Chem Lecture T1 15 JD TY N

Memory Work

What to memorise
Isotopes

Ionisation energy

Metallic Bonding
Ionic Bonding
Covalent Bonds
Explaining why dative bonds form

Polarity

Definition
Have same proton number but different
nucleon number

Same chemical properties, but different
physics properties

Atoms of an element
First Ionisation energy is the amount of
energy required to remove 1 mole of
electrons from 1 mole of gaseous atoms to
form 1 mole of unipositive gaseous ions.

Second ionisation energy is the amount of
energy required to remove 1 mole of
electrons from 1 mole of unipositive
gaseous ions to form 1 mole of gaseous
ions with double positive charge.
Electrostatic force of attraction between
metal cations and sea of delocalised
electrons
Electrostatic force of attraction between
oppositely charged ions
Electrostatic force of attraction between
nucleus of the two bonded atoms ahd
shared pair of electrons
Because one of the molecular has lone
pairs and can act as an electron donor
while the other molecular has only 1/2/3
electron pairs, has an empty orbital in
valence shell and can accept the donated
electrons to achieve octet.
Separation of Charge, unequal sharing of
charge, dipole moments

Explaining solubility/interaction between ionic and covalent substances

Theory
Substantiation


Covalent
Covalent


Energy released from Solute solvent
Need to IDENTIFY the different types of
interaction greater than/smaller than
interaction in solute solute, solvent solvent,
energy required to break solute solute and
solute solvent before elaborating.
solvent solvent bonds

Chem Lecture T1 15 JD TY N

Then proceed to explain which bond is the

stronger one and how it leads to the
solubility.

Ionic Compounds



Need to IDENTIFY the different types of
Energy released from ion-dipole
interaction in solute solute, solvent solvent,
interactions >/< energy needed to break
solute solvent before elaborating.
hydrogen bonds of water and solute solute
bonds, detaches ion from surface
Then proceed to explain which bond is the
stronger one and how it leads to the
solubility.

Sketching Important Trends

Trend
Atomic
Radius
Across the
Period

Sketch+Explain

1. Atomic radius decreases down the period as

- Nuclear charge increases due to increasing proton number
- Shielding effect remains relatively constant
- Effective Nuclear Charge increases
- Electrostatic forces of attraction between ____ and _____
increases

Chem Lecture T1 15 JD TY N

- More energy required to overcome

2. Ionic radius generally decreases down the period, except for huge
jump from cations to anions
- Nuclear charge increases
- Shielding effect remains relatively constant
- Effective Nuclear Charge increases
- Electrostatic forces of attraction between ____ and _____
increases
- Sharp jump from cations to anions due to additional quantum
shell of electrons (3s and 3p)

3. Trends in successive I.E

- Small increases when moving from p orbital to s as s orbitals at
higher energy level as they are CLOSER to the nucleus
- Large jump when next electron is removed from an inner
quantum shell (look at the number of valence electrons)

Chem Lecture T1 15 JD TY N

4. Trends in IE across period
- Nuclear charge increases across period
- Shielding effect remains relatively constant
- ENC increases
- Electrostatic forces of attraction between ___ and ___
increases
- More energy needed to remove outermost electron
Some anomalies
- Small dip from Mg to Al as 3p subshell of al at higher energy
level than 3s of Mg, weaker attraction between nucleus and
outermost electron, less energy required.
- Inter-electronic repulsion for paired electrons in 3p subshell of S,
less energy required to remove the more unstable electrons.

Deducing strength of Bonds

Type of bond
Metallic

Ionic

Covalent

Explanation
-Compare number of valence electrons
contributed PER METAL ATOM
(Stronger/weaker electrostatic forces of
attraction)

-Charge, radius and charge density. Larger
the charge and smaller the radius, ,the
stronger the bond.
Lattice Energy (Charge of cation, anion,
radius of cation, anion)

Remember to break cations and anions up
separately to compare and analyze.
Polarity, size and number of bonds (The
smaller the atom, the more effective the
orbital overlap, the closer to the nucleus.

Chem Lecture T1 15 JD TY N

The more polar, the shorter the bond
length. The more number of bonds, the
stronger the attraction between nucleus
and shared electrons.)

Explaining Chemical/Physical Properties

Type
Properties
Metals
1. High Melting and Boiling Points
- Exist as giant metallic lattice,
strong electrostatic forces of
attraction between metal
cations and sea of delocalised
electrons, more energy needed
to break..
2. Good electrical conductivity
- Sea of delocalised electrons to
act as mobile charge carriers
3. Good heat conductors
- Heat energy picked up by
electrons to vibrate faster
(kinetic energy)
4. Shiny surface
- When photon strike surface,
osicillating electric field causes
electrons on surface to oscillate.
Photon bounces off without loss
of momentum.
5. Hardness
- Strong metallic bond
6. Malleable and ductile
- Layers of ions can slide over one
another into new position. Sea
of delocalised electrons reduces
repulsions between cations, so
do not break.
7. Alloy
- Disrupt orderly arrangement of
metal atoms
Ionic Compounds

1. High Melting and Boiling Points
- Exist as giant metallic lattice,
strong electrostatic forces of
attraction between metal
cations and sea of delocalised
electrons, more energy needed
to break..

Chem Lecture T1 15 JD TY N

Covalent

2. Good Electrical conductors in

molten/aqueous state
- Ions in solid state are held in a
fixed lattice, but when
dissociated can act as mobile
charge carriers
3. Hard, rigid but brittle
- Hard force may cause ions of
like charges to become next to
each other, causing repulsion
and lattice to shatter.
1. Low melting and boiling point for
simple molecular structures and
high for Giant covalent structures
- SMS molecules held by weak
VDW forces
- GCS molecules held by strong
covalent bonds
2. Most do not conduct electricity
except for Graphite
- As electrons are held in covalent
bonds/nucleus
- As for graphite, each carbon is
only covalently bonded to three
others, there is a spare electron
to act as mobile charge carrier


Drawing Sigma/PI bonds

Type Drawing
of
Bond
Sigm
a
Bond

Chem Lecture T1 15 JD TY N

Pi
Bond

1s,
2s, 3s

Note: 2s orbital larger than 1s, 3s larger than 2s

Explaining difference between bond angles

Theory
Explanation
1. Compare number of electron pairs
If electron pairs is different, then
first
immediately use VSEPR to explain


2. Compare number of lone pairs if
Lone pair lone pair repulsion is the
electron pairs is the same
strongest, so it will push bond pairs

closer.
3. If all are the same, use polarity. A

more polar molecular will have
Remember the sequence= LP-LP
slightly differing bond angles than a
repulsion> LP-BP Repulsion > BP-BP
less polar one.
repulsion. Electrons in a more polar
molecule will be attracted to __,
leading to decrease in BP-BP
repulsion (depends) and increase in
LP-BP repulsion.

Determining Difference Between Melting/Boiling Points

Key

Possible ways of Answering Required

Chem Lecture T1 15 JD TY N

Remember that melting/boiling points are
always due to intermolecular forces of
attraction.

Ionic compounds: Ions
Metallic compounds: Ions and Delocalised
electrons
Covalent compounds: Molecules

Check for Differences in type of

bonding
1. Comparing the structure (Ionic VS
Covalent VS metallic compounds)
- Giant ionic lattice, simple
molecular structure, giant
molecular structure, giant
metallic lattice
Check for Hydrogen Bonds

2. Hydrogen bonds are strong
- Requires FON with lone
pair
- H bonded to FON

Confirm the Intermolecular Force

3. Polar or Non-Polar
- Non-polar compounds have
dispersion forces, which are
weaker than the permanent
dipole permanent dipole
interactions in polar compounds

Non Polar Compounds
Check for difference in Mr

4. If both molecules are non-
polar, compare Mr
- Larger Mr means
larger electron cloud,
more polarisable,
more formation of
induced and
instantaneous dipoles,
stronger dispersion
forces

Check for Branches

5. If both molecules are non-
polar, compare the
surface area
- A straight chain
compound has larger
points of comtact that

Chem Lecture T1 15 JD TY N

dispersion forces can
act. Therefore,
stronger dispersion
forces.

Polar Compounds
Difference in Polarity

6. Increase in polarity leads
to shorter bond length
- More polar means
shorter bond length,
electron more
attracted to nucleus,
more energy needed
to break bonds