A Peek at 5G

D r. C h i h - L i n I
C M C C C h i e f S c i e n t i s t , W i r e l e s s Te c h n o l o g i e s
Head of Green Communication Research Center
Johannesberg Summit
May 20, 2013

10 Years Ago

Y2003, ITU-R M.1645

2013/5/20

Chih-Lin I

Key Technologies
2

4G Standardization Is Maturing

2013/4/8

Chih-Lin I

TD-LTE an Example

Networks

Cities

2013/5/20

Number of TD-LTE BS: reached 20,000 by the end of 2012;

covering 15 cities in mainland; dual mode in HK
Deploy 200,000 BS in 2013; at least 1M terminals
Large Scale Trial (before 2012): 6 cities
Expanded Scale Trial (2012): 15 cities
Commercial Network (2013): 100 cities

6 

Looking Towards 2020

EU FP7 and Horizon 2020

WWRF Vision 2020

3GPP Roadmap to Y2020

UK 5G InnovaSon Center
METIS

China IMT-2020

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Chih-Lin I

Multiple Voices
Huawei

NSN

DoCoMo

2013/5/20

And Many Candidates Tech.

Beyond OFDM(A) Transmission

Phy Network Coding

GMC

Relay/Terminal Relay

CoMP

AdapSve Access
ArScial

Prototyping
2013/5/20

SocCell
D2D

DAS

Random Coding
Cloud Network

Delay Tolerant

Terminal Intelli.

Collision Mana.

ICICeICIC

Single Band Full Deplux

Massive MIMO

Inno. Access Infrastructure

HetNet

AAA/AAS

CogniSve Radio

M2MMTC

Liquid Cell

Hyper Dense NW.

Neural Network

Carrier Aggregate

Small Cell

Too Early for a Comprehensive Picture

Exploring it Piece by Piece

2013/5/20

GREEN

Are We Burning Our Earth?

New Orleans acer

Hurricane Katrina

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ICT Also Responsible

2007 Worldwide ICT carbon footprint: 2%
Comparable to the global aviaSon industry
Expected to grow to 4% by 2020
PredicSon with power ecient technologies

CMCC Actual Scale

2012: 1.11M BSs, 14.3B Kwh

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Great Work Done

BS HW (Antenna, PA),
Architecture (Relay, AP),
OperaLon (Sleep mode,
Scheduler)
Energy gain of 75-92%

2013/5/20

Mobile VCE SimulaSon Results

Improved macro-cell hardware(H), Cell micro

DTX (D), Antenna muLng (A), Low loss antennas
(L), AdapLve sectorizaLon (S)
Energy savings of 60-70% with no more than 5%
Throughput degradaLon

Chih-Lin I

Energy saving

Performance

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More Ambitious Goals

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Green Meter Announcement

May 13, 2013, GreenTouch Announces:
Research study shows net energy consumpSon in networks
can be reduced by up to 90% by 2020 while taking into
account trac growth

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SOFT

Cost, Efficiency, Agility

Diverse ApplicaLons & Infrastructures

GSM UE
GSM/GPRS/
EDGE

TD-SCDMA
TD-SCMDA UE

WiMax/WLAN
2013/5/20

TD-LTE UE

TD-LTE

Complex carrier networks:

proprietary nodes and
hardware.
New std and features launch
cycle too long: new variety of
Chih-Lin
I
box
needs
to be integrated. 16

SDR: First considered in the 90s

SDR: radio is software defined

Basic idea: signal processing developed

based on reconfigurable HW platforms
(however the platform may be vendorplatform

SDR

proprietary) instead of special-purpose

TradiSonal dedicated HW

Motivation:
Different radio products implemented on
the same platform
Software reuse among different products
Remote software download and updates

SDR products: soc modem,

SDR controller, etc.
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SDN: It is happening out there

SDN:
Separation of control plane and data plane

GPP-based programmable controller to reconfigure routing

policy (i.e. control plane)

Potential benefits
Cost reduction on routers thanks to software programmability
from GPP
Facilitate orchestration of networks
Services-aware routing

SDO to hit the target of SDN

90+ member companies of all sizes, including network

operators, service providers, etc., from not only IT but telecom

2013/5/20

industry

Network Function Virtualization

NFV Approach

Classical Network Appliance

Approach

CDN

WAN
Session Border
Controller AcceleraSon

Independent

Socware

CompeSSve &
InnovaSve
Ecosystem

Message
Router

Independent
Socware Vendors

Vendors

DPI

Firewall

Carrier
Grade NAT

Tester/QoE
monitor

Orchestrated,
automaSc & remote install.

High volume standard servers

SGSN/GGSN

PE Router

BRAS

Radio/Fixed Access
Network Nodes

Fragmented non-commodity hardware.

Physical install per appliance per site.
Hardware development large barrier to entry for new
vendors, constraining innovaLon & compeLLon.
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High volume standard storage

High volume Ethernet switches

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C-RAN Concept
Virtual BS Pool

Centralized Control and/

or Processing

Centralized processing
resource pool that can support
10~1000 cells

Real-time Cloud
for centralized
processing

Collaborative Radio
Multi-cell Joint scheduling and
processing

Real-Time Cloud

High bandwidth
optical transport
network

RRU

Target to Open IT platform

Consolidate the processing
resource into a Cloud
Flexible multi-standard
operation and migration

RRU

Distributed RRURRU

Clean System Target

RRU
RRU

RRU

RRU

Less power consuming

Lower OPEX
Fast system roll-out

Soc base-staLon seamlessly scalable and upgradable

Cloud RAN: Soft BS, Virtualization

Virtualization of RAN for agility

Multiple BBU entities in the same physical
servers
Multi-RAT support: RAT on virtual
machine
Accommodate Service on Edge

Cost reduction and resource utilization

improvement:
Resource sharing and dynamic allocation
according to traffic variation
Live migration to consolidate resource,
further to save power

GSM UE

Common IT plamorm based

soluSons for both radio access
network and core network
GSM BS

TD-SCDMA BS

TD-LTE BS

Service VM

Socware
Stack

Socware
Stack

Socware
Stack

CDN/
Web
cache

Virtual Machine Pool/ RT-Guest OS (Linux)

GSM/TD-S/TD-L RRU

RT-Hypervisor
IT HW plamorms (x86, Power, ARM)

TD-SCMDA UE

CPRI adaptor

L1 accelerator

TD-LTE UE

2013/5/20

CPRI
Standard servers

5 Pearls

CMCC Vision on 5G
ContentPool IT based core network
Virtual BB pool
Indoor Coverage

Anchor BS
Anchor BS
Anchor BS

Massive RRU

Nano AP

relay

User Centric Access Network SupporLng

exclusive usage of available spectrum of
each user

D2D
Relay

Green

Two Major Themes

EE-SE Co-design
Our Pearls
System
2013/5/20

D2D

Invisible BS

Soc

No More
Cells

Rethinking
Signaling/Control

2G Spectrum Refarming

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EE and SE Co-Design

Spectrum eciency no longer the only criteria

Energy eciency must be
considered side by side in
mobile internet era

Kliper et.al., IEEE JSTQE, 2011

Increasing gap between trac

and revenue growth
Increasing gap between trac
and EE growth

Great potenSals on energy saving exists

Trac uctuaSon in both Sme and

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spaSal domains

Ultra dense network roll out

EE and SE Co-Design
PredicSon based on Shannon:

But, Non-monotonic when

considering circuit power
Monotonic tradeo

Perfect CSI
(serving cell
only)

Imperfect CSI, block fading

channel, coherence of 2, 4, 8,
or 16 symbols (bosom to top)

Given EE, two SE

values exist

Data from Bell Labs

More complicated with extended power models

2013/5/20

Component level power model

Dierent conguraSons

EE and SE Co-Design
A unied EE/SE theory framework should be
developed to harmonize the research acSviSes

Conclusion draw from EARTH project

-- Antenna muLng can save

power

2013/5/20

Conclusion draw from LSAS theory

-- More antennas, less

power

LSAS (Tom Marzetta)

When addiSonal computaSon power is
also considered (grow with #Antenna)

When only radiated power is considered

EE increases with SE in low SE region

Fewer antennas is more helpful to
improve the EE in low SE region
As the computaSon capability (Gops/Was)
increases, the EE is enhanced and using
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more antennas is preferred

Always tradeo between EE and SE with a

given # of antennas (M)
EE/SE relaSonship is improved in whole by
increasing # of antennas
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Circuit Power: #Subcarriers & #Antenna

(Zhikun Xu)
When the number of subcarriers can be switched on or o adapSvely in MIMO-
OFDM systems
Note:
Solid part of each cure denotes
the case that the subcarriers are
not used up
Dash part denotes the case that
no subcarriers are available

When the subcarriers are not used up, EE increases with SE

Increasing # of antennas benets the EE only when no subcarriers are available.
Increasing the frequency resources is more energy ecient than increasing the spaSal
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2013/5/20
resources

No More Cells
The Cellular concept has accompanied wireless
network from 1G to 4G
Douglas H. Ring & W. Rae Young
1947 at Bell Lab

StaSc network planning &

semi-staSc opSmizaSon
Cell-centric RRM
Increased at network scale
and power consumpSon

1G

2G

4G

3G

Its Sme to break out from the Cells for 5G

Dierent perspecSves to match 2020 needs
Deployment
Resources
Network-level RRM
Network-level CRM
Network-level SP

2013/5/20

Features
No cell physical ID
No inter-cell
interference
No handoff

Infrastructure
virtualization
Spectrum
virtualization
Centralization

Protocols
Signalling/data
decuoping
UL/DL decoupling

No More Cells
The wireless world has been on the way , more or
less, to revamp the cell concept.
BCG2

Break in Protocol

Break in Signal Processing

Signalling/data decuoping

CoMP processor

Hetnet
micro

macro

femto

From single-
layer coverage
to mulS-layer
coverage

CoMP

Short-term sales-
up potenSal

From cell-level SP
to coordinatd SP
among CoMP set
Coordinated multi-points Tx/Rx

DAS

Break in coverage

From cell-level SP to
centralized SP

Break in RRM

DAS: Distributed (large-scale) antenna system

BBU

2013/5/20

RRU RRU

RRU

RRU

No More Cells
C-RAN will be a fundamental element in the
architecture of next generaSon wireless network
Virtual BS Pool

Virtual BS Pool

X2+
PHY/MAC

PHY/MAC

PHY/MAC

PHY/MAC

Real-Lme Cloud for

centralized
processing

Common plamorm, socware

based soluSon
Live (soc) computaSon
resource transiSon
Inherent cooperaSon

High bandwidth
opLcal transport
network

Distributed
congurable
wideband RRU

RRU

RRU

RRU
RRU
RRU

2013/5/20

RRU

RRU

BS virtualizaSon

No More Cells
The transiSon from Network-Centric to User-Centric
Rethink Handover
Unied broadcast control
MulLcast control
MS1
DL & UL data transmission
MS3

MS2
DL data transmission

UL data transmission

Amorphous Cells Concept

Multiple layers

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Signaling & Data Decoupling

DL&UL Decoupling

Rethinking Signaling/Control
New signaling mechanism should be invesSgated
to reduce the signaling overhead
DSR raSo of current network
Voice

IM(QQ)

Green protocol for diverse QoE

requirements of future mobile
applicaSons
AdapSve protocol itself with slim
signaling set/ow
ApplicaSon aware
ConnecSon oriented
connecSonless oriented
2013/5/20

Data signaling raSo(DSR)

is extremely low of IM
TradiSonal voice:
100~600
IM(QQ): <1

Rethinking Signaling/Control
TCP should be revisited for mobile environment
-- To improve the QoE of end customers
Conventional TCP protocol designed
for wire network with low latency and
low packet loss rate,
Extreme poor performance over
wireless network

Throughput Rate vs. Packet loss rate & Latency in Wireless Network

2013/5/20

Exciting finding by MIT with coding for TCP

over WiFi
From

1Mbps to 16Mbps under typical 2% packet

loss.
From 0.5Mbps to 13.5Mbps under 5% packet on
the train.

Rethinking Signaling/Control
Network Coding Mobile TCP over 3GPP
p New protocol stack only at mobile
access network
A Network Coding layer between TCP
layer and IP layer

p Practical Scheme for deployment

A TCP agency added in gateway
Keeping TCP protocol unchanged in
core network

Gn

Gb

2G
TD

BTS

BSC/PCU Iu

NodeB RNC

S1-U

LTE

eNodeB

GGSN

S3

MME
S1-MME

2013/5/20

SGSN
S4

Internet

S11
S5/8

Serving GW PDN GW

Making BS Invisible"
p TradiSonal BS roll out is no
longer sustainable

Environment unfriendly
Hard for site selecSon, network
planning
High cost
High power consumpSon

Antenn
a
Layers
Bottom
PCB with
RF
transceiver
, FPGA,
and
Memory
PA
Integration

Power
& Fiber
Outputs

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Making BS Invisible"
Small form factor compact RF/Antenna module is the key
Antenna Layers

Bottom PCB with RF

transceiver, FPGA,
and Memory

15cm X 15cm X 7cm

5cm X 5cm X 3cm

PA Integration

Power & Fiber

Outputs

Front View
Terminal RFIC based

Side View

Wide band patch antenna

Flexible

Three layers of stacked

radiators

Two layers of radiators

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Making BS Invisible"
Large scale cooperaSon over modules is necessary (LSAS)
Sweet Spot of N*M

Energy saving

Performance Enhancement

Cap.
Enhancement
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Central processing for

cooperaSon

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2G Spectrum Refarming

10x (?) more spectrum for 2020

Channel measurement at 28GHz (from Samsung)

Candidate spectrum proposed by dierent stakeholders

p 3GPP LTE-Hi for hotspot and indoor

p
p
p
p
p

(3.4GHz-3.6GHz)
4.4GHz 4.5GHz and 4.8GHz 4.99GHz (Chinese
government in WP5D 15th meeSng)
3.3GHz 3.4GHz (Chinese companies)
3.4 3.6 MHz, 3.6 4.2GHz and 4.4 4.9GMHz
(Japan)
5925 6425MHz (Russia) and above 6GHz (Kor)

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pHigh frequency bands are

idenSed and/or invesSgated
for capacity enhancement
pCoverage and mobility?

2G Spectrum Refarming
OpSon 1: Used by LTE

pBeyond 2020, 2G networks are

very likely not needed.
p2G spectrum refarming should be
considered seriously.

GSM900: 35MHz DL/UL

ETACS/EGSM

TACS/GSM

GSM

ETACS/EGSM

TACS/GSM

GSM

880 890 905 915 925 935 950 960

DCS 1800: 75MHz DL/UL

UL

DL

1710 1785 1805

1880

3G: 150MHz TDD, 120MHz FDD

TDD

FDD

1755 1785 1850 1880 1920 1980 2010 2025 2010 2170 2200 2300 2400

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OpSon 2: New OpSmized Design

p Operates in standalone mode, with network
architecture, signaling, PHY/MAC protocols, etc,
being optimized
p With full duplex?
p IoT optimized?
poperates as an umbrella signaling network, to
assist LTE, WiFi, etc in 2020

Summary

The future must be Green

Soc from core network to RAN
Thoughts on 5G:
EE/SE Co-design
No more Cells
Rethink Signaling/Control
BS invisible
Refarm 2G spectrum

2013/5/20

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Thank
Y
ou
Thank you