How to find Bending Moment

Bending Moment 1.

CH28 p355

Bending moment is a torque applied to each side of the beam if

it was cut in two - anywhere along its length.
The hinge applies a clockwise (+) moment (torque) to the RHS,
and a counter-clockwise (-) moment to the LHS.

Example

Calculate BM: M = Fr (Perpendicular to the force)

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Calculate BM: M = Fr (Perpendicular to the force)

In equilibrium, so MA = 0
But to find the Bending Moment, you must cut the beam in two.
Bending moment is INTERNAL, moment is EXTERNAL.

BM for RHS of beam:

M = Fr = -(6*3) = -18 kNm

Repeat for LHS:

M = Fr = (6*3) = 18 kNm
Procedure to find BM at any cross-section in the beam:
Cut beam thru that section, then add moments for the right or
left side only. Ignore + or - sign, and use the following
definition for +/-;

Positive = sagging

Negative = hogging

A good way to double-check is to do moments for BOTH

sides and compare.

In engineering, we are concerned with the MAXIMUM BM.

How do we find it?
Try the same problem at 1m from left end;

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BM for LHS of beam:

M = Fr = (6*1) = 6 kNm

Repeat for RHS:

M = Fr = +(12*2) -(6*5) = -6 kNm

The BMD helps us know the MAXIMUM, but also what the
BM is an any location along the beam.

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Simple example:
Tuesday, 30 April 2013
6:45 PM

Q1: If distance a=7.8m and Force b=9.3kN,

find the maximum bending moment.
Sag=(+), Hogg=(-)
Find Reactions: (Take moment at RH Support)
MR = 0 = (RL*10) - (9.3 * 2.2)
9.3 * 2.2 = 20.46
RL= 20.46 /10 = 2.046 kN
RL+RR = 9.3
RR = 9.3-2.046 = 7.254 kN
Take a slice thru the b force, to get BMoment.
(Moment eqn for left side only)
BMleft = (2.046 * 7.8) = +15.9588 kNm
We can check this for the right hand side.
(Moment eqn for right side only)
BMright = (7.254*2.2) = -15.9588 kNm
So at the cross section, there are two moments - equal and opposite.
Hogging or sagging? Positive = sagging.

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Shear force & Bending Moment

Bending Moment 1.

CH28 p355
Positive Shear Force
Up on LHS

Shear Force is in all beams,

but usually only seen as a problem
in SHORT beams.
Long beams fail by bending.

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Shear Force Diagram

Step 1. Reactions
(Working in kNm)
0 = +(130*3) - (FR*8)
FR = 90/8 = 11.25 kN
0 = FL -30 + 11.25
FL = 18.75 kN
Step 2. SFD
Cut anywhere;
Add forces on LHS
(or RHS - which ever is easier).
Use positive S.F. = Upwards on LHS

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Shear Force Diagram > BMD

Step 1. Reactions

(Working in kNm)
0 = +(130*3) - (FR*8)
FR = 90/8 = 11.25 kN
0 = FL -30 + 11.25
FL = 18.75 kN
Step 2. SFD
Cut anywhere;
Add forces on LHS
(or RHS - which ever is easier).
Use positive S.F. = Upwards on LHS

Step 3. BMD
Change of AREA of SFD = Change of
HEIGHT of BMD
(a) BM zero both ends (free ends)
(b) 3*18.75 = 56.25
(c) 5*-11.25 = -56.25

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Example 28.1 f. (P361)

Double Check

(LHS)
M=1l *2 = 22 kNm
(RHS)
M = - (5x2) -(3x4) = -10-12
= -22 kNm + Positive BM

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Example 28.1 d

The SFD (Shear Force

Diagram) tells you how
much the beam wants to
SLIDE apart.

The BMD (Bending

Moment Diagram) tells you
how much the beam wants
to BEND apart by rotation.
Check the max BM:
Take section thru centre:
Moment LHS = +(3*1.75) -(3*0.75) = 3.0
Moment RHS = -(3*1.75) +(3*0.75) = -3.0
We cannot determine +/- from the moment equation
because it depends which side we choose.
Positive bending moment = SAGGING
Negative bending moment = HOGGING

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Example 28.1 h
The area of the SFD = height of the BMD

Positive Shear Force

Wall Reaction:
M = -(4*8)+(9*6)-(5*2) = 12
So wall reaction moment
is -12 (CCW)

Positive Bending Moment

The maximum bending moment = 12

The maximum negative BM = -8

M = - (4*2)
= -8 kNm

M = + (5*4) -12
= 8 kNm

Remember!
You can't determine + or - by looking
at the RHS or LHS, since they will
always be opposing each other.
Just use sagging = positive bending.

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Example 28.1(j)
Tuesday, 20 March 2012
6:11 PM

SFD from LHS:

Starts at -2 because
down on LHS.

BMD from LHS:

Starts at 0
because free end
on beam. Max at
2 places..

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Weight
Tuesday, 26 July 2011
7:27 PM

Get reactions:
Find Volume:
V = 0.14*0.26*12 = 0.4368 m3
M = *V = 7150*0.4368
= 3123.12 kg
Reactions = 3123.12*9.81/2
= 15318.9 N
= 15.3189 kN
Area in SFD = BM
BM = 0.5*15.3*6 = 45.9 kNm

Check by cutting in half and find Moment:

= 3123.12 /2 = 1561.56 kg
= 15.3189 kN
Moment = +(15.3*3)- (15.3*6) = -45.9 kNm
Forget the minus sign when you cut in half
because you get a different sign depending on
which side you take!
Scrap minus sign and use HOGG/SAG.
Should be ... (Sag) = +45.9kNm

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Distributed Loads.
Bending Moment 5.

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Applied Moment
Tuesday, 26 July 2011
8:14 PM

Get reactions: (Moment eqn)

ML = + (170) - (FR*10) = 0
FR*10 = 170
FR = 17 kN
Fy = 0
FL = -17 kN
Area in SFD
= 2.5*-17 = -42.5 kNm
Area in SFD
= 7.5*-17 = -127.5 kNm
Difference:
+127.5--42.5 = 170 (kNm)
which is the same as the
applied moment.

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Q7: Jib
Tuesday, 26 July 2011
8:35 PM

Take moments at A:
FBy*5.5 = 1240*9.81*3.3
FBy = (1240*9.81*3.3)/5.5
= 7298.64 N
Fy = 0
FAy = Fw-FBy
= 1240*9.81-7298.64
= 4865.76 N
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FAy = Fw-FBy
= 1240*9.81-7298.64
= 4865.76 N
Area in SFD = 4865.76*3.3 = 16057.008 Nm

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Q11: Cantilever
Tuesday, 26 July 2011
8:48 PM

SFD:
Down on LHS = negative
-2.8kN
Dist Load: 1.6*5 = 8
= -2.8 -8 + RRY = 0
RRY = 10.8 kN
MR = -(2.8*8)-(8*2.5)
= -42.4 kNm

-2.8kN

BMD:
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= -42.4 kNm
BMD:
(All hogging = all negative)
3*-2.8 = -8.4kNm
Area of dist SFD;
-2.8*5+0.5*-8*5 =- 34
BM = -8.4-34 = -42.4 kNm

-10.8 kN

-8.4kNm

-42.4 kNm

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Q 13: Clamp
Tuesday, 26 July 2011
8:57 PM

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