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Lecture #04
ASCE 7-02 Solved Problem #1:
Analytical Method 2 (for buildings < 60 feet high).
This lecture applies the ASCE 7-02 code requirements for wind (Section 6.0) to a
simple structure and analyzes it with,
The ASCE 7-02 Method 2, the Analytical Method for buildings smaller than 60 feet in
height.
The structure chosen is a warehouse-office building in downtown Tampa. Its
dimensions are 100 feet long by 50 feet wide by 20 feet tall.
A drawing is shown on slide #3 depicting the location of all the windows and doors.
The location of these windows and doors are either in the field (or internal) zones or
in the end (or external) zones.
The analysis consists of finding all pressures affecting every part of this structure that
come from all four directions.
Finally, when all the pressures have been calculated, the engineer will choose the
largest positive pressure and the largest negative pressure for the design of the
building.
The basic formula used to compute the wind design pressure p that is applied to a
structure or a portion of a structure is,
p = 0.00256 K z K zt K dV I
2
) (GC ) (GC )
p
pi
A constant / Table 6-3 pg 75 / Figure 6-4 pg 47+48 / Table 6-4 pg 76 / Table 6-1 pg 73
The wind velocity comes from County maps in lieu of Fig 6-1b pg 73
A constant = 0.85 or Equation 6-4 pg 30 / Fig 6-6 to 6-8 pg 50-53 / Fig 6-5 pg 49
This formula is performed upon 10 different zones of the structure in 4 different wind
directions for both the transverse and the buildings longitudinal directions. The
analysis is also performed for both the MWFRS and C&C. Therefore, there are a total
of 160 calculated pressures. From these, the engineer will choose the largest positive and
negative pressures for the final design.
p = 0.00256 K z K zt K dV I
2
) ( factor )
The wind exposure category coefficient Kz shall be taken from ASCE 7-02, Section 6,
page 75, Table 6-3. The Exposure Category is discussed in ASCE 6.5.6, pages 28 and
29.
6.5.6 Exposure. For each wind direction considered, an exposure category that adequately
reflects the characteristics of ground roughness and surface irregularities shall be
determined for the site at which the building or structure is to be constructed. Account shall
be taken of variations in ground surface roughness that arises from natural topography and
vegetation as well as constructed features.
6.5.6.1 Wind Directions and Sectors. For each selected wind direction at which the wind
loads are to be evaluated, the exposure of the building or structure shall be determined
for the two upwind sectors extending 45 degrees either side of the selected wind direction.
The exposures in these two sectors shall be determined in accordance with Sections 6.5.6.2
and 6.5.6.3 and the exposure resulting in the highest wind loads shall be used to represent
the winds from that direction.
6.5.6.2 Surface Roughness Categories. A ground surface roughness within each 45-degree
sector shall be determined for a distance upwind of the site as defined in Section 6.5.6.3
from the categories defined below, for the purpose of assigning an exposure category as
defined in Section 6.5.6.3.
This Example
Surface Roughness B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas or other terrain with
numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family dwellings or larger.
Surface Roughness C: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally
less than 30 ft (9.1 m). This category includes flat open country, grasslands, and all water
surfaces in hurricane-prone regions.
Surface Roughness D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces outside hurricane-prone
regions. This category includes smooth mud flats, salt flats, and unbroken ice.
This Example
Kh=Kz=0.70
where Kzt is the Topographic Factor, and is applied to structures sitting on hills, ridges
and escarpments (ASCE 7-02, Section 6.5.7, pages 29 and 30). This topographic factor
is required when,
1. The hill, ridge, or escarpment is isolated and unobstructed upwind by other similar
topographic features of comparable height for 100 times the height of the topographic
feature (100 H) or 2 miles (3.22 km), whichever is less. This distance shall be measured
horizontally from the point at which the height H of the hill, ridge, or escarpment
is determined;
2. The hill, ridge, or escarpment protrudes above the height of upwind terrain features
within a 2-mile (3.22-km) radius in any quadrant by a factor of two or more;
3. The structure is located as shown in Figure 6-4 in the upper half of a hill or ridge or near
the crest of an escarpment;
4. H / Lh
0.2; and
5. H is greater than or equal to 15 feet (4.5 m) for Exposures C and D and 60 feet (18 m)
for Exposure B.
This Example #1.
When not required, use Kzt = 1.0.
where Kd is the Wind Directionality Factor, and is only applied when used in
conjunction with load combinations specified in Sections 2.3 and 2.4 (pages 5 and 6 of
ASCE 7-02, Section 6.5.4.4, page 28).
The load combinations can be, for example,
- Live load + wind, or
- Dead load + wind, or
- Snow + wind, etc, etc.
The Wind Directionality Factor is obtained from ASCE Table 6-4, page 76:
This Example:
Kd = 0.85
for both MWFRS
and C&C.
where V is the Basic Wind Speed, and is assumed to come from any direction and can
be obtained from local data (ASCE 7-02, Section 6.5.4, page 28).
Within the State of Florida the wind speeds are obtained from the local county
where the project is located through the countys wind maps, through,
www.dca.state.fl.us/fbc/maps/2_maps.htm
Some counties allow interpolation between wind speed lines, whilst others do not.
To obtain a wind map of this specific example in downtown Tampa (Hillsborough
County), use this address,
www.dca.state.fl.us/fbc/index_page/maps/county_maps/hillsborough2.pdf
where I is the Importance Factor, and is based on the use of the structure as well
as the Nature of Occupancy (ASCE 7-02, Section 6.5.5, page 28).
V = 120 mph
Category II
This Example:
I = 1.0
Thus, the raw wind pressure (also known as qz, the velocity pressure) is,
This raw wind pressure now needs to be modified by the internal and external
pressure coefficients (the factor) in order to determine what is the actual
pressure that is going to be applied at different points of the structure.
WIND
An unbreached house is subjected to positive and negative pressures from the external
wind.
WIND
When the house is breached (a broken window, or a door that loses its latch, etc) the
wind entering the house will quickly increase the loads on the remaining windows,
doors and roof until they too, fail.
WIND
The pressure coefficients will add pressure on some walls and roof (see the wind
effect upon the right side wall and roof) and subtract on others. The analysis searches
for the largest positive and negative pressures on the structure.
Now the raw pressure (also known as qz, the velocity pressure) must be modified
by the pressure coefficients,
(GC ) (GC )
p = ( 21.9 psf ) ( GC ) ( GC )
p = qZ
pi
pi
where GCpi is the Internal Pressure Coefficient and is based on the Building
Enclosure Classification (ASCE 07-2, Section 6.5.11.1, page 31).
What is the wind pressure doing internally? How does the wind affect an Enclosed
Building, which is the case for this example?
Even enclosed buildings have cracks around the doors and the windows, so that the
building breaths and feels a portion of the raw pressure.
Building, enclosed: A building that does not comply with the requirements for open or
partially enclosed buildings.
This Example.
This Example:
The distance a of the end zones corresponds to the Components and Cladding case:
In summary,
This Example:
a = 0.10L
= 0.10B
= 0.40h
a = 0.04L
= 0.04B
= 3 feet
therefore a = 5 feet
An expanded view of the ten (10) zones of a building under a Transverse A loading:
The calculations of GCpf for the MWFRS case involve these ten (10) zones; notice
the values given in the Table for our Example #1s flat roof ( = 0):
This Example: a flat roof.
This line of coefficients are now used to calculate the pressures shown on the spreadsheet shown on the next slide.
The design pressures for the MWFRS at all ten zones for a Transverse A are:
Building
Velocity pressure
zone
qz
21.9 psf
GCpf
Design pressures
Using +GCpi
Using -GCpi
0.40
4.82
12.70
21.9 psf
-0.69
-19.10
-11.20
21.9 psf
-0.37
-12.00
-4.20
21.9 psf
-0.29
-10.30
-2.40
21.9 psf
-0.45
-13.80
-5.90
21.9 psf
-0.45
-13.80
-5.90
1E
21.9 psf
0.61
9.40
17.30
2E
21.9 psf
-1.07
-27.40
-19.50
3E
21.9 psf
-0.53
-15.50
-7.70
4E
21.9 psf
-0.43
-13.40
-5.50
Consider the first line of calculations for the buildings zone #1,
The ten zones for the Transverse A can now be shown with their calculated design
pressures:
-13.80 psf
-10.30 psf
-15.50 psf
-13.40 psf
-12.00 psf
-19.10 psf
-27.40 psf
+12.70 psf
-13.80 psf
+17.30 psf
Wind direction
Consider now, what would happen to the design pressures if the roof had a small
pitch of = 20 (which corresponds roughly to a pitch of 5:12),
This new variant of Example #1 with
= 20,
Notice the slight increase in pressure due to the increase in the roofs pitch, although
zone #2E has not changed,
Building
Velocity Pressure
zone
qz
21.9 psf
GCpf
Design pressures
positive
negative
0.53
7.70
15.50
21.9 psf
-0.69
-19.10
-11.20
21.9 psf
-0.48
-14.50
-6.60
21.9 psf
-0.43
-13.40
-5.50
21.9 psf
-0.45
-13.80
-5.90
21.9 psf
-0.45
-13.80
-5.90
1E
21.9 psf
0.80
13.60
21.50
2E
21.9 psf
-1.07
-27.40
-19.50
3E
21.9 psf
-0.69
-19.10
-11.20
4E
21.9 psf
-0.64
-18.00
-10.10
The main wind force resisting system (MWFRS) design pressures just found are used
as the lateral forces upon the structural skeleton frame of the building, such as the
steel frame, the reinforced concrete columns, beams and slabs, shear walls, etc.
The design pressures from the MWFRS portion are applied to the columns and beams
through the use of the tributary areas. For example, if the columns are spaced at 30foot intervals, and the floor-to-floor height is 10-feet, the tributary area is 10 x 30 =
300 SF multiplied by the largest positive or negative design pressures found in the two
previous tables.
Now we will calculate the design pressures for the Components and Claddings (C&C).
The components and cladding are, for example, the roof coverings, wall coverings,
awnings, canopies, etc, anything that is not affected by the internal pressure GCpi = 0.
These C&C external pressures are applied to single components, a stand-alone (one
canopy, one door, etc) and are a function of the surface effective area of that
component. The smaller the effective area, the more intense the pressure, versus, the
larger the effective area, the pressure becomes smaller, etc.
In the ASCE Method 1: The Simplified Method (Lecture 05) these two separate
procedures (MWFRS and C&C) are united into a single procedure.
Consider now the External Pressure Coefficients for C&C (ASCE 7-02, Figures 6-1a
and 6-1b, pages 57 and 58):
Wall coefficients
Consider the External Pressure Coefficients for a wall component that has an area of
only 10 square feet:
The design pressures for a C&C of only 10 SF of wall effective area are,
Building
Velocity Pressure
zone
qz
4(+)
21.9 psf
4(-)
GCpf
Design pressures
Using +GCpi
Using -GCpi
-1.10
-25.20
-18.10
21.9 psf
1.00
16.20
23.20
5(+)
21.9 psf
-1.40
-31.10
-24.00
5(-)
21.9 psf
1.00
16.20
23.30
Now what happens when the components area is increased to 100 square feet?
Building
Velocity Pressure
zone
qz
4(+)
21.9 psf
4(-)
GCpf
Design pressures
Using +GCpi
Using -GCpi
-0.95
-22.30
-15.20
21.9 psf
0.80
12.20
19.30
5(+)
21.9 psf
-1.05
-24.20
-17.10
5(-)
21.9 psf
-0.80
12.20
19.30
Similarly, for a roof effective area of only 10 square feet, the coefficients are,
Velocity Pressure
zone
qz
1(+)
21.9 psf
1(-)
GCpf
Design pressures
Using +GCpi
Using -GCpi
0.30
2.60
10.50
21.9 psf
-1.00
-25.80
-18.00
2(+)
21.9 psf
0.30
2.60
10.50
2(-)
21.9 psf
-1.80
-43.40
-35.50
3(+)
21.9 psf
0.30
2.60
10.50
3(-)
21.9 psf
-2.80
-65.30
-57.40
Contrast the high pressures on a roof component 10 SF with the same component
that is 100 SF,
Notice the drop in design pressures for this case of a 100 SF roof component,
Building
Velocity Pressure
zone
qz
1(+)
21.9 psf
1(-)
GCpf
Design pressures
Using +GCpi
Using -GCpi
0.20
0.40
8.30
21.9 psf
-0.90
23.70
-15.80
2(+)
21.9 psf
0.20
0.40
8.30
2(-)
21.9 psf
-1.10
-28.00
-20.10
3(+)
21.9 psf
0.20
0.40
8.30
3(-)
21.9 psf
-1.10
-28.00
-20.10
References.
1. American Society of Civil Engineers, Publication ASCE 7-02, Minimum
Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, Washington DC, 2002;
2. W. C. Bracken PE, Wind Load Design, Florida Engineering Society,
Tallahassee, 2007;
3. K.C. Mehta, J.M Delahey, Guide to the Use of the Wind Load Provisions of
ASCE 7-02 ASCE Press, Washington DC, 2003.