Grammar Book (Grade 8)

NES
ANH NG T NHIN
GRAMMAR
(For grade 8)
2013
BASIC GRAMMAR GRADE 8
Page 1
UNIT 1
I. Enough
(not) adj + enough + to - V
(khng) .. lm vic g
a,
Nam isn't old enough to driver a car.
b, Hung is tall enough to play volleyball.
Exercises:
Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence, using
(not) adjective + enough + to infinitive.
1. My sister is old. She can drive a car.
..
2. The radio isnt small. You can put it in your pocket
3. This coat isnt warm. I dont wear it in the winter

..
4. She is beautiful and intelligent. She can become Miss World.
.
5. The weather was fine. We could go camping.
.
6. Those apples arent ripe. We cant eat them.
.
7. Mr Robinson isnt rich. He cant buy a house.
8. The worker is clever. He can make fine things from wood.
9. The coffee isnt strong. It wont keep us awake.
Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC
BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8
Page 2
..
10.The bull isnt big. He couldnt harm you.
11.The floor wasnt strong. We couldnt dance on it.
12. You are quite thin. You could slip between the bars
13.The fire isnt very hot. It wont boil a kettle.

.
14.The ladder wasnt very long. It didnt reach the window.
.
15.*You are very young. You cant have the front-door key.
.
16.*It is very cold. We cant bathe.
..
II. Present simple tense:

Form:
Affirmative: S + V (S, ES )
to be: is, am , are
Negative: S+ DONT/ DOESNT + V

Interrogative: DO/ DOES + S + V?
Use: We use present simple to express habits, a repeated actions or a general
truths. In this tense adverbs of frequency (always, usually, often, sometimes,
seldom, never ) are often used.
Eg. a. They usually go to Da Lat for their summer vacation.
b. Water boils at 100 oC
Exercise:
Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple tense:
Page 3
1. The sun (rise)..in the east and (set) ..in the west.
2. She (not/ drink).coffee. She (drink).coca cola.
3. It (be)..often hot in the summer.
4. What you (do)every evening?
5. The earth ( circle) .the sun once every 365 days.
6. I (see)..her very often.
7. Most rivers (flow)into the sea.
8. Vegetarians (not/ eat)..meat.
9. Bees (make)honey.
10.Rice ( not/ grow).. in cold climates
11.Where Martin ( come). from? He
(be)Scottish.
III. Past simple tense:

Form:
Affirmative: S + V-ED/ V2 + O
to be: was / were
Negative: S + DIDNT + V + O
Interrogative: DID + S + V? Yes, S + did. / No, S + didnt.
Use: express a completed action
Adverbs of time: yesterday, last month/ summer , ago, in 2008 ( now 2010).
E.g.:
a, We saw him walking in the street yesterday.
b, They invited me to the conference in Ha Noi last month.
Exercises:
A/ Change the verbs in the following sentence into past tense.
1. Yesterday, I go to the restaurant with a client.
2. We drive around the parking lot for 20 minutes in order to find a parking space.
3. When we arrive at the restaurant, the place is full.
4. The waitress asks us what we need.
5. I say, "No, my secretary forgets to make them."
6. The waitress tells us to come back in two hours.
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7. My client and I slowly walk back to the car.

8. Then we see a small grocery store.
9. We stop in the grocery store and buy some sandwiches.
10.That is better than waiting for two hours.
B/ Correct the mistakes in the following sentences:
1. Last night, Samantha have pizza for supper.
2. My pet lizard was died last month.
3. Yesterday I spend two hours cleaning my living room.
4. This morning before coming to class, Jack eats two bowls of cereal.
5. What was happened to your leg?
C/ Negate the first sentence in each task. Write the negation of the verbs in
bold into the correct gaps. You can use long or short/contracted forms of the
auxiliary.
Example: Tom wrote a letter. - Tom ______________ a letter.
Answer: Tom wrote a letter. - Tom did not write a letter. or Tom didn't write a
letter.
1) He played handball. - He _______________ handball.

2) Susan waited in the kitchen. - Susan _______________ in the kitchen.
3) I made the beds. - I _______________ the beds.
4) They cleaned the classroom. - They _______________ the classroom.
5) She asked a lot of questions. - She _______________ a lot of questions.
6) The friends got new computers. - The friends ____________ new computers.
7) I was in Sofia last weekend. - I _______________ in Sofia last weekend.
8) You built a house. - You ________________ a house.
9) Christian bought a new guitar. - Christian ________________ a new guitar.
10) We went shopping. - We _______________ shopping.
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D/ Negate the first sentence in each task. Write the negation of the verbs in
bold into the correct gaps. You can use long or short (contracted) forms of the
auxiliary.
Example: Jack wrote a text message. - Jack ______________ a text message.
Answer: Jack wrote a text message. - Jack did not write a text
message. or Jack didn't write a text message.
1) Andy bought a new shirt. - Andy _______________ a new shirt.

2) They went shopping last Friday. - They ______________ shopping last
Friday.
3) She had a bath in the morning. - She _______________ a bath in the morning.
4) We felt like a big ice-cream. - We ________________ like a big ice-cream.
5) The students sat down. - The students _______________ down.
6) Marie ran home. - Marie ________________ home.
7) The managers shook hands on the deal. - The
managers _______________ hands on the deal.
8) William rode a horse. - William ________________ a horse.
9) The nurse took Peter's temperature. - The nurse _______________ Peter's
temperature.
10) I understood what the teacher said. - I _______________ what the teacher
said.
E/ Negate the first sentence in each task. Write the negative verb forms
(sometimes with a preposition) from the first sentences into the gaps. You can
use long or short (contracted) forms of the auxiliaries.
Example: Frank turned on the radio. - Frank ______________ the radio.
Answer: Frank turned on the radio. - Frank did not turn on the
radio. or Frank didn't turn on the radio.
Page 6
1) Peter woke up at seven. - Peter ________________ at seven.

2) The children ran home. - The children _________________ home.
3) I forgot to take the book with me. - I _________________ to take the book
with me.
4) We turned off the computer. - We __________________ the computer.
5) My friend looked after the baby. - My friend _________________ the baby.
6) Anne dropped a bottle of cola. - Anne __________________ a bottle of cola.
7) The boys jumped into the water. - The boys _________________ into the
water.
8) He finished his homework. - He ___________________ his homework.
9) They brushed their teeth. - They ____________________ their teeth.
10) The lady sent invitation cards. - The lady _________________ invitation
cards.
F/ Put in the correct verb form into the gap. Use Simple Past.
Example: ___ they ______ their friends? (to meet)
Answer: Did they meet their friends?
Page 7
1) _______ you ________ the door? (to close)

2) _______ Claire ________ the housework? (to finish)
3) _______ he _______ a bath yesterday? (to have)
4) _______ the boy ________ into the lake? (to jump)
5) _______ Ronald ________ the Tower of London? (to visit)
6) _______ Peggy and Olivia ________ after the baby? (to look)
7) _______ she ________ the invitation cards herself? (to make)
8) _______ the girl ________ the ketchup bottle? (to drop)
9) _______ Tim ________ the green T-shirt last Monday? (to buy)
10) ________ they ________ karate this morning? (to practise)
G/ Put in the correct verb forms and the nouns into the gaps. Use Simple
Past.
Example: ____________ their friends? (they/to meet)
Answer: Did they meet their friends?
1) ___________________ after the cat? (the dog/to run)

2) ___________________ photos when you were on holiday? (you/to take)
3) ___________________ to music yesterday evening? (Steven/to listen)
4) ___________________ a cup of tea in the caf? (the ladies/to have)
5) ___________________ text messages during the lesson? (Nancy/to send)
6) ___________________ pullovers last Friday? (Melissa and Ruth/to wear)
7) ___________________ hello to people in the street? (your brother/to say)
8) ___________________ the windows in your classroom? (the teacher/to open)
9) ___________________ chess two weeks ago? (the girls in your class/to play)
10) ___________________ breakfast last morning? (your mother/to make)
Page 8
H/ Put in was or were into the gaps:
1) I ________ in Canberra last spring.

2) We ________ at school last Saturday.
3) Tina _________ at home yesterday.
4) He _________ happy.
5) Robert and Stan _________ Garry's friends.
6) You _________ very busy on Friday.
7) They _________ in front of the supermarket.
8) I _________ in the museum.
9) She _________ in South Africa last month.
10) Jessica and Kimberly __________late for school.
I/ Put in was not or were not into the gaps:
1) They _____________ ill.

2) You _____________ tired.
3) The children ______________ quiet.
4) Max ______________ in Helsinki last week.
5) She ______________ home for dinner.
6) The water _______________ cold.
7) There _______________ a good film on TV yesterday.
8) We _______________ in Brazil last winter.
9) Betty and Florence _______________ at school this morning.
10) I _______________ happy when I heard about the accident.
IV. Asking about appearance and character:

Page 9
What + do/ does + S + look like? We want to know a persons appearance

(tall, short, nice, ugly, etc.)
E.g.:
What does she look like?
Shes tall.
What + am/ is/ are + S + like? We want to know a persons character (kind,
friendly, generous, etc.)
E.g.:
What are they like?
Theyre kind.
Exercise:
Write sentences:
Lan/ beautiful
What does Lan look like?
Shes beautiful.
he/ generous
What is he like?
Hes generous.
your sister/ fat
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
she/ humorous
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
he/ helpful
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Mai/ thin
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
they/ tall
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Tun/ short
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
he/ overweight
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
I/ friendly
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Hoa/ sociable
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
they/ gentle
...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
I/ thin
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
UNIT 2
I.Future with be going to (near future)
Form:
S + am/ is/ are + going to + V
Use:
to express future intentions or predictions
E.g.
I am going to a pop concert tonight.

Are they going to sell their old house?
Time expressions: tomorrow, next week, next month, etc.

Note: will can also be used to express intentions or predictions, but there are
differences here: will is used to express an intention made at the moment of
speaking while going to would mean the intention has been made before he says.
When expressing predictions, we use going to if we are quite sure what will
happen and if we are not sure about something, will would be used instead.
Exercises:
A/ Put in the verbs in brackets into the gap. Use will-future or going to-future:
Example: I hope that the sun ________ tomorrow. (to shine)
Answer: I hope that the sun will shine tomorrow.
Page 12
1) Philip ___________________ 15 next Wednesday. (to be)

2) They ___________________a new computer. (to get)
3) I think, my mother ____________________ this CD. (to like)
4) Paul's sister _____________________ a baby. (to have)
5) They _____________________ at about 4 in the afternoon. (to arrive)
6) Just a moment. I _______________________ you with the bags. (to help)
7) In 2020 people _______________________ more hybrid cars. (to buy)
8) Marvin ______________________ a party next week. (to throw)
9) We ______________________ to Venice in June. (to fly)
10) Look at the clouds! It _______________________ soon. (to rain)
B/ Complete the sentences. Use will or be going to:

1. A: Why are you holding a piece of paper?
B: I (write) _____________________ a letter to my friends back home in Texas.
2. A: I'm about to fall asleep. I need to wake up!
B: I (get) _____________________ you a cup of coffee. That will wake you up.
3. A: I can't hear the television!
B: I (turn) ______________________it up so you can hear it.
4. We are so excited about our trip next month to France. We
(visit) ______________________ Paris, Nice and Grenoble.
5. Sarah (come) ____________________ to the party. Oliver
(be) _____________________ there as well.
6. Ted: It is so hot in here!
Sarah: I (turn) _____________________ the air-conditioning on.
7. I think he (be) _______________________ the next President of the United
States.
8. After I graduate, I (attend) _______________________ medical school and
Page 13
become a doctor. I have wanted to be a doctor all my life.

9. A: Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our hotel room. I am afraid it is
simply too small for four people.
B: That man at the service counter (help) ________________________ you.
10. As soon as the weather clears up, we
(walk) _______________________ down to the beach and go swimming.
C/ Write the correct future form (be going to / will):
1. This year I _________ (work) much harder.
2. A: Theres someone at the door.
B: Can you get it? I _________(have) a shower.
3. A: Theres someone at the door.
B: OK. I _________ (go).
4. A: Whats that new building near the theatre?
B: It _________ (be) a new shopping mall.
5. A: Why are you polishing your car?
B: We _________ (sell) it.
6. A: Hello. Is Jennifer there?
B: Just a minute. I ________(get) her.
7. A: Hello. Is Jennifer there?
B: Can she call you back? We_________(just have) lunch.
8. A: We need this report by this afternoon and I havent got time to do it.
B: OK. I_________(do) it.
D/ Choose the correct form of the verb:
1. A: Why are you working hard these days?
B: Because Ill buy / Im going to buy a house,
so Im saving as much as I can.
2. A: What will you buy / are you going to buy Mary for her birthday.
B: A CD.
A: She hasnt got a CD player.
B: Oh. Ill buy / Im going to buy her a book then.
3. A: Dad, can you fix this for me?
B: I cant, sorry. Ask Mum. Shell do / Shes going to do it for you.
4. A: Why have you got so many eggs?
B: Because Ill make / Im going to make an omelette.
5. A: What will you do / are you going to do today?
Page 14
B: Its Johns birthday, so Ill make / Im going to make him a cake.

6. A: I have an appointment with the bank manager this afternoon.
B: Why will you see / are you going to see him?
A: Because my husband and I will start / are going to start
our own business. And we need some money.
7. A: I havent got enough money to get home.
B: Ill lend / Im going to lend you some, if you like. How much do you want?
A: Three pounds is enough. Ill give / Im going to give it back tomorrow.
II. Adverbs of place

Adverbs of place indicate where something happens.
These include abroad, anywhere, here, outside, inside, somewhere, there,
underground, upstairs, downstairs, etc.
E.g.:
My passport is here in my bag.
The children are playing outside.
He is upstairs.
Exercises:
Make sentences and put the adverbs (in italic print) in correctly (behind
the verb or object).
1. is / over there / the cinema - __________________________________
2. inside / go / let's - _______________________________________
3. the kitchen / downstairs / is ______________________________________
4. playing / the kids / are / outside _______________________________________
5. she / not / here / is - ____________________________________
6. the bathroom / is / upstairs - ___________________________________
7. everywhere / we / for / looked / you ____________________________________
8. we / anywhere / you / find / couldn't ____________________________________
9. ? / there / a post office / nearby / is Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC
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____________________________________
10.must / we / walk / back home - ____________________________________
UNIT 3
A. Reflexive Pronouns
Definition: We use the reflexive pronouns to indicate that the person who realizes
the action of the verb is the same person who receives the action. Reflexive
pronouns are identical in form to intensive pronouns.
Subject Reflexive
Singular
I
You
He
She
It
myself
yourself
himself
herself
itself
Plural
We
You
They
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
E.g.:
I cut my hair myself.

* In this example "I" does the action of cutting the hair and at the same time
"I" gets the action of the hair being cut.
We defended ourselves brilliantly.
* In this example the reflexive pronoun "ourselves" refers back to the
subject of the sentence.
John talks to himself when he is nervous.
* In this example "Himself" refers to John.
Reflexive pronouns always act as objects not subjects, and they require an
interaction between the subject and an object.
E.g.:
Because she was not hungry when the cake was

served, Ellen saved herself a piece.
Page 16
* In the independent clause, "Ellen" is the subject and "herself" is a

reflexive pronoun acting as the indirect object. This sentence
is grammatically correct.
Jhon and myself are going to the movie.
* In this sentence, "Jhon" and "myself" are the subjects. Reflexive pronouns
cannot be subjects. This sentence is grammatically incorrect.
Care must be taken to identify whether the noun is singular or plural and choose
the pronoun accordingly.
E.g.:
We gave ourselves a second chance to complete the course.

Did they lock themselves out of the house again?
Give yourselves a pat on the back for a job well done.
NOTE:
By + one-self = alone
E.g.: I did this homework by myself.
Exercises:
A/ Choose the correct reflexive pronouns to complete the sentences:
myself - yourself - himself - herself - itself - ourselves - yourselves - themselves
Page 17
1) Robert made this T-shirt _________________.

2) Lisa did the homework _________________.
3) We helped ________________ to some cola at the party.
4) Emma, did you take the photo all by _________________?
5) I wrote this poem ________________.
6) He cut _________________ with the knife while he was doing the dishes.
7) The lion can defend ___________________ .
8) My mother often talks to __________________.
9) Tim and Gerry, if you want more milk, help __________________.
10) Alice and Doris collected the stickers _________________.
B/ Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns:

1. I did not want to believe it and then I saw the UFO ______________.
2. The girl looked at _______________ in the mirror.
3. Freddy, you'll have to do your homework _________________.
4. You don't need to help them. They can do it _________________.
5. I introduced _______________ to my new neighbour.
6. Boys, can you make your beds ______________?
7. She made ______________ a pullover.
8. What happens when a fighting fish sees ________________ in the mirror?
9. The father decided to repair the car _________________.
10.We can move the table _________________.
B. Modal verbs: must , have to , ought to

a. Must (phi , cn phi )
* Khng nh: S + must + V (bare-inf)
* Ph nh: S + must not / mustnt + V (bare-inf)
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* Nghi vn: Must + S + V (bare-inf)?

- Must c dng a ra mt li khuyn hoc mt ngh c nhn mnh
E.g.:
You must take more exercise. Join a tennis club.
(Anh cn phi tp th dc nhiu hn. Hy tham gia cu lc b qun vt)
He mustnt see that film. Its for adults only.
(Cu y khng c xem phim . Phim ch dnh cho ngi ln)

- Must c dng din t s bt buc n t pha ngi ni , by t cm xc
v c mun ca ngi ni v d nh ra lnh ( cho mnh hoc cho ngi khc )
E.g.:
I must stop smoking. (Ti phi b ht thuc thi .)

You must be here before eight oclock tomorrow .( Ngy mai anh phi c
mt y trc 8 gi)
b. Have to (phi ) :
* Khng nh: S + have to + V (bare-inf)
* Ph nh: S + dont / doesnt + have to + V (bare-inf)
* Nghi vn: Do/Does + S + have to + V (bare-inf).?
- Have to ch yu c dng ch s bt buc n t bn ngoi v d t lut
php , ni quy , tha thun v lnh ca ngi khc .
E.g.:
I have to stop smoking. (doctors order) (Ti phi b ht thuc (theo lnh
ca bc s))
You have to wear uniform on duty.(Anh phi mc ng phc khi ang lm
nhim v)
LU : th ph nh , must not v do / does not have to c ngha hon ton

khc nhau . Must not/mustnt ( khng c ) ch s cm on ; do/ does not
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have to ( khng cn phi ; khng phi ) ch s khng cn thit .
c. Ought to (nn , phi ):

* Khng nh: S + ought to + verb (bare-inf )
* Ph nh: S + ought not to / oughtnt to + verb (bare-inf)
* Nghi vn: Ought + S + to + verb (bare-inf)?
Ought to c dng din t li khuyn hoc li ngh .
Ex :
You ought to drive more carefully ( Bn nn li xe cn thn hn)

What time ought I to arrive ? ( Toi nn n lc my gi ?)
We ought to help them (Chng ta phi / nn gip h.)
NOTE: Should and ought to have the same meaning.

Exercises:
A/ Choose the most appropriate modal auxiliary for each sentence:
1. To get an F-1 student visa, you ________ (must/should) show that you do not
intend to immigrate to the U.S.
2. To go to a U.S. school, you _________ (must/should) be very proficient in
English.
3. In order to get an F-1 visa, you _______ (have to, ought to) be accepted for
admission at a valid U.S. school.
4. You ______ (don't have to/shouldn't) take the TOEFL test for a few U.S.
schools.
5. However, for most U.S. universities, you ________ (must/should) have a
TOEFL score of higher than 550.
6. In order to get a good score on the TOEFL, some students _______
(should/have to) take the test twice or even three times.
Page 20
7. Some students think that doing well on the TOEFL _______ (should/has to) be
the hardest part about going to the U.S. university.
8. Students ________ (must not/should not) work off campus unless they can
prove unforeseen financial hardship.
9. Students ________(don't have to/should not) get excellent grades in order to
maintain their visa.
10. Going to school in the U.S. __________ (must/should) be the best way for a
young person to see the country.
B/ Change the following sentences using one of these modals: should, ought to,
must, have to
E.g.: It is advisable that you always keep your passport in a safe place.
You should always keep your passport in a safe place.
1. It is necessary for Randall to buy a new car before June 15.

__________________________________________________________________
2. It isn't necessary that he buy an expensive car.
__________________________________________________________________
3. It is advisable for him to shop around to find a good bargain.
__________________________________________________________________
4. However, that's not possible since it is necessary for him to buy a car quickly.
__________________________________________________________________
5. It is necessary for him to get a new car right away because his wife is going to
have a baby.
__________________________________________________________________
6. She's due to deliver her baby on June 15 and it is advisable for them to have a
car by then.
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__________________________________________________________________
7. If they go to buy the car during the first week in June, they are certain that there
will be enough time to have the car for the big day.
__________________________________________________________________
8. This seems like a good plan, but I think it would be advisable for them to have a
friend prepared to drive them to the hospital!
__________________________________________________________________
9. Having a baby is a big responsibility and it is necessary that you be ready.
__________________________________________________________________
10. It is advisable for you to have everything run smoothly for such a big event!
__________________________________________________________________
C. Why (ti sao) - Because (bi v )

- Why l trng t nghi vn, c dng hi l do hoc nguyn nhn.
Why + be/ tr ng t + S.......?
E.g.:
Why are you angry with him? (Ti sao bn gin anh y vy?)
Why did she do it by herself? (Ti sao c y lm iu mt mnh?)
- Because l 1 lin t dng ch l do, nguyn nhn hoc tr li cho cu hi

"Why"
E.g.:
I didn't go to school yesterday because I was ill. (Hm qua ti khng i hc

bi v ti b bnh)
Why are you nervous? - Because I'll have a test next period. (Ti sao bn
cng thng vy? - Bi v tit sau ti s c bi kim tra.)
UNIT 4
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I. Past simple tense

A. Th qu kh n vi ng t TO BE:
* Khng nh: S + was/ were
I, he, she, it + was

you, we, they + were
E.g.: It was hot last night.

They were cheerful yesterday morning.
* Ph nh: S + was/ were + not
E.g.: She wasnt sick two days ago.
Hoa and Nga werent happy in the party last night.
* Nghi vn: Was/ Were + S...?
E.g.: Were they shy when they were children?
Was she very sad last week?
B. Th qu kh n vi ng t thng:
* Khng nh: S + V2/ V-ed
E.g.:
I visited my great-grandma last week. (Ti thm b c ti vo tun ri)

My mother bought me a bag yesterday.
* Ph nh: S + did + not + V(nguyn mu)

=> did not = didn't
E.g.: He didn't go to school yesterday. (Hm qua cu y khng i hc)
* Nghi vn: Did + S + V(nguyn mu)...?
E.g.: Did you see him last night? (Ti hm qua bn c gp anh y khng?)
=> Dng ph nh v nghi vn ca ng t thng th qu kh n (QK) th ta
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mn tr ng t DID v khi mn tr ng t th ng t chnh ta a v

nguyn mu.
C. Use
Th QK c dng din t:
a. Hnh ng hoc s vic xy ra v kt thc ti 1 thi im xc nh trong
qu kh.
E.g.:
I met Professor John two days ago. (Cch y 2 ngy ti gp gio s

John)
She lived in France last year. (Nm ngoi c y sng Php)
b. Hnh ng din ra trong 1 thi gian nhng hon ton kt thc qu

kh.
E.g.:
I spent all my childhood in Scotland. (Ti tri qua sut thi th u ca

mnh Scotland) => nhng by gi ti khng sng na.
He worked in that bank for ten years. (ng y lm vic trong ngn hng
c 10 nm) => nhng by gi ng y khng lm vic na.
D. Du hiu: yesterday (ngy hm qua), ago (cch

y), last night/ week/month.....(ti qua/ tun trc/ thng trc.....), in + 1 mc
thi gian trong qu kh (E.g.: in 1990, in 2001...)
II. Prepositions of time

* in (trong, vo): c dng trc th k, nm, thng, ma v cc bui trong ngy
(ngoi tr at night)
E.g.:
in the 20th century ( th k 20), in 1995 (vo nm 1995), in September (vo
thng 9), in the spring (vo ma xun), in the morning (vo bui sng), in June
2000 (vo thng 6 nm 2000).......
* on (vo): c dng trc cc ngy trong tun, ngy thng v ngy c th
Page 24
E.g.:
on Tuesday (vo th ba), on 10 March (vo ngy 10 thng 3), on Christmas Day
(vo ngy Ging Sinh), on my birthday (vo sinh nht ti)......
* at (lc, vo lc): c dng trc gi (theo ng h), ban m, v nhng dp l
E.g.:
at 7 o'clock (lc 7 gi), at 9:30 a.m. (lc 9h30 sng), at night (vo ban m), at
Christmas (vo l Ging Sinh), at Easter (vo l Phc Sinh).......
* after (sau, sau khi)
E.g.:
shortly after two (sau 2h mt cht), after dinner (sau ba n ti), after school
* before (trc, trc khi)
E.g.:
before lunch (trc ba tra), two days before Christmas (2 ngy trc l Ging
Sinh), the day before yesterday (hm kia).......
* between....and (gia hai khong thi gian, ngy, thng, nm....)
E.g.:
between 7 p.m. and 10 a.m. (khong t 7h ti n 10h sng), between Friday and
Sunday (khong t th 6 n Ch Nht).......
Exercises:
A/ Fill in the correct prepositions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Peter is playing tennis _________ Sunday.

My brother's birthday is __________ the 5th of November.
My birthday is __________ May.
We are going to see my parents ____________ the weekend.
In 1666, a great fire broke out __________ London.
I don't like walking alone in the streets ___________night.
What are you doing __________ the afternoon?
Page 25
8. The course begins ________ 7 January and ends __________ 10 March.

9. I went to bed ________ midnight.
10.Mozart was born in Salzburg ________ 1756.
11.Ill phone you __________Tuesday morning _________ about 10.
12.Toms grandmother died in 1987 __________the age of 81.
13.Jacks brother is out of work __________ the moment.
14.The price of electricity is going up __________ October.
15. _________ Sunday afternoons I usually get up late.
B/ Choose the correct answer:
1
I left work ______ ten o'clock last night.

at
on
in
(no preposition)
I saw Bob in the street ______ yesterday.

at
on
in
(no preposition)
I didn't get time to come and visit you ______ last Tuesday.
at
on
in
(no preposition)
Page 26
He used to be a regular visitor ______ Tuesdays.

at
on
in
(no preposition)
I phoned her up and spoke to her ______ Wednesday morning.

at
on
in
(no preposition)
I last saw him ______ the beginning of September.

at
on
in
(no preposition)
I saw him sometime ______ June.

at
on
in
(no preposition)
Page 27
Were you at the last meeting ______ July 13?

at
on
in
(no preposition)
We bought the company ______ Thursday, 22 May.

at
on
in
(no preposition)
10 I spoke to her ______ three weeks ago.

at
on
in
(no preposition)
11 I bought this computer ______ the start of the summer.

at
on
in
(no preposition)
Page 28
12 I bought this computer ______ the summer.

at
on
in
(no preposition)
13 I bought this computer ______ last summer.

at
on
in
(no preposition)
14 This style was very popular ______ the 1970s.

at
on
in
(no preposition)
15 They were very popular ______ the middle of the 19th Century.
at
on
in
(no preposition)
Page 29
16 I was still at school ______ 1993.

at
on
in
(no preposition)
17 I met him ______ January of last year.

at
on
in
(no preposition)
18 I knew Chris Smith quite well ______ when I was at university.

at
on
in
(no preposition)
19 I took over this job ______ the middle of last year.

at
on
in
(no preposition)
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20 I was in a meeting ______ all day yesterday.

at
on
in
(no preposition)
III. Used to ( tng)

* Khng nh: S + used to + V(nguyn mu)
* Ph nh: S + did not + use to + V(nguyn mu)
* Nghi vn: Did + S + V(nguyn mu)...?
USE:
Cng thc used to dng din t 1 thi quen trong qu kh hoc 1 iu g ch
tn ti trong qu kh m hin nay thi quen hoc iu khng cn na.
E.g.:
They used to live in London. (H tng sng Lun n)

They didn't use to live in London. (H khng tng sng Lun n)
Did they use to live in London? (H tng sng Lun n ng
khng?)
There used to be a cinema in the town but now there isn't.
She used to have really long hair but she's had it all cut off.
NOTE:
Used to khng c dng hin ti. ni v thi quen hay tnh trng hin ti, ta
thng dng th hin ti n.
Exercise:
Page 31
Match the words in column A with the words in column B:

A
1. I used to eat a lot of chocolate but
a. now she plays the guitar.
2. Mr Lm used to work in Vung Tau but
b. I often used to go to the theatre.
3. He used to take the train to work but
c. when we were children.
4. When I was younger, I didnt use to eat
d. now he works in Dong Nai.
cheese but
5. When I lived in the city,
e. now I find him a bit boring.
6. They used to go to a very traditional
f. where they wore a uniform.
school
7. I used to really enjoy his company but
g. now he drives a very boring family

car
8. She used to play the piano but
h. now Im on a diet.
9. We used to go to the beach for our
i. now he drives.
holidays
10. He used to have a motorbike but
j. now I eat a lot.
UNIT 5
I. Adverbs of manner
A. The position of adverbs of manner:
Adverbs of manner tell us how something happens. They are usually placed after
the main verb or after the object.
E.g.:
He swims well, (after the main verb)
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He ran... rapidly, slowly, quickly..

She spoke... softly, loudly, aggressively..
James coughed loudly to attract her attention.
He plays the flute beautifully. (after the object)
He ate the chocolate cake greedily.
BE CAREFUL! The adverb should not be put between the verb and the object:
He ate greedily the chocolate cake [incorrect]

He ate the chocolate cake greedily [correct]
If there is a preposition before the object, e.g. at, towards, we can place the
adverb either before the preposition or after the object.
E.g.:
The child ran happily towards his mother.

The child ran towards his mother happily.
Sometimes an adverb of manner is placed before a verb + object to add emphasis:
He gently woke the sleeping woman.
Some writers put an adverb of manner at the beginning of the sentence to catch
our attention and make us curious:
Slowly she picked up the knife.
(We want to know what happened slowly, who did it slowly, why they did it
slowly)
However, adverbs should always come AFTER intransitive verbs (=verbs which
have no object).
E.g.:
The town grew quickly

He waited patiently
Also, these common adverbs are almost always placed AFTER the verb:
well
badly
hard
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fast
The position of the adverb is important when there is more than one verb in a
sentence. If the adverb is placed after a clause, then it modifies the whole
action described by the clause.
Notice the difference in meaning between the following pairs of sentences:
She quickly agreed to re-type the letter (= her agreement was quick)
She agreed to re-type the letter quickly (= the re-typing was quick)
He quietly asked me to leave the house (= his request was quiet)
He asked me to leave the house quietly (= the leaving was quiet)
B/ The formation of adverbs of manner:

Adverbs of manner are the largest group of adverbs. Most adverbs of manner are
closely related to corresponding adjectives. Although some words can be used as
either adjectives or adverbs, in most cases, adverbs of manner are formed by
adding ly to the corresponding adjectives.
a. Spelling rules for adding ly
In most cases, ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective. For
example:
Adjective
bad
complete
normal
surprising
Adverb of Manner
badly
completely
normally
surprisingly
a1. Adjectives ending in ic

However, when the adjective ends in ic, the syllable al is usually added before
the ly ending. For example:
Adjective
dramatic
scientific
specific
Adverb of Manner
dramatically
scientifically
specifically
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a2. Adjectives ending in le

When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant, the final e is usually
changed to y, to form the ly ending. For example:
Adjective
favorable
humble
simple
Adverb of Manner
favorably
humbly
simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel, in most cases, ly is simply

added to the positive form of the adjective. For example:
Adjective
agile
sole
Adverb of Manner
agilely
solely
However, in the case of the adjective whole, the final e is removed before the
ending ly is added:
Adjective
whole
Adverb of Manner
wholly
a3. Adjectives ending in ll

When the adjective ends in ll, only y is added. For example:
Adjective
dull
full
shrill
Adverb of Manner
dully
fully
shrilly
a4. Adjectives ending in ue

When the adjective ends in ue, the final e is usually omitted before the
ending ly is added. For example:
Adjective
due
Adverb of Manner
duly
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true
truly
a5. Adjectives ending in y

When the adjective ends in y preceded by a consonant, the y is usually changed
to i before the ending ly is added. For example:
Adjective
busy
easy
happy
Adverb of Manner
busily
easily
happily
However, in the case of the adjectives shy and sly, ly is simply added to the
positive form of the adjective:
Adjective
shy
sly
Adverb of Manner
shyly
slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel, in most cases, ly is simply

added to the positive form of the adjective. For example:
Adjective
coy
grey
Adverb of Manner
coyly
greyly
However, in the case of the adjective gay, y is changed to i before the ending ly is
added:
Adjective
gay
Adverb of Manner
gaily
It should be noted that while most adverbs which end in ly are adverbs of manner,
other types of adverb may also end in ly.
For instance, consequently and subsequently are connecting adverbs. The
following are adverbs of frequency which are formed by adding ly to the
Page 36
corresponding adjectives.
Adjective
frequent
rare
usual
Adverb of Frequency
frequently
rarely
usually
b. Adverbs which do not use the ending ly

The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding
adjective, good. Good and well both have the comparative form better and the
superlative form best.
Adjective
good
Adverb of Manner
well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb, the word well can
also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy. The adjective well is most
often used as a predicate adjective.
E.g.: Well used as an Adjective: I hope you are well.
Well used as an Adverb: He did well on the examination.
In the first example, well is a predicate adjective, modifying the pronoun you. In
the second example, well is an adverb of manner, modifying the verb did.
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner, location, time and
frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives.
Adjective
fast
hard
little
loud
much
straight
Adjective
far
Adverb of Manner
fast
hard
little
loud or loudly
much
straight
Adverb of Location
far
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high
low
near
wide
high
low
near
wide
Adjective
early
first
late
long
Adverb of Time
early
first
late
long
Adjective
daily
monthly
weekly
yearly
Adverb of Frequency
daily
monthly
weekly
yearly
It should also be noted that there are several adjectives ending in ly which have no
corresponding adverbs:
friendly
likely
lively
lonely
silly
ugly
When it is desired to use one of these words to modify a verb, an adverb phrase of
manner may be used. In the following examples, the adverb phrases are
underlined.
E.g.: He behaved in a friendly manner.
They acted in a silly way.
The following table gives examples of pairs of adverbs which are closely related
but have different meanings.
Adverbs With and Without ly Endings
Page 38
Adverb
hard
high
late
near
wide
Meaning
with effort
opposite of low
opposite of early
opposite of far
opposite of narrow
Adverb
hardly
highly
lately
nearly
widely
Meaning
scarcely
very; very well
recently
almost
commonly
The meanings of these adverbs are illustrated in the following examples:

E.g.: I worked hard.
I have hardly enough time to finish.
He threw the ball high into the air.
He is highly successful in what he does.
The class began late.
The weather has been cold lately.
I held my breath as the squirrel crept near to get the nuts.
I have nearly finished reading the book.
I opened the door wide.
That theory is widely believed.
c. The differing functions of adjectives and adverbs
When an adverb differs in form from a corresponding adjective, it is necessary to
distinguish between the functions of adjectives and adverbs in order to determine
which form should be used in a given situation.
Whereas adjectives modify nouns, pronouns, and expressions which serve the
same grammatical functions as nouns; adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and
adverbs.
c1. Adjectives which modify nouns compared with adverbs which modify
verbs
The following examples illustrate the distinction which must be made between
adjectives which modify nouns and adverbs which modify verbs. The adjectives
and adverbs are printed in bold type, and the words which are modified are
underlined.
E.g.: Adjective: It has been a quiet afternoon.
Adverb: The afternoon passed quietly.
Page 39
Adjective: She is a good musician.

Adverb: She plays the flute very well.
In the first pair of sentences, the adjective quiet modifies the noun afternoon,
whereas the adverb quietly modifies the verb passed. In the second pair of
sentences, the adjective good modifies the noun musician, whereas the
adverb well modifies the verb plays.
In informal English, adjectives are sometimes used to modify verbs.
E.g.: She plays good.
In this example, the adjective good is used to modify the verb plays. However,
this use of adjectives is considered to be grammatically incorrect.
c2. Adjectives which modify nouns compared with adverbs which modify
adjectives
The following examples illustrate the distinction which must be made between
adjectives which modify nouns and adverbs which modify adjectives.
E.g.: Adjective: a large wooden building
Adverb: a largely wooden building
Adjective: conspicuous dark clouds
Adverb: conspicuously dark clouds
In the first pair of phrases, the adjective large modifies the noun building, and the
adverb largely modifies the adjective wooden. Thus, the phrase a large wooden
building has the meaning a big wooden building, whereas the phrase a largely
wooden building has the meaning a building mostly made of wood.
In the second pair of phrases, the adjective conspicuous modifies the
noun clouds, and the adverb conspicuously modifies the adjective dark. Thus,
the phrase conspicuous dark clouds means that the clouds themselves are
noticeable; whereas the phrase conspicuously dark clouds means that the
darkness of the clouds is noticeable.
c3. Predicate adjectives which modify the subjects of verbs compared with
adverbs which modify verbs
As pointed out previously, certain verbs, called linking verbs, can be followed by
predicate adjectives. A distinction must be made between predicate adjectives
which modify the subjects of linking verbs, and adverbs which modify verbs.
A few linking verbs, such as the verb to be, can be followed by predicate
Page 40
adjectives, but cannot be modified by adverbs of manner. In the following

examples using the verb to be, the nouns which are modified are underlined.
E.g.: He is happy.
The wind was strong.
In these examples, the predicate adjectives happy and strong modify the
subjects he and wind.
However, there are several verbs which can be used either as linking verbs
followed by predicate adjectives, or as non-linking verbs modified by adverbs of
manner. The following examples illustrate the use of the verb to appear as a
linking verb and as a non-linking verb.
E.g.: Linking Verb: His uncle appeared kind.
Non-linking Verb: His uncle appeared punctually at ten o'clock.
In the first example, kind is a predicate adjective which modifies the noun uncle.
In the second example, punctually is an adverb of manner which modifies the
verb appeared.
The verbs below can be used either as linking or non-linking verbs:
to appear
to feel
to look
to smell
to taste
to become
to grow
to remain
to sound
to turn
If the subject of the verb is to be modified, a predicate adjective is required after

such verbs; whereas if the verb is to be modified, an adverb is required. In the
pairs of examples below, the verbs to grow, to look and to turn are used first as
linking verbs followed by adjectives, and then as non-linking verbs modified by
adverbs. The adjectives and adverbs are printed in bold type, and the words which
are modified are underlined.
E.g.: Adjective: As he became old, he grew slow at remembering dates.
Adverb: The tree grew slowly.
Adjective: They looked anxious.
Adverb: We looked anxiously up the street.
Adjective: The weather turned cold.
Page 41
Adverb: She turned coldly away from the salesman.

In these examples, the predicate adjectives slow, anxious and cold modify the
subjects he, they and weather; whereas the adverbs of
manner slowly,anxiously and coldly modify the verbs grew, looked and turned.
Exercises:
A. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with the adverb which
corresponds to the adjective given in brackets. For example:
The letter was ________ legible. (scarce)
The letter was scarcely legible.
1. I was __________ impressed by their courage. (due)
2. The children chattered _____________. (noisy)
3 The sun shone _____________ behind the clouds. (pale)
4. They have settled in ______________. (comfortable)
5. He _______________ maintained his point of view. (dogmatic)
6. Everything is proceeding ___________. (normal)
7. Please drive ____________. (slow)
8. She worked _____________ until nine o'clock. (steady)
9. The cost of fuel has risen ______________. (dramatic)
10. He _____________ scrambled up the slope. (agile)
11. Everything was explained clearly and ____________. (simple)
12. The train whistle blew ____________ at the crossing. (shrill)
13. ____________ , it stopped raining before we had to leave. (lucky)
14. She was signaling ______________. (frantic)
15. That was ____________ unexpected. (whole)
16. We arrived _____________. (punctual)
17. England is a ____________ populated country. (dense)
18. They are ___________ dependent on coal for fuel. (sole)
19. The material was produced _______________. (synthetic)
20. They ___________ agreed to the proposal. (ready)
B. For each of the following sentences, fill in the blank with the adverb which
corresponds to the adjective given in brackets. For example:
He hit the ball ____. (hard)
He hit the ball hard.
1. I drove ____________ home. (straight)
Page 42
2. We came to work ____________. (early)

3. She ____________ filled in the answers. (quick)
4. He like to drive ____________. (fast)
5. We proceeded ______________. (cautious)
6. He threw the ball ____________ into the air. (high)
7. How __________ do you know her? (good)
8. We arrived _________. (late)
9. They did the work ___________. (bad)
10. He spoke ___________. (little)
11. The gathering is held . (annual)
12. They replied _____________. (immediate)
13. The workers met ____________. (weekly)
14. I will deal with that problem ____________. (first)
15. They were ______________ dressed for the occasion. (suitable)
C. For each of the following sentences, pay attention to whether the word to
be placed in the blank modifies a noun or a verb, and complete the
sentence with either the adjective given in brackets or the corresponding
adverb, as appropriate. For example:
It is necessary to wear _____ clothes in the winter. (thick)
It is necessary to wear thick clothes in the winter.
Snow fell _______ on the ground. (thick)
Snow fell thickly on the ground.
1. We ______________ concluded the deal. (successful)
2. He is a ______________ businessman. (successful)
3. There was a ___________ rain in the morning. (light)
4. She ran ____________ up the steps. (light)
5. The path was ____________ marked. (clear)
6. We gave him a ____________ signal to continue. (clear)
7. I ___________ disagree with you. (strong)
8. There is a ____________ wind from the north. (strong)
9. She waved _____________. (cheerful)
10. I gazed at the __________ water of the lake. (tranquil)
11. The engine operates as ______________ as possible. (efficient)
12. Is that a ____________ decision? (recent)
13. He has behaved very ______________. (responsible)
14. ____________ snow is forecast for tomorrow. (heavy)
15. I opened the door ____________ and stepped outside. (quiet)
16. Icicles hung from the ____________ needles of the pine trees. (dark)
Page 43
D. Choose the correct answer:

I. She planned their trip to Greece very _________.
a. careful
b. carefully
2. He drives too _________.

a. fast
b. well
3. They dance the cha-cha-cha _________.

a. beautifully
b. beautiful
4. Sometimes our teacher arrives _________ for class.

a. late
b. lately
5. Andy doesnt often work _________.

a. hard
b. hardly
6. Turn the stereo down. Its too _________.

a. loud
b. loudly
7. She knows the road _________.

a. well
b. good
8. He skipped ________ down the road to school.

a. happily
b. happy
9. He plays the guitar ________.

a. terrible
b. terribly
10. Jim painted the kitchen very ________.

a. bad
b. badly
11. Were going camping tomorrow so we have to get up _________.
Page 44
a. soon
b. early
12. She speaks very ________.

a. quietly
b. quiet
E. For each of the following sentences, pay attention to whether the word to
be placed in the blank modifies a noun or an adjective, and complete the
sentence with either the adjective given in brackets or the corresponding
adverb, as appropriate. For example:
A ____ wooden fence surrounded the playground. (high)
A high wooden fence surrounded the playground.
A ______ skilled worker will be required for this job. (high)
A highly skilled worker will be required for this job.
1. They have a _________ front lawn. (wide)
2. He has challenged a __________ held theory. (wide)
3. Every author likes to receive ___________ book reviews. (favorable)
4. ____________ situated farms often produce higher yields than other farms.
(favorable)
5. Many ______________ incomprehensible phenomena have been explained
with the help of modern science. (previous)
6. Many _____________ city councils have succeeded in balancing the budget.
(previous)
7. ____________ weather conditions have prevailed for the past ten days.
(unusual)
8. An ______________ large number of variables must be taken into account.
(extreme)
9. ______________ few people understand the situation. (relative)
10. She wrote a ______________ short story. (humorous)
11. That was a ____________ occurring event. (frequent)
12. Our city boasts a _____________ bus service. (frequent)
13. It was a __________ Easter Sunday. (hot)
14. It was a __________ debated issue. (hot)
F. For each of the following sentences, pay attention to whether the word to
be placed in the blank modifies the verb or the subject of the verb, and
complete the sentence with either the adjective given in brackets or the
corresponding adverb, as appropriate. For example:
We tasted the soup ____________. (suspicious)
Page 45
We tasted the soup suspiciously.

The meal tasted _________. (delicious)
The meal tasted delicious.
1. The moon appeared ____________ between the clouds. (brief)
2. He looked ______________. (happy)
3. He looked ______________ at the timetable. (attentive)
4. We felt ____________ after supper. (sleepy)
5. After the lights went out, we felt our way ____________ to our rooms.
(sleepy)
6. The maple tree grew ____________. (quick)
7. The sky grew ____________. (dark)
8. He became ______________ at the thought of giving a speech. (excited)
9. She became a teacher ______________ after graduating. (immediate)
10. The pastries smelled ____________. (sweet)
11. We ____________ smelled the aroma of fresh bread. (eager)
II.
Reported speech (cu tng thut)
Cu tng thut: l li ni ca mt ngi c thut li theo t ca ngi thut

li nhng khng i ca li ni ban u.
Mnh lnh, yu cu v li khuyn trong cu tng thut thng c din t bng

mt ng t ch mnh lnh, yu cu hay li khuyn theo cu trc:
Affirmative: S + V of commands/requests/advice + O + to-infinitive
E.g.:
He said: Lie down, Tom.
--> He told Tom to lie down.
Negative: S + V of commands/requests/advice+ O + not to-infinitive
E.g.:
" Don't swim out too far," I said.
--> I warn the boys not to swim out to far.
A. Cu mnh lnh (commands)
Khi thut li mt mnh lnh ca ai ta thng dng ng t tng thut nh
tell, order, command, urge, warn.
B. Cu yu cu (requests)
Page 46
Li yu cu gin tip c dng vi cc ng t ch s yu cu nh beg, tell,

ask, invite, remind.
Cu trc tip thng c cu trc:
1. Please (don't) + V
2. Will/would/ can/could + S + (not) + V + (O)?
3. Would you mind + (not) + V-ing + (O) ?
C. Cu li khuyn (advice)
Khi tng thut li khuyn sang cu gin tip ta thng dng cc ng t
advise, recommend, encourage.
Cu li khuyn trc tip thng c cu trc:
1.(Don't) + V + (O)
2. S + should/ought to/had better + V + (O)
3. Why don't you + V + (O) ?
4. If I were you, I would + V + (O)
Exercises:
A. Complete each sentence pair by "reporting" what was said in the first
sentence. Fill in any words that are missing:
E.g.: JOHN: "Go away!"
John told us to go away.
1. MRS. SMITH: "Don't play in front of my window!"

Mrs. Smith told us ______________ in front of her window.
2. YOUR MOTHER: "Come back in one hour."
Your mother told me ______________ in one hour.
3. TOM: "Call me in the evening."
Tom told us _____________ in the evening.
4. THEY: "Come with us!"
They told Mary to _____________.
5. HEATHER: "Don't say that!"
HEATHER told you ______________that.
6. GEORGE: "Feed the cat!"
GEORGE asked his girlfriend _____________ the cat.
Page 47
7. MR. STEPHENS: "Buy me some milk!"

Mr. Stephens told me _____________ some milk.
8. VICTORIA: "Leave me alone!"
Victoria told her friend ______________ alone.
9. CARL: "Listen to that song."
Carl told us _____________ to that song.
10. PETER: "Help me!"
Peter asked us to ______________.
B. Finish the sentences with Reported speech:
E.g.: Peter: "Clean the black shoes!"
Peter told me _________________________
Answer: Peter told me to clean the black shoes.
1) Andrew: "Clean the blue bike!"
Andrew told me______________________.
2) Jessica: "Write a text message!"
Jessica told me_______________________.
3) Nelly: "Help Peter's sister!"
Nelly told me_______________________.
4) Fred: "Wash your hands!"
Fred told me______________________.
5) Anna: "Open the window!"
Anna told me______________________.
6) Tom: "Come at 8!"
Tom told me______________________.
7) Teacher: "Do your homework!"
The teacher told me___________________.
8) Doris: "Dance with me!"
Doris told me___________________.
9) Sabine: "Meet Sandy at the station!"
Sabine told me____________________.
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10) Victoria: "Check your e-mails!"

Victoria told me____________________.
C. Finish the sentences using Reported speech:

E.g.: Peter: "Don't clean the black shoes!"
Peter told me _________________________
Answer: Peter told me not to clean the black shoes.
1) Karen: "Don't play football in the garden!"
Karen told me________________________________.
2) Teacher: "Don't forget your homework!"
The teacher reminded me____________________________.
3) Mike: "Don't shout at Peter!"
Mike told me____________________________.
4) Yvonne: "Don't talk to your neighbour!"
Yvonne told me_____________________________.
5) Denise: "Don't open the door!"
Denise told me___________________________.
6) Marcel: "Don't sing that song!"
Marcel reminded me____________________________.
7) Jane: "Don't watch the new film!"
Jane advised me___________________________.
8) Walter: "Don't ring Romy on Sunday!"
Walter told me___________________________.
9) Lisa: "Don't fly via Paris!"
Lisa advised me____________________________.
10) Jamie: "Don't eat so much junk food!"
Jamie reminded me____________________________.
D. Complete the sentences:

1. "Don't shout at me", she told him angrily.
She told him _____________________.
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2. "Don't bathe when the red flag is flying" the lifeguard said to us.
The lifeguard told us ________________________.
3."Please, switch off your mobile phone", the air hostess told him.
The air hostess __________________________.
4." Please, don't drink any more", he told his friend.
He asked _________________________.
5. "Be very careful crossing roads" she told her daughter.
She asked her daughter ___________________________.
6. "Don' t go near the water, children" the teacher said.
The teacher ordered __________________________.
7. "Don't smoke near the petrol pump", he said to them.
He told them ________________________ near the petrol pump.
8. "Show me your driving licence", the policeman told the driver.
The policeman ________________________.
9. "Could you read the next paragraph?" the teacher said to her.
The teacher _______________________.
10. "Please, come to my birthday party tomorrow", my friend told me.
My friend asked me _______________________.
E. Reported speech: Advice
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There are many ways to advise people to do

something:
You should bring an umbrella.
I would bring an umbrella.
If I were you, I would bring an umbrella.
If I were in your shoes, I would bring an
umbrella.
You might want to bring an umbrella.
It might be a good idea to bring an umbrella.
When we want to tell others what somebody

advised us to do, we use this expression:
She advised them to bring an umbrella.
Try these:
I think you should make the reservations early.
_______________________________________________________
You might want to bring some extra money for food.
_______________________________________________________
It might be a good idea to see a doctor.
_______________________________________________________
If I were you, I would bring something to read on the train.
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_______________________________________________________
You should probably take some warm clothes.
_______________________________________________________
Id stick together so that you dont get lost.
_______________________________________________________
It might be a good idea to buy a map.
_______________________________________________________
If I were in your shoes, I would leave early.
_______________________________________________________
I think you should check the weather forecast.
______________________________________________________
UNIT 6
I. Present simple with future meaning
a. A future tense is not used in a time clause or conditional clause. The meaning of
the clause is future, but the simple present tense is used. For example:
Linda will leave soon. Before she leaves, she is going to finish her work.
As soon as the taxi arrives, we will be able to leave for the airport.
I will wait until she comes.
I will go to bed after I finish my work.
I will go to bed after I have finished my work.
Occasionally, the present perfect is used in a time clause, as in the last

sentence. The last two sentences have the same meaning. The present perfect
stresses the completion of the act in the time clause before the other act occurs in
the future.
b. Sometimes the simple present is used in sentences that contain future time
words. The simple present is used primarily with verbs such as open / close, begin
/ end, arrive / leave to express an established fact. For example:
The restaurant opens at ten tomorrow morning.
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The plane arrives at 8:00 next Sunday.
c. Statements about the calendar are also the straightforward illustrations of the
use of the simple present referring to future time. For example:
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
Next New Year's Eve falls on Friday.
Exercises:
Complete the sentences:
1. What time _____________________ (the film/ begin)?
2. The train ___________ (leave) Plymouth at 10.30 and ___________
(arrive) in London at 13.45.
3. The football match ___________ (start) at 8 oclock.
4. The day after tomorrow ___________ (be) Friday.
5. _______________________ (the film/ begin) at 3.30 or 4.30?
6. The concert this evening ___________ (start) at 7.30.
7. The art exhibition ___________ (open) on 3 May and ___________ (finish)
on 15 July.
8. My birthday __________ (be) on 10 October.
9. The train ____________ (arrive) at Cambridge at 10.30.
10. When _______________________ (this TV program/ end)?
II. Gerunds
Every gerund, without exception, ends in ing. Gerunds are not, however, all that
easy to identify. The problem is that all present participles also end in ing. What is
the difference?
Gerunds function as nouns. Thus, gerunds will be subjects, subject
complements, direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions.
A gerund can be an object of some verbs such as like, dislike, love, hate, enjoy,
mind, stop, etc. It can also be an object of some prepositions like of, in, at, for,
from, to, with, without, before, after, about, etc.
Present participles, on the other hand, complete progressive verbs or act
as modifiers.
Read these examples of gerunds:

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Since Francisco was five years old, swimming has been his passion.
Swimming = subject of the verb has been.
Francisco's first love is swimming.
Swimming = subject complement of the verb is.
Francisco enjoys swimming more than spending time with his girlfriend
Diana.
Swimming = direct object of the verb enjoys.
Francisco gives swimming all of his energy and time.
Swimming = indirect object of the verb gives.
When Francisco wore dive fins to class, everyone knew that he was
devoted to swimming.
Swimming = object of the preposition to.
These ing words are examples of present participles:

One day last summer, Francisco and his coach were swimming at
Daytona Beach.
Swimming = present participle completing the past progressive verb were
swimming.
A great white shark ate Francisco's swimmingcoach.
Swimming = present participle modifying coach.
Now Francisco practices his sport in safe swimmingpools.
Swimming = present participle modifying pools.
Exercises:
A. Complete the sentences with the gerund form of the verbs in parentheses:
1.
She is good at (dance) ____________.
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2.
He is crazy about (sing) _____________.
3.
I don't like (play) ___________ cards.
4.
They are afraid of (swim) ___________ in the sea.
5.
You should give up (smoke) ____________.
6.
Sam dreams of (be) ____________ a popstar.
7.
He is interested in (make) ____________ friends.
8.
My uncle is afraid of (go) ____________ by plane.
9.
We insist on (cook) ____________ the dinner ourselves.
10. I can't help (feel) ___________ worried about the situation in the Middle East.
11. I think most people prefer (ride) ___________ in comfortable cars to
(walk) ___________.
12. She loves (swim) ____________ in the lake.
13. There's no (deny) ____________ that he enjoys (listen) ____________ to his
own voice.
14. Don't keep on (shout) ____________ like that; you will wake up your mother.
15. I enjoy (rest) ____________ in the afternoon after (try) ____________ to
finish (do) ____________ my English homework.
16. She likes (begin) ____________ pieces of knitting but hates
(finish) _____________ them.
17. I dread (take) ______________ examinations for fear of
(fail) _____________.
18. I couldn't resist (buy) _____________ the lovely apples.
19. I wouldn't miss (see) _____________ that lovely film for the world!
20. We cant think of (buy) ___________ a new house before (sell)
____________ the old one.
B. Complete these sentences with gerunds:
1. (to ski) ____________can be dangerous.
2. After (to shop) ____________ ,we went to the cinema.
3. (to smoke) _____________ is unhealthy.
4. (to swim) _____________ is my favourite activity.
5. Do you like (to surf) ______________ on the net?
6. Does she enjoy (to wear) ______________ jewels?
7. At the (begin) _______________ of the year,we move south.
8. Before (to go) _______________ to bed,I usually have a shower.
9. Be careful when (to spell) ______________ words.
10. The neighbours thanked me for (to call) _____________ the fire department.
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C. Locate the gerund in each sentence:

1. Hours of editing the newspaper ruined her day.
__________________________________________________________________
2. Hanging the pictures on the wall was more difficult than we had anticipated.
__________________________________________________________________
3. Try to slip away without telling your friends about it.
__________________________________________________________________
4. Each afternoon Miriam enjoyed swimming a few laps.
__________________________________________________________________
5. Winning at poker makes Don feel important.
__________________________________________________________________
6. I am demoting the officer for disobeying orders.
__________________________________________________________________
7. One of my favorite events is canoeing down the Mississippi River.
__________________________________________________________________
8. Sometimes wisdom simply means knowing about the importance of silence.
__________________________________________________________________
9. Without studying for the test, you are taking a big chance.
__________________________________________________________________
10. Abbey is enjoying listening to the Rolling Stones' music.
__________________________________________________________________
III/ Modals: may, can, could

Can, could, may.... c dng :
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1) Xin php lm g thng dng vi ch ng I.

E.g.:
Hello, can I speak to Alice, please?
2) Yu cu gip thng dng vi ch ng you.
E.g.:
Could you do me a favour?
3) ngh gip ai
E.g.:
Can/May I help you?
UNIT 7
I. Present perfect tense for and since
We use Present Perfect tense to talk about action which started in the past and
continues up to the present.
E.g.:
I have had this computer for about a year.
How long have you been at this school?
I haven't seen Julia since September.
We use for with a period of time, for example: a few days, half an hour, two
years. We use since with the time when the action started, for example: last year,
June 8, I met you.
Exercises:
A. Use for or since to complete these sentences:
1. I haven't phoned home __________ Christmas.
2. We've been here __________ nine o'clock.
3. I have worked for International House __________ more than eight years.
4. I haven't visited my home town __________ I left school.
5. I haven't been to the cinema ___________ ages.
6. I have studied non-stop ____________ 9.15.
7. I have had a driving licence ___________ I was eighteen.
8. She hasn't had a day off ____________ 1999.
9. Johan has been in England _____________ more than two weeks now.
10.Peter has been my best friend ____________ we were nine.
B. Decide if you need for or since with these time expressions:
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1. ________ last weekend
11. _________ ten seconds
2. ________ Christmas Eve
12. _________ a decade
3. ________ I finished school
13. _________ a couple of days
4. ________ my birthday
14. _________ a long time
5. ________ ten centuries
15. _________ the 70s
6. ________ I was a boy
16. _________ August
7. ________ the last month
17. _________ fifteen years
8. ________ the accident
18. _________ then
9. ________ we bought this house
19. _________ last month
10. _______ a millennium
20. _________ I met you
II.Comparison
+ So snh bng:
S1 + BE (NOT) + AS + ADJ + AS + S2
E.g.:
Hoa is as tall as Huong.
Quan isnt as tall as Phuong.
+ be (not) the same as : ging y nh/ khng ging y nh (to talk about similarity)
E.g.:
My bike is the same as yours.
+ be different from = khc vi (to talk about differences)
E.g.:
Huys bag is different from Tus.
+ like (prep.): ging nh
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E.g.:
He looks like his father.
Her hair is dark brown like mine.
A club should be like a big family.
He cried like a child.
Exercises:
Use either as as or not as as in the sentences below:
Example: Ben Nevis is __________ as Mont Blanc (not/high).
Answer: Ben Nevis is not as high as Mont Blanc.
1) The blue car is ___________ the red car. (fast)

2) Peter is __________ Fred. (not/tall)
3) The violin is ___________ the cello. (not/low)
4) This copy is ___________ the other one. (bad)
5) Oliver is ___________ Peter. (optimistic)
6) Today it's ___________ yesterday. (not/windy)
7) The tomato soup was ___________ the mushroom soup. (delicious)
8) Grapefruit juice is ___________ lemonade. (not/sweet)
9) Nick is ___________ Kevin. (brave)
10) Silver is ___________ gold. (not/heavy)
UNIT 8
I. Present continuous for future events
1. Form
See notes on form in section on Present Continuous.
Subject + to be
+ V-ing
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She
is
meeting.
2. Function
The present continuous is used to talk about arrangements for events at a time
later than now.
There is a suggestion that more than one person is aware of the event, and that
some preparation has already happened.
E.g.:
a. I'm meeting Jim at the airport = and both Jim and I have discussed this.
b. I am leaving tomorrow. = and I've already bought my train ticket.
c. We're having a staff meeting next Monday = and all members of staff have been
told about it.
More examples:
a. Is she seeing him tomorrow?
b. He isn't working next week.
c. They aren't leaving until the end of next year.
d. We are staying with friends when we get to Boston.
In example (a), seeing is used in a continuous form because it means meeting.
NOTE
1. The simple present is used when a future event is part of a programme or timetable. Notice the difference between:
a. We're having a staff meeting next Monday.
b. We have a staff meeting next Monday. (= we have a meeting every Monday, it's
on the time-table.)
2. You need to use the present continuous to say what you have
already decided to do. Do not use the present simple.
Exercises:
A. Answer the questions below using the present continuous tense. Refer to
the diary below:
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This is Jerrys diary:

MONDAY
Play Tennis
TUESDAY
Meet Tasmina
WEDNESDAY
Theatre with Bob
THURSDAY
Job interview
FRIDAY
Airport for plane to Zimbabwe
1. Q. What is Jerry doing on Wednesday?

A. Jerry is going to the theatre with Bob on Wednesday.
2. Q. What is Jerry doing on Monday?
A.
3. Q. What is Jerry doing on Friday?
A.
4 Q. What is Jerry doing on Thursday?
A.
5 Q. What is Jerry doing on Tuesday?
A.
B. A friend is planning a holiday. You ask her about her plans. Use the words
in brackets to form your questions in the present continuous tense. The
first one has been done for you:
1 ( where go)
Where are you going?
2 (how long stay)
3 ( when go )
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4 (go alone)
5 (travel by car)
6 (where stay)
7 (what do)
8 (what see)
9 (who visit)
10 (when return)
II. Present continuous for changing situations:

E.g.:
You're getting taller and taller every day.
The weather's getting warmer.
The weather is becoming cold.
You should go home. It is becoming dark.
UNIT 9
I. In order to, so as to , to
We use to / so as to / in order to to express purpose.
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E.g.:
A: Why did you call him?
B: I called him in order to invite him.
The negatives are not to / in order not to / so as not to.
E.g.:
I called him not to congratulate him, but to invite him.
Exercise:
Choose the correct answer:
1. You have to dress now ________ be late for the party.
a. in order to
b. in order not to
2. Stop talking ________ let me hear what he is saying.
a. to
b. not to
3. ________ be late, you have to dress now!
a. So as not to
b. So as to
4. I am writing ________ congratulate you for your success.
a. to
b. not to
5. ________ complete her registration, she has to pay the fees as soon as possible.
a. To
b. not to
6. I will go to university ________ study English, not to study French.
a. to
b. not to
7. Read your text silently ________ disturb the others.
a. in order not to
b. in order to
8. Revise well ________ get good marks.
a. to
b. not to
9. Call him ________ tell him what happened with his wife.
a. not to
b. to
10. She has to have experience ________ be accepted in that company.
a. to
b. not to
II.;
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UNIT 10
I. Passive voice
The passive voice is less usual than the active voice. The active voice is the
"normal" voice. But sometimes we need the passive voice. In this lesson we look
at how to construct the passive voice, when to use it and how to conjugate it.
Construction of the Passive Voice
The structure of the passive voice is very simple:
S + auxiliary V (be) + main V (past participle)
The main verb is always in its past participle form.
Look at these examples:
subject
auxiliary verb (to

be)
main verb (past

participle)
Water
is
drunk
by everyone.
100
people
are
employed
by this
company.
am
paid
in euro.
We
are
paid
in dollars.
Are
they
paid
in yen?
not
Use of the Passive Voice

We use the passive when:
we want to make the active object more important
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we do not know the active subject

subject
verb
object
give importance to active

object (President Kennedy)
President
Kennedy
was killed
by Lee Harvey
Oswald.
active subject unknown
My wallet
has been
stolen.
Note that we always use by to introduce the passive object (Fish are
eaten by cats).
Look at this sentence:
He was killed with a gun.
Normally we use by to introduce the passive object. But the gun is not the active
subject. The gun did not kill him. He was killed by somebody with a gun. In the
active voice, it would be: Somebody killed him with a gun. The gun is the
instrument. Somebody is the "agent" or "doer".
Conjugation for the Passive Voice
We can form the passive in any tense. In fact, conjugation of verbs in the passive
tense is rather easy, as the main verb is always in past participle form and the
auxiliary verb is always be. To form the required tense, we conjugate the auxiliary
verb. So, for example:
simple present: It is made.

present continuous: It is being made.
present perfect: It has been made.
simple past: It was made.
simple future: It will be made.
Exercises:
A. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice:
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1. He opens the door. - _________________________________

2. We set the table. - _________________________________
3. She pays a lot of money. - _________________________________
4. I draw a picture. - _________________________________
5. They wear blue shoes. - _________________________________
6. They don't help you. - _________________________________
7. He doesn't open the book. - _________________________________
8. You do not write the letter. - _________________________________
9. Does your mum pick you up? - _________________________________
10.Does the police officer catch the thief? - _______________________________
B. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice:
1. She sang a song. - _________________________________
2. Somebody hit me. - _________________________________
3. We stopped the bus. - _________________________________
4. A thief stole my car. - _________________________________
5. They didn't let him go. - _________________________________
6. She didn't win the prize. - _________________________________
7. They didn't make their beds. - _________________________________
8. I did not tell them. - _________________________________
9. Did you tell them? - _________________________________
10.Did he send the letter? - _________________________________
C. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice:
1. Kerrie has paid the bill. - _________________________________
2. I have eaten a hamburger. - _________________________________
3. We have cycled five miles. - _________________________________
4. I have opened the present. - _________________________________
5. They have not read the book. - _________________________________
6. You have not sent the parcel. - _________________________________
7. We have not agreed to this issue. - _________________________________
8. They have not caught the thieves. - _________________________________
9. Has she phoned him? - _________________________________
10.Have they noticed us? - _________________________________
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D. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice:

1. Jane will buy a new computer. - _________________________________
2. Her boyfriend will install it. - _________________________________
3. Millions of people will visit the museum. _________________________________
4. Our boss will sign the contract. - _________________________________
5. You will not do it. - _________________________________
6. They will not show the new film. - _________________________________
7. He won't see Sue. - _________________________________
8. They will not ask him. - _________________________________
9. Will the company employ a new worker? _________________________________
10.Will the plumber repair the shower? - _________________________________
E. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice:
1. I can answer the question. - _________________________________
2. She would carry the box. - _________________________________
3. You should open the window. - _________________________________
4. We might play cards. - _________________________________
5. You ought to wash the car. - _________________________________
6. He must fill in the form. - _________________________________
7. They need not buy bread. - _________________________________
8. He could not read the sentence. - _________________________________
9. Will the teacher test our English? - _________________________________
10.Could Jenny lock the door? - _________________________________
F. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Sheila is drinking a cup of tea. - _________________________________

My father is washing the car. - _________________________________
Farmer Joe is milking the cows. - _________________________________
She is taking a picture of him. - _________________________________
I am writing a poem. - _________________________________
We are not playing football. - _________________________________
He is not wearing a tie. - _________________________________
Is she preparing the party? - _________________________________
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9. Are they talking about the meeting? - _________________________________

10.Is she watering the flowers? - _________________________________
G. Rewrite the sentences in passive voice:
1. John collects money. - _________________________________
2. Anna opened the window. - _________________________________
3. We have done our homework. - _________________________________
4. I will ask a question. - _________________________________
5. He can cut out the picture. - _________________________________
6. The sheep ate a lot. - _________________________________
7. We do not clean our rooms. - _________________________________
8. William will not repair the car. - _________________________________
9. Did Sue draw this circle? - _________________________________
10.Could you feed the dog? - _________________________________
II. Adjectives followed by to-infinitive clauses or that-clauses:

Adjectives used after linking verbs are often followed by to-infinitive clauses or
that-clauses.
Some adjectives are always followed by to-infinitive clauses.
You often use to-infinitive clauses or that-clauses after adjectives to express
feelings or opinions.
You often use to-infinitive clauses after adjectives when the subject is
impersonal it.
1. After linking verbs, you often use adjectives that describe how someone feels
about an action or situation. With some adjectives, you can add a to-infinitive
clause or a that-clause to say what the action or situation is.
afraid
disappointed
happy
sad
relieved
anxious
frightened
pleased
surprised
amazed
ashamed
glad
proud
unhappy
astonished
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If the subject is the same in both clauses, you usually use a to-infinitive clause. If
the subject is different, you must use a that-clause.
I was happy to see them again.
He was happy that they were coming to the party.
You often use a to-infinitive clause when talking about future time in relation to
the main clause.
I am afraid to go home.
He was anxious to leave before it got dark.
You often use a that-clause when talking about present or past time in relation to
the main clause.
He was anxious that the passport was missing.
They were afraid that I might have talked to the police.
2. You often use sorry with a that-clause. Note that that is often omitted.
I'm very sorry that I can't join you.
I'm sorry I'm so late.
3. Some adjectives are not usually used alone, but have a to-infinitive clause
after them to say what action or situation the adjective relates to.
able
apt
bound
due
inclined
unwilling
liable
likely
unlikely
prepared
ready
willing
They were unable to help her.

They were not likely to forget it.
I am willing to try.
I'm prepared to say I was wrong.
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4. When you want to express an opinion about someone or something, you often
use an adjective followed by a to-infinitive clause.
difficult
easy
impossible
possible
right
wrong
She had been easy to deceive.

The windows will be almost impossible to open.
Am I wrong to stay here?
Note that in the first two examples, the subject of the main clause is the object of
the to-infinitive clause. In the third example, the subject is the same in both
clauses.
5. With some adjectives, you use a that-clause to express an opinion about
someone or something.
awful
extraordinary
important
sad
bad
funny
interesting true
essential
good
obvious
I was sad that people had reacted in this way.

It is extraordinary that we should ever have met!
6. You can also use adjectives with to-infinitive clauses after it as the
impersonal subject. You use the preposition of or for to indicate the person or
thing that the adjective relates to.
It was easy to find the path.
It was good of John to help me.
It was difficult for her to find a job.
Note the structure It is/was nice of someone to do something. Some adjectives
followed by of someone to do something are: nice, kind, mean, stupid, silly,
clever, polite, careless, and generous.
Page 70
Exercises:
A. Choose the correct answers:
1. We have to leave soon. Are you ready __?
a) to go
b) to
meet
c) to help
2. a) Hello. My name is Sara.

b) Hello. I'm very pleased __ you.
a) to eat
b) to
meet
c) to be
3. Lee is very sad __ the news about his

grandpa.
a) to
change
b) to be
c) to hear
4. You should be proud __ a student.
a) to go
b) to be
c) to call
5. After a car accident, some people are lucky

__ alive.
a) to reach b) to go
6. Are you afraid __ a snake?
a) to call
b) to
touch
c) to
listen
7. The students aren't prepared __ the exam.
a) to take
b) to
listen
c) to
work
8. The President was glad __ that the war was

finally over.
a) to be
b) to take
c) to
know
9. The people are happy __ the police caught the

a) to take
robber.
b) to be
c) to hear
10. The robber isn't glad __ in jail.
a) to hear
b) to be
c) to
know
11. Dinner is ready. __ your brother ready to

eat?
a) Are
b) Is
c) Be
12. a) Hello. My name is Arnold.

b) Hi Arnold! We __ very pleased to meet
you.
a) are
b) is
c) be
13. Mel Gibson and Jackie Chan __ proud to be

a) are
movie stars.
b) is
c) am
14. Mel __ very sad to see that Jennifer got

married.
a) are
b) is
c) am
15. Brad __ glad to be married to Jennifer.
a) are
b) is
c) am
16. Jennifer __ prepared to quit acting.
a) aren't
b) isn't
c) am not
c) to be
Page 71
17. Many women __ unhappy to hear that Brad

got married!
a) are
b) be
c) was
18. Many men __ happy to know that Jennifer

got married.
a) aren't
b) isn't
c) am not
19. I __ not afraid to touch a snake!
a) are
b) is
c) am
20. After his car accident, Frank __ lucky to be

alive.
a) were
b) was
c) am
B. Write these sentences in another way:

1. Its difficult to understand him.
=>.
2. Its quite easy to open this door.
=>.
3. Its impossible to translate some words.
=>.
4. Its not safe to stand on that door.
=>.
5. Its expensive to maintain the car.
=>.
6. Using the computer is very simple.
=>.
7. Understanding this word isnt difficult.
=>.
8. Its hard to find a good restaurant in this town.
=> .....................................................................................
9. Some grammatical rules are difficult to explain.
=> .....................................................................................
10. Bread is not very difficult to make.
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=> .....................................................................................
C. Combine two sentences into one:
1. I was very happy. I received your letter this morning.
=>.
2. The factory is producing more and more pollution. We are afraid.
=>.
3. They burned the plastic waste. Its not good.
=>.
4. He didnt pass the driving test. He was very sad.
=>.
5. I have finished the work on time. I am delighted.
=>.
UNIT 11
I. Participial adjectives -ed/ -ing
Ongoing versus Completed States
A participial adjective which modifies a noun and may indicate:
an ongoing process
a completed process
Ongoing vs. Completed
PRESENT PARTICIPIAL
ADJECTIVE
ONGOING QUALITY OR STATE
An ongoing state The present
participle serves as an adjective
formed from an active verb.
PAST PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVE

COMPLETED STATE
A completed state The past

participle serves as an adjective
formed from the passive form of the
verb.
a roasted chicken
a roasting chicken
still cooking!
done!
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Growing children need a lot of food.

(Ongoing: they are still growing.)
Grown children often move out of the

house.
(Completed: they are finished growing.)
Broken dishes were all over the floor.
(Completed: they are finished growing.)
Breaking dishes and shouts could be

heard in the kitchen.
(Ongoing: they are still breaking.)
Falling trees are a danger to hikers.
(Ongoing: they are coming down.)
Frying potatoes smell delicious.
(Ongoing: they are still frying.)
Fallen trees littered the forest floor.

(Completed: they are down.)
Fried potatoes would taste good right
now.
(Completed: they are ready to eat.)
Watch out for fallen rocks along the
road
(Completed: they are obstacles; step
over them.)
Watch out for falling rocks along the

road
(Ongoing: they are still falling.)
Present Participial Adjectives

Present participial adjectives can be used to describe an ongoing quality as well
as the function of a noun.
PRESENT PARTICIPIAL
ADJECTIVE
ONGOING QUALITY OR STATE
PRESENT PARTICIPIAL
ADJECTIVE FUNCTION
Describe something still undergoing a

process or activity.
Describes the function of something.
We have a talking parrot (a parrot that

talks.)
Don't awaken a sleeping dog. (a dog that
is sleeping)
Look! It's a shooting star. ( a star that is
shooting across the sky)
We have a talking machine. (a device

for talking, a text reader)
Don't forget your sleeping bag. (a bag
for sleeping)
He practices his rifle skills at
the shooting range. (an area for target
practice)
It's a moving van. (a truck for
transporting households)
It's a slow-moving train. (a train that is

moving slowly)
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A hiking party was seen to the north of

the volcano. (a group that is hiking)
Mr Hanson was wearing

his hiking shoes (shoes that are for
trekking.)
The doctor's waiting room was brightly
decorated. (a room for waiting)
The waiting parents were very

worried. (parents that are waiting)
Past Participial Adjectives

PAST PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVE
COMPLETED STATES
PAST PARTICIPIAL
ADJECTIVE NATURAL
QUALITY OR STATE
Describes a quality or state completed

by someone.
Describes a natural quality or state (no

agent).
The recently spotted owl was making a

nest. (an owl seen or located by
someone)
The black-eyed boxer walked into the
ring. (an eye that was harmed by another
fighter)
We made the pie
with pitted cherries. (pits that were
removed by us)
The freshly-washed dog sat in the sun.
(a dog that was washed by someone)
Would you like
some frozen yogurt. (yogurt that was
frozen by someone)
She wore a shirt with rolledup sleeves. (sleeves that were rolled up
by someone)
We saw a spotted owl making a nest.

(an owl with natural coloring including
spots)
The black-eyed terrier walked into the
ring. (a dog with naturally black eyes)
We made the sculpture
from pitted wood. (wood with natural
scars)
The short-haired dog sat in the sun.
(a dog with naturally short hair)
Would you like to visit
the frozen Antarctic tundra? (a region
that is permanently frozen)
She wore a long-sleeved shirt. (a shirt
with long-sleeves)
Exercise:
Page 75
1.
We saw __________ fireworks in the sky.

exploded
exploding
2.
The next day, we saw __________fireworks on the ground.
exploded
exploding
3.
The __________ sweet potatoes were on a plate.
fried
frying
Page 76
4.
The __________ sweet potatoes were on the stove.
fried
frying
5.
The __________ weather conditions are forcing people to stay inside.
frozen
freezing
6.
A __________ popsicle is waiting for you in the freezer.
Page 77
frozen
freezing
7.
"The long and __________ road leads to your door."
winding
wound
8.
__________ string is sold in a hardware store.
winding
wound
9.
Page 78
The __________ tree nearly hit our car.
falling
fallen
10.
Unfortunately, the __________ tree was on our neighbor's car.
falling
fallen
11.
We called a plumber to repair the__________ faucet.
Page 79
dripped
dripping
12.
His art looks like __________ paint.
dripped
dripping
13.
The __________ icebergs are floating into shipping lanes.
melted
melting
Page 80
14.
The __________ ice makes delicious drinking water.
melted
melting
15.
We heard the sound of__________ eggs in the kitchen
broken
breaking
16.
A __________ egg was on the kitchen counter.
broken
Page 81
breaking
II. Would you mind/ Do you mind

The structures would you mind/do you mind can be used in questions to ask
people if they would be troubled by something.
Do you mind my smoking?

Would you mind shutting the door?
After would you mind/do you mind we normally use an -ing form. It is possible
for the -ing form to have its own subject.
Compare:
Would you mind opening the window? (= Will you please open the
window?)
Would you mind my opening the window? (= Can I open the window?)
Note that after would you mind/do you mind we use a pronoun in the possessive
case.
An if clause is possible after would you mind/do you mind.
Would you mind if I opened the window?

Do you mind if I smoke?
In general questions about what people think of something, we do not normally

use would you mind.
Do you mind the smell of tobacco? (General question)

Do you mind/would you mind my smoking?
Do you mind people smoking in your house? (General question)
We can use don't mind/wouldn't mind to say that we are not troubled by
something.
I don't mind your coming late.

I don't mind your opening the window.
I wouldn't mind if you smoked.
Page 82
Exercises:
A. Choose the most appropriate answer for expressing the idea specified in
parentheses.
1. ___________ I speak to Mr. Smith, please? (Formal polite request)
a. Can
b. May
c. Would
d. Would you mind if
2. ___________ you open the window, please? It's hot in here. (Polite request)
a. Could
b. Couldn't c. Won't
d. Wouldn't
3. ___________ closing the window, please? It's cold in here. (Polite request)
a. Could you b. Will you c. Would you
d. Would you mind
4. Would you mind if I ___________ your dictionary for an hour or so? (Polite
request)
a. borrowed b. will borrow
c. would borrow
5. Would you mind if I ___________ come to your party? (Asking for permission)
a. didn't
b. won't
c. wouldn't
6. Mrs. Redding, ___________ lend me two hundred dollars till next week,
please? (Polite request)
a. can you
b. could you c. do you mind
d. would you mind
7. Would you mind ___________ here? I have a headache. (Polite request)
a. not to smoke
b. not smoke
c. no smoking d. not smoking
8. Betty, ___________ help me with this grammar exercise, please? (Informal
request)
a. can you
b. can't you
c. won't you
d. do you mind
9. Could I use your cell phone, please? - Sorry, you ___________. (Permission
not given)
a. can't
b. couldn't
c. mustn't d. won't
10. Could I stay here for a while? - Yes, you ___________. (Permission given)
a. could
b. can
c. will
d. must
Page 83

Would you mind ___ with my luggage?
2.
a.
gave me a hand
b.
giving me a hand
c.
give me a hand
Could you please ___ on my bag?

a.
mind keeping
b.
keeping an eye
c.
keep an eye
___ tell me where the bus stop is?
a.
Could you please
b.
Do you mind
c.
Would you mind
Page 84
___ turning down your radio?
a.
Would you mind
b.
Please
c.
Could you please
The trees were damaged in the storm. Later, the ___ trees were cut
down.
a.
damages
b.
damaged
c.
damage
Page 85
After I had waited for three hours, my flight was canceled. The ___
flight wasn't rescheduled until the next day.
a.
cancel
b.
cancels
c.
canceled
All applications must be written by hand. The ___ applications will

be accepted after Monday.
a.
handwriting
b.
handwritten
c.
handwrites
The moving company broke all our glasses. The company paid to
replace the ___ glasses.
a.
break
b.
broken
c.
broke
Page 86
The child tore her picture book. Her mother repaired the ___ book
with tape.
a.
torn
b.
tore
c.
tear
I lost one of my new gloves. And it's hard to replace just one ___
glove!
a.
losing
b.
lose
c.
lost
UNIT 12
I/ Past Continuous
FORM
S + was/ were + present participle
Past Continuous Forms

Positive
Negative
Question
Page 87
I was singing.
You were
singing.
We were
singing.
They were
singing.
He was singing.
She was
singing.
It was singing.
I was not
singing.
You were not
singing.
We were not
singing.
They were not
singing.
He was not
singing.
She was not
singing.
It was not
singing.
Was I singing?
Were you singing?
Were we singing?
Were they singing?
Was he singing?
Was she singing?
Was it singing?
E.g.:
You were studying when she called.

Were you studying when she called?
You were not studying when she called.
Exceptions in Spelling
Exceptions in spelling when adding ing
Examples
final e is dropped (but: ee is not changed)
come coming
(but: agree
agreeing)
after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is

doubled
sit sitting
l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled (in British

English)
travel travelling
Page 88
lie lying
final ie becomes y
USE
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was
interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past.
Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
E.g.:
I was watching TV when she called.

When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
What were you doing when the earthquake started?
I was listening to music, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
B: I was snowboarding.
USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption
In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action

in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.
E.g.:
Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
Page 89
At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.

Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.
NOTE
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or
finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.
E.g.:
Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.

I STARTED EATING AT 6 PM.
Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.
I STARTED EARLIER; AND AT 6 PM, I WAS IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER.
USE 3 Parallel Actions
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it
expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions
are parallel.
E.g.:
I was studying while he was making dinner.

While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.
Were you listening while he was talking?
I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several
mistakes.
What were you doing while you were waiting?
Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.
They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.
USE 4 Atmosphere
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a
particular time in the past.
E.g.:
Page 90
When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing,
some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and
customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a
secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other
about the bad service.
USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"
The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the
idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept
is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember
to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "V-ing."
E.g.:
She was always coming to class late.

He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.
I didn't like them because they were always complaining.
While vs. When

Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete
sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or
"when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was
sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past,
"when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is
usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that
time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they
emphasize different parts of the sentence.
E.g.:
I was studying when she called.

While I was studying, she called.
REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs

It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any
continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot
be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs,
Page 91
you must use Simple Past.

E.g.:
Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct

Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,
only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
E.g.:
You were just studying when she called.

Were you just studying when she called?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
E.g.:
The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the
store. ACTIVE
The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into
the store. PASSIVE
II/ Types of verbs

Before you begin the verb tense lessons, it is extremely important to understand
that NOT all English verbs are the same. English verbs are divided into three
groups: Normal Verbs, Non-Continuous Verbs, and Mixed Verbs.
Group I Normal Verbs
Most verbs are "Normal Verbs." These verbs are usually physical actions which
you can see somebody doing. These verbs can be used in all tenses.
Normal Verbs
to run, to walk, to eat, to fly, to go, to say, to touch, etc.
E.g.:
Page 92
I eat dinner every day.

I am eating dinner now.
Group II Non-Continuous Verbs

The second group, called "Non-Continuous Verbs," is smaller. These verbs are
usually things you cannot see somebody doing. These verbs are rarely used in
continuous tenses. They include:
Abstract Verbs
to be, to want, to cost, to seem, to need, to care, to contain, to owe, to exist...
Possession Verbs
to possess, to own, to belong...
Emotion Verbs
to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to fear, to envy, to mind...
E.g.:
He is needing help now. Not Correct

He needs help now. Correct
He is wanting a drink now. Not Correct
He wants a drink now. Correct
Group III Mixed Verbs

The third group, called "Mixed Verbs," is the smallest group. These verbs have
more than one meaning. In a way, each meaning is a unique verb. Some meanings
behave like "Non-Continuous Verbs," while other meanings behave like "Normal
Verbs."
Mixed Verbs
to appear, to feel, to have, to hear, to look, to see, to weigh...
List of Mixed Verbs with Examples and Definitions:
to appear:
Page 93
Donna appears confused. Non-Continuous Verb

DONNA SEEMS CONFUSED.
My favorite singer is appearing at the jazz club tonight. Normal Verb
MY FAVORITE SINGER IS GIVING A PERFORMANCE AT THE JAZZ CLUB TONIGHT.
to have:
I have a dollar now. Non-Continuous Verb

I POSSESS A DOLLAR.
I am having fun now. Normal Verb
I AM EXPERIENCING FUN NOW.
to hear:
She hears the music. Non-Continuous Verb

SHE HEARS THE MUSIC WITH HER EARS.
She is hearing voices. Normal Verb
SHE HEARS SOMETHING OTHERS CANNOT HEAR. SHE IS HEARING VOICES IN HER
MIND.
to look:
Nancy looks tired. Non-Continuous Verb

SHE SEEMS TIRED.
Farah is looking at the pictures. Normal Verb
SHE IS LOOKING WITH HER EYES.
to miss:
John misses Sally. Non-Continuous Verb

HE IS SAD BECAUSE SHE IS NOT THERE.
Debbie is missing her favorite TV program. Normal Verb
SHE IS NOT THERE TO SEE HER FAVORITE PROGRAM.
to see:
I see her. Non-Continuous Verb

I SEE HER WITH MY EYES.
I am seeing the doctor. Normal Verb
I AM VISITING OR CONSULTING WITH A DOCTOR. (ALSO USED WITH DENTIST AND
LAWYER.)
I am seeing her. Normal Verb
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I AM HAVING A RELATIONSHIP WITH HER.

He is seeing ghosts at night. Normal Verb
HE SEES SOMETHING OTHERS CANNOT SEE. FOR EXAMPLE GHOSTS, AURA, A
VISION OF THE FUTURE, ETC.
to smell:
The coffee smells good. Non-Continuous Verb

THE COFFEE HAS A GOOD SMELL.
I am smelling the flowers. Normal Verb
I AM SNIFFING THE FLOWERS TO SEE WHAT THEIR SMELL IS LIKE.
to taste:
The coffee tastes good. Non-Continuous Verb

THE COFFEE HAS A GOOD TASTE.
I am tasting the cake. Normal Verb
I AM TRYING THE CAKE TO SEE WHAT IT TASTES LIKE.
to think:
He thinks the test is easy. Non-Continuous Verb

HE CONSIDERS THE TEST TO BE EASY.
She is thinking about the question. Normal Verb
SHE IS PONDERING THE QUESTION, GOING OVER IT IN HER MIND.
to weigh:
The table weighs a lot. Non-Continuous Verb

THE TABLE IS HEAVY.
She is weighing herself. Normal Verb
SHE IS DETERMINING HER WEIGHT.
Some Verbs Can Be Especially Confusing:

to be:
Joe is American. Non-Continuous Verb

JOE IS AN AMERICAN CITIZEN.
Joe is being very American. Normal Verb
JOE IS BEHAVING LIKE A STEREOTYPICAL AMERICAN.
Joe is being very rude. Normal Verb
Page 95
JOE IS BEHAVING VERY RUDELY. USUALLY HE IS NOT RUDE.

Joe is being very formal. Normal Verb
JOE IS BEHAVING VERY FORMALLY. USUALLY HE IS NOT FORMAL.
NOTICE: Only rarely is "to be" used in a continuous form. This is most
commonly done when a person is temporarily behaving badly or stereotypically. It
can also be used when someone's behavior is noticeably different.
to feel:
The massage feels great. Non-Continuous Verb

THE MASSAGE HAS A PLEASING FEELING.
I don't feel well today. Sometimes used as Non-Continuous Verb
I AM A LITTLE SICK.
I am not feeling well today. Sometimes used as Normal Verb
I AM A LITTLE SICK.
NOTICE: The second meaning of "feel" is very flexible and there is no real
difference in meaning between "I don't feel well today" and "I am not feeling well
today."
III/ Progressive tenses with always/constantly

The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses
the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the
meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the
words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "V-ing."
E.g.:
She is always coming to class late.

He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
I don't like them because they are always complaining.
The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses

the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The
concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion.
Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "V-ing."
E.g.:
She was always coming to class late.
Page 96
He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.

I didn't like them because they were always complaining.
Exercises:
A. Write down the ing form of the following words:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
live ______________
run ______________
give ______________
swim ______________
lie ______________
sit ______________
travel ______________
B. Decide whether to use 'was' or 'were':

1. Boris _______________ learning English.
2. They _______________ swimming in the lake.
3. Your father _______________ repairing the car.
4. I _______________ reading a magazine.
5. You _______________ packing your bag.
6. My friends _______________ watching the match on TV.
7. It _______________ raining.
8. The dog _______________ barking.
9. The children _______________ brushing their teeth.
10.Anne and Maureen _______________ singing a song.
C. Yesterday at 3 pm the following people were in the middle of an action.
Write positive sentences in past progressive:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
you / play / cards _______________

Alice / walk / around the lake _______________
Caron / listen / to the radio _______________
we / read / a book about Australia _______________
Linda / look for / her ring _______________
Fiona and Sam / visit / the castle _______________
Ben / wash / the car _______________
Page 97
8. Kim and I / wait / in the park _______________

9. My sister / feed / the birds _______________
10.Greg and Phil / count / their money _______________
D. Somebody believes that yesterday at 3 pm the following people were in the
middle of an action. That cannot be, however, as yesterday at 3 pm these
people were not doing those things. Write negative sentences in past
progressive:
1. Sarah and Luke / not / work _______________
2. Mister Miller / not / teach / chemistry _______________
3. Barry / not / drive / a lorry _______________
4. Mandy / not / have / lunch _______________
5. Albert / not / play / tennis _______________
6. Taylor and Bob / not / cycle / home _______________
7. Annie / not / clean / the table _______________
8. Benjamin / not / write / an e-mail _______________
9. Jane / not / exercise / in the gym _______________
10.Robert / not / buy / flowers _______________
E. You want to know whether the following people were in the middle of an
action at a certain time in the past. Write questions in past progressive:
1. Rachel / feed / the cat _______________
2. the children / paint / a picture _______________
3. Clark / repair / his computer _______________
4. Hazel / swim / in the pool _______________
5. Lucas / have / a shower _______________
6. Jason and Aron / run / down the street _______________
7. Betty / do / her homework _______________
8. Cindy and James / make / dinner _______________
9. Rebecca / watch / Star Trek _______________
10.Anita and Linda / sit / in the kitchen _______________
F. Ask for the information in the bold part of the sentence:
1. Henry was living in London last year. _______________
2. Anita was working at a restaurant last week. _______________
3. Ricky was waiting for Holly. _______________
Page 98
4. Sarah was singing a song. _______________

5. Joe was reading a book. _______________
6. At six o'clock, Myriam and her family were having dinner. _______________
7. Bob was walking home because his car had a flat tire. _______________
8. At half past seven, Mister Logan was driving home. _______________
9. The children were playing in the sandbox. _______________
10.Claire was visiting her best friend. _______________
G. Put the verbs into the correct form (past progressive):
1. When I phoned my friends, they (play) _______________ monopoly.
2. Yesterday at six I (prepare) _______________ dinner.
3. The kids (play) _______________ in the garden when it suddenly began to
rain.
4. I (practise) _______________ the guitar when he came home.
5. We (not / cycle) _______________ all day.
6. While Aaron (work) _______________ in his room, his
friends (swim) _______________ in the pool.
7. I tried to tell them the truth but they (listen / not) _______________.
8. What (you / do) _______________ yesterday?
9. Most of the time we (sit) _______________ in the park.
UNIT 13
I. Reported speech Statements
1) If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in Reported
speech.
E.g.: Susan: "I work in an office." Susan says that she works in an office.
2) If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in Reported
speech. (see: Note)
E.g.: Susan: "I work in an office." Susan said that she worked in an office.
Backshift of tenses
from
to
Simple Present
Simple Past
Page 99
Simple Past
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Past Perfect
will
would
Progressive forms
am/are/is
was/were
was/were
has been
had been
had been
Backshift of tenses
from
to
Peter: "I work in the garden."
Peter said that he worked in the garden.
Peter: "I worked in the garden."

Peter: "I have worked in the
garden."
Peter said that he had worked in the

garden.
Peter: "I had worked in the garden."

Peter: "I will work in the garden."
Peter said that he would work in the

garden.
Peter: "I can work in the garden."
Peter said that he could work in the

garden.
Peter: "I may work in the garden."
Peter said that he might work in the

garden.
Peter: "I would work in the

garden."
(could, might, should, ought to)
Peter said that he would work in the

garden.
(could, might, should, ought to)
Progressive forms
Page 100
Peter: "I'm working in the garden."
Peter said that he was working in the

garden.
Peter: "I was working in the

garden."
Peter: "I have been working in the
garden."
Peter said that he had been working in

the garden.
Peter: "I had been working in the

garden."
If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well:

E.g.:
Peter: "I worked in the garden yesterday."
Peter said that he had worked in the garden the day before.
Shifting of expressions of time/ place
this
(evening)
that (evening)
today/this
day
that day
these (days)
those (days)
now
then
(a week) ago (a week) before

last weekend
the weekend before / the previous

weekend
here
there
next (week)
the following (week)
tomorrow
the next/following day
Page 101
NOTE
In some cases the backshift of tenses is not necessary, e.g. when statements are
still true.
John: "My brother is at Leipzig university."
John said that his brother was at Leipzig university. or
John said that his brother is at Leipzig university.
or
Mandy: "The sun rises in the East."
Mandy said that the sun rose in the East. or
Mandy said that the sun rises in the East.
Exercises:
A. Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense,
although it is sometimes not necessary:
Example: Peter: "I clean the black shoes."
Peter told me that ____________________________
Answer: Peter told me that he cleaned the black shoes.
Page 102
1) John: "Mandy is at home."

John said that
2) Max: "Frank often reads a book."

Max told me that
3) Susan: "I'm watching TV."

Susan said to me that
4) Simon: "David was ill."

Simon said that
5) Peggy: "The girls helped in the house."

Peggy told me that
6) Richard: "I am going to ride a skateboard."
Richard said to me that
.
.
7) Stephen and Claire: "We have cleaned the windows."

Stephen and Claire told me that
8) Charles: "I didn't have time to do my homework."

Charles remarked that
.
9) Mrs Jones: "My mother will be 50 years old."
Mrs Jones told me that
.
10) Jean: "The boss must sign the letter."
Jean said that
.
B. Finish the sentences using Reported speech. Always change the tense,
although it is sometimes not necessary:
Example: Peter: "I cleaned the black shoes yesterday."
Peter told me that _________________________________
Answer: Peter told me that he had cleaned the black shoes the day before.
Page 103
1) Emily: "Our teacher will go to Leipzig tomorrow."

Emily said that
2) Helen: "I was writing a letter yesterday."

Helen told me that
3) Robert: "My father flew to Dallas last year."

Robert told me that
4) Lisa: "Tim went to the stadium an hour ago."
Lisa said that
.
.
5) Patricia: "My mother will celebrate her birthday next weekend."

Patricia said that
.
6) Michael: "I am going to read a book this week."
Michael said to me that
7) Jason and Victoria: "We will do our best in the exams tomorrow."
Jason and Victoria told me that
8) Andrew: "We didn't eat fish two days ago."

Andrew remarked that
9) Alice: "I spent all my pocket money on Monday."

Alice complained that
10) David: "John had already gone at six."

David said that ________________________________________.
C. Change the direct speech into reported speech. Use She said at the
beginning of each answer:
1. He works in a bank.
......................................................................................................................
2. We went out last night.
......................................................................................................................
3. Im coming!
Page 104
......................................................................................................................
4. I was waiting for the bus when he arrived.
......................................................................................................................
5. Id never been there before.
......................................................................................................................
6. I didnt go to the party.
......................................................................................................................
7. Lucy will come later.
......................................................................................................................
8. He hasnt eaten breakfast.
......................................................................................................................
9. I can help you tomorrow.
......................................................................................................................
10. You should go to bed early.
.....................................................................................................................
11. I dont like chocolate.
....................................................................................................................
12. I wont see you tomorrow.
.....................................................................................................................
13. Shes living in Paris for a few months.
.....................................................................................................................
14. I visited my parents at the weekend.
Page 105
.....................................................................................................................
15. She hasnt eaten sushi before.
....................................................................................................................
16. I hadnt traveled by underground before I came to London.
.....................................................................................................................
17. They would help if they could.
.....................................................................................................................
II. Compound adjectives

A. adj / adv + past participle
Adjective or adverb plus past participle is one of the most common patterns for
forming compound adjectives. Some common examples would include:
cold-blooded
kind-hearted
old-fashioned
open-minded
brightly-lit
deeply-rooted
densely-populated
well-behaved
E.g.:
Most animals are warm-blooded but all reptiles are cold-blooded.
He was a cold-blooded murderer and showed no emotion of any kind.
She lived in an old-fashioned house, but was kind-hearted and openminded.
Nevertheless, she held deeply-rooted beliefs about the sanctity of marriage.
The dimly- / brightly-lit streets in our town encourage / discourage

burglars.
Note that adverb / past participle combinations when they are used with a copular
verb like be or seem, and come after the noun they modify, are not hyphenated:
The streets in our town are dimly / brightly lit and encourage / discourage
Page 106
burglars.
There are sometimes many possible combinations, e.g. broad-minded, narrowminded, absent-minded, strong-minded, as well as open-minded. It is partly a
matter of knowing which adjectives or adverbs collocate or go with which
participles and nouns. We have brightly-lit streets, but also brightlycoloured dresses or swimsuits or sweets.
B. adj / adv / noun + present participle
Here are some common examples:
good-looking
hard-wearing
free-standing
far-reaching
long-lasting
never-ending
labour-saving
mouth-watering
record-breaking
E.g.:
The good-looking chef was dressed in hard-wearing clothing and sitting in

front of a free-standing cooker.
The dishes he had prepared with all the labour-saving devices at his
disposal were all mouth-watering.
We signed a long-lasting agreement for his services which we hoped would

be never-ending.
C. Other common patterns for compound adjectives:

1. noun + past participle: shop-soiled, tongue-tied, sun-dried
2. noun + adjective: trouble-free, lead-free, world-famous
3. adj + noun: deep-sea, full-length, last-minute
4. number + noun: two-door, twenty-page, forty-mile
5. noun + noun: part-time
E.g.:
When they refused to exchange the shop-soiled item, I was tongue-tied and
didn't know what to say.
If you want trouble-free motoring, make sure you use only lead-free petrol.
The sun-dried tomatoes that we sell are world-famous.
Page 107
She was wearing a full-length dress, quite unsuitable for deep-sea diving.
The forty-mile journey in the two-door, open-top convertible was illadvised in such inclement weather.
Exercises:
A. Choose the correct answer:
1. well- _____________
a. fashioned
b. mannered
c. new
d. rooted
e. sighted
c. new
d. rooted
e. sighted
c. new
d. rooted
e. sighted
c. new
d. rooted
e. sighted
c. new
d. rooted
e. sighted
2. brand- _____________
a. fashioned
b. mannered
3. deeply- _____________
a. fashioned
b. mannered
4. short- _____________
a. fashioned
b. mannered
5. old- _____________
a. fashioned
b. mannered
Choose the right compound adjective from the exercise above.

1. When Brian got his promotion, he bought a _____________________ car.
2. Look at Leila. She's wearing an _____________________ skirt. She found it in
her grandmothers drawer.
3. Nancy is such a _____________________ girl. She can't even read what's on
Page 108
the blackboard.
4. Some people think that we should preserve
the _____________________ traditions of countries.
5. Cathy is a _____________________ girl. She's very polite.
B. Choose the appropriate compound adjectives:

1. The criminal was caught _____________________ . He was seen steeling the
young ladys handbag.
a. absent-minded
b. open-minded
c. red-handed
d. tight-fisted
e. well-informed
2. People should be tolerant towards other cultures. They should
_____________________.
a. absent-minded
b. open-minded
c. red-handed
d. tight-fisted
e. well-informed
3. Sarah couldnt answer the teachers question because she
was _____________________.
a. absent-minded
b. open-minded
c. red-handed
d. tight-fisted
e. well-informed
4. Dont expect him to invite you for dinner. He is _____________________.
a. absent-minded
b. open-minded
c. red-handed
d. tight-fisted
e. well-informed
5. To be a translator you need to be _____________________ about linguistics.
a. absent-minded
b. open-minded
c. red-handed
d. tight-fisted
e. well-informed
Page 109
Match the numbers with the letters (write the letters a, b, c, d, e or f):
Compound adjectives
Meaning
1.
well-earned
a- deserved
2.
self-reliant
b- eternal
3.
narrow-minded
c- inflexible
4.
ever-lasting
e- depressed
5.
heart-broken
f- independent
UNIT 14
I. Reported speech Questions
For pronouns, tenses and place / time expressions see statements in reported
speech.
Besides, note that instead of that you use the interrogative. If there is no
interrogative, use whether/ if.
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
statement
He said: She lives in

London.
He said that she lived in

London.
question with
interrogative
He asked: Where does

she live?
He asked where she lived.
question without
interrogative
He asked: Does she live

in London?
He asked whether she

lived in London.
He asked if she lived in
London.
It is also important that you use an indirect question in reported speech. After the
interrogative or whether/ if, you continue the sentence as if it were a statement
(subject-verb etc.). The auxiliary verb do/ does/ did is not used in indirect
questions.
Page 110
E.g.:
He asked: Where does she live? He asked where she lived.
Exercises:
A. Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns
and tenses:
1. "Where is my umbrella?" she asked.
She asked _________________________________
2. "How are you?" Martin asked us.
Martin asked us _________________________________
3. He asked, "Do I have to do it?"
He asked _________________________________
4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter.
The mother asked her daughter _________________________________
5. "Which dresses do you like best?" she asked her boyfriend.
She asked her boyfriend _________________________________
6. "What are they doing?" she asked.
She wanted to know _________________________________
7. "Are you going to the cinema?" he asked me.
He wanted to know _________________________________
8. The teacher asked, "Who speaks English?"
The teacher wanted to know _________________________________
9. "How do you know that?" she asked me.
She asked me _________________________________
10."Has Caron talked to Kevin?" my friend asked me.
My friend asked me _________________________________
B. Complete the sentences in reported speech. Note the change of pronouns
and tenses:
1. "What's the time?" he asked.
He wanted to know _________________________________
2. "When will we meet again?" she asked me.
She asked me _________________________________
3. "Are you crazy?" she asked him.
She asked him _________________________________
4. "Where did they live?" he asked.
He wanted to know _________________________________
Page 111
5. "Will you be at the party?" he asked her.

He asked her _________________________________
6. "Can you meet me at the station?" she asked me.
She asked me _________________________________
7. "Who knows the answer?" the teacher asked.
The teacher wanted to know _________________________________
8. "Why don't you help me?" she asked him.
She wanted to know _________________________________
9. "Did you see that car?" he asked me.
He asked me _________________________________
10."Have you tidied up your room?" the mother asked the twins.
The mother asked the twins _________________________________
II. To-infinitive after question words
These verbs: ask, decide, explain, forget, remember, know, show, tell,
understand, can be followed by a question word such as where, how, what, who,
when or 'whether' + the 'to-infinitive'.
E.g.:
* She asked me how to use the washing machine.
* Do you understand what to do?
* Tell me when to press the button.
* I've forgotten where to put this little screw.
* I can't decide whether to wear the red dress or the black one.
The question word Why is followed by the zero infinitive in suggestions:
E.g.:
* Why wait until tomorrow?
* Why not ask him now?
* Why walk when we can go in the car?
* Why not buy a new bed for your bedroom?
* Why leave before the end of the game?
* Why not spend a week in Beirut and a week in Baghdad?
Page 112
III. To-infinitive after certain verbs

E.g.: He refused to pay the bill.
We use to-infinitive after these verbs:
agree
offer
decide
appear
forger
refuse
attempt
plan
seem
learn (how)
promise
manage
arrange
pretend
dare
threaten
fail
hope
afford
tend
Exercises:
A. Use the verbs in the box to complete the sentence:
to fly
to talk
to lend
to get
to be
to play
to shut
to phone
to hire
to look
to understand
E.g.:
Dont forget to post the letter I gave you.
1. Tom refused__________________ me any money.
2. Jill has decided not __________________ a car.
3. The thief got into the house because I forgot __________________ the
window.
4. There was a lot of traffic but we managed __________________to the airport
in time.
5. Ive arranged __________________tennis tomorrow afternoon.
6. One day Id like to learn __________________an airplane.
7. I shouted to him. He pretended not __________________me but Im sure he
Page 113
did.
8. Why hasnt Sue arrived yet? She promised not __________________late.
9. Our neighbour threatened __________________the police if we didnt stop the
noise.
10. Ann offered __________________after our children while we were out.
11. The teacher was very strict. Nobody dared __________________during his
lessons.
B. Complete each sentence using what or how with one of the following verbs:
do
say
use
ride
cook
E.g.: Do you know how to get to Johns house?

1. Have you decided ________________ for dinner this evening?
2. Can you show me ________________ the washing machine?
3. Do you know ________________ if theres a fire in their building?
4. Youll never forget ________________ a bicycle once you have learned.
5. I was really astonished. I didnt know ________________.
UNIT 15
I. Present perfect with yet and already
Already vs. Yet
ALREADY
YET
Action or activity occurred earlier than

expected.
Action or activity occurred later than

expected.
The bus has already been here. (It came

early and left.)
The others have already left.(They came
early and left.)
The bus hasn't come yet. (It's late and I

am still waiting.)
The others haven't left yet. (We
expected them to leave by now.)
Page 114
Adverbs & Sentence Types

1. Affirmative
A positive statement with already places emphasis on early completion of an
activity or event. I may also express pride.
E.g.:
We have already finished the work. Or
We have finished the work already.
But with Present Perfect already usually goes after have or has and before the
main verb.
2. Negative
A negative statement with yet places emphasis on late completion of an activity
or event. It may also express regret.
E.g.:
We havent finished the work yet.
3. Question
A question with already expresses optimism that work might be completed
early. A question with yet expresses pessimism that work might be completed
late.
E.g.:
Have you finished the work already? (I think you have.)
Have you finished the word yet? (I dont think you have.)
Exercises:
A. Use the words below to form present perfect tense sentences using yet or
already. Dont forget to put a full-stop at the end of each sentence:
E.g.:
Have you been to the gallery?
No, I havent been there yet.
Have you sold your car?
Yes, Ive already sold it.
1. Have you seen the new movie?
No, _________________________________
2. Have you been to Paris?
Yes, _________________________________
Page 115
3. Have you bought that new dress?

Yes, _________________________________
4. Has Allen gone to Melbourne?
No, _________________________________
5. Has he heard from Bill yet?
No, _________________________________
6. Have you finished your homework?
Yes, _________________________________
7. Have Annie and Bob got married yet?

No, _________________________________
8. Have you eaten at that new Thai restaurant?
Yes, _________________________________
9. Has Lisa played tennis this morning?
Yes, _________________________________ tennis.
10. Has the light been fixed?
No, _________________________________
B. Choose the correct answer:
1. Has everybody arrived _____?
a.
yet
b.
already
2. We havent found the answer _____.

a.
already
b.
yet
Page 116
3. Have you finished your lunch _____?

a.
already
b.
yet
4. They havent seen St. Pauls Cathedral _____.

a.
already
b.
yet
5. Weve _____ been to England.

a.
yet
b.
already
6. Everybody has _____ gone home.

a.
already
b.
yet
7. I have _____ repaired your car.

a.
yet
b.
already
8. Jane has _____ got up.

a.
yet
b.
already
II. The present perfect tense and the past simple tense
There are some differences between the present perfect tense and the simple past
tense.
The present perfect is used when the time period has not finished:
E.g.: I have seen three movies this week.
(This week has not finished yet.)
Page 117
The simple past is used when the time period finished:

E.g.: I saw three movies last week.
(Last week is finished.)
The present perfect is often used when giving recent news:

E.g.: Martin has crashed his car again.
(This is new information.)
The simple past is used when giving older information:
E.g.: Martin crashed his car last year.
(This is old information.)
The present perfect is used when the time is not specific:

E.g.: I have seen that movie already.
(We don't know when.)
The simple past is used when the time is clear:
E.g.: I saw that movie on Thursday.
(We know exactly when.)
The present perfect is used with for and since, when the actions have not
finished yet:
E.g.: I have lived in London five years.
(I still live in London.)
The simple past is used with for and since, when the actions have already
finished:
E.g.: I lived in London for five years.
(I don't live in London now.)
We normally use the Present Perfect when we want to talk about something which
Page 118
happened in the past but is relevant now. Often we use words like just/already/not
...yet with the Present Perfect.
I feel really tired. I've just finished my report.
I haven't spoken to Brian yet but I've already spoken to Malcolm.
Exercises:
A. Choose the correct answer:
1. Joji _____________ in Tokyo for five years, but he left in 1993.
a. lived
b. has lived
2. The Titanic _____________ in 1912.

a. sank
b. has sunk
3. Somebody _____________ my bicycle! Now Ill have to walk home.

a. stole
b. has stolen.
4. Gerry _____________ off his bike three times this month.

a. fell
b. has fallen
5. Chika _____________ from university last July.

a. graduated
b. has graduated
6. I _____________ the movie Titanic three times. Im going to see it again

tonight.
a. saw
b. have seen
7. I _____________ to work every day for the last six weeks!

a. walked
b. have walked
8. When Young Hee was a child, she _____________ in Seoul.

a. lived
b. has lived
9. Ouch! _____________ my finger!
Page 119
a. I cut
b. Ive cut
10. I _____________ my key yesterday, so I couldnt get into the house.

Eventually, I found it in my jacket pocket.
a. lost
b. have lost
B. Choose the correct answer:

1. When ________________ the company?
a) have you joined
b) did you joined
c) did you join
d) have you ever joined
2. ___________________ in Pakistan?
a) Did you ever worked
b) Have you ever worked
c) Worked you
d) Didn't you have worked
3. That's the best presentation ______________

a) I never heard
b) I didn't hear
c) I used to hear
d) I've ever heard
4. He's the most difficult customer _____________________

a) I never dealt with.
b) I never had to deal with.
c) I've ever had to deal with.
Page 120
d) I've never had to deal with.
5. ___________________ to him last week.

a) I spoke
b) I've already spoken
c) I didn't spoke
d) I speaked
6. ______________ a binding contract last year and it is still

valid.
a) We have signed
b) We signed
c) We haven't signed
d) We have sign
7. The reason I look so brown is that _______________ from a

business trip to Barbados
a) I come back
b) I came back
c) I never came back
d) I've just come back
8. Sales ________ in 1995 but then _____ in 1996.

a) rised
falled
b) rose
fell
c) have risen
have fallen
d) rose
have fallen
Page 121
9. You ____________
to a word ____________
a) listened
I haven't said
b) didn't listen
I say
c) listened
saying
d) haven't listened
I've said
10. It's obvious that ________________ this report.

a) you haven't read
b) you didn't read
c) you don't read
d) you read not
C. Choose the correct word or phrase:

1) Peter played/ has played/ have played football yesterday.
2) They has cleaned/ cleaned/ have cleaned the car. It looks new again.
3) Last year we went/ goed/ have gone to Italy.
4) John and Peggy just have read/ have just read/ read the book. Now they can
watch the film.
5) I met/ have met/ meeted my friend two days ago.
6) We has never visited/ visited/ have never visited another country before.
7) She has bought/ buyed/ bought a new car in 2005.
8) I'm sorry, but I forgot/ has forgotten/ have forgotten my homework.
9) Did you win/ Have you win/ Have you won the game of chess?
10) The girls did not eat/ have not eaten/ has not eaten their lunch yet.
UNIT 16
I. Passive voice
Page 122
A. Complete the sentences (active or passive voice). Use simple present:

1. He (sell) _______________ cars.
2. The blue car (sell) _______________.
3. In summer, more ice-cream (eat) _______________ than in winter.
4. She (call) _______________ her grandparents every Friday.
5. The letters (type) _______________.
6. He (take) _______________ his medicine every day.
7. Jane (take / not) _______________ to school by her father.
8. We (go) _______________ to school by bus.
9. She (work / not) _______________ for a bank.
10.Milk (keep) _______________ in the refrigerator.
B. Complete the sentences (active or passive voice). Use simple past:
1. They (visit) _______________ their granny.
2. We (visit) _______________ by our teacher.
3. My friend Paul (bear) _______________ in Dallas.
4. She (go) _______________ to school in Boston.
5. Antony (grow up) _______________ in the country.
6. The new shopping centre (build) _______________ last year.
7. The film (produce / not) _______________ in Hollywood.
8. Barbara (know) _______________ James very well.
9. The jewels (hide / not) _______________ in the cellar.
10.We (spend / not) _______________ all day on the beach.
C. Complete the sentences (active or passive voice). Use present perfect
simple:
1. The car (steal) _______________.
2. I (bake) _______________ a cake.
3. My friends (buy) _______________ a house.
4. The cup (put) _______________ on the table.
5. Trees (plant) _______________ in the street.
6. The boy (fall / not) _______________ off his bike.
7. I (bite / not) _______________ by a snake.
8. He (step) _______________ on my toe.
9. We (walk) _______________ all the way home.
10.She (pick up / not) _______________ by a friend.
Page 123
D. Complete the sentences (active or passive voice). Use will-future:

1. The house (build) _______________ here.
2. You (send) _______________ home.
3. I (eat) _______________ an ice-cream.
4. We (go) _______________ home now.
5. I (help) _______________ you.
6. The match (win / not) _______________ by our team.
7. The weather (improve / not) _______________ tomorrow.
8. The trees (cut) _______________ down.
9. The meeting (cancel / not) _______________.
10.They (do / not) _______________ that again.
E. Make 10 sentences using the passive voice: .
1..
2..
3..
4..
5..
6..
7..
8..
9..
10
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NES

BASIC GRAMMAR GRADE 8

3. This coat isnt warm. I dont wear it in the winter

8. The worker is clever. He can make fine things from wood.

9. The coffee isnt strong. It wont keep us awake.

Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC

BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8

11.The floor wasnt strong. We couldnt dance on it.

13.The fire isnt very hot. It wont boil a kettle.

II. Present simple tense:

to be: is, am , are

Negative: S+ DONT/ DOESNT + V

BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8

III. Past simple tense:

to be: was / were

BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8

7. My client and I slowly walk back to the car.

1) He played handball. - He _______________ handball.

Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC

BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8

1) Andy bought a new shirt. - Andy _______________ a new shirt.

Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC

BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8

1) Peter woke up at seven. - Peter ________________ at seven.

Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC

BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8

1) _______ you ________ the door? (to close)

1) ___________________ after the cat? (the dog/to run)

Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC

BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8

H/ Put in was or were into the gaps:

1) I ________ in Canberra last spring.

I/ Put in was not or were not into the gaps:

1) They _____________ ill.

IV. Asking about appearance and character:

BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8

What + do/ does + S + look like? We want to know a persons appearance

Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC

BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8

BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8

I am going to a pop concert tonight.

Time expressions: tomorrow, next week, next month, etc.

Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC

BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8

1) Philip ___________________ 15 next Wednesday. (to be)

B/ Complete the sentences. Use will or be going to:

BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8

become a doctor. I have wanted to be a doctor all my life.

BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8

B: Its Johns birthday, so Ill make / Im going to make him a cake.

II. Adverbs of place

BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8

I cut my hair myself.

Because she was not hungry when the cake was

Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC

BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8

* In the independent clause, "Ellen" is the subject and "herself" is a

We gave ourselves a second chance to complete the course.

Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC

BASIC GRAMMAR Grade 8

1) Robert made this T-shirt _________________.

B/ Fill in the correct reflexive pronouns:

B. Modal verbs: must , have to , ought to

Way Ahead 4A Writing BookBASIC

1) _ you __ the door? (to close)

8. The course begins 7 January and ends __ 10 March.