Chap 016

Chapter 16
Nonparametric Tests
True / False Questions

1. Nonparametric tests can often be used in small samples.
True
False
2. Nonparametric tests may require special tables for small samples.

True
False
3. Nonparametric tests generally are more powerful than parametric tests

when normality cannot be assumed.
True
False
4. Parametric tests generally are more powerful than nonparametric tests

when normality can be assumed.
True
False
5. Rejection of a hypothesis using a nonparametric test is less convincing

than using an equivalent parametric test since nonparametric tests
generally make fewer assumptions.
True
False
6. Rejection of a hypothesis using a nonparametric test is more

convincing than using an equivalent parametric test when the data are
badly skewed.
True
False
7. If the population is normal, we would still prefer a nonparametric test.

True
False
8. Most nonparametric tests assume ordinal data.

True
False
9. Most nonparametric tests require data measured on a ratio scale.

True
False
10 The one-sample runs test compares medians of two or more groups.

.
True False
11 The one-sample runs test uses binary data (only two possible values).
.
True False
12 The Spearman rank correlation test compares medians of two paired
. data sets.
True
False
13 The one-sample runs test uses a test statistic that is normally

. distributed, as long as the number of runs of each type is large
enough.
True
False
14 The one-sample runs test is useful to detect nonrandom patterns in

. time-series data.
True
False
15 The one-sample runs test is similar to a test for autocorrelation.

.
True False
16 The one-sample runs test is also called the Wald-Wolfowitz test after its
. inventors.
True
False
17 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is useful to compare one sample median

. with a benchmark.
True
False
18 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is useful to compare more than two

. sample medians.
True
False
19 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is analogous to a one-sample parametric

. test of a mean.
True
False
20 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is analogous to a parametric two-sample

. t-test of means from independent samples.
True
False
21 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is analogous to a parametric t-test

. comparing three or more medians.
True
False
22 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is robust to outliers in the data if the

. population is at least somewhat symmetric.
True
False
23 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test does not assume a normal population,

. but it does require a roughly symmetric population.
True
False
24 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is less powerful than a one-sample test

. of a mean when the population is actually normal.
True
False
25 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test has good power over a range of

. nonnormal populations.
True
False
26 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is an alternative to the one-sample t-test

. for paired observations.
True
False
27 The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) can be used as a test
. for equality of two population medians.
True
False
28 The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) requires two

. independent samples.
True
False
29 The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) can be used even if
. population variances are unequal.
True
False
30 The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) utilizes the ranks of
. two independent samples.
True
False
31 The Mann-Whitney test is sometimes called the "Wilcoxon rank sum

. test" because it was formulated independently by different
statisticians.
True
False
32 We sometimes call the Wilcoxon rank sum test the Mann/Whitney test,
. but the two are the same.
True
False
33 The Mann-Whitney test is analogous to a one-sample t-test comparing

. a mean with a benchmark.
True
False
34 The Kruskal-Wallis test requires c independent samples (where usually

. c > 2).
True
False
35 The Kruskal-Wallis test applies even if the c samples to be compared

. are not independent.
True
False
36 The Kruskal-Wallis test is analogous to the one-sample parametric t. test for a mean.
True
False
37 The Kruskal-Wallis test is analogous to the parametric one-factor

. ANOVA.
True
False
38 The Kruskal-Wallis test does not require normal populations, but it does
. require them to be of similar shape.
True
False
39 The Kruskal-Wallis test is equivalent to comparing medians in c

. groups.
True
False
40 The Kruskal-Wallis test is a test for randomness in sequential data.

.
True False
41 The Kruskal-Wallis test is less useful in finance or marketing because

. normal populations can usually be assumed in financial or marketing
data.
True
False
42 The Kruskal-Wallis test is almost as powerful as one-factor ANOVA even

. when normality can be assumed.
True
False
43 The Friedman test is a nonparametric equivalent to two-factor ANOVA

. without replication.
True
False
44 The Friedman test is a nonparametric equivalent to a parametric one. sample t-test comparing a mean with a benchmark.
True
False
45 The Friedman test requires groups of equal size.

.
True False
46 The Friedman test compares medians when there are two grouping
. factors (rows, columns).
True
False
47 The Friedman test resembles the Kruskal-Wallis test except that there
. are two grouping factors (rows, columns) instead of one grouping
factor (columns).
True
False
48 The Friedman test is often almost as powerful as two-factor ANOVA

. without replication (randomized block design).
True
False
49 Spearman's rank correlation always lies within the range -1.00 to

. +1.00.
True
False
50 Spearman's rank correlation coefficient lies within the range 0 to 1.00

. inclusive.
True
False
51 Spearman's rank correlation is named for a British brewer who was

. testing beer samples.
True
False
52 Spearman's rank correlation is named for a British behavioral

. psychologist who was studying human intelligence.
True
False
53 Spearman's rank correlation is used to measure agreement in rankings

. of paired (x, y) data.
True
False
Multiple Choice Questions

54 All of these are nonparametric tests except:
.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Spearman rank correlation test.

Friedman test.
Student's t-test.
Kruskal-Wallis test.
55 Which nonparametric test is analogous to a parametric two-sample t. test for means?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test
Kruskal-Wallis test
56 Which nonparametric test is analogous to a parametric k-sample test

. for means?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Kruskal-Wallis test
57 Which nonparametric test is used to compare a one-sample median

. with a benchmark?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
58 Which nonparametric test has no parametric counterpart?

.
A.
B.
C.
D.

Spearman rank correlation test
Kruskal-Wallis test
59 Which nonparametric test is analogous to a parametric one-sample t. test for differences in paired data?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
60 Which nonparametric test would we use to compare ratings assigned

. to n pairs of bonds by two different rating agencies, if the bonds are
rated on an ordinal scale (Aaa, Aa, A, Baa, Ba B, etc.)?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
61 Which is not true of the one-sample runs test?

.
A. It is also called the Wald-Wolfowitz test after its inventors.
B. Its purpose is to detect nonrandomness.
C. It cannot be applied to sequential observations.
D. It is similar to a test for autocorrelation.
62 Which nonparametric test is used to detect nonrandomness in
. sequential observations?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
63 Which is a nonparametric test for runs (autocorrelation) in a sequence

. of binary data?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Kruskal-Wallis test
64 Which parametric test resembles the nonparametric Spearman's rank

. test?
A.
B.
C.
D.
t-test of a correlation coefficient

t-test of two sample means
t-test of one sample mean
F-test of variances
65 Which nonparametric test is used to test for agreement in ranks of

. paired data?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Spearman test
Friedman test
Kruskal-Wallis test
66 Twenty customers are randomly chosen and each is given a sample of

. Nut Butter ice cream to taste. The customers rank the taste of the ice
cream on a 10-point scale. Each is then given a sample of Chewy
Gooey ice cream to taste and rank on a 10-point scale. Based on the
20 customers' ratings of each flavor, the research analyst conducting
the survey wishes to determine if one flavor is preferred over the other.
Which nonparametric test would you use to determine if there is a
difference in the ratings?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
67 Which is not a characteristic of the Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney)

. test?
A. It can be used as a test for equality of two population medians.

B. It is analogous to a one-sample t-test comparing a mean with a
benchmark.
C. It requires independent samples from populations with equal
variances.
D. It is similar to one-factor ANOVA when we have c independent
samples.
68 Delta Air Lines wants to determine if the number of no-shows for flights
. originating from Detroit are higher than from Minneapolis. A sample of
20 flights from each city is taken and the number of no-shows is
determined for each flight. Which nonparametric test would you use to
determine whether the number of no-shows is greater in Detroit?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
69 The dean of Oxnard business school wants to know if there is a

. difference in computer skills in four majors (marketing, finance,
operations, accounting). A 20-question skills test is given to 10
randomly chosen students in each major. Which nonparametric test
could be used by the dean to see if there is a difference in computer
skills of students in the various majors?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Wald-Wolfowitz test
Mann-Whitney test
Kruskal-Wallis test
70 Which is not a characteristic of the Kruskal-Wallis test?

.
A.
B.
C.
D.
It is analogous to the parametric one-factor ANOVA.

It does not make any assumptions about the populations.
It is useful in comparing the medians in c groups.
It does not require normal distributions of populations.
71 Individuals in four different age groups are asked to rate, on a scale of

. 1 to 10, three flavors of ice creams. Each group has the same number
of individuals. Median ratings by the individuals are grouped by the
flavor of ice cream and by age group. Which nonparametric test could
be used to see if there is a difference in median ratings among the four
age groups and three flavors?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Friedman test
Mann-Whitney test
Kruskal-Wallis test
72 Which nonparametric test is analogous to a two-factor ANOVA without

. replication?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Friedman test
Mann-Whitney test
Kruskal-Wallis test
73 If there are three or more populations with ordinal data, what is the
. appropriate test to determine whether the distributions are equal?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Friedman test
t-test
ANOVA
Kruskal-Wallis test
74 Hoping to reduce the waiting time, a doctor's office tried a new way of
. scheduling its appointments. Populations of waiting times are believed
to be similar except in central tendency. However, waiting times may
not be normally distributed so a nonparametric test was chosen to
compare the waiting times. The Wilcoxon/Mann-Whitney test results
are shown below:
Which is the best conclusion?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The medians differ at = .01.

The means differ at = .01.
The samples differ at = .01.
There are no differences at = .01.
75 At the Food Barn, children can order from the adult menu (A) or the
. child's menu (C). Below is the pattern of menu orders for 24 children
last Wednesday evening.
A, A, A, A, C, A, A, C, C, C, A, A, A, A, A, A, C, C, C, A, C, C, C, C
Which test would you choose to see if this pattern is random?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Kruskal-Wallis test
Wilcoxon test
76 At the Food Barn, children can order from the adult menu (A) or the
. child's menu (C). Below is the pattern of menu orders for 24 children
Which statement is most accurate?
A. Neither sample size (for outcomes A or C) is large enough for a runs

test using z.
B. Both sample sizes (for outcomes A and C) are large enough for a
runs test using z.
C. Only one outcome has a large enough sample for a runs test using
z.
D. This type of data would not be suited for a runs test using z.
77 A clinic has four doctors. They wish to compare the amount of time
. that doctors spend with their patients. It is suspected that times may
not be normally distributed but are otherwise assumed similar except
in center, so a nonparametric test was chosen. The Kruskal-Wallis test
results are shown below.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The doctors have the same median times at = .01.

The doctors have different median times at = .01.
The sample size is insufficient for this kind of test.
A one-factor ANOVA would be a better kind of test.
78 Returns on an investor's stock portfolio (n = 19 stocks) are compared

. for the same stock in each of two consecutive quarters. Since the
returns are not normally distributed (normality test p-values were .005
and .126 respectively), a nonparametric test was chosen. The test
A.
B.
C.
D.
The means are the same at = .01.

The medians are the same at = .01.
79 Returns on an investor's stock portfolio (n = 19 stocks) are compared

. for the same stock in each of two consecutive quarters. Since the
returns are not normally distributed (normality test p-values were .005
and .126 respectively), a nonparametric test was chosen. The test
A.
B.
C.
D.
The returns are correlated neither at = .05 nor at = .01.

The returns are correlated at = .05 but not at = .01.
The returns are correlated both at = .05 and at = .01.
80 Attendees at an outdoor concert can buy pavilion tickets (A) or lawn

. tickets (B). Below is the output for the one-sample runs to test whether
there is a pattern in 32 consecutive ticket purchases.
The best conclusion at = .05 would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the pattern is random.

there is a difference in medians.
the sample sizes are too small.
the sample sizes must be equal.
81 To compare the cost of three shipping methods, a firm shipped five

. orders to each of four different destinations over a six-month period.
Their total shipping costs are shown below.
Which nonparametric test would you use to compare the median

shipping costs among destinations and among shippers?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Friedman test
Kruskal-Wallis test
Lebesgue-Stieltjes test
82 At the Seymour Clinic, the total number of patients seen by three

. doctors over three days is as follows:

number of patients seen by the doctors on each day?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Wilcoxon test
Kruskal-Wallis test
Anderson-Darling test
Friedman test
83 Systolic blood pressure of randomly selected HMO patients was

. recorded on a particular Wednesday, with the results shown here:
The appropriate hypothesis test to compare the medians is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Wilcoxon test.
Levene's test.
Friedman test.
84 You do not wish to assume normality in the population, yet you wish to
. compare central tendency in c samples. You decide to utilize MegaStat,
whose menu is shown here:
Which menu would you choose?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hypothesis Tests
Nonparametric Tests
Correlation/Regression
Analysis of Variance
85 You do not wish to assume normality in the population, yet you wish to
. compare central tendency in c samples. You decide to utilize MINITAB,
A.
B.
C.
D.
ANOVA
Regression
Nonparametrics
EDA
Chapter 16 Nonparametric Tests Answer Key
True / False Questions

1.
Nonparametric tests can often be used in small samples.

TRUE
Special tables are required, however, when sample sizes are small.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-01 Define nonparametric tests and explain when they may be desirable.
Topic: Why Use Nonparametric Tests?
2.
Nonparametric tests may require special tables for small samples.

TRUE
Special tables (or suitable computer software) will be required for
small samples.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
3.
Nonparametric tests generally are more powerful than parametric

tests when normality cannot be assumed.
TRUE
When justified, parametric tests generally have more power.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 2 Medium
4.
Parametric tests generally are more powerful than nonparametric

tests when normality can be assumed.
TRUE
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
5.
Rejection of a hypothesis using a nonparametric test is less

convincing than using an equivalent parametric test since
nonparametric tests generally make fewer assumptions.
FALSE
Rejection in a nonparametric test is persuasive because fewer
assumptions are made.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
6.
Rejection of a hypothesis using a nonparametric test is more

convincing than using an equivalent parametric test when the data
are badly skewed.
TRUE
Rejection in a nonparametric test is persuasive when normality is in
doubt.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
7.
If the population is normal, we would still prefer a nonparametric

test.
FALSE
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
8.
Most nonparametric tests assume ordinal data.

TRUE
Many nonparametric tests convert ratio or interval data into ranks
(ordinal data).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
9.
Most nonparametric tests require data measured on a ratio scale.

FALSE
Many nonparametric tests convert ratio or interval data into ranks
(ordinal data).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
10.
The one-sample runs test compares medians of two or more groups.

FALSE
The runs test checks for randomness.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-02 Use the one-sample runs test.
Topic: One-Sample Runs Test
11.
The one-sample runs test uses binary data (only two possible
values).
TRUE
Data may be any sequence of two values (e.g., + or -).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
12.
The Spearman rank correlation test compares medians of two paired

data sets.
FALSE
To compare medians we use a Mann-Whitney test (Wilcoxon rank
sum test).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-07 Use the Spearman rank correlation test.
Topic: Spearman Rank Correlation Test
13.
The one-sample runs test uses a test statistic that is normally

distributed, as long as the number of runs of each type is large
enough.
TRUE
As long as we have enough runs of each type, we can use a normal z
test.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
14.
The one-sample runs test is useful to detect nonrandom patterns in

time-series data.
TRUE
Random pattern is essentially the null hypothesis.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
15.
The one-sample runs test is similar to a test for autocorrelation.

TRUE
We can use the runs test to check for autocorrelation in regression
residuals.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
16.
The one-sample runs test is also called the Wald-Wolfowitz test after
its inventors.
TRUE
Wald and Wolfowitz first demonstrated the runs test, so it goes by
either name.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
17.
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is useful to compare one sample

median with a benchmark.
TRUE
The null hypothesis is for one population median versus a target or
benchmark.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 16-03 Use the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.
Topic: Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
18.
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is useful to compare more than two

sample medians.
FALSE
For two medians, we would use the Wilcoxon rank sum test (MannWhitney test).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
19.
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is analogous to a one-sample

parametric test of a mean.
TRUE
The idea is to test a measure of center (in this case, a median)
against a benchmark.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
20.
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is analogous to a parametric twosample t-test of means from independent samples.
FALSE
For two medians, we would use the Wilcoxon rank sum test (MannWhitney test).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
21.
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is analogous to a parametric t-test

comparing three or more medians.
FALSE
The null hypothesis is for one population median versus a target or
benchmark.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
22.
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is robust to outliers in the data if the

population is at least somewhat symmetric.
TRUE
The test does require reasonably symmetric populations.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
23.
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test does not assume a normal population,

but it does require a roughly symmetric population.
TRUE
The test does require reasonably symmetric populations.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
24.
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is less powerful than a one-sample

test of a mean when the population is actually normal.
TRUE
When justified, a t-test of a mean would generally be more powerful.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
25.
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test has good power over a range of

nonnormal populations.
TRUE
Studies show good power when populations are not too skewed.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
26.
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is an alternative to the one-sample ttest for paired observations.
TRUE
One version of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test utilizes paired data.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
27.
The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) can be used as a

test for equality of two population medians.
TRUE
This test for identical populations is a test of medians if variances
are equal.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 16-04 Use the Wilcoxon rank sum test for two samples.
Topic: Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
28.
The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) requires two

independent samples.
TRUE
Samples must be independent.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
29.
The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) can be used even if
population variances are unequal.
FALSE
WMW is a test for identical populations, but it is a test for equal
medians if variances are equal.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
30.
The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) utilizes the ranks of
two independent samples.
TRUE
Raw data in each sample are converted into ranks.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
31.
The Mann-Whitney test is sometimes called the "Wilcoxon rank sum

test" because it was formulated independently by different
statisticians.
TRUE
This test has two names.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
32.
We sometimes call the Wilcoxon rank sum test the Mann/Whitney

test, but the two are the same.
TRUE
This test has two names.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
33.
The Mann-Whitney test is analogous to a one-sample t-test

comparing a mean with a benchmark.
FALSE
The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) compares two
populations.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
34.
The Kruskal-Wallis test requires c independent samples (where

usually c > 2).
TRUE
Kruskal-Wallis compares several populations.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 16-05 Use the Kruskal-Wallis test for c independent samples.
Topic: Kruskal-Wallis Test for Independent Samples
35.
The Kruskal-Wallis test applies even if the c samples to be compared

are not independent.
FALSE
Samples must be independent in the Kruskal-Wallis test.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Understand
36.
The Kruskal-Wallis test is analogous to the one-sample parametric ttest for a mean.
FALSE
Kruskal-Wallis compares several populations.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
37.
The Kruskal-Wallis test is analogous to the parametric one-factor

ANOVA.
TRUE
Kruskal-Wallis compares c population medians (similar to comparing
c means).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
38.
The Kruskal-Wallis test does not require normal populations, but it

does require them to be of similar shape.
TRUE
Kruskal-Wallis is a test for identical populations but becomes a test
for equal medians if population shapes are the same.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
39.
The Kruskal-Wallis test is equivalent to comparing medians in c

groups.
TRUE
Kruskal-Wallis is a test for identical populations, but it becomes a
test for equal medians if population shapes are the same.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
40.
The Kruskal-Wallis test is a test for randomness in sequential data.

FALSE
Kruskal-Wallis compares c population medians. To test for
randomness, you would use a runs test rather than a Kruskal-Wallis
test.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
41.
The Kruskal-Wallis test is less useful in finance or marketing because

normal populations can usually be assumed in financial or marketing
data.
FALSE
Normal populations are rare in many business applications, so the KW test is useful.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
42.
The Kruskal-Wallis test is almost as powerful as one-factor ANOVA

even when normality can be assumed.
TRUE
Studies suggest that the K-W test is about as powerful as the F-test
(ANOVA).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
43.
The Friedman test is a nonparametric equivalent to two-factor

ANOVA without replication.
TRUE
Unreplicated ANOVA data can be tested using the Friedman test.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 16-06 Use the Friedman test for related samples.
Topic: Friedman Test for Related Samples
44.
The Friedman test is a nonparametric equivalent to a parametric

one-sample t-test comparing a mean with a benchmark.
FALSE
The Friedman test is a nonparametric equivalent to two-factor
ANOVA without replication.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
45.
The Friedman test requires groups of equal size.

TRUE
By definition, there must be one observation per cell.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
46.
The Friedman test compares medians when there are two grouping
factors (rows, columns).
TRUE
We can think of the Friedman test as comparing medians if
population shape is similar.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
47.
The Friedman test resembles the Kruskal-Wallis test except that

there are two grouping factors (rows, columns) instead of one
grouping factor (columns).
TRUE
The Friedman test is analogous to unreplicated two-factor ANOVA.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
48.
The Friedman test is often almost as powerful as two-factor ANOVA

without replication (randomized block design).
TRUE
The Friedman test has good power versus two-factor unreplicated
ANOVA.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
49.
Spearman's rank correlation always lies within the range -1.00 to

+1.00.
TRUE
Spearman's rho lies between -1 and +1.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
50.
Spearman's rank correlation coefficient lies within the range 0 to

1.00 inclusive.
FALSE
Spearman's rho lies between -1 and +1.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
51.
Spearman's rank correlation is named for a British brewer who was

testing beer samples.
FALSE
Charles Spearman was a behavioral psychologist.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
52.
Spearman's rank correlation is named for a British behavioral

psychologist who was studying human intelligence.
TRUE
Charles Spearman was a behavioral psychologist studying human
IQs.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
53.
Spearman's rank correlation is used to measure agreement in

rankings of paired (x, y) data.
TRUE
Spearman's rho is similar in this regard to the usual (Pearson)
correlation.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Multiple Choice Questions
54.
All of these are nonparametric tests except:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Spearman rank correlation test.

Friedman test.
Student's t-test.
Student's t-test (Chapter 10) is a parametric test.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
55.
Which nonparametric test is analogous to a parametric two-sample

t-test for means?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
The Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney) test compares medians

(assuming that populations have similar shape).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
56.
Which nonparametric test is analogous to a parametric k-sample test

for means?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Kruskal-Wallis test
The K-W test compares medians (assuming populations have similar

shape).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
57.
Which nonparametric test is used to compare a one-sample median

with a benchmark?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
The Wilcoxon signed-rank test compares a median with a benchmark

or target.
AACSB: Analytic
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58.
Which nonparametric test has no parametric counterpart?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Spearman rank correlation test
Kruskal-Wallis test
The runs test is not quite like any parametric test.

AACSB: Analytic
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Difficulty: 3 Hard
59.
Which nonparametric test is analogous to a parametric one-sample

t-test for differences in paired data?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
One version of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test is for paired data.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
60.
Which nonparametric test would we use to compare ratings assigned

to n pairs of bonds by two different rating agencies, if the bonds are
rated on an ordinal scale (Aaa, Aa, A, Baa, Ba B, etc.)?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
One version of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test is for paired data.

AACSB: Analytic
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61.
Which is not true of the one-sample runs test?
A. It is also called the Wald-Wolfowitz test after its inventors.

B. Its purpose is to detect nonrandomness.
C. It cannot be applied to sequential observations.
D. It is similar to a test for autocorrelation.
The runs test is for randomness in a sequence of two-valued data
(e.g., + and -).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
62.
Which nonparametric test is used to detect nonrandomness in

sequential observations?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test

(e.g., + and -).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
63.
Which is a nonparametric test for runs (autocorrelation) in a

sequence of binary data?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Kruskal-Wallis test

(e.g., + and -).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
64.
Which parametric test resembles the nonparametric Spearman's

rank test?
A.
B.
C.
D.
t-test of a correlation coefficient

t-test of two sample means
t-test of one sample mean
F-test of variances
The t-test of a correlation coefficient can be used to test for zero

correlation.
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Difficulty: 1 Easy
65.
Which nonparametric test is used to test for agreement in ranks of

paired data?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Spearman test
Friedman test
Kruskal-Wallis test
To see if the ranks agree, we could use Spearman's rho.

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Difficulty: 1 Easy
66.
Twenty customers are randomly chosen and each is given a sample

of Nut Butter ice cream to taste. The customers rank the taste of the
ice cream on a 10-point scale. Each is then given a sample of Chewy
Gooey ice cream to taste and rank on a 10-point scale. Based on the
20 customers' ratings of each flavor, the research analyst conducting
the survey wishes to determine if one flavor is preferred over the
other. Which nonparametric test would you use to determine if there
is a difference in the ratings?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
For two independent samples, use the Wilcoxon rank sum test
(Mann-Whitney).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
67.
Which is not a characteristic of the Wilcoxon rank sum (MannWhitney) test?
A. It can be used as a test for equality of two population medians.

B. It is analogous to a one-sample t-test comparing a mean with a
benchmark.
C. It requires independent samples from populations with equal
variances.
D. It is similar to one-factor ANOVA when we have c independent
samples.
The Wilcoxon/Mann-Whitney test uses two samples (not c samples).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
68.
Delta Air Lines wants to determine if the number of no-shows for

flights originating from Detroit are higher than from Minneapolis. A
sample of 20 flights from each city is taken and the number of noshows is determined for each flight. Which nonparametric test would
you use to determine whether the number of no-shows is greater in
Detroit?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Kruskal-Wallis test
For two independent samples, use the Wilcoxon rank sum test
(Mann-Whitney).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
69.
The dean of Oxnard business school wants to know if there is a

difference in computer skills in four majors (marketing, finance,
operations, accounting). A 20-question skills test is given to 10
randomly chosen students in each major. Which nonparametric test
could be used by the dean to see if there is a difference in computer
skills of students in the various majors?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Wald-Wolfowitz test
Mann-Whitney test
Kruskal-Wallis test
Because we have four samples, we would use the K-W test to

compare the medians.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
70.
Which is not a characteristic of the Kruskal-Wallis test?
A.
B.
C.
D.
It is analogous to the parametric one-factor ANOVA.

It does not make any assumptions about the populations.
It is useful in comparing the medians in c groups.
It does not require normal distributions of populations.
The K-W test requires populations of similar shape if we want to

compare medians.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
71.
Individuals in four different age groups are asked to rate, on a scale

of 1 to 10, three flavors of ice creams. Each group has the same
number of individuals. Median ratings by the individuals are grouped
by the flavor of ice cream and by age group. Which nonparametric
test could be used to see if there is a difference in median ratings
among the four age groups and three flavors?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Friedman test
Mann-Whitney test
Kruskal-Wallis test
This is a two-factor comparison using medians, so we would use

Friedman's test.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 3 Hard
72.
Which nonparametric test is analogous to a two-factor ANOVA

without replication?
A.
B.
C.
D.

Friedman test
Mann-Whitney test
Kruskal-Wallis test
Friedman's test uses a two-factor experiment with one observed

median per cell.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
73.
If there are three or more populations with ordinal data, what is the
appropriate test to determine whether the distributions are equal?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Friedman test
t-test
ANOVA
Kruskal-Wallis test
K-W is a test for identical populations (or equal medians, if

populations differ only in center).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
74.
Hoping to reduce the waiting time, a doctor's office tried a new way
of scheduling its appointments. Populations of waiting times are
believed to be similar except in central tendency. However, waiting
times may not be normally distributed so a nonparametric test was
chosen to compare the waiting times. The Wilcoxon/Mann-Whitney
test results are shown below:
A.
B.
C.
D.

The samples differ at = .01.
There are no differences at = .01.
The p-value is less than .01 so we reject equal medians.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
75.
At the Food Barn, children can order from the adult menu (A) or the
child's menu (C). Below is the pattern of menu orders for 24 children
Which test would you choose to see if this pattern is random?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Kruskal-Wallis test
Wilcoxon test
Use the runs test for sequences that indicate a nonrandom pattern.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
76.
At the Food Barn, children can order from the adult menu (A) or the
child's menu (C). Below is the pattern of menu orders for 24 children
Which statement is most accurate?
A. Neither sample size (for outcomes A or C) is large enough for a

runs test using z.
B. Both sample sizes (for outcomes A and C) are large enough for a
runs test using z.
C. Only one outcome has a large enough sample for a runs test using
z.
D. This type of data would not be suited for a runs test using z.
We need 10 runs of each type to assume normality.
AACSB: Analytic
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77.
A clinic has four doctors. They wish to compare the amount of time
that doctors spend with their patients. It is suspected that times may
not be normally distributed but are otherwise assumed similar
except in center, so a nonparametric test was chosen. The KruskalWallis test results are shown below.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The doctors have the same median times at = .01.

The doctors have different median times at = .01.
The sample size is insufficient for this kind of test.
A one-factor ANOVA would be a better kind of test.
The p-value is less than .01.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
78.
Returns on an investor's stock portfolio (n = 19 stocks) are compared

for the same stock in each of two consecutive quarters. Since the
returns are not normally distributed (normality test p-values were .
005 and .126 respectively), a nonparametric test was chosen. The
test results are shown below.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The means are the same at = .01.

The medians are the same at = .01.
The p-value is less than .01.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
79.
Returns on an investor's stock portfolio (n = 19 stocks) are compared

for the same stock in each of two consecutive quarters. Since the
returns are not normally distributed (normality test p-values were .
005 and .126 respectively), a nonparametric test was chosen. The
test results are shown below.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The returns are correlated neither at = .05 nor at = .01.

The returns are correlated both at = .05 and at = .01.
The correlation differs from zero at =.05 and .01 (close decision).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
80.
Attendees at an outdoor concert can buy pavilion tickets (A) or lawn

tickets (B). Below is the output for the one-sample runs to test
whether there is a pattern in 32 consecutive ticket purchases.
The best conclusion at = .05 would be:
A.
B.
C.
D.
the pattern is random.

there is a difference in medians.
the sample sizes are too small.
the sample sizes must be equal.
The p-value is greater than .05 so we cannot reject randomness.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
81.
To compare the cost of three shipping methods, a firm shipped five

orders to each of four different destinations over a six-month period.
Their total shipping costs are shown below.

shipping costs among destinations and among shippers?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Friedman test
Kruskal-Wallis test
Lebesgue-Stieltjes test
Like unreplicated two-factor ANOVA except that data are converted

to ranks.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
82.
At the Seymour Clinic, the total number of patients seen by three

doctors over three days is as follows:

number of patients seen by the doctors on each day?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Wilcoxon test
Kruskal-Wallis test
Anderson-Darling test
Friedman test
Like unreplicated two-factor ANOVA except that data are converted

to ranks.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
83.
Systolic blood pressure of randomly selected HMO patients was

recorded on a particular Wednesday, with the results shown here:
The appropriate hypothesis test to compare the medians is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Wilcoxon test.
Levene's test.
Friedman test.
Like one-factor ANOVA except that data are converted to ranks.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
84.
You do not wish to assume normality in the population, yet you wish
to compare central tendency in c samples. You decide to utilize
MegaStat, whose menu is shown here:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Hypothesis Tests
Nonparametric Tests
Correlation/Regression
Analysis of Variance
We need the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test for c medians.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-08 Use computer software to perform the tests and obtain p-values.
85.
You do not wish to assume normality in the

ANOVA
population, yet you wish to compare central
tendency in c samples. You decide to utilize MINITAB,

A.
B.
C.
D.
Regression
Nonparametrics
EDA
We need the Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test for c medians.

AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Objective: 16-08 Use computer software to perform the tests and obtain p-values.

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Chap 016

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Chapter 16

True / False Questions

2. Nonparametric tests may require special tables for small samples.

3. Nonparametric tests generally are more powerful than parametric tests

4. Parametric tests generally are more powerful than nonparametric tests

5. Rejection of a hypothesis using a nonparametric test is less convincing

6. Rejection of a hypothesis using a nonparametric test is more

7. If the population is normal, we would still prefer a nonparametric test.

8. Most nonparametric tests assume ordinal data.

9. Most nonparametric tests require data measured on a ratio scale.

10 The one-sample runs test compares medians of two or more groups.

13 The one-sample runs test uses a test statistic that is normally

14 The one-sample runs test is useful to detect nonrandom patterns in

15 The one-sample runs test is similar to a test for autocorrelation.

17 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is useful to compare one sample median

18 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is useful to compare more than two

19 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is analogous to a one-sample parametric

20 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is analogous to a parametric two-sample

21 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is analogous to a parametric t-test

22 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is robust to outliers in the data if the

23 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test does not assume a normal population,

24 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is less powerful than a one-sample test

25 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test has good power over a range of

26 The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is an alternative to the one-sample t-test

28 The Wilcoxon rank sum test (Mann-Whitney test) requires two

31 The Mann-Whitney test is sometimes called the "Wilcoxon rank sum

33 The Mann-Whitney test is analogous to a one-sample t-test comparing

34 The Kruskal-Wallis test requires c independent samples (where usually

35 The Kruskal-Wallis test applies even if the c samples to be compared

37 The Kruskal-Wallis test is analogous to the parametric one-factor

39 The Kruskal-Wallis test is equivalent to comparing medians in c

40 The Kruskal-Wallis test is a test for randomness in sequential data.

41 The Kruskal-Wallis test is less useful in finance or marketing because

42 The Kruskal-Wallis test is almost as powerful as one-factor ANOVA even

43 The Friedman test is a nonparametric equivalent to two-factor ANOVA

45 The Friedman test requires groups of equal size.

48 The Friedman test is often almost as powerful as two-factor ANOVA

49 Spearman's rank correlation always lies within the range -1.00 to

50 Spearman's rank correlation coefficient lies within the range 0 to 1.00

51 Spearman's rank correlation is named for a British brewer who was

52 Spearman's rank correlation is named for a British behavioral

53 Spearman's rank correlation is used to measure agreement in rankings

Multiple Choice Questions

Spearman rank correlation test.

55 Which nonparametric test is analogous to a parametric two-sample t. test for means?

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

56 Which nonparametric test is analogous to a parametric k-sample test

57 Which nonparametric test is used to compare a one-sample median

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

58 Which nonparametric test has no parametric counterpart?

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

60 Which nonparametric test would we use to compare ratings assigned

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

61 Which is not true of the one-sample runs test?

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

63 Which is a nonparametric test for runs (autocorrelation) in a sequence

64 Which parametric test resembles the nonparametric Spearman's rank

t-test of a correlation coefficient

65 Which nonparametric test is used to test for agreement in ranks of

66 Twenty customers are randomly chosen and each is given a sample of

Wald-Wolfowitz one-sample runs test

67 Which is not a characteristic of the Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney)