Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduo
Introduction
Objectivos
Objectives
Desenvolvimento
O diagnstico de MC exige: conhecimento da causa, estabelecimento da sua irreversibilidade, coma, ausncia de reflexos do tronco e apneia. Na populao peditrica a definio
dos critrios exige um cuidado especial devido maior resistncia ao insulto cerebral, dificuldade em interpretar dados
semiolgicos em recm-nascidos, ao padro de desenvolvimento dos reflexos do tronco e incerteza sobre o treshold
de apneia. No existem estudos randomizados e controlados
para a validao dos critrios de morte cerebral. A recomendao de duas avaliaes e do intervalo entre elas baseada
em descries de casos complexos. Estudos em doentes com
suspeita de MC reportaram a ausncia de movimentos respiratrios a uma mdia de PaCO2 mximo de 60-70mmHg na
prova de apneia. 76% dos doentes com suspeita de MC tm
silncio electrocerebral no primeiro EEG. 86% dos doentes
com suspeita de MC tm ausncia de fluxo cerebral nos exames radionucleares. Estes exames tm uma sensibilidade
menor nos recm-nascidos. EEGs com actividade cerebral e
persistncia de fluxo cerebral nos exames radionucleares no
excluem o diagnstico de MC.
Development
BD diagnosis requires determination of cause, irreversibility of the condition, coma, absence of brainstem reflexes and
apnea. In infants and children definition of BD criteria must
acknowledge specificities of this population, namely the
increased resistance to brain hypoxia, difficulty in performing
and interpreting neurological examination in newborns, pattern of development of brainstem reflexes, uncertainty of the
apnea threshold. There are no randomized controlled trials
for validation of BD criteria. Recommendation of 2 evaluations and interval between them is based on reports of complex cases. Studies in patients with clinical findings consistent
with BD found absence of respiratory movements after hypercapnia of 60-70mmHg in apnea test. In patients with clinical
findings consistent with BD, the first EEG revealed electrocerebral silence in 76%, and the first radionuclide cerebral
blood flow exam revealed absent cerebral blood flow in 86%.
Persistent brain electrical activity and cerebral blood flow do
not exclude BD diagnosis.
Conclusions
Concluses
O diagnstico de MC em Pediatria complexo e reveste-se
de significados culturais e religiosos que exigem acompanhamento e compreenso das famlias. A necessidade de rigor na
sua definio contrasta com a existncia de algumas reas de
incerteza, pelo que a reviso peridica da evidncia cientfica
e das recomendaes imprescindvel.
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33
Introduo
Pelo menos desde o sculo XIX que vrias descries de
Objectivos e mtodos
O objectivo principal deste artigo a reviso dos
actuais critrios de MC na populao peditrica, da evidncia cientfica que suporta o estabelecimento de tais
critrios e desta forma introduzir a discusso sobre a
necessidade de reviso dos critrios. Para tal foram pesquisados os termos brain death e children, infancy ou
pediatric no ttulo ou resumo de publicaes nas seguintes bases de dados: Medline, EBSCO, Elsevier - Science
Direct, Wiley Online Library, Wolters Kluwer - Ovid,
SpringerLink. Foram pesquisados os artigos considerados relevantes e outras referncias importantes nestas
publicaes. Adicionalmente foram pesquisados documentos com relevncia nacional como o Guia de
Diagnstico de Morte Cerebral publicado na Acta Mdica
Portuguesa e a declarao da Ordem dos Mdicos sobre os
critrios de morte cerebral publicada em Dirio da
Repblica.
34
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14
crianas incerto .
em crianas com suspeita de MC documentaram os detalhes e resultados da prova de apneia. Outwater e Rockoff
2+
2+
20
21
vecurnio
e organofosforados
sores respiratrios26.
Prova de apneia
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35
27-29
, vrios
. A estratificao dos
30-31
recomendados32,33.
achado de SEC foi observado em doentes sem critrios clnicos de MC, com graves leses hemisfricas cerebrais e
Exames auxiliares
Devido s particularidades na determinao de MC em
sobreviveu.
36
Recomendaes actuais
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Tabela 1. Comparao entre as recomendaes americanas para determinao de morte cerebral em idade peditrica de 1987 e 2011.
1987
2011
Tempo at 1 avaliao
Temperatura central
> 35C
Nmero de avaliaes
2 avaliaes sempre
Nmero de avaliadores
2 especialistas
7d - 2m: 48h
2m - 1A: 24h
1A - 18A: 12h
Estmulo adequado
na prova de apneia
Exames auxiliares
Encurtamento do tempo
entre avaliaes
d = dias; s = semanas de gestao; A = anos; PCR = paragem cardiorrespiratria; TCE = traumatismo cranioenceflico; RN = recm-nascidos; ECS = silncio electrocerebral; CBF = fluxo sanguneo cerebral.
excepto em idades entre 2 meses 1 ano, em que o segundo EEG pode ser substitudo por um estudo de CBF.
Discusso
A publicao da actualizao das recomendaes para
determinao de MC em Pediatria nos EUA veio relanar a
discusso sobre este tema39. A evidncia cientfica publi-
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37
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Correspondncia
Joo Pinho
Servio de Neurologia
Hospital de Braga
Sete Fontes So Victor
4710-243 BRAGA Portugal
jdpinho@gmail.com