Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

* 0 3 7 7 5 3 4 7 9 5 *

0680/13

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Paper 1

May/June 2014
1 hour 30 minutes

Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

Additional Materials:

Ruler

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Answer all questions.
Electronic calculators may be used.
You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

This document consists of 14 printed pages and 2 blank pages.

DC (CW/SW) 81155/4
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[Turn over

2
1

(a) Look at the diagram below.

Sun

grasses

gazelle

lion

(i)

Draw arrows on the diagram to show the direction of energy flow.

(ii)

Complete the table below using words from the list. Each word may be used once, more
than once or not at all.
consumer

energy flow

producer

animal
gazelle

grasses

lion

[1]

community

niche

............................... in the savanna

............................... in the savanna

............................... in the savanna

[2]

(iii)

Explain why all the energy in the gazelle is not passed to the lion.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

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(b) Read the information in the box below.

The Waza National Park, Cameroon, Africa

The Waza National Park is one of the most popular and rich wildlife sanctuaries
in Cameroon. In 1979 it was declared a world biosphere reserve because of its
biodiversity. The park is open for public visits from 15 November to 15 June.
More than 30 wild mammal species and 379 bird species have been identified
in this area of savanna. March and April are the best months to see a wide
range of animals including elephants, hippos, giraffes, lions and monkeys.
There is no tourist accommodation available in the park. There are camp sites
close to the entrance and tourist lodges in the village of Waza just north of
the National Park. Vehicles that enter the park must have a guide.
(i)

State which country the Waza National Park is in.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii)

Using the information in the box and your own knowledge, describe what animals and
plants a visitor would see in the Waza National Park.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii)

How might local people benefit from a biosphere reserve?

...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]

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4
2

The table below shows world iron ore production in 2010, with the top ten countries named.
production of iron
ore in 2010
/ million tonnes
China

1070

Australia

433

Brazil

370

India

230

Russia

101

Ukraine

78

South Africa

59

United States

50

Canada

37

Iran

28

other countries

136

total

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2592

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(a) (i)

Complete the graph below using figures from the table.

[2]

1200

production of iron ore in 2010

/ million metric tonnes

1000

800

600

400

200

r
he
ot

n
Ira

a
an

at

ad

es

St

te
ni
U

So

ut

Af

ric

ne

kr
ai

us

si

a
R

di

il
In

Br
az

lia
tra

Au
s

hi

na

country
(ii)

State which country produces the greatest amount of iron ore.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii)

Calculate what percentage of the total world production of iron ore Australia produces.
Space for working.

....................................................... % [1]

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(iv)

In 2011 the life expectancy of known iron ore reserves in Australia was estimated to be
seventy years. State what this means.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) (i)

Most iron ore is mined using opencast methods. Describe the impact of an opencast
mine on a rural environment.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(ii)

Suggest one reason why some local people might be in favour of an opencast mine.
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

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BLANK PAGE

TURN OVER FOR QUESTION 3

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8
3

Study the diagram below of a Stevenson Screen found at many weather stations.
door opens to north in
northern hemisphere and to south
in southern hemisphere

sloping roof

painted white

slatted / louvred sides

1.2 metres off

the ground

open space
grass

(a) (i)

One purpose of the Stevenson Screen is to allow a thermometer to measure air

temperature. Explain three features of the Stevenson Screen which ensure that a
thermometer correctly measures air temperature.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii)

Identify the weather elements the thermometers kept in the Stevenson Screen measure
each day.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii)

State what a barometer measures.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

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(b) Acid rain is precipitation that contains pollutants. Describe two strategies for reducing acid
rain.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]

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10
4

Study the diagram below of the model of demographic transition.

stage

birth rate

40
birth
30
and
death
rates
20
/ 1000
people
per year 10

death rate

total
population

time
Key

A
B

(a) (i)

Describe what the areas shaded A and B show.

A ........................................................................................................................................
B ....................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii)

The five population pyramids, C to G below, show the stages of the demographic
transition model.
Identify which pyramid matches each stage of the model.

C
ages
male 8084 female
7074
6064
5054
4044
3034
2024
1014
04
4 3210
01 234
% of total population

ages
ages
ages
male
male
male
8084 female
8084 female
8084 female
7074
7074
7074
6064
6064
6064
5054
5054
5054
4044
4044
4044
3034
3034
3034
2024
2024
2024
1014
1014
1014
04
04
04
8 76 54 321 0
01 234 5678 76 54 321 0
01 23 4 5 6 7 98 76 54 32 1 0
01 23456789
% of total population
% of total population
% of total population

G
ages
male 8084 female
7074
6064
5054
4044
3034
2024
1014
04
4 3210
01 234
% of total population

stage 1 .................
stage 2 .................
stage 3 .................
stage 4 .................
stage 5 .................

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(iii)

Suggest two limitations of the demographic transition model.

...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) The governments in some countries have policies to reduce birth rates. Describe three
strategies for managing population growth.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]

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5

The diagram below shows the water cycle in a tropical rainforest ecosystem.
X
heavy convectional .......
Y
....... from leaves

W
....... by leaves

water
collecting
on waxy leaf

V
....... from soil

(a) (i)

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Z
surface ....... to river

In the spaces below, write down the words missing from each box.
V

............................................................................................

............................................................................................

............................................................................................

............................................................................................

............................................................................................

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13
(ii)

The trees are cut down and removed from the tropical rainforest ecosystem.
Explain how this would affect the processes at W and Z.
W .......................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
Z ........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]

(b) Human activities can cause changes in water quality. Suggest three ways water in rivers and
lakes can be polluted.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]

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14
6

Study the graph below of the amount of water flowing in the river Nile before and after the building
of the Aswan High Dam. The measurements were taken below the dam, between the site of the
dam and the sea.
flow rate of the River Nile
25 000

amount of water
/ millions of m3

20 000

15 000

10 000

5000

J
J
month

Key
before building
of Aswan Dam
after building
of Aswan Dam

(a) (i)

State the three months when the river Nile used to flood below the dam, before it was
built.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii)

Explain why farmers near the river Nile, below the dam, needed to buy more fertiliser
after the dam was built.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

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(b) (i)

The Aswan High Dam provides electricity. State the name given to electricity generated
from fast flowing water.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii)

Explain why electricity generated from fast flowing water is a renewable and sustainable
energy resource.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(iii)

Suggest environmental problems of building large dams in developing countries.

...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]

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BLANK PAGE

Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 2
Question 6

http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_ore/mcs-2012-feore.pdf.
Alan Doherty & Malcolm McDonald; River Basin Management; Hodder and Stoughton Ltd; 1992.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

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