Reliability Concerns towards Frequency Response

and Overview of BAL 001 and BAL 003

H.W. Herbsleb
Performance Compliance

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Control Time line for frequency and balancing

BALANCING AND FREQUENCY CONTROL

Excerpt from : A Technical Document
Prepared by the NERC Resources Subcommittee
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Arresting Period

Rebound Period

Recovery Period

Compliance
time for Bal-002

Frequency Performance

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Pa
ge
3

Different speed of response of responsive units

Blue = gas-turbine unit on governor control
Red = (fast) hydro-power unit on governor control
Green = (ideal) steam-turbine unit on governor control

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Frequency Response Basics

(Using a 1400 MW generation loss event as an example)
2000

60.10
NERC Frequency Response =

1600

60.05

Generation Loss (MW)

FrequencyPoint A-FrequencyPoint B

Pre Event Frequency

60.00

1400

59.95

1200
1000

59.90

Settling Frequency:
Primary Response is almost all deployed

C
c

800
600
400
200

59.80

Frequency Nadir:
Generation and Load Response equals
the generation loss

59.75

Slope of the dark green line

illustrates the System Inertia
(Generation and Load).
The slope is P/(D+2H)

59.70

Governor Response
Load Response

59.65

Frequency

0
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59.85

59.60
0

10

12

14

16

18

Time (Seconds)

20

22

24

26

28

30

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Frequency (Hz)

Governor/Load Response (MW)

1800

Frequency Response Concerns

Frequency Response is declining in Eastern Interconnection
Various factors are influencing

When is frequency response too low?

Primary Control Frequency Response is being withdrawn

Primary inertial generation being supplanted by non-inertial resources
wind, solar, electronically coupled resources
What is their response to frequency excursions?
What is their susceptibility to tripping during frequency excursions?

Load characteristics are changing

Unknown frequency response characteristics
Current modeling is insufficient to analyze the phenomenon
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Eastern Interconnection Mean Primary

Frequency Response Trend

Eastern Interconnection Mean Primary

Frequency Response Projected

Classic Frequency Excursion Recovery

Frequency (Hz)

Excursion Recovery

60.050

Recovery Completed, TV

60.025

A = 60.000

60.000
59.975
59.950
59.925
59.900

B = 59.874

59.875
59.850
59.825

C = 59.812

59.800
59.775
59.750
-30
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30

60

90

120

150

180
9

210

240

Time (Seconds)

270

300

330

360

390

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Typical Frequency Traces

Following a Unit Trip

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Inertial Response Variability

High Inertia

Light Inertia

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Frequency Response Basics

Whys and Wherefores (things to examine)

Deadband currently typical setting is at 36 mHz
ERCOT greatly improved frequency response by reducing
deadband to 16.6 mHz

Sliding pressure controls

MW setpoints limited time of response
Blocked governor response
Once-through boilers

Gas Turbine inverse response

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Close up look at +/-0.036 Hz Dead Band with Step Implementation

600 MW Generator
Capability (MW) 600.000
00

Frequency Response

Deadband Setting
0.036

Hz

150.00

100.00

MW Change

50.00

0.00

Step response at
dead-band.

-50.00

-100.00

-150.00
59.50 59.55 59.60 59.65 59.70 59.75 59.80 59.85 59.90 59.95 60.00 60.05 60.10 60.15 60.20 60.25 60.30 60.35 60.40 60.45 60.50
Hz
Droop Setting 5.00%

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Frequency Response Initiative

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FRI Objectives

Coordinate all NERC standards development and performance

analysis activities related to frequency response and control
Identify specific frequency-related reliability factors
Identify root causes of changes in frequency response
Identify practices and methods to address root causes

Consider impacts of integration of new generation technologies

(such as wind, solar, and significant nuclear expansion)

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BAL 001 Requirements

R1-

R2 R3 - Each Balancing Authority providing Overlap Regulation Service shall evaluate Requirement R1
(i.e., Control Performance Standard 1 or CPS1) and Requirement R2 (i.e., Control Performance
Standard 2 or CPS2) using the characteristics of the combined ACE and combined Frequency Bias
Settings

R4 - Any Balancing Authority receiving Overlap Regulation Service shall not have its control
performance evaluated (i.e. from a control performance perspective, the Balancing Authority has shifted
all control requirements to the Balancing Authority providing Overlap Regulation Service).

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BAL 001 Measurements

M1-

Each Balancing Authority shall achieve, as a minimum, Requirement 1 (CPS1)

compliance of 100%. CPS1 is calculated by converting a compliance ratio to a compliance
percentage as follows:
CPS1 = (2 - CF) * 100%
The frequency-related compliance factor, CF, is a ratio of all one-minute compliance
parameters accumulated over 12 months divided by the target frequency bound.

M2- Each Balancing Authority shall achieve, as a minimum, Requirement R2 (CPS2)

compliance of 90%. CPS2 relates to a bound on the ten-minute average of ACE. A
compliance percentage is calculated as follows:

The violations per month are a count of the number of periods that ACE clock-ten-minutes
exceeded L10.

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BAAL Field Trial

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The purpose of the new BAAL standard is to maintain interconnection frequency

within a predefined frequency profile under all conditions (normal and abnormal), to
prevent frequency-related instability, unplanned tripping of load or generation, or
uncontrolled separation or cascading outages that adversely impact the reliability of
the interconnection.
NERC required the balancing authority demonstrate real-time monitoring of ACE
and interconnection frequency
against associated limits and
shall balance its resources and
demands in real-time so that its
ACE does not exceed the
BAALs for a time greater than
30 minutes.

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BAL 003 Requirements

R1- Review and recalculate the Frequency Response of the Balancing Authority Area.
R2- Establish and maintain a Frequency Bias Setting that is close or greater than the
Balancing Authoritys Frequency Response.

R3 - Operate its Automatic Generation Control (AGC) on Tie Line Frequency Bias.
R4- Use Dynamic Scheduling or Pseudo-ties for jointly owned units that reflect their
respective share of the unit governor droop response in their respective Frequency Bias
Setting.

R5- Balancing Authorities that serve native load shall have a monthly average Frequency
Bias Setting that is at least 1% of the Balancing Authoritys estimated yearly peak demand
per 0.1 Hz change.

R6 - A Balancing Authority that is performing Overlap Regulation Service shall increase

its Frequency Bias Setting to match the frequency response of the entire area being
controlled.

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