Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43 (2012) 159164

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Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jtice

Synthesis, rheological properties and magnetoviscos effect of Fe2O3/parafn

ferrouids
Hadi Hezaveh a,*, Alireza Fazlali b, Iman Noshadi a
a
b

Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru, 81310 Johor, Malaysia
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran

A R T I C L E I N F O

A B S T R A C T

Article history:
Received 9 March 2011
Received in revised form 10 June 2011
Accepted 11 July 2011
Available online 3 September 2011

In this article, synthesis and rheological behavior of Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles ferrouids in parafn
base as well as their magnetoviscos effects have been investigated. In order to prepare the ferrouids,
ball mill and ultrasonic bath were used. Then rheological behavior of the system was studied using a
standard rotating rheometer. Oleic acid was used to stabilize ferrouids. Also the effect of magnetic eld
on the uid was studied. It is shown that using magnetic eld will cause noticeable increase in viscosity
at constant shear rate. This increase in viscosity, however, is limited to a specic rate of magnetic eld.
Also, a novel correlation for predicting temperature dependency of uid has been presented.
2011 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
Synthesis
Ferrouids
Magnetic nanoparticle
Rheological property
Magnetoviscous effect
Temperature dependency

1. Introduction
Nanouids are uids containing suspended nanoparticles. Choi
[1] for the rst time in 1995 invented the term. Namburu et al. [2],
considering the ow behavior, have shown that CuO nanoparticles
dispersed in the mixture of ethylene glycol and water at
concentration lower than 6.12 vol.%, behave like a Newtonian
uid. Tseng and Lin [3] reported that TiO2 nanoparticle suspensions have revealed pseudoplastic behavior in 512% volume
fraction.
Many models have been developed to predict viscosity of
nanouids. The simplest viscosity correlation has been introduced
by Einstein [4] presented for suspensions with the volume
concentration less than 5% in base uid. Later, Brinkman [5]
proposed a viscosity correlation that extended Einsteins equation
in order to use it for concentrated suspensions. Bicerano et al. [28]
also presented a correlation which relates viscosity and volumetric
suspensions.
Most of models were developed to relate viscosity as a function
of volume fraction only and rarely temperature dependence were
considered. Fluids near to their freezing point have higher viscosity
and relatively low viscosity near boiling point, showing that
viscosity is a strong function of the temperature [2].

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hhadi2@live.utm.my (H. Hezaveh).

White [6] presented a correlation for pure uids between

viscosity and temperature. In his work he presented number of
curve tting constants. For example, for water a = 2.10, b = 4.45
and c = 6.55.
Kulkarni et al. [7] proposed a correlation that discussed
viscosity of copper oxide nanoparticles suspended in water in
the temperature range of 550 8C.
Table 1 shows some of the models presented based on volume
fraction and temperature to predict viscosity of nanouids.
Guo et al. [8] has shown the importance of pH and solids
concentration on the rheological behavior of TiO2 suspensions and
the colloids stability. The same results have been reported for
Al2O3 nanoparticles by Tseng and Wu [9].
In aqueous indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles, rheological
investigations indicate how shear rate effects on the ow behavior.
In the range of 10500 s1, Newtonian behavior for the suspension
but at the higher shear rates shear-thickening response has been
reported [35].
Currently, ferrouids viscosity has become an important issue
of rheology. Magnetic nanoparticles are particles that consist of a
material with ferro- or ferromagnetic manner in its solid bulk form.
It is believed that factors such as pH, surfactants, solid content,
particle size and temperature inuence the viscosity [10].
Effect of magnetic eld in magnetic nanouids (ferrouids) has
also been studied by some researches [1114].
The small size of these nanoparticle changes the magnetic
behavior so that is slightly different from classical ferro- or
ferrimagnetism [15]. Magneto-rheological uid cobalt-based

1876-1070/$ see front matter 2011 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2011.07.003

H. Hezaveh et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43 (2012) 159164

160

Table 1
Convectional models for predicting viscosity of suspensions.
Model

Expression

Description

Einstein [4]

me f f
1 2:5f
mb f
me f f
1

mb f 1  f2:5
me f f
2
3
1 2:5f 6:25f 0f
mb f
me f f
2
1 2:5f 6:5f
mb f
me f f
2
1 hf kH f
mb f
 
 2
ln m
T0
T0
ab
c
T
T
m0

For low concentrations

Brinkman [5]
Lundgren [38]
Batchelor [39]
Bicerano et al. [28]
White [6]

Extended Einsteins equation

Under the form of a Taylor series
Considered the effect of Brownian motion on bulk stress

h is virial coefcient, kH is Huggins coefcient

m0, T0 are reference values. a, b and c are dimensionless curve-t constants

meff is suspension viscosity, mbf is viscosity of base uid and f is volume fraction of particles.

system represents nonlinearity in shear stressshear rate behavior

[37].
It has been cleared that by increasing the magnetic eld
intensity, the viscosity of ferrouid increases [32]. Two key factors
that inuences the rheology of ferrouid are molecular interactions [1618,34] and particle size distribution [33].
According to Bossis et al. [29], ferrouids can be applied in
various areas such as; hydraulic shift gears, pneumatic servo
controller and shock absorbers. As Welch et al. [19] reported in
high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) shear thinning behavior for
mixture of watersolid has been observed. Also, he has proposed a
model based on HIPE on the rheological and shear-thinning
behaviors.
In this study, rheological behavior of Fe2O3 nanoparticles
dispersed in parafn and effect of magnetic ied on rheology of
suspension, has been investigated. Experimental data has been
compared with conventional models. Also a new correlation
relating viscosity to temperature has been developed.
2. Experimental

Fig. 1. Sample of 30% weight fraction used in this experiment.

2.1. Materials
 Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticle powder with average size of
<50 nm, from SigmaAldrich Co.
 Pure liquid parafn as base uid in the synthesis grade.
 Oleic acid (OA) was purchased from Merck Co. and used as
surfactant of nanoparticles in the synthesis grade.
All chemicals in the experiment are used as received.
2.2. Preparation of Fe2O3 samples
In this study, in order to prepare ferrouid, Fe2O3 nanoparticles
in different weight fractions (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%) were
mixed with Oleic acid by 15% weight relative to solid powder and
then milled in ball mill (Pulverisette model, Fritsch Co.) for about
5 h. Ball mill apparatus has a round bowl with approximate
diameter of 15 cm made of agate. This bowl also has 12 balls of
agate which each of them has diameter of 1 cm that can be used for
stirring the suspension using centrifugal force at 12,000 rpm and
for about an hour. This helps uncoated and extra oleic acid to
separate in the suspension (see Fig. 1)
The obtained suspensions by ball mill were completely
homogeneous. Then in order to have a better distribution of
nanoparticles, destroying agglomerations of nanoparticles and
better covering of particles by OA, suspensions were put into
magnetic stirrer and the ultrasonic bath (FRITSCH Ultrasonic,
laborette 17) with the frequencies range of 5060 Hz. After 1 h

intensive sonication, the stable suspensions were obtained. The

ferrouid suspensions had very good stability during the experiments. Fig. 2 shows a sample used in this experiment.
2.3. Rheometer
The rheological and magneto rheological properties of Fe2O3
nanoparticles ferrouids have been measured by a MCR300
Rheometer from Physica Anton Paar GmbH with a special plateplate spindle MRD 180. The various magnetic elds were enforced

Fig. 2. Fe2O3 nanopowder XRD pattern.

H. Hezaveh et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43 (2012) 159164

at horizontal direction relative to the samples during the test.

0.5 ml of each sample was used in the tests.
3. Results and discussion
The X-ray diffraction of Fe2O3 powder is shown in Fig. 2.
According to Scherrers formula, the crystallite size, which was
calculated from the XRD line (3 1 1) broadening is 39 nm. This size
is in agreement with the size mentioned by Aldrich Co. data sheet
(i.e., <50 nm).
3.1. Aggregate size distribution in ferrouids
Fig. 3 displays the hydrodynamic size distribution of the
nanoparticles. As it can be seen, the mean particle size of the
aggregates is about 398 nm, which varies in the range 210
686 nm.
It seems that wide distribution of the hydrodynamic size in the
ferrouid exists. This range of size is higher than what expected. In
the ferrouids, there is a dipoledipole interaction between
individual magnetic particles [16], also this aggregation can be
due to oleic acid molecules that cover the particles and create
bonding on the surface of nanoparticles. Thus, it is possible that the
magnetic particles form aggregates or clusters.

161

existence of yield stress as the transition from a solid-like (high

viscosity) to a liquid-like (low viscosity) state. This phenomenon
happens abruptly over very short range of shear rates [31].
This yield stress can be explained due to the interaction forces
of the nanoparticles as they initially resist against uid motion. So,
in concentrated ferrouids, this interaction forces are stronger and
lead to an initial resistance against uid motion.
The ferrouid seems to have three dimensional structures of
sufcient rigidity to resist any external stress less than yield stress;
however, in concentrations less than 20 wt.%, this rigidity does not
exist. Also the gure reveals nonlinearity in ow curve in
concentrations above 20 wt.% that indicates yield-pseudoplastic
manner of this system. At medium concentrations (10% and 15%
weight fraction) ferrouid behaves in Bingham plastic way. It
means that the shear stress rises nonlinearly with respect to shear
rate at shear rates smaller than 200 s1, whereas this rising
becomes linear for higher shear rates (more than 200 s1).
In order to have a better understanding of behavior of these
uids various rheological models have been tested.
Fig. 5 shows shear thinning behavior of ferrouid. As shear rate
increases, nanoparticles arrange their orientation according to
shearing direction. Furthermore, by increasing the shear rate,
agglomerations that have been created and also initial bonds
existing between the nanoparticles vanishes gradually, and as a
result, viscosity decreases [36].

3.2. Rheological behavior of ferrouids in the absence of magnetic eld

It is evident in Fig. 4 that at higher concentrations there is a
yield stress in ow curve which means that in order uid to ow, it
must exceed this amount. Many researchers in this eld explain

3.2.1. Volume dependency of ferrouids

In the experiment, viscosity of solutions with different volume
fractions in two shear rates (0.1 and 5.99 s1) has been studied. The
results show that for both rates of shear, viscosity increases
nonlinearly with increasing volume fraction. This can be explained
due to more resistance that rises against external force as particles
must move out each other way. Also in higher concentrations,
particles can effect more on continuous phase as they can cause
some immobilizing in continuous phase.
The measured viscosity was also compared with the Einstein
law of viscosity [4], Brinkman [5] and Roscoe [20] models in Fig. 5.
As shown in Fig. 6, these models cannot predict viscosity of the
suspension, efciently. It is believed that for those volume
fractions that relative viscosity is under the amount predicted
by models, uid is not moving and it is still resisting against force
applied.

Fig. 3. The hydrodynamic size distribution of the nanoparticles.

120

100
5% w
15% w
25% w

10% w
20% w
30% w

20% w

15% w

10% w

5% w
10

80

viscosity (Pa.s)

Shear stress (Pa)

100

25% w

60

40

0.1
20

0.01

0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Shear rate (1/s)

Fig. 4. Shear stress vs. shear rate for different volume of Fe2O3 at 25 8C.

0.01

0.1

10

100

shear rate (1/s)

Fig. 5. Shear thinning behavior of nanouid.

1000

10000

H. Hezaveh et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43 (2012) 159164

162

(a)

350
Experimental

300

200

Shear rate= 0.1

Einstein

20

Brinkman

18

Rocsoe

16

150

(shear stress)1/2

e/bf

250

experimental data of 5% w
experimental data of 10% w
experimental data of 20% w
experimental data of 30% w

100
50
0
0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

eff/bf

14
12
10
8
6
4

Volume Fraction

(b)

Casson model for 5% w

Casson model for 10% w
Casson model for 20% w
Casson model for 30% w

Experimental

Einstein

Brinkman

Rocsoe

Sear rate= 5.99

12

15

18

21

24

27

The other model can be used for describing this behavior is

Casson [21] model which is formulated as:

1=2
t 1=2 t 1=2
h0 g 1=2
y

1
0
0.02

0.03

33

Fig. 8. Conformity of nanouid with Casson model.

0.01

30

(shear rate)1/2

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Volume Fraction
Fig. 6. (a) Comparison of conventional models with experimental data in shear
rate = 0.1. (b) Comparison of conventional models with experimental data in shear
rate = 5.99.

3.2.2. Rheological models

One very applicable model is Bingham [30] model which is
given as follow:

t t y h0 g

(1)

where t is shear stress, ty is yield stress, h0 and g viscosity of uid

and shear rate, respectively.
Bingham predictions are shown in Fig. 7. As it can be seen from
the gure, Bingham model has better predictions in lower
concentrations (Bingham plastic region) rather than higher
concentrations.

Exp. data of 5% w
Exp. data of 10% w
Exp. data of 20% w
Exp. data of 30% w

Bingham model for 5% w

Bingham model for 10% w
Bingham model for 20% w
Bingham model for 30% w

(2)

Fig. 8 indicates Casson predication. In comparison to Bingham

model, Casson shows poor predictability for the system. This can
be explained due to nature of the system which is not steady shear
stressshear rate. It is worthwhile to mention that Casson model
reduces to Newtonian behavior at high wall shear stress i.e., when
wall shear stress is much greater than the yield stress [15].
3.2.3. Developing new correlation depended on temperature
Correlations developed by Andrades equation in Reid et al. [22],
Namburu et al. [23], Kulkarni et al. [7], Yaws [24], were tested to t
the experimental data. However, it was found that none of these
correlations t the data signicantly. So, an exponential model was
derived using the LABFIT1 (2009) software to achieve the best
tting correlations of the experimental data.

me f f AeBT

(3)

where, meff is viscosity of the nanouid in Pa s and T is the

temperature in centigrade.
The curve-t parameters A, B and C are characteristics of the
nanouid for the given temperature range (2570 8C). This
correlation ts the data with R2 > 0.94 in this temperature range.
From Fig. 9, it is clear that the viscosity of nanouids decreases
nonlinearly with increase in temperature. However, in temperature range of 4055 8C, viscosity seems to be nearly constant.

140

15
14.5
14

100

Viscosity (Pa.s)

shear stress (Pa)

120

80
60
40

13.5
13
12.5
12
11.5
11

20

10.5
10

0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

shear rate (1/s)

Fig. 7. Conformity of nanouid with Bingham model.

1200

20

30

40

50

60

Temperature (C)
Fig. 9. Viscosity vs. temperature.

70

80

H. Hezaveh et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 43 (2012) 159164

30

Table 2
curve-t parameters for the Fe2O3/parafn system.

H= 0
Temperature 25708 C

A
B
C

13.95
0.24E07
3.774

Viscosity (Pa.s)

Curve-tting parameters

30

Shear Rate = 5 (1/s)

25

Viscosity (Pa.s)

25

H= 0.1

20

H= 0.2

5% Wt
10% Wt

15

H= 0.3
15

H= 0.4
H= 0.5

10

0
0.05

20% Wt

10

25% Wt
30% Wt

5
0
0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

H (kA/m)
Fig. 10. The magnetoviscos effect of concentrations on Fe2O3 ferrouids at constant
shear rate 5 s1.

Table 2 summarizes the curve-t parameters for the system.

3.3. The rheology and magnetoviscos effect of ferrouids under
magnetic eld
Viscosity of ferrouids in different weight fractions at constant
shear rate of 5 s1, under various magnetic elds has been
investigated.
It can be seen from Fig. 10 that in a constant shear rate the
viscosity increases with increasing magnetic eld. However, this
increment is followed by decrease in viscosity after a certain peak
value (around 0.3 A). At high concentrations (30 wt.%) this
phenomenon is more sensible. This can be attributed to phase
separation in the ferrouid. The magnetoviscous effect is directly
related to the effective number of magnetic nanoparticles, which
have roles in the formation of new structures [25]. The aggregation
leads to phase separation in the ferrouids. In other words, an in
homogeneity known as concentration phase transition occurs in
the ferrouids [26].
Increasing viscosity under magnetic eld can be due to
supplementary dissipation of the nanoparticles motion relative
to the base uid. Under magnetic eld, particles form chains
molecules oriented according to direction of the eld. As this
magnetic eld increases, these chains become longer and
consequently interaction between nanoparticles becomes stronger. All these results to decease uidity of the ferrouid against
shear rate. Ferrouid resists until chains formed cannot stand
against magnetic force applied, and then they destroy and as a
result, viscosity decreases.
Fig. 11 indicates increasing of ferrouids relative viscosity with
increasing Fe2O3 nanoparticle weight fraction for various magnetic
elds. As it can clearly be seen, under magnetic eld, by increasing
weight fraction of nanoparticles up to 15%, viscosity increases
sharply, however rate of this increment slows down in concentrations between 15% and 25% that it is followed by sudden increase in
30% again.
As it is clear from Fig. 11, applying magnetic eld causes
noticeable increase in viscosity especially in high concentrations.
The reason is that the viscosity of ferrouid is determined by
the interaction of liquid molecules and that of Fe2O3 nanoparticles.

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

Weight Fraction

15% Wt

0.1

Shear Rate = 5 (1/s)

20

163

Fig. 11. Increasing Fe2O3 ferrouids viscosity with weight fraction for various
magnetic elds.

Appling magnetic eld does not affect the viscosity of parafn;

however the Fe2O3 nanoparticles were polarized by magnetic eld
and arranged their orientation along the direction of magnetic
eld. This causes an increase in nanoparticles interaction, resulting
higher resistance to ow.
Obviously, in higher concentrations, the distance between
particles is less; therefore the interaction among Fe2O3 nanoparticles becomes stronger. The arrangement of nanoparticles under
applied magnetic eld helps to form orderly microstructures so
that the viscosity of ferrouid is more under applied magnetic eld
at high concentrations [27].
At 30% weight fraction applying eld of 0.01 kA/m, results in
viscosity increase by 4.45 times. This increase can be up to 10 times
at H = 0.5 kA/m.
At low weight fractions the effect of magnetic eld in viscosity
is less than higher concentrations because of less interaction
between particles. This means the Fe2O3 particles arrange to form
the chaining structure along the applied magnetic eld and hence
the attraction among these increases with the intensity of applied
magnetic eld, and the viscosity increased compared with the case
without magnetic eld.
4. Conclusions
In this study, synthesis of Fe2O3 magnetic nanoparticles and
their rheological properties in parafn base uid have been
investigated. Also, magnetoviscos effects of the system have been
reported. Using ball mill and ultrasonic bath, ferrouids have
prepared and to stabilize them, oleic acid was used.
The experiment shows that in low concentrations, ferrouids
behave almost Newtonian; however they become non-Newtonian
by increasing nanoparticles concentration. Also, a novel correlation
for predicting temperature dependency of uid has been presented.
Shear thinning behavior of the system shows that as shear rate
increases, particles start nding new direction according to the
stress applied. Also by increasing shear rate, agglomeration in the
system vanishes gradually and viscosity decreases.
Also investigations reveal that by applying magnetic eld,
viscosity increases at constant shear rate signicantly. This
increase in viscosity, however, is limited to a specic rate of
magnetic eld. It is shown that even small magnetic eld can make
noticeable changes in viscosity of ferrouids.
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