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2. You use "not" to make modal verbs negative, even in Simple Present and Simple Past.
Examples:
3. Many modal verbs cannot be used in the past tenses or the future tenses.
Examples:
4. One modal may have more than one usage and each usage has different meanings.
Example: can
He can teach our history class, but its not certain yet. (certainty)
Look at the table below and check the different usages of modals.
Expresses
Modals
Usage
Examples
Ability
can
be able to
Past Ability
could
be able to
Possibility
could
(present) %50
can %50
may %50
might % 50
must % 90
POSSIBILITY
PAST
may have
might have
could have
Impossibility
Impossibility
Past
mustnt
cant have
couldnt have
can't
Robin looks tired today. She cant have slept well last
night.
(This is the speakers best guess as to why Robin looks
tired. Of course, other reasons are possible. For
instance, she might be ill.)
Necessity/Obligation must
have to
need to
need (modal)
We can also use 'have to' to express a strong
obligation. When we use 'have to' this usually means
that some external circumstance makes the obligation
necessary.
Necessity/Obligation had to
Past
Lack of necessity
dont have to
dont need to
(neednt)
Lack of necessity
Past
Prohibition
didnt need to
didnt have to
neednt have
cant
mustnt
Advice
should
ought to
Regret
should have
ought to have
Permission
can
may
Asking for
permission.
can
may
- Can I go out?
You can use your dictionary in the exam.
- Passengers may take one small bag on board the
plane.
- Can I speak to John Wilson, please?
- May I take one of these pencils?
EXERCISE
A.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
B.
5) That _______ be Maria. I'm sure she's got blond hair, not dark.
a) may
b) might
c) can't
C.
1) Teds flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He _____________be exhausted after such a long flight.
a. must
b. can
c. should
2) The book is optional. My professor said we could read it if we needed extra credit. But we ___________read it if we dont want to.
a. must not
b. dont have to
c. cannot
3) Susan ____________hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly.
a. couldnt
b. neednt
c. cant
4) Kate: ___________hold your breath for more than a minute?
Jack: No, I dont think so.
a. Must you
b. May you
c. Can you
5) You ____________rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know havent got a penny to their name.
a. dont have to
b. shouldnt
c. cant be
6) Ive redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. The answer in the book
_____________be wrong!
a. must
b. should
c. need to
7) You ___________________worry so much. It doesnt do you any good. Either you get the job, or you dont. If you dont, just apply for another one.
a. shouldnt
b. cant
c. dont have to
8) You ____________________leave the table once you have finished your meal and politely excused yourself.
a. may
b. should
c. have to
9) At first, my boss didnt want to hire Sam. But, because I had previously worked with Sam, I told my boss that he ________________take
another look at his resume and reconsider him for the position.
a. must
b. can
c. dont have to
10) You __________________ forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.
a. dont have to
b. couldnt
c. mustnt
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D.
A mysterious letter has arrived for Tom by special delivery. He is nervous about opening it. Add suitable MODAL VERBS to complete
Rewrite the sentences using the modals of CERTAINTY, IMPOSSIBILITY and POSSIBILTY:
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
9. It is impossible that Mary knows my phone number.
_______________________________________________________
8
F.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
G.
Fill in the blanks using MUST (HAVE), CANT (HAVE), MAY-MIGHT-COULD (HAVE):
She knew everything about our plans. She ___must have listened__ (listen) to our conversation.
He _____cant have eaten_____ (eat) the roasted beef when we were out. He is a vegetarian.
Mrs. White bought a new fur coat! She ______must have won____ (win) a lottery.
John said he would ring, but he hasnt. He _____must have forgetten____ (forget) all about it.
It is possible that he saw us together. He ________might have seen___(see) us together.
The children _____might study____ (study) in the library now, because they have a test tomorrow.
The singer has got a sore throat, so she __cant___ (sing) at the concert.
For each sentence, choose the best word or phrase to complete the gap from the choices below.
1) It's your birthday? You ______ have told me. I would have got you a present.
A would
B must
C can
D should
2) You ____ be joking! I'm not going to lend hime my new car.
A might
B must
C could
D should
3) I think you _____ at least offer to help me. After all I've done for you, it's only fair.
A must
B might
C have to
D would
4) I ________ do that , if I were you. There'll be all manner of trouble if you do.
A mustn't
B dont have to
C can't
D wouldn't
5) We _____ as well go home now. The shops are all closed.
A must
B can
C might
D could
6) _____ I have a quick word with you Brian? It's nothing serious.
A May
B Should
C Would
D Must
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7) You ____________ think that its too expensive to learn English, but thats not true.
A might
B should
C may
D could
8) Paul ____________ read when he was just four years old.
A might
B should
C could
D would
9) You're saying it was a mistake that they forgot about our party? You _____ have fooled me. I'm sure they didn't want to come.
A would
B could
C can
D should
10) Who ___ that be, knocking at the door at this time of night? Martin, I guess.
A would
B must
C should
D can
11) What's her sister's name? How on earth ______ I know? I didn't even know she had a sister.
A should
B would
C can
D might
H. Choose the correct option to complete the blanks.
1. Paul's class starts at 8:30. It's 8:45 and he's not here yet. He _________________________. It passed five minutes ago.
A. must have missed the bus.
B. must be sick.
C. might have missed the bus.
D. must have been sick.
2. I don't know why he hasn't called me back. He __________________________________________________
A. might have forgotten my number.
B. might forget my number.
C. must have forgotten my number.
D. might be forgetting my number.
3. My plants are dead. I ________________________________________________
A. can't have given them enough water.
B. must give them more water.
C. should have given them enough water.
10
Read the sentences below. Find and correct the errors. Two sentences are correct.
12
J.
4) We ______ to do it.
a) don't need
b) needn't
13
ADVERBS OF DEGREE
Adverbs of degree tell us about the intensity or degree of an action, an adjective or another adverb. Adverbs of degree are usually placed before
the adjective, adverb, or verb they are modifying, although there are some exceptions discussed below.
VERY
Very goes before an adverb or adjective to make it stronger.
EXAMPLES
If we want to make a negative form of an adjective or adverb, we can add "not" to the verb, we can use an adjective or adverb of opposite
meaning, or we can use "not very" with the original adjective or adverb. The meanings of the phrases are not identical. Usually the phrase using
"not very" is less direct, and thus more polite, than the other phrases.
EXAMPLES
Original phrase
He worked quickly.
He worked slowly.
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Europe.
15
Enough + noun
Enough (pronounced "enuf")
There was sufficient food for everybody at the party.
Adjective + Enough
Everybody notices her because she is very pretty.
Enough + infinitive
When she lost her dog, it was enough to make her cry.
FAIRLY
Fairly is an adverb of degree. It generally modifies adjectives and adverbs.
How was the film? Fairly good. (Not the best one I have seen this year.)
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QUITE
Quite suggests a higher degree than fairly.
How was the film? Quite good. (You ought to watch it.)
He is quite a scholar.
He is quite tall.
quite has two meanings: I feel quite tired today (= fairly tired). With adjectives that describe an extreme state (non-gradable adjectives) it
means completely or absolutely: I feel quite exhausted. With some adjectives, both meanings are possible. The speakers stress and intonation
will show you which is meant: Your essay is quite good (= fairly good it could be better); Your essay is quite good (= very good, especially when
this is unexpected).
RATHER
Rather is stronger than quite. It suggests ideas such as more than is usual, more than was expected or more than was wanted.
PRETTY
Pretty is similar to rather.
Pretty can modify adjectives and adverbs. It cant modify nouns or verbs.
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We do not normally use very with these adjectives. We do not say something is "very enormous" or someone is "very brilliant".
With strong adjectives, we normally use intensifiers like:
absolutely
completely
totally
utterly
really
exceptionally
particularly
quite
Peter is __too short___ to become a police officer. He's only 1.65 cm tall. (short)
I'd like to buy a new car and a good house, but I'm just not __rich enough___ to do it. (rich)
My school is ___too far___ from my house to go on foot. So, I cycle to school every morning. (far)
Kelly is ___too young__ to drive a car. She's only 14. (young)
That skirt you are wearing is ___too tight_ for you. You need a bigger size. (tight)
David is quite a fast runner, but he isn't ____fast enough__ to beat the Italian runner, who is considered to be the best. (fast)
I'm a good swimmer, but I'm not _____good enough__ to enter a championship. (good)
The beach was______too crowded_ yesterday, so we decided to go somewhere else. (crowded)
We wanted to go to Paris last weekend, but the plane tickets were____too expensie__ , so we stayed at home. (expensive)
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B. Answer the questions with too or enough using the words in parenthesis.
Answers might vary! Possible answers.
1) Can he go to the casino? No, he can't. (old)
He isn't__old enough___ .
2) Are we going to Hawaii this summer? Unfortunately not. (money)
We don't have ____enough money__this year.
3) Can he lift the table? Yes, he can. (strong)
He is__strong enough________________________ .
4) Can Sally go to the party? No, she can't. (tired)
She is_______too tired______ .
5) Can he climb the tree? No, he can't. (old)
He is_too old______ .
6) Can she fit in that dress? Yes, she can. (thin)
She is ___thin enough______ .
7) Do you think he understands you? Yes, he does. (mature)
He is _____is mature enough_______.
8) Can he go to a private university? I don't think he can. (expensive)
Those are ___too expensive__ to pay.
9) Are you going to the beach? No I'm not. (hot)
It is ______too hot_____ today.
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C.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
d) utterly
d) massive
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d) a totally
21
Examples:
Examples:
Some verbs are followed by Gerunds OR Infinitives, but have different meanings
begin
used.
gerund or an infinitive.
22
forget
regret
When "forget" is used with a gerund, it means "to forget that you
have done something." The sentence above means that she read the
book when she was a kid, and that she has forgotten that fact.
is being eliminated.
"Regret" is sometimes used with infinitives such as "to
inform." In the sentence above, "We regret to inform you"
means "We wish we did not have to tell you (bad news)."
remember
mentioned the meeting, and that I remember the fact that I did that.
start
used.
gerund or an infinitive.
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stop
try
She can't find a job. She tried looking in the paper, but there was
She tried to climb the tree, but she couldn't even get off the
nothing. She tried asking friends and family, but nobody knew of
ground.
anything. She also tried going shop to shop, but nobody was hiring.
When you "try to do" something, you want to do it, but you
She tried eating the snake soup, but she didn't like it.
tree.
AM.
An infinitive is also used if you are asking someone to try
something they may or may not be able to accomplish.
go on
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EXERCISE
A. Complete the sentences using the correct verb patterns.
0 Esra / enjoy / work / at hotel.
Esra enjoys working at the hotel._____
1) Scientists / seem / know / the cure for cancer.
Scientists seem to know the cure for cancer.
2) I / look forward / meet / you.
Im looking forward to meet you.
3) You / need / say / more / about / this topic.
You need to say more about this topic.
4) I / not / like / swim / in winter.
I dont like swimming in winter.
5) The body / keep / work / 24 hours / a day.
The body keeps working 24 hours a day.
6) The Americans / succeed / land / on the moon / 1969.
The Americans succeeded to land on the moon in 1969
7) You / manage / find / the answer / to my question.
You managed to find the answer to my question.
8) Babies / tend / sleep / on their backs.
Babies tend to sleep on their backs.
B. Complete the sentences with the -ing form or the infinitive of the verb in brackets.
Example:
She left without closing (close) the door.
1) I love walking (walk) in the rain.
2) I need to buy (buy) some new shoes.
3) I sent Tom an email because I wanted to tell (tell) him about the party.
4) It isnt easy to learn (learn) a language.
5) Hes very good at talking (talk) to new people.
6) I dont really like dancing (dance).
7) Its best to learn (learn) a foreign language when you are young.
25
C. Put the underlined words into correct order to make a meaningful sentence.
1) / for / talking rudely /apologize/ You / have to /.
26
27
28
2)
3)
I have worked for International House for more than eight years.
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Johan has been in England for more than two weeks now.
29
30
EXERCISE
A. Complete the sentences using YET, JUST or ALREADY.
1.Has Tom had his lunch ___yet______ ?
2.If only you'd called a minute before! Jack has _____just____ gone out.
3.She hasn't learnt how to speak English ___ yet _____ .
4.What time is he coming? He's ___already______ come. He's at my place now.
5.It's rather late so Julie has ____ already _____ gone to bed. She is sleeping now.
6.We haven't started tea _____ yet ____ .
7.We know each other. We've _____already____ met before. You don't need to introduce me.
8.Don't hang up! Bill has _____ just ____ come in. You can speak to him.
9.Have you finished your work ______ yet ___ ?
10.I've ____ just _____ eaten my lunch and I'm so full.
11.Do you fancy watching that movie? No, I've ____already_____ seen it. Even twice.
12.I haven't tried a lobster _____ yet ____ .
13.I don't want to go to France. I've ____already_____ been there once.
14.It says that the bus leaves at 1:10. It's 1:12 now. Oh no! It has _____just____ left!
15.Has she found a boyfriend ____ yet _____ ?
16.You didn't miss much. The play has _____just____ started.
17.Haven't you done a bungee jump _____yet____ ? You've got to try. Ive done it and I loved it.
18.It's not too late. You can still join us. We've ____just_____ begun the game.
19.She's ___already______ been to Africa so now she knows how to prepare for the journey.
20.I haven't told her about our wedding ____ yet _____ .
Jan Ive 2 _____just____ read the last page. I finished it two minutes ago!
2 Bob Ive 3 ____already_____ seen this film. It was on TV last month.
Bill Dont tell me the ending! I havent seen it 4 _____yet____!
3 Ann I havent written to Paul 5 ___yet______. What about you?
Ted Ive 6 ____already_____ written five times!
C. Correct the mistakes. Each sentence has only one mistake and there might be more than one possible correction.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
/ your / you/ yet / have / finished / homework /? Have you finished your homework yet?
/ salary / my /already /spent/ have / I /. I have already spent my salary.
/ breakfast /haven't /had/ I /yet/. I havent had my breakfast yet.
/ just / he / turned on/ TV / the /has/. He has just turned on TV.
/ seen /have /already / we / twice / this film. I have already seen this film twice.
/ work /has /already/ left / Kim /. Kim has already left work.
/ arrived / just / has / the train /. The train has just arrived.
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FUTURE FORMS
"Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily (willingness). A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for
someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request
that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do
something.
Examples:
I will send you the information when I get it.
I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
Will you help me move this heavy table?
Will you make dinner?
I will not do your homework for you.
I won't do all the housework myself!
A: I'm really hungry.
33
Will is used for predictions and sudden decisions about future. If there is not a prior plan at the time of speech we use will and when there is
a prior plan before the time of speech, we use be going to
I'll call Jenny to let her know. Sarah, I need Jenny's number.
I'll come and have a drink with you but I must let Harry know.
I leave Frankfurt at 5 o'clock in the morning and arrive in New York at midnight the next day.
There's no need to hurry. The train doesn't leave for another 30 minutes.
I'm not returning home for the holidays, so I can come to your party after all!
Sorry, I can't stay after school today; I'm playing tennis with Jun-Sik.
Future Continuous
Future Continuous (Progressive) with will
I
you
he
she
it
will ('ll) be
will not (won't) be
looking
we
they
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Firstly, we use the Future Continuous to talk about predicted or planned events that start at some unspecified time in the future and are still
occurring at a given time in the future. In this sense it is often used with time adverbials beginning this time next... or a precisely specified time.
Since this sounds rather complicated it may be better to illustrate this with a diagram and a couple of examples.
We'll be watching the TV at 9:00. (It is not known when we will start, but at 9:00 we will be in front of the TV and we will probably
continue to watch after 9:00.)
You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
EXERCISE
A. Put the verbs into most appropriate form using each tense once. (will, be going to, simple present or present progressive, future continues)
1) The train ____arrives__ (arrive) at 11:20.
2) Wait! I _____will help__ (help) you.
3) As we want to get better marks in English, we ______are going to study___ (study) harder in the future.
4) Josh ____is going___ (go) to the cinema with his friends tonight.
5) I think they ____will be having___ (have) their lunch in Toronto at this time tomorrow.
36
37
C. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct future tenses. Use will-future, going to-future, Simple Present or Present Progressive.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
D. Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with suitable future forms of the verbs. (Simple Present / Simple Future/
Present Continuous / Future Continuous)
1) Right now, I am watching TV. Tomorrow at this time, I (watch) ____will be watching__ TV as well.
2) Tomorrow after school, I (go) ___am going___ to the beach with Jack.
3) I am going on a dream vacation to Tahiti. While you (do) ___are doing__ paperwork and_____talking______ (talk) to annoying customers on
the phone, I _____will be lying___ (lie) on a sunny, tropical beach. Are you jealous?
4) We (hide) ______will be hiding___ when Tony (arrive) _____arrives_____ at his surprise party. As soon as he opens the door, we (jump)
______are jumping___ out and (scream) _____screaming___, "Surprise!"
5) We work out at the fitness center every day after work. If you (come) ______come________ over while we (work) ___are working___out,
we will not be able to let you into the house. Just to be safe, we (leave) __will leave____ a key under the welcome mat so you will not have to
wait outside.
6) While you (study) _______are studying_____ at home, Magda (be) _____will be___ in class.
7) When you (get) ____get____ off the plane, I (wait) _____will be waiting___ for you.
8) I am sick of rain and bad weather! Hopefully, when we (wake) ___wake___ up tomorrow morning, the ___will be shining___sun (shine).
9) If you (need) ____need____ to contact me sometime next week, I (stay) _____will be staying__ at the Sheraton in San Francisco.
38
The future perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and use. The future perfect tense talks about the past in the future.
How do we make the Future Perfect Tense?
The structure of the future perfect tense is:
subject + auxiliary verb WILL + auxiliary verb HAVE + main verb
invariable
invariable
past participle
will
have
V3
+ I
will
have
finished
by 10am.
+ You
will
have
forgotten
me by then.
She
will
not have
gone
to school.
We
will
not have
left.
Will
you
have
arrived?
Will
they
have
received
it?
In speaking with the future perfect tense, we often contract the subject and will. Sometimes, we contract the subject, will and have all together:
I will have
I'll have
I'll've
you'll have
you'll've
he will have
he'll have
he'll've
she'll have
she'll've
it will have
it'll have
it'll've
39
we will have
we'll have
we'll've
they'll have
they'll've
The train will leave the station at 9am. You will arrive at the station at 9.15am. When you arrive, the train will have left.
present
future
Train leaves in future at 9am.
9.15
You can call me at work at 8am. I will have arrived at the office by 8.
They will be tired when they arrive. They will not have slept for a long time.
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B. Fill in each blank with the correct words to change each present continuous tense sentence into a future perfect tense sentence:
EX: I am reading a book --> By this time tomorrow, I will have read the book.
1) I am writing a book.
By this time next month, I _______________________________ the book.
2) Maria is preparing a report.
By this time tomorrow, Maria _______________________________ the report.
3) Martha is learning German.
By this time next year, Martha_______________________________ German.
4) They are inviting all their friends.
By this time tomorrow, they _______________________________ all their friends.
5) We are bringing our stuff to our new apartment.
By this time tomorrow, we _______________________________ all our stuff to our new apartment.
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C. Fill in each blank space with the correct future verb tense (simple future, future continuous, or future perfect):
1) Tomorrow I ________ (paint) all day.
a) will be painting
b) will paint
c) will be paint
2)
a)
b)
c)
3)
a)
b)
c)
4)
a)
b)
c)
After we finish this video, I ________ (see) all of this director's movies.
will see
will be seeing
will have seen
5)
a)
b)
c)
6)
a)
b)
c)
7)
a)
b)
c)
She doesn't realize what kind of person he is, but she ________ (find out).
will find out
will be finding out
will have found out
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8)
a)
b)
c)
9)
a)
b)
c)
10)
a)
b)
c)
11)
a)
b)
c)
12)
a)
b)
c)
13)
a)
b)
c)
14)
a)
b)
c)
A: What will you be doing at 6:OO PM? B: I ________ (watch) a movie with my boyfriend.
watch
will watch
will be watching
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15)
a)
b)
c)
She thinks he's telling her the truth, but eventually she ________ (realize) that he's lying.
realizes
will realize
will be realizing
16)
a)
b)
c)
A: Do you want to meet me in half an hour? B: No, I can't, I ________ (study) with my sister.
will study
study
will have studied
17)
a)
b)
c)
18)
a)
b)
c)
A: Are you going to tell me or not? B: Ok, fine, I ___________ (tell) you.
will tell
tell
will have told
19)
a)
b)
c)
By the time he gets out of jail, he ________ (forget) how to function in the real world.
forgets
will have forgotten
will be forgetting
20)
a)
b)
c)
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