Professional Documents
Culture Documents
To:
December 5, 2007
Final Report
for
December 5, 2007
Prepared for:
Prepared by Battelle:
Stephen Ricci
Sherwood Talbert
Darrell Paul
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 APPROACH ............................................................................................................................. 1
3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................... 2
4.0 CFD ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................... 2
4.1 Model Setup and Boundary Conditions.............................................................................. 4
4.2 Method of Analyzing the Results ....................................................................................... 5
4.3 Discussion of Results of Cases Initially Agreed Upon....................................................... 6
4.3.1 Effect of House Separation Distance ......................................................................... 7
4.3.2 Effect of Outdoor Temperature.................................................................................. 7
4.3.3 Effect of Vent Terminal Design................................................................................. 8
4.3.4 Effect of Wind Speed and Direction.......................................................................... 8
4.4 Discussion of Results of Two Final Cases.......................................................................... 9
5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................................................ 14
6.0 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 15
APPENDIX A: Final Presentation Delivered to Technical Review Committee Sept 6, 2007
1.0 Introduction
The objective of this work was to assess the effects of sidewall venting of flue gas from a highefficiency, natural gas appliance in the presence of a neighboring home. The National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA) and the American Gas Association (AGA) cosponsored this
study as an initial attempt to identify basic criteria related to the dispersion of sidewall-vented
flue gas between neighboring houses. For this study, Battelle proposed to perform a review of
the literature for information on issues related to sidewall venting and a computational fluid
dynamics (CFD) modeling study to investigate the effects of important parameters, such as the
spacing between houses, wind direction, and vent terminal design.
2.0 Approach
A technical review committee, comprised of representatives of NFPA member companies and
AGA, was assembled to guide the project and evaluate the results. Initial discussions between
Battelle and the review committee were held to establish consensus on a detailed scope of work
for this study, taking into account the funds available and the desired outcomes. With respect to
the CFD study, there is a vast array of parameters that are, or could be, important in determining
how flue gas will disperse in the real world and what the limits might be for safe and problemfree venting. The input rating, excess air, and efficiency of the appliance determine the flow
rate, temperature, and composition of the flue gas. The design and location of the sidewall vent
terminal has an important influence on how the gas will disperse. The spacing between the
houses is critical, as one can reasonably expect that there is some separation distance below
which dispersion would be restricted. Wind speed and direction are also important, as well as
the outdoor ambient temperature. The topology in the vicinity of the houses, and the presence of
barriers such as nearby buildings, trees, and hills could also have a substantial impact on the
dispersion of flue gas. To investigate the effects of all of these important parameters would
involve an exhaustive and costly modeling study and would require more funding than was
available for this work. The fundamental objective of this study was to take a first step toward
understanding the physics and to gather insight as to the factors that may be important in
generating guidelines or codes for sidewall venting.
It was decided in those initial discussions to select a typical Category IV appliance with a 100
kBtu/hr input rating operating with 40 percent excess combustion air. Such an appliance,
assuming roughly 92 percent efficiency, would produce a flue gas with a flow rate of 23 acfm
and a temperature of 115 F. Two identical houses, each 36 ft wide, 25 ft on the sides, 20 ft high
to the bottom of the roof, and with a peak height of 28 ft were used. Two house separation
distances, 5 ft and 10 ft, were decided upon. The vent would be located one foot from the
ground, centered horizontally, and protrude 1 foot from the face of the house with the vent. The
vent would be 2 inches in diameter and have two terminal designs, one with no terminal
(straight vent) and one with a 6-inch diameter plate facing the vent outlet to force a radial
dispersion of flue gas as it exits the vent (radial vent). Winter (0 F) and summer (75 F) outdoor
temperatures would be investigated, with no wind and a 7 mph wind blowing perpendicular to
the houses and parallel (between) the houses. This agreed-upon set of parameters resulted in the
1
eleven initial CFD cases. The definition of two additional cases was held in reserve to allow for
investigation of questions or opportunities that might arise from the results of the initiallydefined set of cases. Table 2-1 lists all of the CFD cases run in this study. Cases 12 and 13,
which are highlighted in Table 2-1, are the two additional cases that were defined after
completion of the first eleven. The rationale for selecting those cases is discussed later in the
report.
Case
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Wind Speed
(mph)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
7
0
0
Several variations of this concept are currently in use in Europe, including a U-shaped vent with
both openings above the roof. Vent gases are discharged into one leg of the manifold, and the
other leg is used to supply combustion air to the appliance. These configurations, allow sidewall
venting to take place between buildings that are right next to each other because the manifold
discharges the vent gases above the roofline.
Between 1999 and 2002, Battelle examined the minimum clearance distances between sidewall
vented gas appliances and adjacent building openings along the same wall as the sidewall vent
(Refs. 3 and 4). Dr. James Reuther used analytical expressions for gas jet dispersion to estimate
dilution factors for vent gases being discharged horizontally from the side of a building. His
results show that for a straight out discharge of a sidewall vent, the minimum separation distance
could be less than one foot between the vent outlet and any of the same building openings, and
still provides adequate dilution to the vent gases to alleviate safety concerns for the occupants of
the building. However, his study did not include the effects of wind on the vent discharge, the
effect of different types of vent terminals, or the influence of adjacent buildings or structures on
plume dispersion.
In 2006 and 2007, Battelle conducted a study for the Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association
on the minimum separation distance between sidewall vents and adjacent building openings in
which wind effects and different types of vent terminals were examined. This study used
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models to compute plume dispersion and dilution factors
which include the effects of different wind speeds and directions, different types of vent
terminals, different input ratings of appliances, and vent terminal height above grade. This study
showed that the minimum separation distances between the vent discharge and the same wall
openings currently in the NFGC could probably be reduced if the industry could agree on a
reasonable dilution factor for the vent gases. The GAMA study did not calculate dilution factors
for adjacent buildings located in the vicinity of the sidewall vent.
The results of the CFD analyses were presented to the technical review committee via a livemeeting presentation on September 6, 2007. The presentation that was used for that live meeting
is incorporated into this report as Appendix A. The discussion here will focus on the overall
effects noted from the analysis results and will refer to the figures and plots in the presentation
when appropriate. The reader is referred to Appendix A for explanation and discussion of caseby-case results.
Note: In the discussion that follows, House 1 refers to the house with the vent and House 2
refers to the neighboring house.
The boundary condition set at the vent outlet, where the venting gas enters the fluid domain,
depends on the appliance being modeled. The input rating, excess combustion air, and efficiency
of the appliance determine the flow rate, composition, and temperature at the outlet of the vent.
In this study, the appliance was fixed at 100 kBtu/hr, 40 percent excess air, and 92 percent
efficiency, resulting in a constant flow rate and temperature of 23 acfm and 115 F, respectively.
The velocity of flue gas through a two-inch vent, at a volumetric flow rate of 23 acfm, is 6.1 m/s
(20 ft/s).
The concentration of carbon dioxide and water vapor, in the flue gas are certainly important
variables in these analyses and can be computed from combustion calculations using the fuel
composition, excess air, and their associated temperatures. There is however, a degree of
complexity to modeling the flue gas as a multi-component gas in the CFD simulation. In order
to track the concentration of each component of the flue gas through the fluid domain
surrounding the house, the multi-component diffusion coefficient of each component would need
to be known or calculated. We have found from experience that the uncertainties in performing
the multi-component calculations do not warrant the added complexity and computational cost.
In similar analyses on past projects, we have chosen to model the flue gas as a single component,
which well call flue gas, with a representative diffusion coefficient in air and an ideal-gas
density based on the temperature. The mass fraction of flue gas, by definition, has a value of one
at the vent outlet. By tracking the concentration of flue gas in the domain surrounding the house,
the model computes the degree to which the flue gas is diluted by the outside air at every point in
the domain. The concentration of a given component, such as carbon dioxide, at every point in
the domain can then be estimated with reasonable accuracy by assuming a concentration at the
vent outlet and multiplying by the normalized concentration from the CFD calculation. In other
words, modeling the flue gas as a single-component gas with a maximum concentration at the
vent outlet, which is defined as one, normalizes the concentration profile in the domain. It
assumes that the concentration of any component of the flue gas is dispersed and diluted by the
same amount as the flue gas itself.
The contour plots in the presentation shown in Appendix A show the normalized concentration
of flue gas. The plots are scaled by color, from blue to red, with blue representing the lowest
concentration and red representing the highest concentration. The scale is from a normalized
concentration (or mole fraction) of 0.001 (dilution factor 1000 on the blue end) to 0.2 (dilution
factor 5 on the red end), and is the same in all of the plots. Setting low and high limits for the
contour plots allows for a view of the shape and trajectory of the plumes. There is no color in
the plots where the concentration is outside the limits. In other words, at positions outside the
edge of the plumes shown in the contour plots, the normalized concentration is below 0.001 and
the dilution factor is greater than 1000.
Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Vent
Radial
Radial
Radial
Radial
2" Straight
2" Straight
2" Straight
2" Straight
2" Straight
2" Straight
2" Straight
45o Down
3" Straight
Bldg.
Sep.
(ft)
5
5
10
10
5
5
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
Max
Max
Max
Max
Wind Amb
Min
Conc X Conc Y
Min
Wind Speed Temp Conc X Conc Y
(F) Pos (ft) Pos (ft) Max Conc Dilution Pos (ft) Pos (ft) Max Conc Dilution
(mph)
Dir
NA
0
0
0.15
7.25 8.00E-02
13
-0.05
19.50 1.15E-03
869
NA
0
75
-0.08
7.40 1.17E-01
9
0.45
19.73 1.62E-03
616
NA
0
0
-0.15
7.25 7.55E-02
13
-0.49
17.76 3.29E-06 304,300
NA
0
75
-0.15
7.25 1.04E-01
10
0.03
14.99 6.40E-06 156,200
NA
0
0
2.01
19.63 1.61E-03
622
-0.46
1.53 8.46E-02
12
NA
0
75
4.39
19.74 4.55E-03
220
0.32
1.07 9.91E-02
10
NA
0
0
-0.17
19.57 2.41E-04
4,145
0.15
10.14 2.05E-02
49
NA
0
75
0.59
7.20 3.18E-05
31,420
-0.06
2.30 5.93E-02
17
East
7
75
17.85
0.82 6.68E-03
150
17.39
2.08 9.40E-04
1,064
North
7
75
-2.28
7.48 2.63E-02
38
-2.38
1.51 6.60E-02
15
South
7
75
3.66
17.48 8.57E-03
117
0.32
1.07 7.20E-02
14
NA
0
0
-0.50
19.82 1.77E-03
564
0.49
0.28 1.20E-01
8
NA
0
0
0.97
19.59 1.23E-03
813
0.31
3.53 8.48E-02
12
Figures 4-3 and 4-4 show plots of minimum dilution factor versus outdoor temperature, without
wind, for Houses 1 and 2, respectively. As discussed previously, outdoor temperature
determines the rate of buoyancy or rise. When the outdoor temperature is cooler, the flue gas
will rise more rapidly. Both plots show that temperature has a relatively small effect on dilution
at the surface of either house. All of the plots thus far indicate that the dilution factors are
governed more by vent design than by temperature. The effect of vent design is discussed in the
next section.
north and south wind cases are similar, but the dilution factor on House 1 is decreased compared
to the case with no wind, and the dilution factor on House 2 is slightly increased compared to the
case with no wind. Generally speaking, the turbulence that is created between the houses as a
result of wind perpendicular to the houses tends to mix and disperse the flue gas. As a result, it
reaches the surface of House 1 at a slightly higher concentration, and House 2 at a lower
concentration, than it would without wind.
log(Dmin)
1.E+05
1.E+04
1.E+03
1.E+02
1.E+01
1.E+00
4
10
11
Radial Vent @ T = 75 F
Figure 4-1. Effect of house separation distance on the minimum dilution factor for House 1.
log(Dmin)
1.E+05
1.E+04
1.E+03
1.E+02
1.E+01
1.E+00
4
10
11
Radial Vent @ T = 75
Figure 4-2. Effect of house separation distance on the minimum dilution factor for House 2.
10
log(Dmin)
1.E+05
1.E+04
1.E+03
1.E+02
1.E+01
1.E+00
0
15
30
45
60
75
Figure 4-3. Effect of outdoor temperature on the minimum dilution factor for House 1.
log(Dmin)
1.E+05
1.E+04
1.E+03
1.E+02
1.E+01
1.E+00
0
15
30
45
60
75
Figure 4-4. Effect of outdoor temperature on the minimum dilution factor for House 2.
11
log(Dmin)
1.E+05
1.E+04
1.E+03
1.E+02
1.E+01
1.E+00
Radial
2" Straight
Vent Type
Sep = 5 ft @ T = 0 F
Sep = 10 ft @ T = 0 F
Sep = 5 ft @ T = 75 F
Sep = 10 ft @ T = 75 F
Figure 4-5. Effect of vent terminal design on the minimum dilution factor for House 1.
log(Dmin)
1.E+05
1.E+04
1.E+03
1.E+02
1.E+01
1.E+00
Radial
2" Straight
Vent Type
Sep = 5 ft @ T = 0 F
Sep = 10 ft @ T = 0 F
Sep = 5 ft @ T = 75 F
Sep = 10 ft @ T = 75 F
Figure 4-6. Effect of vent terminal design on the minimum dilution factor for House 2.
12
1.E+06
1.E+05
House 1 (vent)
House 2
log(Dmin)
1.E+04
1.E+03
1.E+02
1.E+01
1.E+00
East Wind
North Wind
South Wind
No Wind
Figure 4-7. Effect of wind on the minimum dilution factor for both houses.
13
1.E+06
1.E+05
House 1 (vent)
House 2
log(Dmin)
1.E+04
1.E+03
1.E+02
1.E+01
1.E+00
Radial Vent
2" Straight
45 Down
3" Straight
Figure 4-8. Effect of vent terminal design on the minimum dilution factor for both houses.
5.0 Recommendations
This work takes the first steps toward understanding the physics and identifying the important
factors in sidewall venting of gas appliances between buildings. It provides an initial foundation
for building a sound technical basis for establishing codes and guidelines. Fluid dynamics
modeling by itself is rarely sufficient for answering important real-world questions, particularly
when those questions relate to safety, potential damage to property, or the success or failure of
commercial products. To move forward, it will be important to establish the validity of these
results, and to extend the modeling analyses to more real-world conditions.
There are a number of ways that one might consider to accomplish the necessary validation,
extend the modeling, and move toward a more detailed, comprehensive and technically sound
justification for sidewall venting guidelines. It is possible to conduct experimental studies using
a controlled environment, an appliance or set of appliances, and by constructing walls and/or
inexpensive buildings. It would be possible then to visualize the plumes under various
conditions and measure plume dispersion using tracer gas. CFD models of the experiments
could be conducted in parallel to validate the models and refine the modeling procedures. An
experimental study such as this, while valuable, could be costly.
Another approach would be for the industry participants to note field cases where sidewall
venting between houses resulted in problems such as ice buildup or infiltration of vent gases. If
the industry participants were to note the conditions in the problem cases, such as appliance
details, vent design, house separation, outdoor temperature, etc., then Battelle could use that
14
6.0 References
1. Rutz, A. L. ; Paul, D. D. ; DeWerth, D. W. ; Borgeson, R. A.; GRI's Venting Research
Program: Activities at Battelle and A.G.A. Laboratories (1988-1994), Final Report No.:
GRI-94/0371, Gas Research Institute, October 1994.
2. Barrett, R. E.; Venting Gas-Fired Appliances in Multistory Buildings: A Review of the State
of the Art, Gas Research Institute Report No. GRI-92/0529, June 1992.
3. Reuther, J.; Leslie, N.; Hemphill, R.; Justification for Sidewall Vent -Terminal Locations
for Gas Appliances, 50th Proceeding of the International Appliance Technology Conference,
P: 231-242, IATC, 1999.
4. Reuther, J. J.; Hemphill, R.; Vent - terminal locations as related to air infiltration and indoor
air quality, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning, ASHRAE
Transactions, v 108, n 1, p 563-571, 2002.
5. Paul, D.; Ricci, S.; Talbert, S.; and Reuther, J.; Minimum Clearances for Sidewall Venting
of Gas-Fired Appliances, Gas Appliance Manufacturers Association, Final Report prepared by
Battelle, April 2007.
15
Appendix A
Presentation of CFD Results Delivered to the Technical Review Committee
16
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
17
13 Cases Run
Vent Type
House
Separation (ft)
Radial
Radial
Radial
Radial
Straight
Straight
Straight
Straight
Straight
Straight
Straight
45 Down
3 Straight
5
5
10
10
5
5
10
10
5
5
5
5
5
Outdoor
Temp. (F)
0
75
0
75
0
75
0
75
75
75
75
0
0
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
7
0
0
3
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Conclusions
General effect of vent terminal design
Radial vent design protects House 2 and keeps the plume near House 1.
Straight vent design protects House 1 and transports the plume to House 2.
Worst case dilution factors in this study were on the order of 10.
Any wind increases dilution and dispersion of the plume. The effect of
wind normal to the two houses in both directions is similar. Wind parallel
to the houses sweeps the flue gas away.
The influence of wind at a building separation of 10 ft was not modeled in
this study.
There is an opportunity to design a new vent terminal to achieve sufficient
plume dispersion, perhaps even at building separations of 5 feet.
Experimental studies to visualize plumes, measure dilution, and validate
models could be useful for engineering practical strategies for sidewall
venting between buildings.
BUSINESS SENSITIVE
29
25