 free radicals in the pathogenesis of neonatal disorders (96/2) 10
6. Prenatal steroid therapy (99/2) 15
7. Foetal circulation and changes at birth (00/1) 15
8. Composition of ideal formula for feeding LBW infants.
9. Neonatal early indicator of developmental delay.
10. Hydrops Foetalis (03/1)
15
11. Non immune hydrops foetalis (03/2) 15, (07/1)
10
12. Foetal Therapy
(03/2) 15
13. List the principles of community care of LBW infants. Define Kangaroo Mother care. Outline its
advantages and disadvantages. (04/2) 4+2+4
14. Outline the handicaps in enteral feeding of LBW newborns. Briefly discuss the feeding strategies for
LBW babies. (04/2) 3+4+4
15. What is Hydrops foetalis? Discuss aetiology of Non immune hydrops foetalis. What is the management
of a case of Non immune hydrops foetalis (05) 2+5+3
16. Biology and role of cytokines in Newborn Infants (06/1) 10
17. ECMO (06/1) 10

19

18. CPAP (06/2)

10
19. Organization and levels of Newborn care (06/1) 10
20. Complications of infants born to diabetic mothers (07/2) 10
21. Steroid in neonatal care (07/1)
5
22. Enumerate common peripheral nerve injuries in neonates. Describe their clinical characteristics and
outline the management. (09/1) 2+3+5
23. Discuss the proposed hypothesis on foetal origins of adult disease and its implications on burden of
diseases. (11/1)
5+5
24. Discuss attributes, complications and monitoring of total parental nutrition in a newborn. (13/1) 10
25. Discuss the principles of safe and stable transport of a sick newborn.(13/1) 10 (14/2) 5
26. Discuss perinatal complications of diabetes mellitus during pregnancy and prevention of these
complications. (13/2 ) 7+3
27. Enumerate the causes of congenital deafness. Discuss Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening.(14/1) 3+7
28. A three days old neonate is brought to the Emergency with history of not accepting feeds for one day.
He is found to be lethargic with a HR of 180/min, and capillary filling time of 4secs and cold
extremities. Outline your approach to this neonate along with management of the case. (14/1) 4+6
29. . Write short notes on:
a) Human milk fortifiers
b) Vitamin-D Supplementation in neonates
c) Medium chain triglycerides in neonatal nutrition (14/1) 4+3+3
30. Write short notes on: Developmentally supportive Care in neonates (14/1) 5

10 SPECIAL HEALTH PROBLEMS DURING ADOLESCENCE

1. Aetiological factors in Juvenile Delinquency (98/2) 15
2. Role of health education to Adolescents (98/2)
10
3. Discuss the special health problems of Adolescents (98/1) 25
4. Health education of adolescent girls 15
5. Adolescent Violence (03/1)
15
6. Health problems of adolescents(03/2) 15
7. What are the common problems in Adolescence? (05) 5
8. Juvenile Delinquency (02/1) 15 (06/1) 5
9. Problems of adolescence (07/2) 10
10. What are the common problems in adolescence (05) 5
11. Discuss briefly Adolescent Health Problems (07/2) 10
12. Define Puberty and Adolescence. Enumerate biological and cognitive developmental changes in middle
adolescence. Mention the implications of these changes for parents and paediatricians. (12/2) 2+6+2

11 IMMUNOLOGY
1. Laboratory investigation of a child suspected to have T-cell immunity Disorder (92) 15
2. Prenatal Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency diseases (94/2) 10
3. Indications for various organ and tissue transplants in Paediatric practice and common considerations in
selection of donors
(95/2) 10

20

4. Approach to a child with suspected immune dysfunction (06/1) 10

5. Enumerate the functions of the Phagocytes and briefly describe defects of their functions. (09/1) 4+6
6. Enlist the humoral immunodeficiency disorders. Outline the diagnostic approach and treatment. (10/1)
4+6
7. Outline the characteristic features of primary immunodeficiency. Write in detail about pathogenesis and
clinical features of chronic granulomatous disease. (11/1)
4+3+3
8. When would you clinically suspect immune deficiency in a child? How would you investigate such a
case? (12/2) 5+5
9. Discuss various components of primary immune deficiency, their clinical characteristics and
investigations of a suspected predominant B-cell defect
2+3+5
10. Pathogenesis, clinical features and diagnostic criteria of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome.
(14/2)
4+3+3

12 ALLERGIC DISORDERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Mechanism, manifestations and management of anaphylaxis (92) 15

Pathogenesis and management of anaphylaxis (97/1)
15
Allergic Rhinitis (07/1) 5 Clinical features and management in detail (12/2) 4+6
Enumerate the chemical mediators of allergic reactions and describe the important actions of histamine.
(08/1) 10
Clinical features, differential diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis in infants. (10/1) 3+3+4
What is atopic dermatitis? Describe the clinical features and differential diagnosis of atopic dermatitis.
(11/2) 2+5+3
What is atopic dermatitis? Describe clinical features, differential diagnosis and treatment of atopic
dermatitis. (12/1) 1+3+3+3
What are the types of Atopic Dermatitis (AD) in children? Discuss in detail the clinical features of AD.
Describe the differential diagnoses m a case of suspected AD. (13/2) 2+4+4
A six month old baby presents with rash over face and extensor aspect of extremities. Discuss the
diagnosis and treatment of this baby.(14/1)
5+5

13 NEPHROLOGY
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
1. List the children to be selected for assessing renal function. Briefly discuss the tests used to assess the
renal function in children. (04) 3+7
2. Outline the development of glomerular filtration. Outline the methods for evaluating GFR in children.
(08/1) 10
RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY
1. Renal replacement therapy in ESRD (00/1) 15
2. Peritoneal dialysis (03/1) 15
3. Renal replacement therapy (06/1) 10
4. Discuss renal replacement therapy (07/1) 10

21

RTA
1.
2.
3.
4.

Diagnosis and management of RTA (92/2) 15

Classify types of RTA and their management principles (02/1) 15
Pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management of distal RTA. (07/2)
Enumerate renal tubular functions and describe the tests to evaluate tubular disorders for the proximal
tubule. How will you treat a child with proximal renal tubular acidosis?(14/1) (3+4)+3

PROTEINURIA
1. Proteinuria (96/2)
15
2. Persistent asymptomatic proteinuria

(98/2) (07/1)

10

HAEMATURIA
1. A 3 year old child was brought for Haematuria. Discuss the differential diagnosis and management
(94/2)
25
2. Diagnosis and management of recurrent Haematuria (96/1) 12
3. Evaluation of a child with Haematuria 15
4. Outline the differential diagnosis of an abdominal lump with haematuria in a 3 year old child. Describe
its investigations and treatment. (09/2) 3+3+4
5. Write the common causes and differential diagnosis of gross symptomatic haematuria. Provide an
algorithm for its laboratory and radiological evaluation. (10/2) 2+2+6
6. Outline the causes of red coloured urine. Provide an approach for evaluation of a child with red colored
urine. (11/1)
3+7
7. Discuss the pathology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of infantile polycystic kidney.
(11/2) 2+2+3+3
PSGN
1. Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical features and management of acute PSGN
2. Enumerate the complications of acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Describe their
management in brief. (10/2) 3+7

NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
1. Relapse in Nephrotic Syndrome (94) 15
2. What factors will you consider in deciding the prognosis of a child with Nephrotic syndrome? (95/1)
15
3. Pathophysiology of Nephrotic Syndrome (96/2) 10
4. Enumerate the principles of management of Idiopathic Nephrotic syndrome (98/2) 10
5. Frequently relapsing steroid resistant Nephrotic Syndrome (03/2) 15
6. What factors help you to clinically decide non-minimal nature of Nephrotic Syndrome? Enumerate the
steps to test urine for albumin using heat methods (05) 10
7. Histopathological changes in RPGN 15
8. Write the management of a 6 year old child with Nephrotic syndrome who is frequently relapsing.
Enumerate complications that can occur (06/2) 10
9. Management of steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome (07/2) 10

22

10. Describe the diagnostic approach and management in a case of frequently relapsing and steroid
dependent nephritic syndrome. (09/2) 4+6
11. Management of steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome. (10/1) 10
12. Define steroid dependent and frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome. Describe management of an 8
year old child with frequent relapsing nephrotic syndrome. (11/1)
2+2+6
13. Enumerate causes of Steroid Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome and discuss its management.(14/2) 4+6
RENAL FAILURE
1. Biochemical and endocrinal changes in CRF
2. Describe the pathogenesis of CRF and outline important principles in the management of such a case
(95/2) 25
3. What are the causes of ARF in children? How will you investigate such a case? Discuss management.
(97/1) 25
4. What are the causes of acute renal failure in a 4 year old child? How will you investigate such a case?
Discuss the management of acute renal failure. (04/2) 4+3+3
5. Outline the aetiopathogenesis of ARF in children. Discuss briefly the management (05) 5+5
6. List the causes of renal failure in a 3 month old child. Discuss the clinical features, laboratory diagnosis
and treatment of acute renal failure in children. Discuss the indications of renal biopsy in children (06)
10
7. Discuss the aetiology of cortical necrosis in newborns and older children, separately. State the most
important clinical manifestations of cortical injury and factors governing prognosis. (08/1) 10
8. Discuss the role of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy (indication, dose, aim, precaution,
benefits and complications) in management of chronic renal failure. List reasons of resistance to such
therapy. (08/1) 10
9. What is acute renal failure? List the common causes leading to it. Tabulate the laboratory indices used to
differentiate pre-renal and intrinsic acute renal failure. Outline the medical management of acute renal
failure. (08/1) 10
10. Define renal osteodystrophy. Enumerate its clinical features and outline the management. (09/2) 2+3+5
11. Write short notes on
a. Paediatric RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury
b. Urinary indices in acute renal failure.
(13/1)
5+5
12. Define Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and its stages. What are the clinical manifestations of CKD.
Outline its treatment. (13/2) 3+4+3
HUS
1. Diagnostic features of HUS (93/2) 15
2. HUS- aetiopathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management. (98/1)
15
3. Classify Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Discuss its pathogenesis, features and management.(13/2)
2+3+3+2
4. A 3 year old child is brought with history of acute dysentery around 10 days back. Now the child
developed pallor with oliguria. Discuss the differential diagnosis, investigative approach and treatment
of this child. (13/1) 3+4+3
TUBULAR DISORDERS
1. Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (98/2)

15

23

2. Toxic nephropathy.
3. Define anion gap and its utility. Outline the major causes of metabolic acidosis in children. Outline the
treatment of renal tubular acidosis. (04/2)
2+4+4
4. Pathogenesis, clinical features and management of Distal Renal Tubular disorder (07/2) 10
BARTTER SYNDROME
1.
. Discuss aetiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management of Bartter
Syndrome. (13/2) 2+4+4

14 RHEUMATIC DISEASES
KAWASAKI DISEASE
1. Kawasaki Syndrome (00/1) 15
2. Phases and complications of Kawasakis disease (06) 10
3. Discuss the presentation, diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki Disease. What is the management strategy?
What are the complications? (08/1) 10
4. Discuss the pathogenesis, differential diagnosis and echocardiography findings in Kawasaki Disease
(KD). How is the classical KD different from Atypical KD? (09/1) 6+4
5. Describe clinical manifestations of classical and atypical Kawasaki disease. Provide algorithmic
approach to a suspected case of Kawasaki disease. Enumerate various treatment modalities. (11/1)
4+4+2
6. Enumerate diagnostic criteria of Kawasaki disease. Briefly outline its management and enumerate
complications. (12/2) 4+4+2
7. Diagnostic criteria for Kawasaki Disease. Short note (13/2) 5

JRA
1. Classification and features of JRA (96/2)
14
2. What are the clinical manifestations of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis? Discuss the differential diagnosis
and management. (04/2) 3+3+4
3. Write the current classification used in JRA. Outline the management plan for JRA (06) 10
4. Tabulate differentiating features of various types of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. (08/1) 10
5. Tabulate the classification of Juvenile Idiopathic arthritis and state principles of its treatment. (10/2)
4+6
6. Outline the diagnostic criteria of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Tabulate the differentiating features of
various types of JRA. Outline a scheme of investigation for a child with suspected JRA. (11/1)
3+4+3
7. Tabulate the differentiating clinical features and the diagnostic approach of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
(JIA). Outline the principles of management of polyarticular JIA. (12/1) 4+3+3
8. Define Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). Outline the classification of JIA. Discuss the mimickers of
rheumatic diseases in children. (13/1) 2+4+4

24

9. A six year old boy presents with painful swelling of his right knee. Enumerate the likely causes. Define
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and discuss its management.(14/1) 2+(2+6)
10. a. Disease Modifying agents used for JIA
b. Biologic anti-TNF agents for JIA (14/2)
5+5
H S PURPURA
1. Discuss briefly clinical presentation and management of H S Purpura. (07/1) 10
2. Describe the diagnostic approach and management of a six year old child presenting with purpuric rash
and pedal oedema following an episode of acute diarrhoea. (11/2)
4+6
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Classify vasculitis based on size of involved vessels and give examples of each category. Describe
aetiology, clinical features and management of Takayasus arteritis. (09/2) 5+5

15 INFECTIOUS DISEASES
PUO
1. Discuss definition, aetiology and approach to investigation of PUO (07/1) 10
2. Outline the approach to management of a 2 month old infant having fever without focus. (09/1) 10
3. Enumerate the common causes of pyrexia of unknown origin in a 5 year old child. Discuss diagnostic
approach to fever with rash. (11/2) 4+6
HIV
1.
2.
3.
4.

HIV and Paediatrics

(98/2)
10
Prevention of HIV infection during childhood (02/1) 15
Post exposure HIV prophylaxis (03/2)
15
An HIV positive mother has been admitted in labour. What will you do to prevent transmission of
infection to the baby (05) 10
5. Factors involved in perinatal transmission of HIV infection and the various preventive measures (06)
10
6. Prevention of Childhood AIDS (07/2) 10
7. Clinical Presentations requiring screening for HIV (07/1) 5
8. HIV and TB (07/1) 5
9. Outline clinical and immunological criteria for starting anti-retroviral treatment (ART) in a HIV infected
child. How will you monitor a child initiated on ART? (09/2) 6+4
10. Enlist the common opportunistic infections in HIV infected children. Describe the clinical features,
diagnosis and management of herpes simplex infection in HIV infected children (11/2) 3+2+2+3
11. Enumerate opportunistic infections in HIV infected children. How will you treat and prevent
pneumocystis jiroveci infection. (12/1) 5+3+2
12. Briefly outline WHO clinical staging of HIV/ AIDS for children with confirmed HIV infection.
Discuss vaccination schedule for HIV infected and AIDS children. (12/2) 6+4
13. Briefly discuss the pulmonary disorders seen in children with HIV/AIDS. (13/1) 10

25

14. Discuss the key issues in the management of an HIV exposed infant.(13/2) 10
TB
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Prevention and early detection of TB (96/2)

15
Short course chaemotherapy for TB (98/2)
10
Diagnosis and management of a child with resistant TB (02/1) 15
Multidrug resistant TB.
CNS changes in Tubercular meningitis(Pathological only) 15
Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical symptomatology and diagnosis of NeuroTB (06) 10
How do you perform and interpret Mantoux Test? Enumerate 3 conditions each in which you can get a
false positive and a false negative result. (06) 10
8. Newer diagnostic modalities for TB (06) 10
9. a) Describe the category based treatment in childhood TB (09/2) 3
b) Describe the pros and cons of intermittent therapy for tuberculosis (09/2)3
c) What are the components of DOTS strategy as defined by WHO? (09/2) 4 (10/1) 4+4+2
10. Describe clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of Neuro tuberculosis. (11/2) 3+4+3
11. Outline the pharmacologic basis of short course chemotherapy TB. Discuss the rationale, efficacy
and characteristic of intermittent regimes. (12/2)
5+5
12. Discuss the recent guidelines for diagnosis and management of childhood tuberculosis. (13/1) 10
13. Describe aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and management of different types of neurotuberculosis. (13/2)
3+4+3
14. Clinical presentation, investigations and treatment of MDR TB.(14/2) 3+2+5
ENTERIC FEVER
1. Treatment of typhoid fever (93/1)
10
2. Nontyphoidal salmonellosis (95/2)
15
3. Management of typhoid fever (95/2)
15
4. Interpretation of Widal test in immunized children (98/2)
10
5. Define multidrug resistant (MDR) salmonella typhi (MDR ST) and nalidixic acid resistant salmonella
typhi (NARST). Discuss the mechanism of development of drug resistance for salmonella typhi. (08/1)
10
6. Detail the various complications of enteric fever and briefly outline the specific management. (08/2) 10
DENGUE FEVER
1. Discuss the management of Dengue Shock Syndrome (97/1)
10
2. Pathogenesis of bleeding and shock in Dengue fever (98/2)
10
3. Dengue Fever (03/2) 15
4. Define DHF and DSS and outline the treatment of DSS (05) 10
5. Diagnosis and management of DHF and DSS (06/1) 10
6. Outline the WHO criteria for diagnosis of dengue haemorrhagic fever. Draw an algorithm for volume
replacement for a child with DHF and > 20% increase in haematocrit. (09/1) (3+7)
7. Define DHF and DSS. How does DHF differ from dengue fever with haemorrhage? Describe treatment
of DSS. (09/2) 2+2+1+5

26

8. Classify severity of dengue haemorrhagic fever. Write in brief the management of dengue shock
syndrome. (11/1)
4+6
9. Define dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. Mention aetiopathogenesis and
management of dengue shock syndrome. (12/2)
2+(3+5)
10. What are the fluid, metabolic and biochemical changes in a child with severe dengue? Discuss the
underlying pathophysiology. (13/1) 10
11. Define severe dengue and describe the WHO guidelines for its management. Enumerate the indications
for transfusion in dengue. (14/1) (2+6)+2
E COLI
1. Discuss the pathogenesis of E. coli diarrhoea (94/2)
15
2. Classification of E coli and pathogenesis of Invasive Diarrhoea (95/1)

15

POLIO AND AFP

1. AFP Surveillance (99/2)
15
2. Approach to a child with AFP and components of AFP surveillance (00/1) 15
3. Pulse Polio programme (02/1) (98/1) 15
4. AFP- Definition, Differential Diagnosis in details, how help in polio eradication (03/2)
25
5. Discuss the differential diagnosis and management of acute flaccid paralysis in a 2 year old child. (04/2)
5+5
6. What is AFP? Discuss the differential diagnosis and management of a child with AFP. Discuss AFP
surveillance. (05)
2+3+2+3
7. Define criteria for declaring a country Polio free. What is the present status of wild polio virus
transmission and strategies being used for its control in India? Elaborate on AFP surveillance (06)
5+5
8. Define AFP. Enlist the causes and investigations of a case of AFP. (06) 10
9. What is acute flaccid paralysis? Describe the differential diagnosis and management of a child with
flaccid paralysis. Describe AFP surveillance. ( 05) 2+3+2+3 (09/2) 2+2+4+2
MALARIA
1. Define drug resistant malaria, what are the different types of drug resistance as per WHO criteria.
Discuss the various management strategies of Drug resistant Malaria
25
2. Management of Cerebral Malaria 15
3. Drug resistant Malaria (03/1) 15
4. What are management guidelines of malaria under the national programm? How will you manage a case
of cerebral malaria? (04/2) 4+6
5. Enumerate manifestations of Severe Malaria and their management (06/2) 10
6. A 4 year old girl presents with history of fever for 2 days associated with severe anemia, black colored
urine and splenomegaly. Discuss the management of this patient. (08/2) 10
7. Describe clinical manifestations of cerebral malaria. Enlist the differential diagnosis and investigations
required. Write management of a case of cerebral malaria in high endemic area. (09/1) (2+3+5)
8. Define complicated malaria. Describe the management strategies of complicated malaria. (09/2) 3+7

27

9. Provide algorithms for case-detection and treatment for a child with fever, suspected to have malaria, as
per National Vector Borne Disease Control Program: (10/2) 5+5
a) In an area where microscopy results are available within 24 hours; and
b) In an area where microscopy results are not available within 24 hours
9. Write short notes on: Laboratory diagnosis of malaria (11/2) 5
10. Briefly discuss the laboratory diagnostic modalities of malaria and outline management protocol of
Plasmodium falciparum malaria as per National Vector Borne Disease Control Program guidelines.
(12/2) 4+6
11. List the WHO criteria to diagnose severe malaria. Discuss the management of a child with malaria. (13/1
) 4+6

HEPATITIS B
1. Viral markers of Hepatitis B
15
2. Immunological markers of Hepatitis B
15
3. Hepatitis B infection in children (03/1) 15
4. A 3 year old child is brought with a history of jaundice since 2 months. She gives a history of blood
transfusion at 18 months of age. Her HBSAg is positive. Discuss briefly other viral markers of HepB
infection which will help in monitoring and treatment of child. Discuss the management of fulminant
hepatic failure. Add a note on Liver Transplantation. (06) 10
5. Discuss the modes of transmission of hepatotrophic viral infections. Outline the clinical features,
diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis B infection in children. (13/1)
2+(3+3+2)
MEASLES
1. Diagnosis and treatment of SSPE

(95/2)

PLAGUE
1. Management of Plague

10

(95/2)

GROUP A STREPTOCOCCUS
1. Management of acute Rheumatic Fever

10

(93/2)

CYSTICERCOSIS
1. Current management of Neurocysticercosis (92)

10
15

MENINGOCOCCUS
1. Remergence of meningococcal meningitis. Definition of suspected, probable and confirmed cases for
epidemiological purposes.
2. Discuss prevention and prophylaxis against meningococcal infection (05) 5+5
3. Prophylaxis of Meningococcaemia (06/1) 10
SYPHILIS
1. Radiological features and confirmatory laboratory tests for congenital syphilis (07/1)
MISCELLANEOUS

10

28

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Laboratory diagnosis of Viral diseases

Brain CT findings in a case of Congenital toxoplasmosis and cysticercosis (94) 15
Describe the newer treatment of Kala Azar by Amphotericin.
Nosocomial Infections (06) 10
Comment on clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of Swine flu in children. (09/2) 2+3+5
A seven year old girl is admitted with pain and swelling of right knee and left ankle joint of two weeks
duration. Enumerate the likely causes. Discuss the differential diagnosis highlighting important pointers
in history, examination and investigations. (11/2) 2+8
7. Describe the aetiology, mode of transmission, clinical features and management of viral haemorrhagic
fever in children. (12/1) 2+2+3+3

16 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
GIT
1. Gastro oesophageal Reflux
(94/2)
15
2. Diagnosis of carbohydrate intolerance (95/1) 15
3. Pathogenesis of Persistent Diarrhoea of infancy (96/2) 10
4. Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease (97/2)
15
5. What is H.Pylori Bacillus? How is it associated with chronic abdominal pain (98/2) 10
6. Persistent Diarrhoea (99/1)
15
7. Chronic Diarrhoea in Infancy (00/1) 15
8. Immunological features associated with cow milk allergy 15
9. Laboratory diagnosis of lactose intolerance.
10. Enumerate the aetiology and discuss the pathogenesis of acute diarrhoea. Describe the approach to
management of a child with acute watery diarrhoea. (04/2) 3+3+4
11. Write management of Persistent Diarrhoea (06) 5
12. Approach and management of a child with Persistent Diarrhoea (06) 10
13. Diagnosis and management of a child with Celiac Disease (06/1) 10
14. Tracheo-oesophageal Fistula and Oesophageal atresia (06/1) 10
15. Aetiopathogenesis and diagnosis of celiac disease (07/2) 10
16. Define malabsorption. Enlist the generalized and specific malabsorption states. Discuss the investigative
plan for a child with generalized malabsorption. (08/1) 10
17. Define Recurrent Abdominal Pain (RAP) and list the diagnostic features of functional RAP. Suggest a
plan for investigations and managing a 10 year old girl with RAP (09/1) 4+6
18. Aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and management of acute pancreatitis in children. (10/1)
2+2+2+4
19. Describe the aetiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of antibiotic associated diarrhoea. (10/2)
1+2+3+4
20. Enlist the functions of pancreas. Outline the pancreatic function tests and their implications in paediatric
practice. (10/2) 4+6
21. Outline the aetiopathogenesis of chronic diarrhoea and provide a scheme of investigating for a child
with chronic diarrhoea. (11/1)
5+5
22. Describe the types of diarrhoea with examples. Discuss their pathophysiological mechanisms. (11/2)
5+5

29

23. A 9 month old child with acute watery diarrhoea develops seizures and altered sensorium. Discuss the
differential diagnosis of CNS symptoms. Provide diagnostic algorithm for managing this child. (12/1)
6+4
24. Define gastro oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Describe its clinical features, diagnosis and
treatment. (12/1) 1+3+3+3
25. Define persistent and chronic diarrhoea. Enumerate causes of chronic diarrhoea in children. Discuss
nutritional management of persistent diarrhoea. ( 12/2) 2+3+5
26. Describe in brief the aetiopathogenesis, clinical manifestation and management of celiac disease in
children. (12/2)
3+3+4
27. Discuss the clinical approach to diagnosis of a child with:
a . Short duration/acute pain abdomen: and
b. Long duration / recurrent pain abdomen (13/1) 5+5
28. Discuss evaluation of a child with suspected intestinal malabsorption. Describe genetics, pathogenesis
clinical spectrum and extra intestinal manifestations of celiac disease. (13/2) 5+5
29. Describe the physiological basis of GER. Discuss clinical features and management of GERD.(14/2)
3+(2+5)
30. Recurrent abdominal pain in children.(14/2)
5
31. Chronic Pancreatitis in Children.(14/2) 5
PREBIOTICS & PROBIOTICS
1. Outline the benefits of bacterial colonization of the intestine and the disorders they can produce.(04/2)
5+5
2. Define probiotics. Explain their physiological mechanism of action. Opportunities and threats
associated with the use of probiotics in paediatric practice. (08/2) 10
3. Define probiotics and prebiotics and enumerate their essential characteristics. Outline the effects of
probiotic in various gastrointestinal disorders. (09/1) (5+5)
4. Discuss the management of acute diarrhoea with particular reference to low osmolarity ORS, zinc,
probiotics and antibiotics. (10/2) 3+2+3+2
5. Define probiotics and prebiotics. Outline their important properties and mechanisms of action. Enlist
four most important indications of their clinical use in Paediatric clinical practices. (11/1)
(12/2)
4+4+2
6. Short Note: Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics. (13/2) 5
7. Short note : Probiotics (14/1) 3
HEPATOBILIARY
1. Describe Biochemical and Pathological changes in various organs in Hepatic Encephalopathy. How will
you manage a case (93/2) 10
2. Biliary Atresia (95) 15
3. Diagnosis and management of Acute Viral Hepatitis (96/2) 12
4. Pathophysiology of Portal Hypertension (98/2)
10
5. Laboratory Finding of Fulminant Hepatic Failure (98/2) 10
6. Cholestatic Jaundice 15
7. Hepatic Encephalopathy- pathophysiology and management (03/2) 25

30

8. Discuss the causes, clinical features and management of portal hypertension in children. (04/2)
3+3+4
9. List the causes of infantile cholestasis. Provide an algorithm for the diagnosis of infantile cholestasis.
(04/2) 3+7
10. Persistent Jaundice in neonates (06) 10
11. Clinical approach, investigations and management of a neonate with Cholestatic jaundice (06/1) 10
12. Discuss the management of Fulminant Hepatic Failure. Add a note on Liver Transplantation (06)
13. A 6 week old child is brought with a history of jaundice since 3 weeks of age, high colored urine with
staining of napkins and pale colored stools. Discuss the laboratory diagnosis of this condition. What is
the differential diagnosis and treatment of this condition
(06) 10
14. Diagrammatically represent the portal venous system and the sites of Porto-systemic vascular
anastomosis in portal hypertension. Discuss the types, cause and pathophysiology of portal hypertension
(07/1) 10
15. Define Fulminant Hepatic Failure and outline the staging of severity of Hepatic encephalopathy. Discuss
the steps in its management. (09/1) 4+6
16. Outline the differential diagnosis of tender hepatomegaly. Describe the management of liver abscess.
(10/1) 5+5
17. Outline the management of an 8 year old child with acute liver cell failure and hepatic encephalopathy.
(10/2)
10
18. Write in brief the aetiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations of Wilsons disease. Outline the desired
investigation helpful in making a diagnosis of Wilsons disease. (11/1)
3+3+4
19. Define neonatal cholestasis. Outline clinical features and scheme for evaluation of a neonate with
cholestasis. (11/1)
2+3+5
20. Describe clinical, laboratory and radiologic evaluation of possible liver dysfunction in children. (11/2)
3+4+3
21. Enumerate the causes and discuss the types, pathogenesis and evaluation of ascites in children. (11/2)
2+2+3+3
22. Discuss aetiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations and management of Wilsons disease. (12/2) 3+3+4
23. Discuss the pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of Wilsons disease. (13/1)
2+3+3+2
24. Define Fulminant Hepatic Failure. Discuss the factors precipitating hepatic encephalopathy and the
management of hepatic encephalopathy. (14/2)
2+(3+5)
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Differential Diagnosis of Ascites in children (93/1)
10
2. Role of Upper GI Endoscopy (93/1) 15
3. Haematemesis (94)
15
4. A 5 yr old child brought to the emergency- H/o 2 bouts of massive haematemesis. On examination the
child is pale and BP is 90/60. Discuss the emergency room management of this child. After the child is
stabilized what laboratory diagnosis would you do in this child. What is the Differential Diagnosis and
treatment of this condition (05) 10
5. Management of Acute Upper GI Bleeding (06) 10
6. Discuss the management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a 5 year old child. (08/1) 10

31

7. Define haematemesis, melena and haematochezia. A 3 years old child presents with sudden onset
vomiting of blood. Describe the approach to this child (including history and examination). Outline the
steps of management. (08/2)
10
8. Discuss the treatment of: Persistent constipation (14/1) 3

17 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CLINICAL EXAMINATION
1. Clinical relevance of PEFR in children.
2. Briefly discuss the non-invasive estimation of gas exchange in children.(04)
10
3. Enumerate 4 adventitious sounds that can be heard during examination of
respiratory system. At what anatomical level are they produced? In which
conditions are they produced. (06)
10
4. Outline the pulmonary function testing in children with emphasis on
performance and interpretation of spirometry.
5. Discuss the role of spirometry in respiratory diseases of children. Describe the interpretation of various
lung flows and volumes. (5+5) (12/2)
6. Discuss Pulmonary Function Tests and their clinical utility. (13/2) 7+3
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
1. Management of Acute Severe Asthma (92/2) 15
2. Aerosol therapy in children (95/2)
15
3. Use of Nebulizers in Paediatric practice (95/2) 10
4. Treatment of Bronchial asthma
(96/2)
5. Discuss briefly the recent advances in the management of Bronchial Asthma (99/1) 15
6. Describe the pathogenesis of Bronchial Asthma. Give an outline for prevention and treatment of
recurrent episodes (02/1)
25
7. Management of Status Asthmaticus in a 3 yr old (03/1)
25
8. Leukotriene antagonists and their role in bronchial asthma.
9. Discuss the pathophysiology of asthma. Outline the role of investigations in bronchial asthma. (04/2)
6+4
10. Classify Asthma in children. Outline the management of asthma and approach to a case of Status
Asthmaticus (05) 3+4+3
11. Discuss the steps in evaluation of chronic asthma is children. Classify and discuss the drugs used in the
treatment of chronic asthma. Write briefly on targeted delivery systems in treatment of asthma (06) 10
12. Pathophysiology and management of Asthma in children (06/1) 10
13. Management of a 3 year old child with recurrent attacks of wheezing (07/2) 10
14. Outline the stepwise approach for managing infants and young children (<= 5 year of age) with chronic
asthma (09/1) 10
15. How do you grade the severity of childhood asthma? Describe its stepwise treatment according to the
severity. Compare and contrast oral therapy to inhaled therapy for asthma. (09/2) 3+3+4

32

16. Enlist the drugs used for management of chronic asthma. Explain the pharmacological basis of their use.
(10/1) 3+7
17. Discuss the lung function abnormalities in severe asthma. What is the role of lung function evaluation in
management of asthma in children. (10/2) 6+4
18. Discuss categorization of chronic childhood asthma. Discuss step wise management of chronic asthma
in children. (11/2) 3+7
19. Enumerate the risk factors for childhood persistent asthma. Mention differential diagnosis, outline
treatment and monitoring of persistent in a 10 year old child. (12/2) 2+(2+3+3)
PNEUMONIA
1. Treatment of Staphylococcal pneumonia (93/1)
10
2. Discuss briefly the Differential diagnosis and management of a case of Persistent Pneumonia in a 3
month old infant (99/2) 15
3. Define interstitial lung disease (ILD). Enlist paediatric ILDs. Write brief description of lymphocytic
interstitial pneumonitis (LIP). Outline the treatment options for ILD in children.(08/1) 10
4. Discuss differential diagnosis and management of a child with recurrent pneumonia. (11/2) 4+6
5. Discuss the factors determining antibiotic therapy for community acquired pneumonia. (12/2) 10
BRONCHIOLITIS
1. Course and prognosis of Acute Bronchiolitis (98/2) 10
2. Define acute bronchiolitis. Describe its aetiopathogenesis and characteristics features. Outline the
essential steps in management of bronchiolitis. (10/2) 2+2+2+4
STRIDOR
1. Management of Acute Stridor in a Preschool child (93/1) 15
2. A 2 year old child presents to the hospital with fever and Stridor of 12 hour duration. Discuss the
diagnosis (97/1) 10
3. A 10 month old child has features of upper respiratory tract obstruction. Discuss the D/D and approach
to diagnosis.
4. List the common causes of stridor in children. How will you diagnose and manage a case of stridor?
(04/2) 3+4+3
5. Clinical Evaluation and management of a child with stridor (06/1) 10
6. 1 year old child is brought with a history of sudden onset of respiratory distress and stridor of 2 days
duration. What is the differential diagnosis? Discuss the steps in the management of Viral Croup (06/2)
10
7. Discuss the differential diagnosis and management of a 3 year old girl with history of cough and cold,
presenting with onset of noisy breathing, barking cough, hoarse voice and respiratory distress. (08/1)
10
8. Differential diagnosis and management of acute stridor in a 2 years old child. (10/1) 3+7
9. A 2 year old boy presents with fever, change of voice and stridor for 2 days. Outline the differential
diagnosis and management options. (12/1) 6+4
10. List the likely causes of noisy breathing in a 3 weeks infant. How would you investigate this patient?
Briefly describe the management of Laryngomalacia. (12/2)
4+4+2

33

PHYSIOLOGY
1. Respiratory system defense mechanisms (93/2)
2. Define ventilation/ perfusion ratio. (11/1) 2
Outline Va/Q changes in:a) Pneumonia
2
b) Obstructive lung disease
2
c) ARDS
2
d) Pulmonary thromboembolism2

15

TONSILITIS
1. Management of Acute Tonsillitis in children (98/1)

15

CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS
1. Describe the congenital malformations of the lungs. Discuss the diagnosis and management of these
malformations (96/2)
25
2. Detail the causes for localized emphysema of the lung. Describe the presentation and management of
congenital lobar emphysema. (08/1) 10
3. Name the steps of morphogenesis of respiratory system. Enumerate congenital lung malformations.
Describe natural course of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.(14/2)
3+3+4
RESPIRATORY FAILURE
1. Clinical and physiological features necessary to diagnose respiratory failure in children (94/2) 15
2. Pulse Oximetry and its limitations (98/1) 15
3. How will you define acute respiratory failure? Write common causes of acute respiratory failure in a 2
year old child. What are the various methods of oxygen therapy in children? (04/2)
3+3+4
4. Types of Acute Respiratory Failure in children, modes of assisted ventilation and indications for the
same in Children (06)
10
5. CPAP (06)
10
6. What are the criteria used to diagnose Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)? Write in brief the
pathogenesis, clinical features and lab findings of the same. Discuss the treatment and ventilatory
strategies to manage ARDS. (08/2) 10
7. Describe the pathophysiology, aetiology and management of acute respiratory distress syndrome. (09/2)
3+3+4
8. Classify respiratory failure in children. List the modes of assisted ventilation and its indications. (13/1)
6+4
9. Define Acute Lung Injury. Discuss the aetiopathogenesis and management of a child with Acute Lung
Injury. (14/1) 2+(3+5)
10. Short note : End Tidal Carbon dioxide monitoring, Pulse oximetry (14/1)
3+4
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
1. Pathophysiology and clinical features of Cystic Fibrosis (06) 10
2. Diagnostic work up of a child with cystic fibrosis. Describe the management of a child with cystic
fibrosis. (14/2)
4+6
ASPIRATION

34

1. List conditions predisposing children to Aspiration Lung injury. Mention clinical features and principles
of management of Chronic Aspiration. Conditions predisposing children to aspiration lung injury
(07/2) 10
BRONCHIECTASIS
1. Discuss briefly aetiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of Bronchiectasis

(07/1)

10

MISCELLANEOUS
1. Recent understanding of SIDS (94/1) 15
2. Differential diagnosis of Haemoptysis in children (95/2)
10
3. Diagnosis of Bronchial Foreign Body (93/2)
10
4. Write notes on embryological development of abdominal diaphragm and types of congenital
diaphragmatic hernia
(06)
10
5. Describe the aetiology, stages of evolution, clinical manifestations, diagnostic investigations and
management of empyema thoracis. (11/1) 1+2+2+2+3
6. Describe location, structure and function of cilia in respiratory tract. Discuss the clinical presentation
and management of primary ciliary dyskinesia?
(11/2) 3+7
6. Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (13/2 ) 5
7. An 8 month old baby presents with respiratory distress. Describe the differential diagnosis, evaluation
and outline the treatment for this infant. (14/1) 3+3+4

18 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
HEART FAILURE
1. Newer approaches in management of CCF (93/1) 15
2. Treatment of Intractable CCF (93/2) 10
3. Describe briefly the Pathophysiology of CCF and management of Refractory Failure (98/2)
25
4. Intractable congestive heart failure- management approach (02/1) 15
5. ACE inhibitors in CCF with congenital heart disease (03/1) 15
6. CCF- Pathophysiology and management (03/2)
25
7. How will you manage a child in Refractory CCF? (06) 5
8. Discuss the pathogenesis of Congestive Heart failure and the role of vasodilators in its management
(06) 10
9. Refractory congestive heart failure- causes and management (07/2) 10
10. Discuss the role of vasodilator therapy in congestive heart failure. Enumerate various vasodilator agents
used in CHF and their respective mechanisms of action. (08/1) 10
11. Enumerate the cause of congestive cardiac failure due to diastolic dysfunction. Enlist the signs and
symptoms of congestive cardiac failure in infancy and outline the stepwise management of congestive
cardiac failure. (12/2)
3+(2+5)

35

HYPERTENSION
1. Diagnosis of Essential Hypertension in children (93/1)
10
2. Investigations in a child with Hypertension (95/1) 10
3. Treatment of Hypertension (97/2)
12
4. Discuss aetiology, diagnosis and management of Childhood Hypertension (00/1) 25
5. Severe Hypertension in infancy (00/1) 15
6. Discuss the causes of Hypertension in a 7 year old child. Approach of investigation and management of
such a case (02/1) 25
7. A 8 year old child is brought with a history of convulsions and altered sensorium. On examination her
BP was 180/110 mm Hg. Discuss the D/D and laboratory investigations in this child. Discuss the
management of Hypertensive Encephalopathy in this child. Add a note on fundus changes in
hypertension. (06)
10
8. Recent advances in management of Hypertension (06/1) 10
9. Discuss the treatment of Hypertension in children. Classify the drugs used to treat hypertension and
briefly mention their mechanism of action (07/2) 10
10. Essential Hypertension in children (07/1) 10
11. A 10 year old boy is brought with a history of convulsions and altered sensorium. On examination, his
BP was 180/110 mm of Hg. Describe differential diagnosis, laboratory investigations and treatment of
this case. (09/2) 3+4+3
12. Describe the causes and pathogenesis or renal and renovascular hypertension. Outline principles of
management. (12/1) 3+3+4
13. Define hypertension in children. Enumerate the causes and discuss the management of an 8 years old
boy presenting with a blood pressure of 210/160 mmHg with seizures.(14/1) 2+(3+5)
CONGENITAL CYANOTIC HEART DIAEASE
1. Cyanotic Spell (94/2) 15
2. How do you classify congenital cyanotic heart disease? Discuss their investigations (97/2) 15
3. Complications of Fallots Tetralogy and their management (99/2) 10
4. Management of Paroxysmal Hypercyanotic spell (99/2)
15
5. Pathophysiology of Cyanotic spells (02/1) 15
6. What are the congenital heart diseases associated with cyanotic spells. Write clinical presentation and
management of cyanotic spell. (04/2)
2+3+5
7. How will you manage a child in cyanotic spell (06) 5
8. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of Eisenmenger Syndrome (07/1) 10
9. Discuss the various minimally surgical invasive devices and procedures available for the management of
common congenital heart diseases in children (07/1) 10
10. List the causes of congestive heart failure in a 2 years old child. Describe different types of VSD
according to position and size. Write indicators for surgical intervention/ device closure. (08/1) 10
11. Discuss the haemodynamics and pathophysiology of Tetralogy of Fallot. Outline management of
cyanotic spell in a 2 year old child. (12/1)4+3+3
12. Describe the haemodynamics and clinical features of tricuspid atresia in a neonate. Outline the expected
findings on ECG and chest X-ray. (13/1) (3+3)+(2+2)
13. Describe the development of ventricular septum. Discuss the clinical features and management of a
VSD, and enumerate the indications for surgical intervention. (14/1) 3+(3+2+2)

36

ARRYTHMIA
1. Classification of cardiac arrythmias and management of WPW Syndrome (92) 15
2. Arrythmias- pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of different types (03/2) 15
3. Describe the aetiopathogenesis of supraventricular tachycardia in children. Discuss the diagnosis and
management of a child with supraventricular tachycardia. (04/2)
3+3+4
4. What are the causes, manifestations and management of a young child with SVT (06)
10
5. Classify stable and unstable arrythmias. Discuss the types of SVT (Supra Ventricular Tachycardia) with
their ECG changes. Outline the approach to manage unstable arrythmias. (08/2) 10
6. Classify anti arrhythmic drugs used in children. Describe the mechanism of action and uses of
Amiodarone. (10/1) 5+5
7. Enumerate the causes and outline the characteristics and treatment of Supraventricular Tachycardia
(SVT) in an infant (10/2) 3+3+4
8. Enumerate life threatening tachyarrhythmias in childhood. How would you diagnose them? Briefly
outline their emergency interventions. (12/1) 2+4+4
9. Enumerate the arrhythmias that are suggestive of specific congenital heart diseases. Outline
management of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. (12/2) 4+6
CARDIOMYOPATHY
1. Cardiomyopathy (95/1) 15
2. Diagnosis of Cardiomyopathy (96/2)
12
3. Discuss in brief the aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and management of dilated cardiomyopathy.
(12/1) 3+3+4
PERICARDITIS
1. Diagnosis and management of Constrictive Pericarditis (99/2)

10

CLINICS
1. Significance of S2 in clinical practice (98/1) 15
2. Enumerate the conditions where you can get
Loud S2
Wide splitting S2
Explain the pathophysiology of fixed splitting of S2 (05) 10
3. A one year old child is referred for an asymptomatic cardiac murmur. Outline the likely causes. How
will you differentiate an innocent murmur from that of a congenital heart disease, on clinical grounds?
(09/1) 3+7
RHEUMATIC CARDITIS
1. Treatment of Acute Rheumatic Carditis

(97/1)

15

INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
1. Pathogens, clinical features and management of infective endocarditis. (10/1)
2+4+4

37

2. Enumerate common pathogens of infective endocarditis. List conditions/ interventions which require
prophylaxis for infective endocarditis in a child with underlying heart disease. Outline antibiotic therapy
for a child with RHD and infective endocarditis. (11/1)
2+3+5
3. Outline the Duke criteria for diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis. Discuss its application in clinical
setting. (13/1) 6+4
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Cardiovascular Risk factors in children (96/1) 15
2. Primary Endocardial Fibroelastosis (98/1) 15
3. A 13 year old male is brought with an H/o progressive dyspnea on exertion. He has past H/o recurrent
joint pain. What is the most likely diagnosis? How will you investigate and manage the child. Add a note
on Refractory CCF in a child (05) 5+5
4. What advice will you give to a 35 year old patient with coronary artery disease regarding its prevention
in his adolescent son? (06) 10
5. Preventive cardiology in adolescents (07/2) 10
6. Foetal Circulation and cardiovascular adjustments after birth (06/1) 10
7. Outline Foetal Circulation (07/2)
8. Draw a labeled diagram of foetal circulation. Indicate partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and oxygen
saturation (SaO2) values at key points in this circulation. (08/1) 10
9. A 3 year old child having fever for 2 days suddenly develops breathlessness, tachycardia and sweating.
Describe the differential diagnosis of this case and its treatment. (09/2) 5+5
10. Foetal circulation and changes after birth (10/1) 5+5
11. Depict diagrammatically foetal circulation. Highlight its unique features differentiating it from neonatal
circulation. Outline important changes occurring at birth. (11/1)
4+3+3

19 DISEASES OF THE BLOOD

ANAEMIA
1. Discuss the aetiology and investigations in a case of Anemia (94) 25
2. Describe laboratory investigations in an infant with anemia and briefly outline the interpretation of test
results (95/1) 25
3. Severe anemia in the first year of life (02/1) 15
4. What is peripheral smear finding in (05) 2+2+2+2+2
Thalassemia Major
Lead poisoning
Megaloblastic anemia
CRF
Malaria
5. List the causes of microcytic hypochromic anemia. How will you differentiate between iron deficiency
anemia and thalassemia? Discuss briefly the oral iron chelators. (08/1) 10
6. Discuss the aetiology and management of Autoimmune Haemolytic Anemia (09/1) 3+7
7. Classify causes of acquired pancytopenia. Write briefly about the management of acquired aplastic
anemia. (09/1) 3+7

38

8. Define pancytopenia. Enlist the causes and assessment of severity of aplastic anemia in children. (10/1)
2+4+4
9. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis and diagnostic workup of acute autoimmune haemolytic anemia.
(10/2)
3+3+4 Aetiopathogenesis and Investigation. (12/2) 5+5
10. List the causes of microcytic hypochromic anemia. Provide differentiating features between iron
deficiency anemia and beta thalassemia trait. Describe the management of thalassemia major. (11/1)
3+3+4
11. Enlist the red blood cell metabolic enzyme pathways and the enzymes responsible for haemolysis.
Discuss the pathogenesis involved in these haemolytic anaemias. (11/1)
3+7
12. Define pancytopenia. Enumerate common causes in children. How will you assess severity of acquired
anemia in children? (11/2) 2+3+5
13. What is physiologic anemia of infancy? Discuss its aetiology, characteristics and management. (12/2)
2+(2+4+2)
THALASSEMIA
1. Recent concepts for treatment of Thalassemia in children (95/2) 10
2. Current management of Thalassemia Major (96/2) 15
3. Newer modalities in the management of Thalassemia Major (99/2)
10
4. Antenatal diagnosis of Thalassemia (99/2) 15
5. Genetic basis of Thalassemia syndromes (02/1) 15
6. In relation to Thalassemia write a note on the following (05) 10
a. Alkali denaturation test
b. NESTROFT test
c. Peripheral smear
d. SQUID-BLS (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device Bio magnetic Liver
Susceptibility)
e. BMD (Bone Mineral Density)
7. Outline the antenatal management of a mother with an earlier child with
thalasemia major
(07/2) 10
8. Alpha Thalassemia (07/1) 10
9. Outline the long term complications of thalassemia major. How will you monitor for such
complications in a child with thalassemia major? (13/1) 5+5
10. Describe the foetal hemoglobins. Discuss the transfusion therapy for Thalassemia major and its
long term follow up plan.(14/1)
3+(4+3)
11. Recent advances in the management of thalassaemia major.(14/2) 5
IRON DEF ANEMIA
1. Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anemia in children (95/2) 15
2. Management of Iron Deficiency anemia (98/2) 10
3. Biochemical markers of Iron Deficiency Anaemia and response to treatment.
4. Enlist the causes and outline the Differential Diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency anemia (05)
3+3+4
5. Outline the aetiology of Iron deficiency in children. Describe the clinical features and approach to
diagnosis of a child suspected to be having nutritional anaemia. (13/1) 3+(2+5)

39

6. Discuss the sequential pathological changes seen with iron deficiency, state. What laboratory studies
can be used to differentiate common microcytic anaemias? (13/2) 5+5
G6PD DEFICIENCY
1. Pathogenesis of anemia in G6PD Deficiency (99/1) 15
2. G6PD deficiency (99/2) 10
3. 3yr old child-H/O Jaundice since 2 months, H/O Exchange transfusion at D2. Discuss the D/D.
4. Classify Haemolytic Anemia. Add a note on management of Intravascular haemolysis in G6PD
deficiency (05)
4+4+2
5. Briefly outline normal erythropoiesis. Describe the diagnosis and treatment of G6PD deficiency
(07/2) 10

MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA
1. Megaloblastic anaemia (03/2) 15
2. List the common causes of macrocytic anaemia. Describe the laboratory diagnosis of megaloblastic
anaemia and treatment of juvenile pernicious anaemia. (04/2)
4+3+3
3. Clinicohaematological profile of Megaloblastic Anaemia (06/1) 10
4. Discuss causes, clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and treatment of Folate Deficiency anaemia
in children (07/2) 10
5. Enlist the common causes of macrocytic anaemia. Describe the laboratory diagnosis and treatment of
megaloblastic anemia. (09/2) 2+3+5
6. Write short note on: Peripheral smear findings in iron deficiency and B12 deficiency anaemia (10/2)
2.5+2.5
HEREDITARY SPHEROCYTOSIS
1. Diagnosis and management of Congenital Hereditary Spherocytosis (97/1)
2. Hereditary Spherocytosis
(06) 10
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
1. Management of acute sickle cell crisis (99/1)

15

15

SPLEEN
1. Outline the functions of Spleen. Describe the indications and complication of splenectomy and post
operative management. (09/1) 3+7
2. Describe the functions of spleen. Describe clinical manifestations and management of asplenia/
polysplenia. (10/1) 4+3+3
HAEMORRHAGIC AND THROMBOTIC DISEASES
1. DIC (96/2)
15

40

2. Antenatal diagnosis and career detection of Haemophilia (98/2) 15

3. Consumption Coagulopathy.
4. Write differential diagnosis of a 5 year old child with petechial rash with fever. How will you manage a
child with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. (04/2)
4+6
5. Explain coagulation cascade. A 4 year old child with h/o recurrent epistaxis and gum bleeding. Discuss
laboratory diagnosis and management of this condition.
Add a note of differentiating a bleeding disorder from a coagulation disorder (05) 5+3+2
6. A 5 year old male child comes with a history of trivial fall and swelling of right knee. He has history of
easy brusiability. Discuss the laboratory diagnosis and management of this child. Add a note on
antenatal diagnosis and counselling (06)
10
7. Various treatment modalities in acute ITP (06) 10
8. Discuss the various aspects of management of a child with Haemophilia A (07/2) 10
9. Discuss the pathogenesis of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and relate it to the
laboratory abnormalities observed in this entity. (08/1) 10
10. Diagrammatically outline the Normal Coagulation Cascade. Outline diagnosis and management of
disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) (09/1) 4+6
11. Write in brief regarding the aetiology and management of idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura.(ITP)
(11/1)
4+6
12. A 10 year old boy with haemophilia A, weighing 30 kg has come with bleeding in both knee joints.
Discuss briefly the specific, supportive and prophylactic management of this child. (11/1)
4+3+3
13. List the causes of thrombocytopenia in a febrile child. How would you manage a child with fever,
platelet count of 25,000/cumm and absolute neutrophil count of 450/cumm? (12/2) 4+6
14. Discuss the treatment options for acute ITP in a 14 year old girl child. (13/1) 10
15. An 8 year old girl has presented with epistaxis, bleeding gum and ecchymotic patches over trunk. Her
platelet count is 20,000/cumm. Discuss the differential diagnosis with specific clinico-investigative
pointers. Run the diagnostic work up for this child. (13/2) 5+5
16. Draw the coagulation cascade. Describe the Hess capillary test and enumerate the screening tests for a
bleeding and a clotting disorder.(14/1)
4+6
BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION
1. Describe the risks and benefits of bone marrow transplantation in children (94/2) 15
2. Graft versus host disease (99/1)
15
3. Bone marrow transplantation for children (06/1) 10
4. Define febrile neutropenia and describe the treatment and care of a child with febrile neutropenia. (08/1)
10
5. Enumerate the methods of harvesting/ storing stem cells. Outline the indications of stem cell therapy.
Discuss in brief the patient preparation required for stem cell therapy. Enlist important potential
complications of stem cell therapy. (11/1)
2+3+3+2
6. Discuss pathogenesis of Graft Versus Host Diseases GVHD. Discuss clinical manifestations, staging &
grading and management of acute GVHD.(13/2) 2+(2+3+2)
7. Discuss indications, rationale and sources for stem cell transplantation in children. (12/2) 5+3+2
8. Discuss the indications for stem cell transplantation therapy in children. What is its rationale and sources
for stem cells? (13/2) 5+(3+2)
9. Stem cell therapy (14/2) 5

41

BLOOD TRANSFUSION
1. Transfusion of Blood fractions
10
2. Discuss the inherent hazards of Blood Transfusion in children and the necessary measures to avoid and
minimize them (07/1) 10
3. Outline the method of extracting various blood components. What are the indications of usage of Fresh
Frozen Plasma (FFP) and cryoprecipitate? (09/2) 5+5
4. Discuss briefly the risks associated with blood transfusion therapy. (13/2) 10

20 NEOPLASTIC DISEASES AND TUMOURS

ALL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Management of CNS Leukaemia (96/1) 14

Treatment and prognosis of ALL (97/2) 15
Management of a case of ALL in a 3 year old (03/1) 25
Discuss management of a child with acute leukaemia (06/1) 10
Management of a child with acute leukaemia (06/2) 10
Prognostic indicators in Acute Leukaemia (07/2) 10
Utility of immunophenotyping in the diagnosis of leukaemia in children. Outline the treatment of acute
lymphoblastic leukaemia. (09/2) 4+6
8. Classification of childhood leukamias.(14/2) 5

LYMPHOMA
1. Different types of Lymphomas in children and their Histopathological classification (93/2) 15
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Define tumour lysis syndrome. Enlist its important constituents. Outline its aetiology and describe the
management. (08/1) 10
2. Write in brief the clinical manifestations, laboratory findings and management principles of Langerhans
Cell Histocytosis. (09/1) 10
3. Classify childhood histiocytosis. Describe the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of
Langerhans cell histiocytosis. (10/1) 3+3+2+2
4. Outline the essential components and pathophysiology of tumor lysis syndrome. Describe its
management. (11/1)
2+4+4
5. How will you classify childhood Histiocytosis? Describe the diagnostic criteria, clinical manifestations
and treatment for haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. What are the infections associated with it?
(11/2) 2+2+2+2+2
6. Define tumour lysis syndrome. Describe the pathophysiology of tumour lysis syndrome. How will you
prevent occurrence of tumour lysis syndrome? (11/2) 2+4+4
7. Management of tumour lysis syndrome. (14/2) 5

42

21 UROLOGIC DISORDERS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN

ENURESIS
1. Enuresis (96/2)
15
2. Define Enuresis. Discuss its manifestations and management (06) 5
3. Management of nocturnal Enuresis (07/1) 5
4. What is nocturnal enuresis? Outline the causes for the same. Describe the modalities for managing a 6
year old child with enuresis. (08/2) 10
5. Discuss evaluation and management of an 8 year old male with primary nocturnal enuresis. (10/2) 4+6
6. Voiding dysfunctions in children (13/2) 5
UTI
1. Investigation of a 7 year old boy with Recurrent UTI (93/2) 10
2. Describe the aetiological factors, clinical manifestations and management of children with UTI
(95/2)
25
3. Management of a 2 year old child with first attack of UTI (99/2) 10
4. Recurrent UTI in childhood
(02/1) 15
5. Recurrent UTI (03/2) 15
6. Classify UTI and provide an algorithm for management of a child with first episode of UTI
(05)
3+7
7. Imaging studies indicated in a child with UTI (06) 10
8. Discuss approach to a child with recurrent urinary tract infections. What are the indications, goal and
schedule of antimicrobial prophylaxis in treating such a child? (09/1) 10
9. What are the clinical manifestations of urinary tract infections (UTI) in children? Describe the plan of
investigations and management of a 2 year old boy with recurrent UTI. (09/2) 2+4+4
10. Write short note on: Grading of vesico-ureteric reflux and indications of surgical intervention in
children with vesico-ureteric reflux (10/2) 3+2
11. How is urinary tract infection diagnosed? Draw an algorithm for evaluation of a child after the first
episode of UTI. Describe the utility of a DMSA scan. (14/1) 2+5+3
VUR
1. Discuss criteria for diagnosis, staging and management of VUR (92) 25
2. Management of an infant with VUR
(93/1) 15
3. Outline the grades of vesico-ureteric reflux. Discuss the management of a child with recurrent urinary
tract infection with grade 4 vesico-ureteric reflux. (04/2)
4+3+3
4. Give the grading of VUR. Outline its evaluation and management in children(07/2) 10
5. Clinical features, grading and management of vesico-ureteric reflux (10/1) 3+3+4
6. Define vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Classify the grades of VUR. Discuss in brief the medical and
surgical management of VUR in children. (11/1) 2+2+6
7. Define Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) and reflux nephropathy. Classify various grades of VUR with
diagrammatic representation and outline its management. (12/2) 2+(3+5)

43

NEUROGENIC BLADDER
1. Neurogenic Bladder

(98/2)

15

GYNAECOLOGY
1. Write a short note on non-specific vulvo-vaginitis in children with special emphasis on its
aetiopathogenesis and treatment (08/1) 10

22 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THYROID GLAND
1. Management of Puberty Goiter (93/1)
15
2. Diagnosis of Congenital Hypothyroidism (95/1)
15
3. Management of Puberty Goiter (98/2)
15
4. Endemic Cretinism (99/2)
15
5. Congenital Hypothyroidism (00/1) 15
6. Aetiopathology of Congenital Hypothyroidism 15
7. Goitrogenic Hypothyroidism (03/2) 15
8. Briefly list the various thyroid function tests. Describe clinical presentation and management of
autoimmune thyroiditis. (04/2)
6+4
9. What are the changes seen in Thyroid Hormone levels around birth. Describe the salient features of
Neonatal Thyroid Screening Programme (06) 10
10. Neonatal Thyroid Screening (07/2) 10
11. Discuss causes, clinical features and management of Acquired Hypothyroidism (07/2) 10
12. Congenital Hyperthyroidism (07/1)
10
13. Discuss the synthesis of thyroid Hormones. Outline the causes of congenital hypothyroidism and a brief
comment on neonatal thyroid screening. (09/1) 3+7
14. Thyroid hormone synthesis and its derangements. (10/1) 6+4
15. Enlist common causes of acquired hypothyroidism in a 12 year old girl. Discuss in brief the clinical
manifestations and laboratory findings. (12/1) 3+4+3
16. Enumerate causes of thyromegaly in childhood and classify thyroid size into different stages clinically.
How would you approach to diagnose a case of goitre? Briefly write the treatment of physiological
goitre.(12/2) (3+2)+3+2
DIABETES MELLITUS
1. Emergency management of DKA (93/1) 15
2. Management of DKA (95/2) 15
3. Complications of Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus and their management (97/1) 15
4. Describe briefly the biochemical changes and management of DKA (98/1) 25
5. 8 year, h/o vomiting, severe abdominal pain for 2 days. Dehydrated, acidotic breathing, Blood glucose
(random) 400. Outline the management (05) 10
6. Write management of DKA (06) 5
7. Management of a child with IDDM (06/2)
10
8. Write risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in children (07/2) 10

44

9. Classify severity of diabetic ketoacidosis on the basis of clinical and blood gas examination. Briefly
describe Somogyi and Dawn phenomenon in type 1 diabetes. (08/1)
10
10. Discuss the metabolic changes associated with diabetic ketoacidosis with steps of treatment of diabetic
ketoacidosis. (08/2) 10
11. A 10 year old child (body weight 22kg) presents with severe diabetic ketoacidosis. Write down the
expected clinical and investigate findings. Outline the plan of management in first 24 hours. (09/1) 4+6
12. What are the biochemical criteria for the diagnosis of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)? What are the goals
of therapy? How will you manage a child with DKA? (11/2) 3+3+4
13. A 5 year old child weighing 20kg presents with diabetic ketoacidosis. Discuss its complete management.
(12/2) 10
14. Discuss the pathophysiological abnormalities in diabetic ketoacidosis. Describe the management of
diabetic ketoacidosis in a child weighing 20Kg. (13/2)

4+6

HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY

1. Indications of Growth Hormone Therapy (93/2) 10
2. What are the causes of Dwarfism? How will you investigate such a case (97/2) 15
3. SIADH (99/1)
(99/2) 10
4. Define Short Stature. Discuss the approach to a child with short stature and the role of GH in Short
Stature (05) 2+5+3
5. Approach to a child with short stature. Definition, Important causes, D/D and management too.
(06/1) (07/2) 10
6. How will you diagnose and treat SIADH in a child (06) 5
7. How will you assess a child presenting with features of Diabetes Insipidus (06) 10
8. A 4 year old child presents with polydipsia and polyuria. How will you establish a diagnosis of
diabetes insipidus in this case? Discuss its management. (08/1) 10
9. Short stature definition, differential diagnosis and management approach. (10/1) 2+3+5
10. Diagnostic approach for a child who presented with polyuria and polydipsia. (10/1) 10
11. Outline the diagnostic criteria of diabetes insipidus. Discuss the management of nephrogenic diabetes
insipidus. (10/2) 4+6
12. Enumerate the hormones secreted by anterior pituitary and list the factors stimulating and inhibiting
secretion of growth hormone. (10/2) 3+7
13. Outline the diagnostic criteria for Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH). Discuss its
aetiopathogenesis. (12/1) 6+4
14. Discuss briefly role of different anthropometric measurement in the diagnosis of short stature. (12/2)
5
15. Define short stature. Outline the approach to clinical evaluation and management of a child with short
stature. (13/1) 2+8
16. Discuss approach to the diagnosis of a child presenting with polyuria and polydipsia.(13/2) 10
17. A 5 year old boy has attained a height of 137cm. What could be the cause(s) for this situation and
which specific clinical pointers may be useful for determining the cause. How will you evaluate this
child for an underlying endocrinological disorder? (13/2) 6+4
18. Short notes on evaluation and management of a child with : SIADH (14/1) 5

45

ADRENAL GLAND
1. Management of adrenogenital syndrome (96/2)
15
2. Short note- female with Ambiguous genitalia at birth (02/1) 15
3. Salt losing CAH (03/1)
15
4. Outline human sex differentiation. Provide an outline of the approach to an infant with ambiguous
genitalia. (04/2) 4+6
5. Explain synthesis of Steroid Hormones. Discuss briefly approach to a child born with ambiguous
genitalia. (05) 5+5
6. Causes of Adrenal Crises and discuss its management (06) 10
7. Discuss approach to a child with ambiguous Genitalia. (06/2) 10
8. Diagnosis and management of a child with CAH (06/1) 10
9. Enumerate the causes of adrenal crisis. Provide key features of clinical presentation and discuss its
management. (08/1)
10
10. Discuss karyotype abnormalities, clinical features and management of true hermaphroditism. (08/1) 10
11. Define delayed puberty in a male child. List the possible causes. Describe changes in male genitals in
different stages of sexual maturation. (08/2) 10
12. Discuss the normal physiology of puberty and its relation to sexual development. (09/1) 4+6
13. A 1 year old female is brought to you with obesity, short stature, hypertension and hypertrichosis of
face and trunk. Provide differential diagnosis and approach to investigating and managing this child.
(09/1) 3+7
14. Describe the diagnostic approach in a 2 year old child with ambiguous genitalia (09/2) 10
15. Physiology of puberty in boys and girls. (10/1) 10
16. Clinical features, investigations and treatment of phaeochromocytoma. (10/1)
3+3+4
17. Outline the diagnostic approach to a 14 years old boy with infantile genitalia. (10/1) 10
18. Define and classify precocious puberty in boys according to its aetiology. Outline the approach for
investigating a boy with precocious puberty. (11/1)
2+4+4
20. Describe normal sexual differentiation in foetus. What is intersex? Describe aetiological classification of
disorders of Sex Development (DSD). (11/2) 2+2+6
21. Define delayed puberty. Describe its aetiology and diagnostic evaluation. (13/2 ) 2+(4+4)
22. Short notes on evaluation and management of a child with : Virilisation (14/1) 5
23. Define Precocious puberty in boys. Enumerate causes of precocious puberty in boys.(14/2) 5
PARATHYROID GLAND
1. Role of hormones in calcium balance (03/2) 15
2. Outline the calcium metabolism. Discuss the causes and management of Hypocalcaemia in a 3 yrs old
(07/2) 10
3. Differentiate between the laboratory features of hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism and
hyperparathyroidism. (08/1) (12/1) 10
4. Describe the calcium metabolism in a child. Detail the clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment of
a child with pseudohypoparathyroidism. (08/2) 10
5. Discuss the aetiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of hypercalcaemia.
(09/1) 10
6. Define hypocalcaemia. Enumerate hormones affecting calcium balance in the body. Describe their
respective roles in calcium homeostasis. (13/1) 2+3+5

46

23 NERVOUS SYSTEM
CNS INFECTIONS (Veena Kalra)
1. Discuss diagnosis and management of Viral Encephalitis (97/1) 15
2. Chronic Meningitis clinical approach and management (02/1) 15
3. Pathophysiology of Acute Encephalitis (03/1) 15
4. Pathogenesis, management and prognosis of H. Influenzae Meningitis in children (06) 10
5. Discuss briefly epidemiology, investigations and management of Viral Meningoencephalitis (07/1) 10
6. Enumerate risk factors for brain abscess. Outline a scheme for investigating and treatment a 10 year old
child with brain abscess. (08/1) 10
7. Discuss the aetiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of Acute Disseminated
Encephalomyelitis (ADEM) (09/1) 4+6
8. Enumerate risk factors for brain abscess. Outline investigations and treatment of brain abscess in
children. (09/2) 4+2+4
9. Brief notes on : Acute Demyelinating Encephalomyelitis (13/1) 5
NEUROLOGICAL EVALUATION (Illingsworth)
1. Modified Glasgow Coma Scale in a 1 year old Child (03/1) 15
2. Outline the pathway of seventh cranial. Discuss the diagnosis and management of Bells palsy. (04/2)
4+3+3
3. Briefly discuss the role of electrophysiological studies in paediatric neurological disorders. (04/2) 10
4. What are the signs of meningeal irritation in a 2 year old child? How do you elicit them? How will you
rule out Pseudo-neck rigidity (05)
10
5. Give 5 examples each of UMN and LMN lesion. How do you clinically differentiate between UMN and
LMN lesions? What is the importance of fundus examination in a child with Para paresis (05)
10
6. Clinical significance of Postural Reflexes (06)
10
7. List the aetiologies of acute peripheral facial palsy. Discuss the clinical features, management and
prognosis of Bells palsy in a 10 year old girl. (13/2) 3+(3+2+2)
SEIZURES IN CHILDHOOD, CONDITIONS MIMICKING SEIZURES
1. Definition, prognosis and management of Febrile Convulsion (93/1) 15
2. Benign Rolandic Epilepsy of Childhood (93/1) 15
3. Management of Children with Partial Seizures (95/1) 15
4. Treatment of Status Epilepticus in a 5 year old Child (95/2) 10
5. Management of children with partial epilepsy (95/1) 15
6. Classification of Epilepsy and treatment of Simple Partial Seizures (96/2) 12
7. What are the causes of convulsions in infancy and childhood How will you investigate such a case
(97/2)
15
8. Treatment of Breath Holding spells (97/1) 10
9. Pseudoseizures (98/2) 10
10. Management of a case of Complex Partial Seizure (98/2)
10
11. Breath Holding spells (98/1) 15

47

12. Aetiology and management of Febrile Seizures (98/1) 15

13. Infantile spasms (99/2) 10
14. Conditions mimicking seizures (99/2) 15
15. Partial Seizures 15
16. Approach to an infant with myoclonic seizures (00/1) 15
17. Enumerate newer drugs for treatment of Epilepsy with their uses (02/1) 15
18. What are the causes of Convulsions in children? Discuss the management of Status Epilepticus (05)
5+5
19. Define Febrile Convulsions. Discuss the management of a 2 year old child who presents to the
emergency room with first episode of Febrile Seizure. Add a note on anticonvulsant Prophylaxis in
febrile seizure. (06) 10
20. Diagnosis and management of a child with Partial Focal Seizure (06/2) 10
21. Discuss conditions that mimic seizures in children (07/2) 10
22. Indications for the therapeutic use of newer anticonvulsants in childhood seizure states and their
potential adverse effects (07/1) 10
23. An 8 year old apparently well boy presents with generalized seizures for the last one hour. How will you
approach (including history and examination) this child? Discuss the management of this patient. (08/2)
10
24. Write the characteristic features of febrile seizures in children. Enumerate the differentiating points for
atypical febrile seizure. Outline the indications and regime for continuous prophylaxis in febrile
seizures. (10/2) 2+2+3+3
25. Define myoclonic epilepsy. Discuss in brief the characteristic features of different types of myoclonic
epilepsies, with onset in infancy. (10/2)
2+8
26. Enumerate the aetiology of first episode of complex partial seizures in a 7 year old boy. Provide an
approach to management of this child. (11/1)
4+6
27. Describe the aetiology, types and EEG changes of infantile spasms. Outline the treatment protocol.
(12/1) 2+3+1+4
28. Enlist epileptic syndromes seen in children. Define status epilepticus and outline briefly the management
protocol of West Syndrome.(12/2) 3+(2+5)
29. Brief notes on : Newer antiepileptic drugs. (99/2) 15
(13/1) 5
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF CNS
1. Hydrocephalus in infancy (96/2) 14
2. Prevention of Neural Tube Defects (97/2) 15
3. Role of Folic Acid in prevention of Neural Tube Defects (98/2)
10
4. Normal CSF circulation in Newborns and the changes that take place in Aqueductal Stenosis
(98/2)
10
5. Aetiology and pathophysiology of hydrocephalus (99/2) 15
6. Dandy Walker Malformation (03/1) 15
7. List the causes of Hydrocephalus in children. What is the pathogenesis and discuss the management
(05) 10
8. Discuss briefly the possible predisposing factors, types of open Neural Tube Defects in children and its
prevention
(07/1)
10
9. Describe the normal cerebrospinal fluid pathway with the help of a diagram. Define and classify
hydrocephalus and enlist its causes. (09/1) 4+6

48

10. List the neurocutaneous syndromes. Describe the genetics, cellular defect, clinical manifestation and
diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis. (09/2) 3+1+1+3+2
11. What are the causes of congenital hydrocephalus? Describe clinical features and management of an
infant with Arnold Chiari malformation. (09/2) 4+6
12. Describe growth velocity of head size from birth till 5 years of age. Define microcephaly. Enumerate its
aetiology and approach to diagnosis in a child with microcephaly. (10/1) 3+2+2+3
13. Enumerate various types of neural tube defects and discuss their embryogenesis. Outline in brief
management of meningomyelocele. (11/1) 3+3+4
14. Describe briefly cerebro spinal fluid formation, circulation, absorption and enumerate causes of
hydrocephalus. (11/2) 3+2+2+3
15. Define microcephaly. Enumerate causes of primary and secondary microcephaly. Outline the diagnostic
approach of a 2 years old child brought to the hospital with small sized head. (12/1) 1+4+5
16. Discuss embryogenesis of neural tube defects. Discuss in brief its clinical features. (12/2) 5+5
17. Define craniosynostosis and its types. Name specific syndromes associated with craniosynostosis.
Describe the clinical characteristics of common types of craniosynostosis. (13/2) 3+3+4
18. Enumerate common types of neural tube defects. Discuss the prevention and management of neural tube
defects.(14/2)
4+(2+4)

ACUTE STROKE SYNDROMES

1. Stroke in childhood (00/1) 15
2. Discuss the aetiopathogenesis of acute onset hemiplegia in a 3 year old child. How will you manage this
child. (04/2) 4+6
3. Discuss the aetiopathogenesis, clinical symptomatology and differential diagnosis of childhood stroke
(06/2) 10
4. Briefly discuss the arterial supply of Brain. Outline the causes of acute hemiplegia in a 2 year old child
(07/2) 10
5. Describe the causes of arterial thromboembolism in children. Outline the management of a child with
acute hemiplegia. (08/1) 10
6. What are the causes of hypercoagulable state in children? How will you manage a case of acute
hemiplegia? (09/2) 4+6
7. Enumerate the causes of stroke in children. Discuss the diagnostic approach for managing a child with
stroke. (11/2) 3+7
8. List the causes of stroke in children. How will you differentiate stroke from other stroke like illnesses?
What are the radiological findings in a child with ischaemic stroke?(12/2) 3+3+4
HEADACHE
1. Define Migraine in children. Discuss the classification of Migraine and write its management (07/2)
10
2. Classification and management of Migraine (07/1) 10
3. List causes of headache in children. Outline an approach for a 10 year old child with headache. (11/1)
4+6

49

MISCELLANEOUS
1. Discuss diagnosis and management of an unconscious child (92/2) 25
2. Discuss the diagnosis and investigation plan for a 2 year old child with regression of milestones and
generalized seizures (93/1) 25
3. Signs and symptoms of a tumour at CP angle, in relation to the anatomy of different structures at this
point (93/2) 15
4. Differential diagnosis of Floppy Infant (96/1) 12
5. Discuss the management of a 3 year old unconscious child (99/1) 25
6. Pseudotumour Cerebri (99/2) 10
7. Toxic Neuropathy 15
8. Discuss the pathophysiology and management of Raised Intracranial Tension 25
9. Pathophysiology of Cerebral Oedema (00/1) 15
10. Pathophysiology of Sleep Apnoea (03/1) 15
11. Pseudoparalysis (06) 5
12. Enlist the possible conditions which could result in a 24 month old child with history of regression of
milestones for past 8 month. The child also has a liver enlargement. Detail the clinical manifestation of
Tay Sachs Disease? (08/1) 10
13. Outline the steps in managing intracranial hypertension and provide rationale for each of these steps.
(09/1) 10
14. Describe evaluation of a child with cerebral palsy. (09/2) 10
15. Define raised intracranial pressure. Describe its clinical features and management. (10/1) 2+3+5
16. Discuss differential diagnosis of a floppy Infant. Write a short note on clinical and laboratory
characteristics of Werdnig-Hoffman disease. (13/1) 4+(3+3)
17. Enumerate the causes for ataxia in children. Discuss the investigations and treatment for a 7 year old boy
presenting with acute onset ataxia. (14/1)
4+(3+3)
18. Short note : Amplitude integrated EEG (14/1)
3
19. Discuss the pathophysiology and types of cerebral oedema. Write the medical management of raised
ICT.(14/2) 4+6
20. Types, clinical presentation and management of spinal muscular atrophies. (14/2) 2+4+4
21. Evaluation of obstructive sleep apnoea in children. (14/2)
5

24 NEUROMUSCULAR DISORDERS
1. Family Genetic Counselling to parents with 2 boys having calf hypertrophy and progressive proximal
leg muscle weakness (07/1) 10
2. Describe the different types of hereditary neuropathies. Outline the diagnostic approach and
management of type 1 hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. (10/1) 4+6
3. Clinical features, diagnostic evaluation and treatment of myasthenia gravis. (10/1) 3+3+4
4. Discuss about the clinical features, types, diagnosis and management of Myasthenia Gravis. (11/2)
3+2+2+3

50

25 EYE
1. Proptosis (94) 15
2. Evaluation and management of an infant with squint (95/2) 15
3. What are the common causes of Blindness in children? Discuss steps to prevent Blindness in this group
(05) 3+7
4. Describe the characteristic changes observed in fundus examination of a child with (10/2)
4+3+3
i Chronic Hypertension
ii Acute Lymphoblastic leukaemia
iii Long standing diabetes mellitus
5. Describe the various age appropriate tests for checking visual acuity in children and their limitations. (13/2)
10

26 EAR, NOSE
1. Outline development of normal hearing in children. List causes of Hearing impairment in a I year old
child and its diagnostic approach (07/2) 10
2. Recurrent Acute Otitis Media in children (07/1) 10
3. Describe the types of hearing loss in children. Enumerate the causes of hearing loss in children. (10/2)
4+6
4. Outline the aetiopathogenesis of acute suppurative otitis media. Discuss in brief the treatment and
complications of acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM) in children. (11/1)
3+4+3
5. Describe the aetiopathogenesis and clinical features in a 3 year old child with hearing impairment. What
are the laboratory tests for assessment of such a child? (12/1) 3+3+4
6. Discuss the treatment of : Nasal polyps in children(14/1) 3
7. Management of acute otitis media in children (14/2) 5

27 SKIN
1. New developments in management of Vascular Nevi and scabies in children (93/1)
2. Clinical conditions associated with Maculopapular rashes in children and their differential diagnosis
(95/1) 10
3. Diagnosis and management of a 2 year old child with Petechial skin rash (98/1) 15
4. Erythema Nodosum (99/2) 10
5. Review the aetiology and management of adolescent acne. What are the psychological complications in
children (06)
10
6. Seborrheic Dermatitis in children (07/1) 10
7. Enumerate the causes of persistent fever which are not due to infection. Describe the clinical
presentation of ectodermal dysplasias. (08/1) 10
8. Clinical features, D/D, Treatment of Ectopic Dermatitis in infants. (10/1)
9. Outline the characteristic clinical features of erythema multiforme and Steven Johnson syndrome.
Enumerate the principles of management of Steven Johnson syndrome. (10/2) 4+3+3
10. Discuss in brief aetiopathogenesis, clinical features and treatment of seborrheic dermatitis in a
neonate. (13/1) 3+4+3
11. Discuss briefly aetiology, clinical features and management of Steven Johnson syndrome. (13/2) 3+3+4

51

12. Discuss the treatment of: Scabies (14/1) 4

13. Aetiology, clinical presentation and management of Stevens Johnson Syndrome. (14/2)

3+2+5

28 BONE AND JOINT DISORDERS

1.
2.
3.
4.

Congenital Dislocation of Hip (07/1) 5

Achondroplasia (07/1)
5
Classification and management of Osteogenesis Imperfecta (07/1) 10
Describe developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Enumerate risk factors for the same. Enlist its
clinical features. How do you confirm its diagnosis? Outline the management. (08/1) 10
5. Define skeletal dysplasia. Describe the clinical features and radiological changes of achondroplasia.
(10/1) 3+3+4
6. Discuss the clinical features, diagnosis and management of Developmental Dysplasia of Hip (DDH)
(10/2) 3+4+3
7. What is developmental dysplasia of hip and its classification? Describe the various age appropriate
clinical tests for this condition. Outline the treatment modalities for this condition at different ages.
(13/2) 2+4+4

29 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH HAZARDS

1. Management of Kerosene Oil poisoning (93/1) 10
2. Organophosphorus insecticide poisoning (95/1) 15
3. Lead Toxicity in children (95/1) 10
4. Adverse effects of Environmental pollution in children (96/1) 15
5. Kerosene oil poisoning (06) 5
6. How will you manage acute anaphylaxis following a bee sting in a ten year old boy (06)
10
7. Steps and management of severe iron poisoning in children (06) 10
8. Occupational and environment risks to the foetus (06/1)
5
9. Management of Lead Poisoning and organophosphorus poisoning (07/2) 10
10. Enumerate the major routes of pesticide exposure in children. Outline the manifestations of their
toxicity. Discuss steps for minimization/prevention of exposure to pesticides in children. (08/1) 10
11. An 8 year old child is bitten by a snake while playing in the field. Discuss the different types of
pathological changes the patient can go through. How do you grade the severity of envenomation and
discuss the management.(08/2)10
12. A 3 year old boy has swallowed an unknown amount of toilet cleaner and is brought to you in distress.
Discuss the possible injuries, initial and late management of this patient. (08/2) 10
13. Outline the pre-hospital and hospital management of a 10 year old boy bitten by a poisonous snake.
(09/1) (10)
14. Enumerate various air pollutants and discuss their effects on health of children (09/1) 3+7
15. Enumerate clinical features of iron poisoning and describe its management (09/2) 3+7
16. Enumerate sources of lead poisoning. Outline the mechanism of toxicity and clinical features of lead
poisoning. (10/2) 3+3+4
17. Outline the management of dog bite in a four year old child. (10/2) 10
18. Outline and discuss the diagnosis and management of organophosphorus poisoning. (13/1) 4+6
19. Describe the pathogenesis, clinical features and management of scorpion sting. (13/1) 3+3+4

52

20. Write the sources, clinical features, prevention and treatment of:
(13/2) 5+5
a)
Mercury poisoning
b)
Lead poisoning
19. How do you classify dog bites? Discuss its management. (13/2) 4+6
20. A 4 year old child has been bitten on his foot by a snake. How is a poisonous snake identified? Discuss the
management this child. (14/1)
3+7
21. Pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management of CO poisoning.(14/2)
3+3+4

30 SOCIAL PAEDIATRICS
1. Failure in control of Tuberculosis (93/1) 15
2. Objectives and strategies of Maternal Child Survival And Safe Motherhood Programme
(94/2) 15
3. Effect of Television watching in children (95/1) 15
4. Use of Road To Health Charts in MCH clinics (95/2) 10
5. Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (95/2) 15
6. Child health care services provided through CSSM programme in India (95/1) 15
7. CSSM Programme (96/2) 15
8. Pulse Polio Immunization (96/1) 15
9. ICDS scheme (97/2) 15
10. Discuss briefly the major goals for child survival and development by 2000AD (97/1) 25
11. Indications to use antibiotics in children with Upper Respiratory Infections (97/1) 10
12. RCH programme (98/2) 15
13. What measures can reduce Birth Rate in next 5 years (98/2) 10
14. National targets for MCH services 15
15. National Leprosy Eradication Programme 15
16. Paediatric components of RCH programme (99/2) 15
17. DOTS chemotherapeutic management of Tuberculosis in National TB Control Programme (00/1) 15
18. RCH Programme-aims and strategies (02/1) 15
19. Community management of Diarrhoea and LRTI with indications for referral (02/1) 15
20. IMNCI (03/2) 15
21. Outline the components of ICDS programme. Briefly discuss its impact o child health in India and also
causes for its failure. (04/2) 3+4+4
22. IMNCI- what is the strategy. Discuss the factors in successful implementation of this strategy (05)
5+5
23. What is the Birth Weight specific mortality? Discuss the measures to reduce this mortality (05) 10
24. Hospital Waste Management (06)
10
25. What were the problems encountered in NTCP. Write the goals, strategies and essential components of
RNTPC. Also discuss in brief categorization of patients and treatment protocols under RNTCP (06)
10
26. What is IMCI? What are the various criteria and limitations of this Programme? Elaborate signs,
symptoms and diseases covered under this programme
(06) 10
27. How do you classify the severity of acute respiratory infections using the IMNCI protocol? (06) 10
28. RCH Programme in India (06)
10 Essential newborn care in RCH.
29. DOTS regimen and the problems involved in the implementation in childhood TB
(06)
10

53

30. National AIDS control Programme in preventing Childhood AIDS (06/1) 10

31. National Iodine Deficiency Disorder Control Programme (07/2) 10
32. Write a short note on National Rural Health Mission (07/1) (09/2) 10
33. Briefly describe baby friendly hospital initiative and list ten steps to successful breast feeding. (08/1)
10
34. Define biomedical waste. Briefly categorize them. Enumerate their health hazards. List 4 important
methods for disposal of biomedical wastes. (08/1)10
35. Describe briefly the principles of integrated management of neonatal and childhood illness (IMNCI).
Outline the broad steps of case management process. (08/1) 10
36. Enumerate chief causes of neonatal mortality in India. Describe the current status in India and its status.
Prepare a 5 year plan for reduction of neonatal mortality rate in your district. (08/1) 10
37. List and define the important public health indicators of mortality in children. Also discuss their current
status in India. (09/1) 7+3
38. Outline the essential components and principles of IMNCI strategy. Highlight the cardinal features of
case management process of young infants (<2 months) (09/1) 4+6
39. What are the major contributors to the high infant mortality in our country? What Specific areas of
infant or/and newborn care can be strengthened to decrease infant mortality in India. Describe the salient
features of the integrated management of neonatal and childhood illness strategy. (09/2) 2+3+5
40. a) Describe the category based treatment in childhood TB (09/2) 3
b) Describe the pros and cons of intermittent therapy for tuberculosis (09/2)3
c) What are the components of DOTS strategy as defined by WHO? (09/2) 4
41. Enumerate the Millennium Development Goals. Describe briefly the National Health Programs to
achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in India. Write the status of India in relation to health
indicators in NHFS 3. (10/1) 2+4+4
42. Define under 5 mortality rate. Comment on its current status and aetiology in India. Outline important
strategies/ programs undertaken by Govt. of India to improve Under 5 child survival. (10/2)
2+2+2+4
43. Define and explain sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of a
diagnostic test. (10/2) 2.5 X 4
44. Expand the acronym ASHA. Outline the functions and remuneration of ASHA. Discuss the potential
impact of ASHA in improving the health status and well-being of a community. (11/1)
1+4+5
45. Discuss the justification for the addition of neonatal component to WHO generic IMCI programme for
making IMNCI strategy. What are the key features of this strategy? (11/2) 5+5
46. What is BFHI (Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative)? Mention its aims and objectives, steps, benefits
and assessments of baby friendly hospitals. (11/2) 2+2+2+2+2
47. Describe the flow chart for diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis under RNTCP. Write briefly on DOT
PLUS program. (12/1) 6+4
48. Define various indicators of child health which are important in context of monitoring child health in a
developing country. Outline the interventions to reduce them. (12/1) 5+5
49. Define biomedical waste. Describe its hazards. Outline modes of disposal of biomedical waste
generated in a hospital setting. (12/1) 2+3+5
50. Define and describe the following concepts used for measuring growth:
a) Percentile b) Percent of median c) Z scores. Discuss their relation to each other. (12/1)
2+2+3+3
51. Define perinatal and neonatal mortality. Enumerate important causes of neonatal mortality and
outline community based strategies to overcome it. (12/2)
2+(4+4)

54

52. Enumerate criteria to classify Possible serious bacterial infection in an infant 0-2 months of age
according to National Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illness (IMNCI). Briefly
outline the diagnostic importance and validity of neonatal sepsis screening. (12/2) 5+5
53. Outline the goals of Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI). Enumerate ten steps to successful breast
feeding. Mention contradictions to breast feeding. (13/1) 2+5+3
54. Write short notes on: (13/2) 5+5
i)
ASHA
ii)
M D G (Millennium Development Goal) focused on children
55. Discuss the following:
a) Student's 't' test'
b) Sample size
c) Ethics in research (14/1) 3+3+4
56
a) Define sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value(14/2 ) 2+2+2
b)Types of errors in a research study(14/2 ) 4
EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE
1. Define evidence based medicine, as applicable to paediatric practice. Enlist basic steps in the practice
of evidence based medicine. Name few databases of systematic reviews. (08/1) 10
2. Clarify the concept of evidence based medicine. Define strength of evidence and quality of evidence.
Provide suitable examples to justify your definitions. (11/1)
3+3+4
3. What is Evidence Based Medicine? How are the guidelines based on Evidence Based Medicine
developed? How are the recommendation graded for the level of evidence? (11/2) 2+4+4

31 PHARMACOLOGY
IMMUNOGLOBULIN
1. Indications for using I v immunoglobulin in children (97/1) 10
2. Role of I V Ig in paediatric practice (00/1) 15
3. Indications for use of I V Immunoglobulin in Paediatric Practice (06) 10
4. Briefly outline the uses for I v immunoglobulin(IVIG) in children (07/2) 10
5. Enlist the common indications for the use of I.V.I.G. Describe the mechanism of action, doses and its
side effects. (10/1) 3+3+2+2
6. Describe in brief the diseases in which IVIG is used for treatment. Write the dosage, administration and
side effects of IVIG. (10/2) 5+2+1+2
7. Discuss the indications and plausible mechanisms of action of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in
various paediatric disorders. (13/2) 10
INTERFERON
1. Clinical importance of Interferon (98/2)
NO

10

55

1. Physiological basis and therapeutic basis of NO

2. Clinical use of NO (03/2) 15

(98/2)

10

ATD
1. Rifampicin Therapy in children (95/1) 10
2. Preventive chaemotherapy in childhood TB (96/1) 15
3. Discuss the mechanism of Antibiotic resistance with special focus on ATD (97/2)

25

CHELATING AGENTS
1. Oral chelating agents (94/2) 15
2. Iron chelation therapy (06) (00/1) 5
ANTIBIOTICS
1. Describe various mechanisms for development of Drug Resistance by bacterial pathogens against
antibiotics. What factors are known to enhance drug resistance? Enumerate Anti Staphylococcal agents
(92) 25
2. Cephalosporins (94) 15
3. Enumerate paediatric conditions in which Erythromycin is the drug of choice (97/1) 10
4. Early detection of Chloramphenicol toxicity (03/1) 15
5. Third generation cephalosporins (03/1) 15
6. Aztreonam (03/2) 15
7. Discuss the basis for development of antibiotic resistance. Outline the steps for prevention of antibiotic
resistance. (04/2) 5+5
8. Management of infections by organisms producing extended spectrum beta lactamase (06/1)
10
ANTIFUNGALS
1. Describe the antifungals available for systemic use in India with their dosage, route and duration of
therapy for treatment of
a) systemic candidiasis; and
b) Invasive aspergillosis (09/2) 5+5
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
1. Antiviral drugs (99/1)

15

ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS
See Nervous System
BRONCHODILATORS
1. Bronchodilators (94/2)

15

ERYTHROPOIETIN
1. Recombinant Human Erythropoietin (94/2) 15
2. Discuss the role of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy (indication, dose, aim, precaution,
benefits and complications) in management of chronic renal failure. List reasons of resistance to such
therapy. (08/1) 10

56

ANTIMALARIAL
1. Malaria prophylaxis (94/2)

15

MISCELLANEOUS
1. Mechanism of Drug resistance (97/1)

15

32 VACCINES
MISCELLANEOUS
1. Enumerate all the diseases against which vaccines are currently available (93/2) 15
2. Immunization schedule basis in child suffering from AIDS (94) 15
2. Live vaccines used in paediatric age group (95/1) 10
3. Adverse reactions that may occur following use of vaccines included in the National Immunization
Schedule in India (95/2) 10
4. Describe briefly various adverse reactions following vaccinations and discuss their management (97/2)
25
5. Vaccine Vial Monitor 15
6. Cold Chain (00/1) 15 (14/2) 5
7. Combination vaccine (99/2) (03/1) 15
8. Describe the criteria or conditions to be considered for approving a newer vaccine in an immunization
program of a developing country. (08/1) 10
9. Discuss safe injection practices at a level three health care facility. Outline the management of a needle
stick injury to a health care provider 10 minutes back. (08/2) 10
10. Tabulate the various newer vaccines available to prevent respiratory disease in children, with their types,
dosage schedule, route, important side effects and efficacy. (11/2) 10
11. Define combination vaccines. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of such vaccines. Enlist
various combination vaccines used in our country. (12/2)
2+(2+2)+4
12. Define Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI). Classify AEFI. Outline the steps of
management of anaphylaxis following vaccination.(12/2)
2+8
13. Short note : Salient differences between the National and IAP Immunization schedule (13/1) 5
14. Write short notes on
a. Herd Immunity
b. Herd Effect
c. Vaccine Immunogenecity
d. Vaccine Efficacy; and
e. Vaccine Effectiveness (13/1) 2x5
15. Describe the conditions to be considered for approving a newer vaccine in the immunization program of
a developing country. (13/2) 10
RABIES VACCINE
1. Write briefly about different types of vaccine against rabies. Discuss various

57

schedules of pre and post-exposure prophylaxis for rabies. (12/1)

VARICELLA VACCINE
1. Varicella vaccine (00/1)

5+5

15

MEASLES VACCINE
1. Complications of measles vaccination and management (94/2)

15

HiB VACCINE
1. H Influenzae B vaccine (98/2) 15
2. Tabulate the following details with regards to Rotavirus vaccine, HIB vaccine and pneumococcal
vaccine: (09/2) 10
a) Type of vaccine
b) Dose
c) Route
d) Appropriate age of vaccination
e) Justification of its usage
f) Side effect and
g) Drawback
TYPHOID VACCINE
1. Typhoid Vaccines

(97/1)

15

HEPATITIS B VACCINE
1. Hepatitis B immunization (93/2)
2. Hepatitis B vaccine (96/1) (97/1)

10
10

PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE
1. Pneumococcal vaccine (96/2)

15

INFLUENZA
1. Influenza Type B vaccine (98/1)

15

DPT
1. Current status of post-DPT vaccine encephalopathy (93/1)

15

POLIO
1. Status of Polio vaccines (93/1) 15
2. Discuss the current role, advantages and disadvantages of OPV and IPV in control and eradication of
poliomyelitis in India. (11/1)
4+6
3. What is IPV? What are the advantages and disadvantages of IPV over OPV? What is the schedule of
IPV as recommended by IAP? (14/2) 3+5+2
HPV
1. Utility and controversy of HPV Vaccine. (10/1)

5+5

58

PERTUSSIS
1. Discuss the aetiology, pathogenesis and prevention of pertussis in children. Write the
differences in efficacy, duration of protection and adverse effects between whole cell and acellular pertussis
vaccine. (14/1)
6+4

33 MISCELLANEOUS
1. PCR (92) 15
2. Epidemiology and prevention of accidents in children (92/2) 15
3. Value of USG in paediatrics (93/1) 10
4. Dimorphic child (94/2) 15
5. Food Fussiness in children (95/1) 10
6. Pathogenesis of oedema (95/1) 15
7. Tetany in children (96/1)
12
8. Role of oxygen free radicals in the causation of childhood diseases (97/1) 15
9. Discuss the measures to prevent accidents in children (98/1) 25
10. Prevention of Vertically transmitted diseases (99/1) 15
11. PCR and its significance in clinical practice (00/1) 15
12. Outline the common ethical issues in paediatric practice. Briefly discuss the process of decision making
in paediatric life sustaining interventions. (04) 4+6
13. Discuss management of child with injuries (05) 5
14. Role of Paediatrician in Disaster management (06/1) 10
15. Short note : Tips on parental guidance for computer and internet usage by children (13/1) 5
16. Why are children vulnerable to chemical pollutants? What are the chemical pollutants in the
environment and their effects? What are the hazards of environmental tobacco smoke in children? (14/2)
3+4+3