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MKS-C
TC
vent
MKS
trap
cell
TC-C
sample
PT50
Finally, the required total number of moles of gas adsorbed at each step i is given by the
sum of incremental contributions calculated from equation (8). That is,
i
nac[i] =
n [j]
a
(1iN) (9).
j=1
MODELS FOR THE RESULTS. Various models have been proposed for the
adsorption of gases. The are discussed in Adamson's monograph on surface chemistry.
The simplest but yet effective model was proposed by Nobel Laureate Irving Langmuir.
It works best when there is a strong interaction between the molecules and the adsorbent
and the molecules in the high pressure regime, i.e. saturation, form a monomolecular
layer on the adsorbent. It follows from a simple mechanism: M(g) + A(s) MA(s).
Equation (10) expresses the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, the relationship between the
pressure of the gas and the moles of adsorbed substance:
= n/n = Kp/(1 + Kp) (10)
= fraction of total coverage
n = number of moles of adsorbed gas (nac[i] from equation (10) )
n = number of moles of gas absorbed at saturation
p = partial pressure of the gas (pp[i], NOT pa[1])
K = ka/kb = binding equilibrium constant
ka = rate constant for the forward, adsorption step
kb = rate constant for the reverse, desorption step
Note that an identical relationship applies in the case of binding of a substrate to a protein
in the case of non-cooperativity. If the adsorbent is a catalyst, adsorption (i.e. binding) is
followed by the molecular transformation of the bound and therefore activated substrate
to form the product. This Languir model for heterogeneous catalysis is identical with the
Michaelis-Menten model for enzyme catalysis.
The model can be tested in several ways. If the term Kp is small (small binding
constant and/or low pressure), equation (10) simplifies to its linear form, = Kp or n =
nKp. However, if binding is not weak, the full equation must be used to describe the
data. The equation can be linearized in several ways. The simplest approach involves
taking the reciprocal. After re-arranging terms, one obtains
1/n = (1/Kn)(1/p) + 1/n (11).
Equation (11) is known as a Benesi-Hildebrand plot. Its equivalent in enzymology is the
Lineweaver-Burke plot. It has been shown that this approach does not yield the most
robust results. A statistically better approach is a Scatchard plot (equation (12)) which
can be obtained from equation (10) by a few steps of algebraic manipulation:
n/p = nK nK (12).
Although the Langmuir isotherm handles many cases well, it does not handle all due to
factors such as multi-layer adsorption and interaction between binding sites, i.e.
cooperativity. In level of sophistication, the next successful model was developed by
Emmett, Brunauer, and Teller. Their relation, usually known as the BET isotherm, is
= n/nmon = cz/{(1-z)[1-(1-c)z]} (13)
nmon = number of moles substrate required to form a monolayer (not
necessarily the number of moles at saturation)
z = p/p* (calculable since p* is known)
p* = vapor pressure of the substrate
c exp[(Hdes - Hvap)/RT] (Since Hdes is always greater than Hvap,
the constant c is greater than one.)
The BET isotherm reduces to the Langmuir isoterm in the limit of low pressure if one
associates c/p* with K. Equation (13) can be rearranged to yield equation (14) which is
in a form that can be tested by the method of linear least squares.
z/[(1-z)n] = 1/cnmon + {(c-1)/(cnmon)}z (14)
EXPERIMENTAL PROTOCOL
SETUP OF THE SYSTEM
1) Do not perform any of these steps until you have first thoroughly read the entire
handout for the experiment and have had the pre-lab orientation session with the
instructor. In closing the stopcocks, don't turn them beyond their limits or you will crack
the vacuum system. A black stripe has been drawn on each of the brown plastic plugs.
The stripe will be close to the 12:00 position when the stopclock is closed. The instructor
will point out the appearance of the plastic plug as it makes contact with the glass upon
closing.
2) Secure a supply of liquid nitrogen from Room 21 in a large dewar. Do not close the
door of the room while you are securing the cryogen. Asphyxiation is a real possibility in
a closed room with limited ventilation.
3) Using the O-ring and the clamp, connect the trap to the manifold. Place the dewar in
position but don't add any liquid nitrogen yet.
4) Close stopcock B and the stopcock connected to the vent and open stopcock A. Turn
on the roughing pump but not the turbomolecular pump. When the switch on the PT50
controller is in the 12:00 position, the unit is completely off. When the switch is turned
clockwise to the next position at roughly 2:00, the roughing pump is turned on.
5) Wait a few seconds for the pump to evacuate the trap and the manifold up to stockcock
B. Slowly fill the dewar in which the trap is immersed with liquid nitrogen. Cover the
top of the dewar with a towel to reduce the rate of evaporation of the liquid nitrogen.
Nota bene! You did not add the liquid nitrogen until after the trap was evacuated.
Consider the following scenario. An open, unevacuated trap is immersed in liquid
nitrogen. Since the boiling point of oxygen is greater than that of nitrogen, condensed
oxygen will accumulate. This is a dangerous situation as flammable substances burn
more readily in pure oxygen and high pressures will develop when the oxygen boils. In
short, liquid nitrogen is a useful, non-toxic cryogen but must be used with caution.
6) Close the stopcocks to the inlet lines that drop down from the system, e.g. stopcocks D
and E. Open stopcocks C and B and evacuate the ballast and the manifold. The
stopcocks to both pressure gauges should be open.
7) Plug in the power cords for the controllers to the two pressure gauges. The units do
not have on/off switches. The controller for the MKS gauge will require a few seconds
for initialization. It reads in the range 0-1000 torr with an accuracy of 0.1 torr. The
thermocouple gauge should give a reading in the vicinity of 50-80 mtorr.
8) Assemble the cell. Use Apiezon N stopcock grease. The instructor will demonstrate
the proper method of using stopcock grease with standard taper joints. Attach the empty
cell to the system using the male ball-and-socket fitting below stopcock D (cf. Figure 2).
Attach a clamp to the socket and lightly support the cell. Then evacuate it by opening
stopcock D.
9) When the cell has been evacuated, turn on the turbomolecular pump by turning the
switch on its control panel to the 4:00 position. The thermocouple gauge should display a
rapid decrease in pressure to 1-2 mtorr. If the MKS Baratron gauge does not read zero
within its uncertainty of 0.1 torr, consult the instructor for an adjustment.
CALIBRATION OF THE VACUUM LINE
1) VB, the volume of the ballast up to stopcock C was determined to be 1.0454 liter with
the aid of another flask with a known volume. The ballast tube will be the standard
volume in the calibration of the system. Dry nitrogen gas will be used in the calibration.
2) Open the on-off valve of the nitrogen cylinder and slowly adjust the regulator so that
the needle on the pressure gauge for the outlet pressure is barely moved. Also barely
open the needle valve. Hence, nitrogen gas will flow slowly down the rubber tubing at a
pressure slightly above atmospheric pressure. The tube is connected to the manifold via
stopcock E', just to the left of stopcock E.
3) Close stopcocks B and D. Carefully open stopcock E' and fill the manifold and ballast
to a pressure around 760 torr. Record this value, pB which is proportional to the fixed
amount of gas in the ballast. Use the MKS Baratron gauge for all pressure readings in the
calibration and determination of the adsorption isotherm.
4) Close stopcock C and isolate the ballast from the manifold. Evacuate the manifold by
opening stopcock B.
5) When the manifold has been evacuated, close stopcock B and then open stopcock C.
The gas stored in the ballast will now expand into the manifold. Record the pressure,
pBM.
6) In the final step, open stopcock D and the gas will fill the cell as well. Record the
pressure, pBMC. Since a fixed amount of gas is involved at a constant temperature, Boyle's
Law applies and pBVB = pBM(VB + VM) = pBMC(VB +VM + VC). The volumes of the
manifold and empty cell are readily calculated from VB and the three pressures.
Figure 2. Closeup view of the cell containing molecular sieve. The cell is attached to the
manifold via stopcock D. Note the three-finger clamp below the cell that is used as a
support.
MEASUREMENT OF THE ADSORPTION ISOTHERM
1) Perform the measurements on nitrogen first as it does not adsorb as strongly on the
molecular sieve as dimethyl ether. As a first step close stopcock D and evacuate the
manifold and the ballast by opening stopcock B.
2) Remove the cell from the manifold and disassemble it. Introduce a weighed amount of
molecular sieve, ca. 5 gram. Reassemble the cell and attach it to the manifold. Evacuate
it by opening stopcock D.
3) You want to thoroughly evacuate the system and degas the molecular sieve. Heat
treatment of the bottom of the cell with an air gun might be helpful in accelerating the
process. Once degassing is completed, close stopcock B. It will remain closed for the
duration of the procedure.
4) In the following repetitive procedure that was discussed in the section on calculations,
gas is introduced to the manifold and ballast and then allowed to expand into the cell.
i) Close stopcock D. Carefully open stopcock E' to admit a small
amount of gas into the vacuum system. A light touch will be required.
Aim for 5 torr with the first filling and increments of 20-40 torr above pp
in the later additions.
ii) Record the pressure, pa.
iii) Open stopcock D and wait until the pressure reading becomes stable.
This may require a few seconds or as long as 5-15 minutes.
iv) Record the pressure, pp.
v) Close stopcock D.
vi) Record the temperature at each iteration.
Repeat steps i-v until saturation is achieved or the final pressure is 760 torr.
5) The procedure is repeated for dimethyl ether with a few minor changes. First the
sample is introduced via stopcock E. In preparation for stepwise addition of the sample,
evacuate not only the vacuum, manifold , and cell but also the tygon tube between
stopcock E and the regulator on the small gas cylinder. Make sure that the needle valve
on the outlet stage of the regulator is closed before you do this. Once the tygon tube is
evacuated, you can close stopcock E. Then open the main valve on the cylinder, barely
crack the regulator, and open the needle valve. The tube will fill with dimethyl ether at
its vapor pressure. You are now ready to study the adsorption of dimethyl ether. Since
dimethyl ether has a much larger molecular volume than nitrogen, the time required to
reach equilibrium after the addition of additional sample is much greater. Be patient and
bring reading material. At lower pressures, at least 15 minutes is required to reach a
stable value. Consider recording pressure as a function of time at a few steps in the
cycle.
SHOTDOWN OF THE SYSTEM
1) Once all measurements have been completed, close the valves on the nitrogen and
dimethyl ether bottles as well as stopcocks E, E' and D.
2) Evacuate the system. When it is pumped down, close stopcock B and unplug the
controllers for the two pressure gauges.
3) Turn off the turbomolecular pump but keep the roughing pump on. That is, turn the
switch on the PT50 counterclockwise from the 4:00 to the 2:00 position.
4) Close stopcock A. The vacuum pump is now isolated. The next few steps should be
completed in short order. Vent the trap, i.e. bring it to atmospheric pressure, by opening
stopcock A' associated with the vent. Now release the clamp holding the trap to the
manifold. While the trap is still in the dewar, transfer to the trap to the hood. In the
hood, remove the trap from the hood. When the trap warms up to room temperature, the
vapors will be vented by the hood. Do not disconnect the manifold from the trap.
5) Turn off the PT50 entirely by turning the control switch counterclockwise to the 12:00
position. Then open stopcock A to bring the pump to atmospheric pressure. This last
step is important. If the lines of the pump is left evacuated, pump oil will be sucked into
them and into the turbomolecular pump.
6) Remove the cell from the system and disassemble it. Apiezon N grease readily
dissolves in hexane.
7) Obtain an estimate of the volume of the molecular sieve pellets. Pour 10-20 ml of
water into a 50 ml graduated cylinder. Measure the volume to the nearest 0.1 ml. Then
pour in the pellets. Water will replace the adsorbed dimethyl ether and bubbling will
ensure. After the bubbling has ceased, shake the graduated cylinder to enable the escape
of any trapped gas bubbles. Re-measure the level of liquid in the graduated cylinder.
The volume of the pellets is the difference of the two values. Subtract this number from
VC to obtain VCeff.
8) The molecular sieve is fairly inert. Use the trash container in the lab for disposal.
CALCULATIONS
1) Determine the values of VM, VC, and VCeff. VCeff is the volume of the empty cell VC less
the volume of the adsorbent. VCeff should be used instead of the volume of the empty cell
in the stoichiometric calculations.
2) For each substance, nitrogen and dimethyl ether, calculate nac as a function of pp in torr.
3) Convert nac to nacg, the number of moles of adsorbed substrate per g of g of molecular
sieve by dividing nac by the mass of the molecular sieve used.
4) Convert the pressure pp to atmosphere.
5) Plot nacg versus pp (atm) for both molecules.
6) In the case of nitrogen, fit the data (nacg versus pp) to a Langmuir isotherm. Do the data
indicate strong or weak binding at ambient temperature? Can a simplified form of the
Langmuir isotherm be used? Do not attempt to fit your nitrogen data to the BET
isotherm.
7) In the case of dimethyl ether, fit the data to both a Langmuir isotherm and a BET
isotherm. Is the Langmuir isotherm sufficient to handle the data? That is, do the
residuals require a more advanced treatment?
8) Assume that at saturation that the dimethyl ether forms a monolayer on the molecular
sieve. Determine the surface area of the molecular sieve in m2/g from the parameters
obtained for the isotherm that yields the best fit, i.e. n or nmono. The modeling program,
Spartan yields 93 2 as a value for the total surface area of dimethyl ether molecule.
However, only a portion of the molecule can be in contact with the zeolite. Various
packing models yield 23 2 as the effective contact area for dimethyl ether.
LITERATURE ON MOLECULAR SIEVES
In this experiment you are using Molecular Sieve 13X as the adsorbent. This material
is also known as Linde Molecular Sieve 13X and Zeolite 13X. The multiplicity of names
creates a problem in searching the chemical literature. A thorough search requires the use
of several search names. The adsorbent has the same crystal structure as the mineral
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GAS-PHASE ADSORPTION
NAME:____________________________________
VC ____________________________
date:______________________
VM _____________________________
K ______________ n ______________
K _____________ n _______________
nK _______________