Unit - 2

DESIGN AUDIT AND EFFICIENCY RESEARCH

presented by:
Mallika Arora (0021731605)
Sakshi Jain (0181731605)
Aditya Tognatta

WHAT IS DESIGN AUDIT

Design Audit is an integrated system of tools and performance standards designed to help building designers assess and
improve the performance of whole building portfolios.

The Building Design Audit measures and documents the design and performance metrics of building systems, identifying
areas for improvement, and enabling better performance.

Areas covered include:

Site Planning
Solar Analysis
Energy efficiency
Natural Ventilation
Micro Climate Analysis
Building Envelope
External Shading
Optimum Window Ratio
Day lighting
Insulation etc.
as well as reconciling measured loads with the billed electrical demand for the building.

The results are benchmarked against all other anonymous results from completed Building Performance Audits.

This provides best practice standards, which can be used by building owners to direct the designers of new buildings and
retrofit projects.

BUILDING EFFICIENCY
DEFINITION
Percentage proportion of a buildings rentable area, not counting the area occupied by elevators, equipment, hallways, lobby,
restrooms, etc.
Net assignable area/gross area = efficiency ratio
This is used to determine the efficiency ratio of an existing plan
And ,
Gross area X Efficiency ratio = net assignable area
This is used when the gross area depending on available funds is known, and is used to determine the maximum affordable net
assignable area.

PRINCIPLE USES
programming phase
The first use occurs in the programming phase. The client and the architect are interested in the total cost of the project. That cost
depends on the total size of the building and is estimated by multiplying the gross square footage by an estimated cost per square
foot.
$ per square foot X total gross are = estimated total cost

design phase
The second use of building efficiencies occurs during the design phase. The proposed design is analyzed to determine how well it
responds to the program and how it compares with similar buildings.
post construction phase
After construction cost analysis and efficiency studies are used to aid the designer in future projects.

PROGRAMMING PHASE
Determining the total building cost
The building efficiency ratio is determined by analysis of similar projects. For example assume that the total net assignable area for
an elementary school if 3500o square feet. Assume that our analysis of other elementary schools found them to run between 62%
and 66% efficient that is 62 to 66% of total gross area is net assignable space. Taking an average of 66%, we get
35000 sq ft/ 0.64 = 54688 sq ft
Clients who have not been through a building process before are dismayed to see that they have to pay for so much gross square
footage in order to get the net assignable square footage they needed. An understanding of efficiency studies can help the client
put his project into perspective.

Selecting an efficiency ratio

A reasonable efficiency ratio must be selected carefully. If a low ratio is selected, representing a building that is not very efficient,
the gross area may become too large for the client to afford. If a high ratio is selected, the building will have to be so efficient that
the designer may be left with no flexibility in the arrangement of spaces. The quality of design may have to be sacrificed. Consider
this
If a low number as 50% is selected,
35000 sq ft/0.50 = 70000 sq ft

If a large number such as 75% is selected,

35000 sq ft/0.75 = 46666 sq ft
Clearly clients will like to go with the larger ratio and smaller gross area, hence lesser building cost. Not realizing the restrictions
that it places on design is an important qualitative issue.

BUILDING EFFICIENCY TAKE OFFs

Also known as building efficiency studies, it is a method to select efficiency ratios during the programming stage. Existing
buildings of the same typology are analyzed and the information compared to analyze at a ratio.
Such studies are important part of the database that allow the architect to arrive at reasonable sizes for new facilities. The
development of such database may be time consuming but in many instances two or three case studies of a single building type are
enough.

BUILDING EFFICIENCY GUIDELINES

For various typologies of buildings, there are varied expected efficiencies.
Office building 0.75 to 0.8
Apartment building 0.67 to 0.8
Hotel 0.62 to 0.7
School 0.55 to 0.7
Hospital 0.55 to 0.67
These standards should be used judicially. For instance an open office will be more efficient than an office space divided between
many single occupants as the former case can afford a deeper space.

LIST OF SOFTWARES AVAILABLE FOR BUILDING DESIGN AUDIT

S.NO

SOFTWARE

MAKE/TYPE

APPLICATION

1.

Microsoft visio

Microsoft
windows XP

Used for preparation of building & office

plan, various layouts, and
electrical, process, instruments diagrams

Ecotect

Microsoft
windows XP

eQUEST 3-5

Energy design
resources,
DOE, US

To perform building energy use simulation

techniques combining building creation
wizard, energy efficiency measure (EEM)
wizard and a
graphical results module with enhanced
DOE-2 derived building energy
use simulation program

eVALUator

Energy design
resources,
DOE, US

Calculates the lifecycle benefits of

investments that improve building
design. Analyses the financial benefits
from building that reduce energy
cost, raise employee productivity, enhance
tenant satisfaction.

S.NO

SOFTWARE

MAKE/TYPE

APPLICATION

5.

CalcuLuX
5 DIALux

CalcuLuX Philips
5 DIALux Philips

For advance lighting study and energy

efficiency measures for roads,
area, buildings and offices.

MATLAB 6.5

Mathworks,
Inc

Advance simulation software where any

job, like automation, lighting,
layouts, engineering and mathematics
functions can be perform

PHAST

Energy design
resources,
DOE, US

Process Heating assessment system tool,

covers various heating loads of
processes.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPPURTUNITIES IN BUILDING

I. EXTERNAL LOAD
Envelope
Ventilation

I. INTERNAL LOAD
People
Equipment

BUILDING DESIGN AUDIT CAN BE DONE IN THE FOLLOWING AREAS

I. SITE PLANNING

II.

Optimizing Form and Orientation

Shading Device
Design
Insolation Analysis

SOLAR ANALYSIS

Sun Path Analysis

Shading Device
Design
Insolation Analysis

III.

SHADOW PATTERNS

Shadow Pattern Analysis done by :Ecotect Software

IV.

SHADOW PATTERNS AND SOLAR INSOLATIONS

Perspective View

Average Daily Radiation Analysis done

by :Ecotect Software

V.

NATURAL VENTILATION

Saving can be achieved by

naturally ventilating passages/
Lift lobbies/ breakout spaces and
other short-stay areas

VI. MICRO CLIMATIC STUDY

Analysis of Wind Velocity on Design :Ecotect

Analysis of Wind Velocity on Design :Ecotect

VIII. OPTIMIZING SIZING OF COURTYARD

Above 950 lux in 90% areas

Analysis : Ecotect

Courtyard reduced by 50%

Analysis : Ecotect

IX. LIGHTING ANALYSIS

Daylight Distribution contourssectional view

Without overhang
Vision window 35% VLT
Daylight window - 85%VLT

Daylight Distribution contourssectional view

With overhang
Vision window 35% VLT
Daylight window - 85%VLT

X.

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS

Daylight Factor
Calculation
Artificial Lighting Design
Day Lighting Analysis
Reflection & Glare
Analysis

Daylight simulations using - RADIANCE

ECOTECT

ECOTECT is a software package with a unique approach to conceptual building design.

It couples an intuitive 3-D design interface with a comprehensive set of performance analysis functions and interactive
information displays.

Fundamentally, there are three main reasons to consider ECOTECT as part of your analysis workflow:

I. MODELLING AND VISUALISATION

As a conceptual design tool, ECOTECT provides its own fast and intuitive modelling interface for generating even the
most complex building geometry.
The model is editable.
It helps analyzing the design with the help of : Overlaying Sun-path diagrams
Shadow information
Lighting grids etc

Tasks such as resizing or inclining walls, manipulating complex curves,

rearranging zones, moving apertures or even adding and deleting surfaces
are all straightforward.
Overlaying a Sun-path on the model view.

II. ONE CENTRAL REPOSITORY FOR ALL BUILDING DATA

Each material in ECOTECT can store a
wide range of information including :

Basic thermal and surface properties

Detailed layer descriptions
Acoustic response and even
Cost and environmental impact data

Internal daylight factors shown over a standard

working plane.

Similarly, you can generate and assign

complex annual operational schedules and hourly profiles for controlling occupancy, appliances or internal conditions.

III. EXTERNAL ANALYSIS FUNCTION

ECOTECT offers a wide range of internal analysis functions which can be used at any time while modelling. It provides
instantaneous feedback on parameters such as : Sun penetration
Potential solar gains
Thermal performance
Internal light levels reverberation times
Annual cumulative solar radiation over the external
surfaces.

More importantly, you can also use generative functions as you design, allowing you to automatically shape shading devices given
specific performance parameters or even interactively spraying acoustic rays to accurately position reflectors.

Analyzing the effectiveness of a complex louvered

shading device.

An example adobe house model generated for use

in Energy Plus.

CASE STUDY I :
ENERGY AUDIT OF FORTIS HOSPITAL , SHALIMAR BAGH, NEW DELHI

ANALYSIS RESULT

CASE STUDY II : ITC-GREEN, GURGAON

FLOOR AREA : 1,70,000 sq.ft

ARCHITECT : Rajender Kumar & Associates, New Delhi, India
SIGNIFICANCE : platinum rated green building
RATED BY : USGBC-LEED (US green building council - leadership in energy and environmental design) through CII IGBC,
Hyderabad in 2004
ENERGY CONSUMPTION STATISTICS :
normal building of similar area 35,00,000 kwh/year
ITC Green Centre 20,00,000 Kwh/year
Annual energy savings : 9 million rupees
Percentage increase in initial cost - 15%

ANALYSIS OF DESIGN AUDIT

THE FACADE
High energy efficiency of the faade with optimum light transmission.
On the northern side, the glass solution was required to give a higher light transmission due to the orientation of the building.

Glass solution for day-lighting & energy efficiency strategy :

1. Saint-Gobains cool-light blue-green double glazed with ekologik which has very low solar factor (SF) and u-value with
optimal light transmission.
2. The north side with parsol green double glazed with ekologik with higher light transmission and low solar factor (SF) and
u-value to maximize day lighting.

BUILDING DESIGN
By giving the L shape configuration, the width of the floor plate is reduced for the same amount of floor plate area, thereby
allowing natural light to penetrate deep into the interior spaces.
The building is a composition of three parts :
1.
Two office wings are held together by a central atrium that as an ensemble creates a large l-shaped figure focused
on an exterior landscaped court.
2.
The l-shape blocking ensures that part of the faade is always shaded. The l-shape office wings end into
hexagonal ends that make a very strong presence on the approach roads.
3.
The atrium joins the different functions of the building and connects them into an ensemble. Encouraging a sense of
community and interaction.
The octagonal atrium has side light from the top to provide a glare free natural lighting in the interior without
allowing direct heat gain from the roof.
Interior roller shades to reduce heat gain.

SALIENT FEATURES OF THE ITC GREEN CENTRE THAT WON IT THE

USGBC LEED VERSION 2.1 PLATINUM RATING ARE:
I.

SUSTAINABLE SITE
1. Alternative Transportation: Parking, shower & changing facilities for bicyclists, pool cars with charging facility.
2. Storm Water Management: Rainwater recharge pits to ensure zero discharge into municipal drainage.
3. Heat Island Effect: 80% underground parking. More than 75% of the terrace has been insulated and coated with the reflective high albedo
roof paint.

4. Light Pollution Reduction: Minimum exterior lighting to limit night sky pollution.
B) WATER EFFICIENCY
1. Water Efficient Landscaping: Native plants,high efficiency irrigation system and 100% recycled water for irrigation.
2. Innovative Waste Water Technologies:
Fluidised Aerobic Bioreactors (FAB) sewage treatment plant provided.
3. Water Use Reduction: 40% reduction in water usage over base case.
C) ENERGY & ATMOSPHERE
1. Energy: Exceeds ASHRAE 90.1 base casestandards by 51%.
2. Envelope: External wall of 250mm thickness.
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Blocks, double glazed windows, 75mm-thick extruded polystyrene roof insulation.
3. HVAC: Chillers of COP 6.1, double skinned AHUs, VFDs, VAVs, Heat Recovery Wheel.
4. Hot Water: Solar thermal technology.
5. Ozone Depletion: All HVAC equipment
are free from CFC / HCFC / Halons.

D) MATERIALS AND RESOURCE

1. Storage and Collection of Recyclables:
Separate storage bins provided at each floor level for different recyclable materials such as paper, cardboard, glass, plastic and metals.
2. Resource Reuse: More than 10% of the building materials are refurbished / salvaged from other sites.
3. Recycled Content: Fly ash based cement, Fly ash based AAC Blocks, acoustic ceiling, glass, ceramic tile, MDF cabinets, etc.
4. Regional Materials: More than 40% of the building materials are from within 500 miles of the project site.
5. Rapidly Renewable Materials: Such as medium density fibre board.
6. Certified Wood: New woods used are certified under the Forest Stewardship Council, US.

E) INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

1. Environment Tobacco Smoke Control:
Designated smoking rooms are provided at convenient locations with separate exhausts.
2. CO2 Monitoring: Sensors at various locations monitor CO2 levels.
3. Low Emitting Materials: Low VOC levels of adhesives / sealants used for carpets /composite woods / paints.
4. Daylight and views: Views to external glazing from at least 90% of regularly occupied areas.
F) INNOVATION AND DESIGN PROCESS
1. Green Education: Educating visitors, construction workers, employees, consultants on sustainability.

VARIOUS EVALUATION PROCESSES ADOPTED TO RATE ENERGY EFFICIENT

BUILDINGS
Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design
(LEED) it is the pioneer rating system adopted world wide.
In India we have two premier rating system :1.

LEED INDIA rating system

2.

GRIHA rating system (green rating for integrate habitat assessment )

LEED is the U.S. Green Building Council's (formed in 1993 ) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design building
rating program and was formed in 1998.

LEED , a whole building approach to sustainability by

recognizing performance in five key areas with credits :

SUSTAINABLE SITES ( 14 credits )

WATER EFFICIENCY

( 5 credits )

ENERGY & ATMOSPHERE ( 17 credits )

MATERIAL & RESOURCE ( 13 credits )

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ( 15 credits)

LEED INDIA RATING SYSTEM

The Indian green building council was formed in 2001,ever since its formation the member quickly realized that one of the priorities for
sustainable building industry to flourish in India is by having a system to define and measure GREEN BUILDING.

The first LEED INDIA rating program, referred as LEED INDIA VERSION 1.0. during green building congress conference in October
2006.

This system is now called the LEED INDIA GREEN BUILDING RATING SYSTEM FOR NEW COMMERCIAL
CONSTRUCTION or LEED INDIA NC.

LEED INDIA CORE & SHELL was launched in green building congress in September 2007.

It evaluates environmental performance from a whole building perspective over a buildings life cycle, providing a definite standard for what
constitutes a GREEN BUILDING.
The rating system is organized into five natural elements :LEED India

The Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED-INDIA) Green Building Rating System is a nationally and internationally accepted
benchmark for the design, construction and operation of high performance green buildings.
LEED-INDIA provides building owners, architects, consultants, developers, facility managers and project managers the tools they need to design,
construct and operate green buildings.
LEED-INDIA promotes a whole-building approach to sustainability by recognizing performance in the following five key areas:

Sustainable Site Development

Water Savings
Energy Efficiency
Materials Selection And
Indoor Environmental Quality
LEED-INDIA rating system provides a roadmap for measuring and documenting success for every building type and phase of a building lifecycle.

GRIHA India
GRIHA, an acronym for Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment,
is the National Rating System of India.
It has been conceived by TERI and developed jointly with the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India.
It is a green building 'design evaluation system', and is suitable for all kinds of buildings in different climatic zones of the country.

Going by the old adage what gets measured, gets managed, GRIHA attempts to quantify aspects such as energy consumption, waste generation,
renewable energy adoption, etc. so as to manage, control and reduce the same to the best possible extent.
The Basics(Benefits of following GRIHA rating system)
Up to 30% reduction in energy consumption
Limited waste generation due to recycling
Less consumption of water
Reduced pollution load & liability
THE BASIC FEATURES
The system has been developed to help design and evaluate new buildings (buildings that are still at the inception stages). A building is assessed
based on its predicted performance over its entire life cycle inception through operation. The stages of the life cycle that have been identified for
evaluation are:
Pre-construction stage (intra- and inter-site issues like proximity to public transport, type of soil, kind of land, where the property is located, the
flora and fauna on the land before construction activity starts, the natural landscape and land features)

Building planning and construction stages (issues of resource conservation and reduction in resource demand, resource utilization efficiency,
resource recovery and reuse, and provisions for occupant health and well being). The prime resources that are considered in this section are land,
water, energy, air, and green cover.
Building operation and maintenance stage (issues of operation and maintenance of building systems and processes, monitoring and recording of
energy consumption, and occupant health and well being, and also issues that affect the global and local environment).

Rating System
GRIHA rating system consists of 34 criteria categorized under various sections such as Site Selection and Site Planning, Conservation and
efficient utilization of resources, Building operation and maintenance, and Innovation points.
Eight of these 34 criteria are mandatory, four are partly mandatory, while the rest are optional. Each criterion has a number of points assigned to
it.
It means that a project intending to meet the criterion would qualify for the points. Different levels of certification (one star to five stars) are
awarded based on the number of points earned.
The minimum points required for certification is 50.
Criteria of the Rating System
Scoring points for GRIHA
Evaluation procedure of criterion of GRIHA
CRITERIA OF THE RATING SYSTEM
Objective To maximize the conservation and utilization of resources (land, water, natural habitat, fauna, and energy conservation) and enhance
efficiency of the systems and operations.
Criterion 1 Site Selection
Commitment Site selection is the first step to a sustainable habitat and needs to be done appropriately, prior to commencement of design phase.
Site selection and analysis should be carried out to create living spaces that are in harmony with the local environment. The development of a
project should not cause damage to the natural surroundings of the site but, in fact, should try to improve it by restoring its balance.

Criterion 2 Preserve and protect the landscape during construction/compensatory forestation.

Commitment To preserve the existing landscape and protect it from degradation during the process of construction. It involves proper timing of
construction, preserve top soil and existing vegetation, staging and spill prevention to prevent spilling contaminated material onsite, erosion and
sedimentation control, replant the trees that were cut down during construction in the ratio 1:3.

Criterion 3 Soil conservation (till post-construction).

Commitment Conserve topsoil till after completion of construction activity. This commitment entails proper top soil laying and stabilization
of the soil to prevent erosion and maintenance of adequate fertility of the soil to support vegetative growth.
Criterion 4 Design to include existing site features.

Commitment The natural functions of a plot of land (hydrologic, geologic, and microclimatic) can be disrupted by the placement of a
building on it. The design of a green building will factor in ways in which the natural site features can be protected or even restored.
Criterion 5 Reduce hard paving on-site and /or provide shaded hard - paved surfaces.
Commitment Reduce hard paving on-site (open areas surrounding building premises) to minimize the imperviousness of the site and/or
provide shade on hard-paved surfaces to minimize the heat island effect on site.

Scoring points for GRIHA

The points related to these criteria (specified under the relevant sections) are awarded provisionally while certifying and are converted
to firm points through monitoring, validation, and documents/photographs to support the award of point.GRIHA has a 100 point system
consisting of some core points, which are mandatory to be met while the rest are optional points, which can be earned by complying
with the commitment of the criterion for which the point is allocated.
Different levels of certification (one star to five stars) are awarded based on the number of points earned. The minimum points required
for certification is 50.
Points scored Rating
5060One star
61-70Two star
71-80Three star
81-90Four star
91-100Five star

TERI
TERI was formally established in 1974 with the purpose of tackling and dealing with the immense and acute problems that mankind is
likely to face within in the years ahead on account of the gradual depletion of the earth's finite energy resources which are largely nonrenewable and on account of the existing methods of their use which are polluting.
Over the years the Institute has developed a wider interpretation of this core purpose and its application.
Consequently, TERI has created an environment that is enabling, dynamic and inspiring for the development of solutions to global
problems in the fields of energy, environment and current patterns of development, which are largely unsustainable.
The Institute has grown substantially over the years, particularly, since it launched its own research activities and established a base in New
Delhi, its registered headquarters.
The central element of TERIs philosophy has been its reliance on entrepreneurial skills to create benefits for society through the
development and dissemination of intellectual property.

OBJECTIVE:
TERI has developed a range of technologies that have created new paradigms of development underlining the sustainable use of natural
resources, and are proven for their effectiveness and economic viability.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN ARCHITECTURE: AN OVERVIEW OF DESIGN

CONCEPTS AND ARCHITECTURAL INTERVENTIONS.
The close connection between energy use in buildings and environmental damage arises because energy-intense solutions sought
to construct a building and meet its demands for heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting cause severe depletion of invaluable
environmental resources.

The primary steps concerning this issue taken are:

Incorporate solar passive techniques in a building design to minimize load on conventional systems.
Design energy-efficient lighting and HVAC
Use of renewable energy system.
Use low energy materials and methods of construction and reduce transportation energy.

DESIGN ELEMENTS:
LANDSCAPING
TREES(a study shows that the ambient air under a tree adjacent to a wall is about 2-2.5 C lower that unshaded areas)
RATIO OF BUILT FORM TO OPEN SPACES
Surface to volume ratio-For any given building volume, the more compact the shape, the less wasteful it is in gaining
heat.

LOCATION OF WATER BODIES

Water is a good modifier of microclimate. It takes up large amount of heart in evaporation and cause significant
cooling especially in hot and dry climate.
ORIENTATION
Building orientation is a significant design consideration, mainly with regards to solar radiations and wind. Slight
changes in orientation can cause a significant change of 5 degrees in the inside-outside temperature.
BUILDING ENVELOPE AND FENESTRATIONS.
The building envelope and its components are key determinants of the amount of heat gain and loss and wind that
enters inside.
ROOF
WALLS
FINISHES
MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES.
Material with low embodied energy
Thermal insulation

THE TECHNIQUES USED:

GLAZING SYSTEMS
SHADING DEVICES
MOVABLE BLINDS OF CURTAINS
OVERHANGS AND LOUVERS
TROUMBE WALL
WIND TOWER
EARTH AIR TUNNEL