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INTERGRATED SKILL COURSE

GRAMMAR
DESCRIPTION

PAGE

No

1. Talking about the present

2. Talking about the past

3. Talking about the future

4. Relative Clause

5. The passive voice

6. Conditional - Should/Shouldnt have -Time clauses -Phrasal verbs


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7. The present perfect continuous
8. V_ing forms

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11

9. Causative have : have something done ; Make / let / get


10. Modal verbs

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12

11. Question forms indirect questions

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12. Reported Speech ( indirect speech )

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Source : Life Lines intermediate .

1. TALKING ABOUT THE PRESENT :


a. The simple present tense :
1

Using :

Form :

- Regular action or events


- General truths

To be : is, am, are


Ordinary Verbs :
+ Affirmative sentence : I ( you, we, they ) + V
He ( she, it )
+V
+ Negative sentences : I ( you, we, they ) + dont + V
He ( she, it )
+ dont + V
+ Interrogative sentences : Do + I ( you, we, they ) + V ?
Dose + He ( she, it ) + V ?
Remark : Use adverbs follow :
- Adverbs of frequency : always, usually, normally, often,
sometimes, rarely , seldom, never .
- Others : Every day, every week,
-

b. The present continuous tense :

Form :
Using :

S + be + V_ing
-

Things that are happening now


An unfinished actions or events
Express something that happen in a future with planned
time
Ex : A : What are you doing tonight ?
B : Im watching football match on TV.

c. The present perfect tense :

Form :

S + have + V3_ed
has

( V3 : Past participle )

Using :
- Just, already, yet .
Ex : Ive already done it
I have nt finished it yet
- Before, before now, so far, until now, uptill now, in my life ( same meaning
)
- Several times, only once , twice
- Recently, lately
- For, since
Stative Verbs :
Some verbs are not normally used in continuous form, even when they
refer to present moment We call them STATIVE VERBS .
- Stative verbs express state
- Others express action
Ex : Im writing ( action )
Not use : Im knowing ( state ) I know
- Some stative verbs :
+ Love, like, hate, prefer, want, wish, need ( Dien at tnh cam
)
+ Think, imagine, realize, know, understand, remember, forget,
see, mean, hope,
believe ( Tr oc )
+ Be, seem, appear, sound, look, taste, feel, smell ( same to be )
-linking verbs
+ Belong, contain, include, have ( have got )
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2. TALKING ABOUT THE PAST :


a. The simple past :

Using :

(+)

* to be : Was, were
* Ordinary Verbs :
S + V2_ed
Ex : I went to Vung Tau ten years ago
( - ) S + didnt + V
( ? ) Did + S + V ?
Adverbs of time :
- 5 years ago, in 1990
- Last week, last year
- When I was 10

b. The past continuous :

Using :

S + was + V_ing
were
b1. Past continuous describe an action that is unfinished or still continuous
in the past.
- An action that started before a particular moment, and probably
continued after it .
Ex : + What were you doing at 8.00 this morning ?
I was having breakfast at 8.00
+ By this time last year I was lying on the beach
- A temporary action in the past ( or situation )
Ex : Last year I was living in Bristol.
b2. Past continuous describe the situation ( back ground information ), past
simple describe
The main event.
Ex : + While I was waiting for the bus, it started to rain
+ When I was going to bed, the phone rang
Note :
Some conjunction are used in clause : While, as, when .
c. The past perfect :

Using :

S + had + V3_ed

c1. Past perfect describe an earlier action in the past


Ex : Compare two these sentences :
- The patient died when the doctor arrived.
( The doctor arrived, and then the patient died )
- The patient had died when the doctor arrived.
( The patient was already dead )
Some conjunctions : As soon as, after, when, by the time .
c2. The past perfect as the past equivalent of the present perfects
Ex : Compare two these sentences :
- Julia is very excited . she has never danced before
- Julia was very excited . she had never danced before
3. TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE :
1

Will + V :

( negative : Wont + V )
3

A general prediction ( oan trc )


Ex : + The government will do something about unemployment.
+ The Earths climate will become wamer .
A spontaneous decision ( often refer a held ) ( Quyet nh tc thi,
bot phat )
Ex : Im thirsty I will bring you a glass of water .
2

Be + V-ing :

( present continuous )

An arrangement for a specific time in the future


( S xap xep cho 1 thi gian cu the trong tng lai )
Ex : A : What are you doing tomorrow ?
B : Im visiting my mother .

Be + going to + V :

A plan or intention ( ke hoach hay y nh )


Ex : + Im tired of living in such a small house ,
Im going to buy a new house next year .

A prediction with present evidence


Ex : + Look at the dark clouds ! It is going to rain .

4. RELATIVE CLAUSE :
a. Introduction :

Relative clause is also called adjective clause , or dependent clause .


It stands right after a noun in the main clause to modify that noun .
Relative pronoun : Stand at the beginning of relative clause .
Who
people : subject
Who(m) people : object
Which things : subject + object
That
people + thing : S, O
( who that )
Whose possessive adjective
Relative adverbs :
- Where in which, at which, on which
- When in which, at which, on which

b. Using Relative clause :

Using relative pronouns as a subject of relative clause :


Ex :
+ I helped the woman. She works for my husband
I helped the woman who works for my husband
+ The girl is very happy. She has just won the race
The girl who has just won the race is very happy.
+ The book is very interesting. Its about history
The book which is about history is very interesting.

Using relative pronouns as object of relative clause :


Who(m) , which , that , ( rong ) .
Ex :
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+ The man is a famous doctor . I met him at the party last night .
The man whom ( that , ) I met at the party last night is a
famous doctor .

Using Whose , of which :


Ex :
+ The boy is cheering wildly. His girl friend has just won the race .
The boy whose girl friend has just won the race is cheering
wildly.

Using Where , When


Ex :
+ That is the room . They held the meeting in it .
That is the room in which ( where ) they held the meeting.
+ I always remember the day . I first met him on that day .
I always remember the day on which ( when ) I first met him .

Relative pronouns used as object of preposition :


Ex :
+ She is the dentist . I told you about her .
She is the dentist about whom I told you .

Non Defining Relative Clause : ( NDRC )


NDRC are those which can be omitted without causing any confusion .
They are seperated with the noun they modify by commas .
Ex : Compare :
a Only people who speak Russian can apply for the job .
b Tom , who speak Russian , can apply for the job .
Remark :
- In (a) : relative clause is necessary to modify people . It is called
Defining Relative Clause
- In (b) : If we omit relative clause, the reader still understand that Tom
can apply for
the job. It called Non Defining Relative Clause .

meeting .
.

Reduction relative clause into relative phrace :


( Only for relative pronouns as subject )
a. Relative pronouns + be are omitted .
Ex :
- The man who is talking to John is from Korea .
The man talking to John is from Korea .
- The ideas which are presented in this book are useful .
The ideas presented in this book are useful .
- Ann is the person who is responsible in preparing for the

Ann is the person responsible in preparing for the meeting


- The books that are on the shelf is mine .
The books on the shelf is mine .
b. The sentences without Be
Ex :
- English has an alphabet that consist of 26 letters .
English has an alphabet consisting of 26 letters .
- Monika was the only passenger who survived the air crash .
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Monika was the only passenger surviving the air crash .


- They found out the girl who had lost in the forest .
They found out the girl having lost in the forest .
5. THE PASSIVE VOICE :

Be + PP .

a- Form :
ACTIVE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary
Mary

helps John .
helped John .
is helping John .
was helping John .
is going to help John .
has helped John .
had helped John .

PASSIVE
1. John is helped by Mary .
2. John was helped .
3. John is being helped .
4. John was being helped .
5. John is going to be helped .
6. John has been helped .
7. John had been helped .

Modal verb + be + PP
Ex :
-

Tom will be invited to the picnic .


The window cant be opened .
Children should be taught to respect their elder .
May I be introduced to the class ?
This book had better be returned to the library .
This letter ought to be sent before June 1 st .
Mary has to be told about our change .
You must be told about the news .

b- How to change an active an active sentence into a passive sentence :


1.

The sentence with one object :


Active : S + V + O
Passive : S (O) + be PP + by phrace(S)
Ex :

2.

My father built this house in 1960 .


This house was built ( by my father ) in 1960 .

The sentence with two object : OI , OD


( OI : Indirect Object ; OD : Direct Object )
a. Active : S + V + OI , OD
Passive : S (OI) + be PP + OD + ( by phrace )
Ex :

The director gave Bill an award .


Bill was given an award by the director .

b. Active : S + V + OI , OD
Passive : S (OD) + be PP + to OI + ( by phrace )
Ex :

3.

The director gave Bill an award .


An award was given to Bill by the director .

When we use passive voice :


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When it isnt necessary to mention to the doer ( the agent ) of an


action .
Ex : The rubbish hasnt been collected yet .
When we dont know, or dont know exactly , or have forgotten who
did the action .
Ex : The prime Minister was murdered in his house .
When we are more interested in the action than the doer .
Ex : This house next door has been bought .

6. CONDITIONAL SHOULD/SHOULDNT HAVE - TIME CLAUSES PHRASAL


VERBS :
A. Conditional Sentences :
1. Type 1 : Real condition in present :
If clause
- Simple present
- Simple present
Ex :

If
If
If
If

you
you
you
you

Main clause
- Simple present
- Will + V

are right , Im wrong .


want to visit some sights, he can help you .
want to visit some sights, he will help you .
see him , Ill tell you .

2. Type 2 : Unreal condition in present :


If clause
- Simple past
- Be were

Ex :
with him .

Main clause
Would
Could + V .
Might
- If I were you , I would finish the lesson now .
- You are busy , but your frient insists you to go to the beach

If I had time , Id go with you .


Note : Wish ( in present ) = V_ed
Ex : - I wish I knew his phone number . .
- I wish I could stop the lesson here .

3. Type 3 : Unreal condition in the past :


If clause
- Past perfect
( Had + PP )

Main clause
Would
Could

+ have + PP

.
Ex :
didnt know this,
you .

Might
- Last month , Gary was in hospital for an operation. Daisy
so he didnt visit him .
To day they met at the office , Daisy said :
If I had known you were in hospital , I would have visited

Note :
* Dont use Would in if clause
* d can be would or had
* There sentence can be writen in onother way
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* Wish ( in past ) = had + PP


Ex :

4.

- If Id seen you , Id have said Hello


Had I seen you , Id have said hello
- Monika wishes her boy frient hadnt died
Monika wishes they had missed the plane

Should have Shouldnt have :


a. Form :
Ex :

Should
Shouldnt

+ have + PP

- You should have stayed in bed .


- He shouldnt have said anything .

* Note : We can also use this structure in the continuos form .


Ex :

- You shouldnt have been driving so fast .


- She should have been wearing a seabelt .

b. Use : We use should / shouldnt + have + past participle to expess


regret and
criticism ( s hoi tiec va li phe bnh, ch trch ).
Ex : - I shouldnt have left at 10 olock .
( I regret leaving at 10 olock )
- They should have bought the house .
( They didnt buy the house I think it was a bed decision ) .
B. Time clauses :
1. Example :
- When we were in Newyork , we saw several plays .
- We saw several plays when we were in Newyork .
So :

When we were in Newyork


: Time clause .
We saw several plays : Main clause .

2. Some conjunctions are often used :


When , as , while , before , after , as soon as , until .
3. Tenses in time clause :

Ex :

Main clause
- Future
- Past simple

- Present simple

(
(

Time clause
Present
- Past simple
Past continuous )
Present simple
Present continuous )

- Ill wait . You ll come back .


Ill wait until you come back .
- He will have news . He will let you know .
He will let you know as soon as he has news .
- He liked perfect quietness when he was reading .
- I switched off the radio as soon as the jazz music started .
- As soon as it is dark , the lights of the town are turned .
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- I like listening ti music while I am woking .


C. Phrasal berbs :
Phrasal verbs consists of a verbs + partical : in , on , up , about , of ,

1. Literal meaning ( Ngha en ): We can decide what meaning it is from


the meaning of
the verbs and the partical .
Ex :

He heard the sound of plane and looked up


- I slammed the door and went out . ( ong ram )

2. Idiomatic meaning ( Thanh ng ): The meaning of the phrasal verbs is


not related to the
meaning of the two part of phrasal verb .
Ex :

She takes after her mother She looks like her mother .
- Magaret has gotten over her illness She has become
better .

3. Both literal and idiomatic meaning :


Ex :

He took off his jacket ( literal meaning : ci )


- The plane took off at 7.00 ( idiomatic meaning : cat canh
)

4. Transitive / intransitive phrasal verb : ( ngoai ong t , noi ong


t )
- Transitive verb has an object : Drink the milk, run out of coffee
- Intransitive verb doesnt have an object : I went to swim this
morning .
Ex : The plane took off at 7.00 .
5.

Separable and inpeparable phrasal verbs : ( transitive verbs only )

glass for .

Separable phrasal verbs :


Ex : She turned on the TV Can use : She turned the TV on .
Inseparable phrasal verbs :
Ex : Im looking for my glass . Can not use : Im looking my

7. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS :


a. Form :

S + have (not) + been + V-ing .


has

b. Use :
1. We wish to emphasize the duration of action :
Ex : - She is very tired . She has been typing letters all day .
- Tom has been working for ABC for 10 years .
2. To talk about an imcomplete action :
Ex : - Anns clothes are in paint . She has been painting the
ceiling .
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- How long have you been reading that book ?. (havent


finished yet)
3. To come to a conclusion based on an evidence :
Ex : - Her eyes are red . She has been crying .
- This room stints . Someone has been smoking .
c. Notes :
Live and work : + Present perfect .
+ Present perfect continuous
Ex :

- Ive lived in Dalat for 5 years .


- Ive been living in Dalat for 5 years .

Continuity ( long time ) : Present perfect continuous


Verbs : Study, learn, sleep, wait .
Sort time : Present perfect
Verbs : Cut, arrive, leave, start, finish .
Stative verbs : Present perfect
Verbs : Love, like, hate, want, appear, seem
.
( How long ? Present perfect continuous ; How many ? Present
perfect ) .
8. V-ing FORMS :
1. V-ing Form in continuous tenses :
Qui luat : + V-ing
+ Ve e ing ( bo e )
+ y ying ( Studying )
+ One syllable Double consonant ( Running )
+ Two syllable Stress on final syllable : Double
consonant
( Preferring , differing )
2. V-ing used as a gerund ( a noun ) :
Ex : - Playing tennis is a good exercise
- Watching TV helds you to know information ( know
information )
3. V-ing used as an adjective :
Ex : - I read a very interesting book yesterday .
4. Go + V-ing to indicate entertainment activities :
Ex : - Go shopping , go camping , go swimming, go fishing, go dancing,

5. Preposition + V-ing :
Ex : - Im very interested in reading books .
6. Verbs of perception + V-ing : ( nhan thc, giac quan )
Smell , look , taste , fell , hear , see .
Ex : - I smell something burning .
- I hear somone coming .
7. There is / there are + N + V-ing :
Ex : - There is someone knocking at the door .
8. Relative clause :
Ex : - The girl is Mai . Mai is sitting next to me .
The girl sitting next to me is Mai .
9. Adverbial clause :
Since, while, when, after, before
Ex : - While I was cooking, I saw a fly in the soup .
While cooking, I saw a fly in the soup .
10. Sau V : Co 34 verbs :
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Keep, mind, dislike, suggest, finish, enjoy, advise, avoid,


consider
Ex :

- Would you mind helping me ?


- I keep hoping he will come
- She suggested going for a walk .

9. Causative have : have something done ; Make / let / get :


1. Have something done :
We use have + S + PP to describe a job that is done for us by
someone else.
Ex : - I painted my room .
( myself )
- I had my room painted . ( somone else to do )
2. Make / let someone do something :
Get someone to do something :
Make someone do something means that one person forces or
compels another person to do something that they probably dont
want to do .
Ex : - The judge made the man apologize .
- My parents made me practise the piano for two hours every
day .
Let someone do something means that one person allows another
person to do something .
Ex : - Davids father lets him use the car .
- My boss let me leave work an hour early yesterday .
Get someone to do something means that one person asks or
persuades another person to do something .
Ex : - Ill get my secretary to type the letter .
- I got the garage to service my car .
10.

MODAL VERBS :
Total 11 modal verbs :
Shall
Will
Should
Would

Can
Could

May
Must
Might Ought to

Need

1. Features :
-

All persons are the same .


Ex : I can swim , He can swim .
Follow by a bare infinitive .
Ex : We should learn hard ( # I want to go out )
Negative / Questions : No auxiliary verbs ( tr ong t )
Ex : You shouldnt go out much . / Can you swim ?
Can - Could
Present - past
Ex : + He can speak four languages ( Present )
+ He could speak French when he was four ( Past )
Can & could become be able to in other tenses :
Ex : + He was able to speak French when he was four
( Past )
+ I havent been able to find a new job ( Present
perfect )
+ Ill be able to find a new job ( will )
+ I would be able to find a new job ( would )
or : I could find a new job .
Will - would
Shall - should
Present - future
May - Might
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2. Uses :
1. Ability ( noi ve kha nang ) : Can could ( Present past )
Cac th khac : be able to
Note : 3 t sau eu noi ve kha nang trong qua kh :
Could / was(were) able to / managed to
Ch khac nhau cho :
- Could , was(were) able to : General ability in the past
Ex : I could speak English when I was 6 years old .
- Managed to , was(were) able to : To describe an ability to
do successfully something on an occasion in the past .
Ex : The fireman managed to stop the fire .
2. Obligation ( noi ve s bat buoc ) : Must - need

( have to

)
Must ( or have to ) ang need are used to describe obligation
and necessity.

Note : Must and have to :


- Must is used to describe obligation that comes from the
speaker
- Have to is used to describe general obligation, which comes
from outside the speaker .
Ex1 : - I must start taking more exercise .
( I want to, it is my obligation )
- My doctor says I have to start taking more exercise .
( It is an outside obligation, from my doctor )
Ex2 : - You must drive more slowly if you want to pass your
test .
( The obligation comes from the speaker, a driving
instructor )
- In Britain you have to drive on the left .
( It is a general obligation )
Must has no tense forms. We use have to to desribe obligation
in other tenses .
3. Permission ( noi ve s cho phep ) : May , could , can
( reduce polite )
Can, could and may are used to ask for permission .
Could is more polite than can , and may is the most polite and
formal .
Ex : - Can I open the window ?
- Could I borrow the car this morning ?
- May I use your phone ?
4. Probability ( noi ve kha nang ) : May , might , could
( reduce likely )
- Might can be less definite than May
Ex : - The train may be late ( It is probable gan nh chac
chan )
- We might not survive the 21st century ( It is possible co
the xay ra )
- Could can only be used to decribe future possibility in the positive
form .
( Positive : Khang nh , qua quyet , tuyet oi ,
het sc )
Ex : - The train could be late .
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Not use : We could not survive the 21st century .


- Note : Can is not used to describe possible or future events.
Ex : - It may ( might, could ) rain tomorrow
Not use : It can rain tomorrow .
5. Advice ( noi ve li khuyen ) : Should , ought to ( need )
Should and ought to are used to give advice, or to say what we
think is the best thing to do .
Ex : - If you feel ill you should go to the doctor
- You shuoldnt work so hard
- You drive much too fast You ought to be more careful
- You ought not to carry so much cash
11.

QUESTION FORMS INDIRECT QUESTIONS :

Yes / No questions
Wh questions
Indirect questions

1. Yes/No Questions : You review your self


2. Wh Questions : You review your self
3. Indirect questions :
- An indirect questions is a question which is in a statement or another
question .
- Verbs use : See , ask , have no idia , wonder , imagine, remember
- Form 1 :
Remember ,
if / whether
See,
+
+ S + V .
Imagine,
Wh-words
Ex :

- Form 2 :

- Has the parcel arrived ?


I want to know if ( whether ) the parcel has arrived .
- Is she a good friend ?
I wonder if she is a good friend .
- What is your phone number ?
I d like to ask what your phone number is .
Could you tell me what what your phone number is ?
Could you tell me Wh .. + S + V
Do you kmow Wh
+S+ V ?

Ex :
12.

- Could you tell me where the bank is ?


- Do you know how often the buses leave for the city ?

REPORTED SPEECH ( INDIRECT SPEECH ) :

1. Definition :
- We use reported speech when we are telling what onother person says or
said .
- Reporting verbs ( say, tell, ask ) use : Present, past .
2. Reported speech with reporting verbs in present :
- Use reporting verbs in present to report what someone has just said .
- Changes :
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Subject pronouns : I, you, he, she, it,

+ Pronouns :
me, they .

Oject pronouns

them .
+
+
- Unchanged :
+
+
+
Ex :
says .

: Me, your, him, her, us,

Possitive adjectives : My, your, his, her .


Auxiliary verbs
: Do, does .
Tenses
Adverbs of time
Adverbs of place

- I have read Toms book and I dont understand it - Jim

Jim says that he has read Toms book and he doesnt


understand it .
- My sister says : I will meet you there tomorrow .
My sister says she will meet me there tomorrow .

3. Reported speech with reporting verbs in past :


- Use
: To report a past event .
- Changes :
+ Tense : We move one tense back :
- Simple present
simple past
- Present continuous
past continuous
- Present perfect
past perfect
- Present perfect cont.
past perfect continuous
- Simple past
past perfect
- Past continuous past perfect continuous
- Past perfect
Past perfect
+ Adverbs of time / place :
- Now
then
- Here
there
- These
those
- Ago
before
- to day
that day
- This week that week
- Tomorrow the next day
- Next week the next week
- Yesterday the day before
- Last week the week before
+ Modal verbs :
- Can could
- Will would
- May might
- Shall should
- Could, would, might, must, ought to, need : Unchange
- Notes :
Use : - Say something to somebody
- Tell somebody
- Ask somebody to do something
4. How to use :
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Commands and Request : Cau menh lenh va cau e ngh .


Tell ( ask, beg, advise . ) + O + to
+ not to + V .

+V

Verbs use : Tell, ask, order, beg, persuade, warn, advise, encourage,
invite, remind, offer, exclaim
Ex : - Nam said : Let me tell you the last words
Nam told her to let him tell her the last words .

Statements : Cau khang nh va cau phu nh : says : gi


nguyen; said : lui 1 thi .
Ex :

- He says : I dont like to drink coffee with mild


He says he doesnt like to drink coffee with mild .
- He said : We were very busy last night
He said they had been very busy the night before .

Yes / No Questions : Lui 1 thi .


Ask if / whether + S + V . ( no more question
mark )
Ex :

asked .
before .

- Thao said Is there any thing else to say ?


Thao asked if there was any thing else to say.
- Have you ever treated any girl like this before ? Thao

Thao asked if he had ever treated any girl like that

Wh- Questions : Lui 1 thi .


Ask + Wh-questions + S + V . ( no more question
mark )
Ex :
evening .

- Nhat said Why didnt you come to class this evening ?


Nhat asked Thao why she hadnt come to class that
- Nhat said : Where do you go this evening ?
Nhat asked where she went that evening .

-----------------------oOo--------------------10/2003.

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