Test

1. Listen to the sentences. Write them down and then decide

whether they are true or false. (tr.15/cd1)
2. Complete each sentence with a word from the list and make
changes to the form, if necessary: artery, , breastbone, capillary,
collagen, organ, pelvis, platelet, pump, rib, shoulder blade, skeleton,
tissue, vein, vertebrae, vessel
1. The..are any of the small bones that are connected to
form the spine.
2. Veins, capillaries and.are all types of blood vessel.
3. The immune system consists ofand processes protecting the
patient from infection.
4. The heart is a(n).which pumps blood around the body.
5. Bone.is made up of water, collagen and crystallized mineral
salts.
6. The pelvis is part of the..system.
3. Name all the eleven systems of the human body.
4. Read the notes on an alternative to acute care. Think about
another alternative and make similar notes ( 50 -75 words):
Cycle paramedics
- Paramedics travel by bicycle and therefore have access to
urbanized areas which are difficult to reach by ambulance because
of heavy traffic
- Able to be right at patients side with all the equipment
- Cycle carries: oxygen cylinder for pain relief, observations bag, first
aid kit etc.
- Much cheaper that sending out rapid response unit ( ambulance)
- Paramedic can administer fisrt aid and take vital signs before
ambulance arrives
- Follow up by referral to A&E if necessary
5. Use the following words and phrases to complete the text
below: in addition, consequently, first, next, finally, as a result, led,
also, resulted
The rapid progress of tuberculosis in Claudia Castilloss trachea meant
her life was in danger and her quality of life was very
poor.............................., she was unable to look after her two small
children.
........................................, when the experimental genetics team
contacted her about a new treatment they were testing, she agreed

immmediatley......................., the team stripped the donated trachea of

its DNA............................, they extracted bone marrow stem cells from
Claudia and cultured these in the laboratory so that they grew into the
type of cells found in the trachea............................, the replace the
cells on the surface of the donated trachea with the new cells they had
grown in the laboratory.
......................................of this process, when the team grafted the
replacement trachea onto Claudias lungs, there was no immnune
reaction from her body. This......................to hope that the procedure
could.................be extended to other organs. For Claudia, the
operation...............in a rapid return to her everyday life, which included
looking after her children.
6. Answer these questions in short
1. Who carried out the very first successful surgery on the heart?
2. When did Dr. Dwight Harken begin experimenting with techniques
for operating on the heart?
3. What technique did he use?
4. Who invented the hypothermic approach?
5. What did this approach enabled heart surgeons to do?
6. When was the first attempt at open-heart surgery carried out?
7. Who carried out the first heart transplant?
8. How successful was it?
9. How did Dr. Norman Shumways discovery improve techniques in
heart transplant surgery?
10. To what extent are more recent breakthroughs in cardiac surgery
limiting?
7. Translate into Romanian:
Clinical trials are an essential part of the development process of new
drugs. However, members of ethnic minorities are often
underrepresented in trials and it is important to understand why this is
the case. Identifying the issues that cause this underrepresentation will
make it possible to address them in practice and to increase the
number of ethnic minorities represented in trials. This report describes
a literature review which provides a summary of the issues in this area
and will make suggestions for addresing these issues in practice.
Six main issues relevant to the recruitment of ethnic minorities to
clinical trials were identified in the literature search. The first of these
was the issue of disclosure of the illness to the patient. In many
cultures, it is common to provide the family with the diagnosis rather
than the patient. While this is against the principles of patient
autonomy, in situations where the patient is unable to speak English
and family members have to act as interpreters, it is difficult to be sure

how much the patient knows. This links to the second issue which is
poor levels of literacy, even in the mother tongue, which adds to the
difficulty of communicating with the patient. A third issue, linked to the
first, is a cultural preference for making decisions as a family, rather
than allowing the individual to decide. This can lead to confusion and
mixed messages and links to the fourth issue, lack of perceived
relevance. Patients and their families are not clear what the benefits of
participation are, to them or their patient group, and are often unsure
about what taking part can mean. The fifth issue is lack of familiarity
with research methodology and randomization. This means that these
pattients are less likely to be able to evaluate their risks in relation to
the trial. The final issue is the belief by many of these patients that
new drugs are less likely to benefit ethnic minorities than non-etnic
minorities.