Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EC
ORPS CO
M
NLW
IN
R
BA
MA
MULTISERVICE PROCEDURES
T
FOR THE
DEV
TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT OF
AN
EL
NONLETHAL WEAPONS
M
OP
M E N T C OM
FM 90-40
MCRP 3-15.8
NWP 3-07.31
USCG PUB 3-07.31
This publication has been prepared under our direction for use by our respective
commands and other commands as appropriate.
G. S. HOLDER
Rear Admiral, USN
Commander
Naval Doctrine Command
PREFACE
Army
Commander
US Army Training and Doctrine Command
ATTN: ATDO-A
Fort Monroe VA 2365l-5000
DSN 680-3153 COMM (757) 727-3153
Marine Corps
Commanding General
US Marine Corps Combat Development Command
ATTN: C42
3300 Russell Road
Quantico VA 22134-5021
DSN 278-6234 COMM (703) 784-6234
Navy
Navy Warfare Development Command
ATTN: N3
1540 Gilbert St
Norfolk VA 23511-2785
DSN 565-0563 COMM (757) 445-0563
E-mail: ndcjoint@nctamslant.navy.mil
ALSA
ALSA Center
ATTN: Director
114 Andrews Street
Langley AFB VA 23665-2785
DSN 574-5934 COMM (757) 764-5934
E-mail : alsadirector@langley.af.mil
ii
FM 90-40
MCRP 3-15.8
NWP 3-07.31
USCG PUB 3-07.31
6 October 1998
NLW
Multiservice Procedures for the
Tactical Employment of Nonlethal Weapons
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
iii
CHAPTER III CAPABILITIES OF NONLETHAL WEAPONS
Applicability Across the Range of Military Operations ..................... III-1
Core Capabilities .................................................................................... III-1
Limitations .............................................................................................. III-3
iv
B-2 No. 40F-Foam Rubber Multiple Baton Round ............................ B-2
B-3 No. 23BR-Bean Bag Round ........................................................... B-3
B-4 No. 23HV-Rubber Pellet Round High Velocity ........................... B-4
B-5 No. 23WB-Single Wood Baton Round .......................................... B-5
B-6 No. 40B-Stinger Team Round ....................................................... B-6
B-7 No. 23RP-Rubber Pellet Round .................................................... B-7
B-8 No. 40W-Wood Multiple Baton Round ........................................ B-8
B-9 No. 40A-Stinger Team Round ....................................................... B-9
B-10 No. 23FB-Diversionary Device .................................................. B-10
B-11 No. 23FS-Rubber Fin Stabilized Round ................................... B-11
v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
NLW
Multiservice Procedures for the
Tactical Employment of Nonlethal Weapons
No longer can force be viewed as either on or off (lethal force or no force) because
whole spectrums of threats are present today. NLWs' options allow force to be viewed as
a continuum. Much like a rheostat switch where power can be dialed up or down as desired,
NLW provide tools to allow a commander to employ sufficient force to accomplish an objective
without requiring the destruction of an enemy or the habitat. The intent of employing
NLW is not to add another step in the progression of escalation with an adversary but to
add another tool to use anywhere along that continuum. This publication provides initial
guidance for the employment of NLW in a tactical environment.
Overview of NLW
Chapter I describes the concept of NLW and provides the background on development
and employment of NLW. The chapter goes on to explain the relationship of NLW to
deadly force capabilities. The final portion of the chapter reviews policy per Office of the
Secretary of Defense instructions on employment of NLW.
Chapter II describes the purpose of NLW and gives a brief description of the currently
available commercial or government off-the-shelf (COTS/GOTS) equipment and munitions.
The chapter goes on to explain the currently anticipated distribution of nonlethal
equipment for the United States Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force units. The final portion
of the chapter addresses personnel requirements, organizational structure requirements,
and mission requirements/tactical structure.
Capabilities of NLW
Chapter III describes capabilities of NLW and missions across the range of military
operations. Additionally, a detailed discussion of munitions and nonmunitions capabilities
is presented.
vi
Employment of NLW Capability
Lessons Learned
Chapter VI focuses on lessons learned from recent operations. The chapter discusses
how nonlethal technology has changed the way we look at our adversary, the force
continuum, mission accomplishment, and media interaction.
vii
PROGRAM PARTICIPANTS
The following commands and agencies participated in the development of this publication:
Joint
Army
Marine Corps
Marine Corps Combat Development Command, Joint Doctrine Branch (C427), Quantico, VA
Marine Corps Detachment Military Police and Chemical School, Fort McClellan, AL
Special Operations Training Group (G-7), I Marine Expeditionary Force, Camp Pendleton, CA
Navy
Air Force
Detachment, Headquarters Air Force Doctrine Center, Langley Air Force Base, VA
Headquarters Air Combat Command (SFXR), Langley Air Force Base, VA
Headquarters Air Force Special Operations Command (DOXT), Hurlburt Field, FL
Human Systems Center, Brooks Air Force Base, TX
Coast Guard
viii
Chapter I
I-1
b. Increased interaction between US than self-defense may be constrained by
forces and civilian populations has become ROE or the judgment of the on-scene
a feature of the contemporary operational commander.
landscape that is likely to remain the case
for the foreseeable future. Two factors 5. Relationship of NLW to Deadly Force
account for this forecast:
a. The commitment of military power to
(1) Worldwide patterns of popula- resolve crises has traditionally involved the
tion growth and migration have resulted in use of deadly force or the implicit or explicit
an expansion of urban culture within the threat of the use of deadly force. Military
established industrialized nations and also units are trained, organized, and equipped
in many preindustrial and emerging Third for this purpose. A force armed only with
World societies. The prevalence of traditional military weapons normally has
urbanization in many crisis-prone regions two options for enforcing compliance:
of the world creates the potential for large, threats of deadly force and application of
vulnerable groups of noncombatants to be deadly force. This limitation creates a
caught up in volatile confrontations critical vulnerability that belligerents may
involving the deployment of military forces. quickly discern and use to their advantage.
I-2
probability of death or serious injury to c. NLW options are less likely to
noncombatants or belligerents. Use of provoke others; however, the use of NLW
deadly force must always remain an may, in fact, provoke a negative response.
inherent right of individuals in instances
when they, their fellow servicemen, or d. Demonstrated restraint greatly
personnel in their charge are threatened diminishes feelings of anger and remorse
with death or serious bodily harm. NLW when deadly force is required after
add flexibility to combat operations and nonlethal options fail.
enhance force protection by providing an
environment where US forces can e. NLW can facilitate postincident
permissively engage threatening targets stabilization by reducing populace
with limited risk of noncombatant alienation and collateral damage.
casualties and collateral damage.
7. Policy Per Office of the Secretary of
d. Commanders and public affairs Defense Instructions on Employment
officers must prepare personnel to address of NLW
media questions and concerns regarding the
role of NLW. Operational experience a. By Department of Defense (DOD)
indicates that novel capabilities give rise policy, all developmental weapon systems
to significant media interest. Personnel must be submitted for legal review and
participating in interviews or briefings must receive favorable findings before they
must be prepared to address the role of can be incorporated into the force. This
NLW. They must make it clear that the review includes examination for
presence of NLW in no way indicates consistency with applicable international
abandoning the option to employ deadly and domestic laws, including the laws of
force in appropriate circumstances. war, various arms control treaties, and
protocols. US forces can be assured that
6. Advantages of Employing NLW any NLW they are given have passed this
critical test. Any legal restrictions on
NLW provide commanders the employment will also be incorporated into
flexibility to influence the situation applicable ROE.
favorably with reduced risk of
noncombatant fatalities and collateral b. Some capabilities, although designed
damage. Some advantages follow: to minimize fatalities and serious injuries,
may have effects that could actually
a. They can be more humane and discourage their use. Those based on the
consistent with the political and social controlled use of pain, for example, could
implications implicit in humanitarian and prove distasteful to the troops employing
peacekeeping missions. them, particularly when the target area
includes children, the elderly, the
b. The force that properly employs handicapped, or others subject to special
nonlethal options gains advantages over protection within the context of our
those who rely on lethal options alone, cultural heritage. This concept of social
because the degree of provocation required acceptability also extends to the domestic
to employ these options is substantially and international public. Just as the basic
less. This advantage results in a more decision to employ military force in defense
proactive posture and quicker response as of national interests is usually a matter of
well as a diminished likelihood of having a intense public concern, the manner in
situation escalate to a point where deadly which that force is exercised is also
force is required to resolve the conflict. subjected to the same scrutiny. Speculation
I-3
as to the employment (or nonemployment) c. Neither the presence nor the
of NLW creates a geometrically expanding potential effect of NLW shall constitute an
matrix of options. As with all weapons the obligation for their employment or a higher
US military uses, the effects of NLW must standard for employment of force than
be generally acceptable to our society. In provided for by applicable law. In all cases,
some cases, the same considerations will the US retains the option for immediate use
extend to the larger international of lethal weapons, when the on-scene
community. For example, some NLW commander deems it appropriate,
effects could prove offensive to certain consistent with international law.
allies for religious or cultural reasons.
I-4
Chapter II
II-3
Chapter III
III-1
capability to bring a mob engaged in a riot facilitate MOUT by reducing the risks of
under control. While there are many noncombatant casualties and collateral
similarities in these two scenarios, each damage while simultaneously minimizing
involves unique challenges, which may the advantages to an enemy who is
require radically different solutions. defending in a built-up area.
III-2
limited only by the variety of the types of expectations between political and military
equipment to be targeted. Some examples leaders. These conflicts could result in US
are systems that alter combustion forces being vulnerable to misplaced or
properties of fuels or the viscosity of inconsistent ROE. All leaders, political and
lubricants and systems that cause the military, involved in planning and executing
embrittlement or decay of materiels. In military missions must understand that
addition, substances that attack rubber there is no such thing as “nonlethal
tires, gaskets, or hoses and those that act operations.”
as adhesives or fusing metal parts are also
required. The physical limitations of current
NLW are their short range, brief effects,
3. Limitations and the relative ease by which experienced
combatants or belligerents can counter
The limitations of NLW are conceptual, their effects. The current NLW capability
physical, and tactical. The conceptual set can also be lethal if improperly applied.
limitation is that political leadership and Tactical limitations include the loss of
media personnel may misunderstand the momentum or tempo that may occur during
appropriate applications of NLW across the the transition from nonlethal to lethal
range of military operations. The incorrect force. These types of limitations must be
perception that NLW will allow wars and overcome by continual training and
MOOTW to be prosecuted without operational experience, which will also
casualties may lead to conflicting instill confidence in using NLW systems.
III-3
Chapter IV
IV-1
3. Nonlethal Training Topics for an appreciation for decontamination
Deploying Units requirements, storage, and shelf life of OC.
Legal and tactical considerations will also
The following 11 topics have been be taught. All OC training should be
identified as essential training for units certified by existing training programs that
deploying with nonlethal capabilities and include live agent training.
are part of the NIWIC curriculum:
e. Open-Hand Control. The subcourse
a. Force Continuum. The subcourse is is an introduction to pressure-point
an introduction to the federal force control techniques, unarmed self-defense
continuum model as outlined by Marine measures, weapon retention techniques,
Corps Order (MCO) 5500.6F, Arming of Law and other submission/restraint/search
Enforcement and Security Personnel and the techniques. Handcuffing/flexcuffing should
Use of Deadly Force (or other service be covered for contact team members.
orders). Levels of resistance, identifying
the proper levels of force, and how f. Impact Weapons. In this subcourse,
nonlethal technologies affect force students are taught how to use the rigid
continuum are the minimum topics that straight baton, collapsible straight batons,
should be covered. side handle batons, or riot control batons.
b. Crowd Dynamics/Crowd Control. g. Introduction to Military Working
The subcourse, an introduction to the Dogs. The subcourse is an introduction to
differences between crowds, mobs, and the role of military working dogs and the
riots, teaches the student basic crowd potential support available to forces
control techniques that will be easily requiring nonlethal force options (FM
applied to various situations. The student 19-10, AFM 31-202).
should be familiarized with tactics and
techniques (as found in Field Manual [FM] h. ROE, Law of War, Constitutional
19-15, Fleet Marine Force Manual Seizure. The subcourse is an introduction
[FMFM]1-3, FMFM 6, and Training to the ROE, law of war, constitutional
Circular [TC] 90-1) but will also consider seizure, and their relationships (DODD
nontraditional and small unit application. 5100.77, FM 27-10, NWP 1-14M/MCWP
c. Communication Skills. The sub- 5-2.1/COMDTPUB P5800.7, and DA
course is an introduction to the stages of Pamphlet 27-1).
conflict management, verbal aggression,
nonverbal communication, physical i. Nonlethal Munitions and Employ-
aggression, physiological diversions, and ment. The subcourse is an introduction to
proper mental conditioning. The first NLW the capabilities and employment of
skill an individual must have is the ability available nonlethal weapons. When firing
to communicate. General A. M. Gray, former nonlethal munitions, transition to lethal
Commandant of the Marine Corps, said, “A munitions for familiarization will follow.
warrior’s most formidable weapon is his Students participate in live-fire exercises
mind.” The results of an individual’s mental as outlined in Tables IV-1 through IV-7.
processes are evident through actions and
j. Barriers/Physical Security Measures.
words, and the words and communication
The subcourse is an introduction to barriers
skills in dealing with people are truly the
and physical security measures available to
first line of nonlethal options.
tactical forces. These measures comple-
d. Oleoresin Capsicum Aerosol Train- ment the use of nonlethal force or mitigate
ing. The subcourse is an introduction to the the need for deadly force. An under-
uses of OC/pepper spray and other riot standing of proper emplacement of caltrop
control agents. The student should have and foam are recommended.
IV-2
Table IV-1. 40mm Foam Baton Round
FAMILIARIZATION TABLE
ROUNDS # TARGET GO/NO GO
2 E-Silhouette
20m
2 E-Silhouette
15m
1 E-Silhouette
10m
5 5.56mm
Transition @ 10m
IV-3
Table IV-5. 12-ga Wood Baton Round
FAMILIARIZATION TABLE
ROUNDS # TARGET GO/NO GO
2 E-Silhouette
20m
2 E-Silhouette
15m
1 E-Silhouette
10m
12-ga 7 ½ shot/00 Buck
5 Transition @ 10m
k. Tactics. The subcourse is an intro- NLW. Collective unit tactical training is the
duction to tactics as outlined in Chapter V, unit’s responsibility; however, a 9-day NLW
paragraph 5. MOUT and tactics training example schedule based on NIWIC training
requires close leader involvement. US is provided in Appendix D. Units should
Army Training and Doctrine Command is conduct collective training before
developing training support packages that deploying with NLW. Unit standing
will include company level and below TTP. operating procedures (SOPs) and tactics
may need adjusting to allow for the
See Appendix D for sample 9-day unit-
employment of this new equipment. All unit
training schedule covering these 11 topics.
collective training should include nonlethal
options and decision making.
5. Unit Training
b. Simulation Training. The goal of
a. The NIWIC is primarily designed to simulation training should be to reinforce
produce instructors who will train current training courses. The Marine Corps
individuals in the use and employment of Commandant’s Warfighting Laboratory at
IV-4
Quantico, Virginia, has a computer training exercises both units and staffs should focus
simulation system designed to train small on six of the seven tasks: crowd control,
unit leaders in the application of nonlethal incapacitating personnel, area denial to
capabilities. Given a situation, mission both personnel and vehicles, seize
statement, and ROE, the student will equip personnel, and clear facilities of personnel.
and place fire teams to conduct checkpoint Disable/neutralize vehicles/aircraft are not
operations and react to stimulus/events in easily trained tasks during exercises. This
a three-dimensional (3-D) representation of list is not all-inclusive and should be
a MOUT site. Currently, there is a similar modified based on mission, enemy, terrain
simulation system at the Human Systems and weather, troops and support available,
Center at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, time available (METT-T).
that can be used for tactics development of
directed energy NLW. Also, the Air Force’s c. Whenever NLW are employed
Force Protection Battle Laboratory at during training, lethal capability must
Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, is always be in place. Troops must always be
establishing a similar computer simulation prepared to protect themselves as required
facility. Finally, the DOD is conducting an with a lethal response because it is
ongoing effort to develop other computer impossible to accurately predict the
simulation systems. response of an individual or mob.
IV-5
Chapter V
V-1
the mission. ROE are critical in the • Deny an area to personnel.
commander’s planning to determine the • Deny an area to vehicles.
appropriate use of nonlethal and deadly • Disable/neutralize vehicles aircraft,
force. The availability of NLW does not vessels, and facilities.
relieve the force from its obligation to • Seize personnel.
defend itself; therefore, it must be equipped
• Clear facilities of personnel.
and trained with both lethal and nonlethal
means.
These tasks are further addressed in Tables
V-1 through V-7. The tables are not
3. NLW Tasks intended to be all-inclusive but merely a
stimulus to planning. The equipment
The NLW tasks were derived from the listed is taken from the currently available
commander in chief's and service's mission systems designed for nonlethal purposes.
needs statements. These tasks are— The user should not limit nonlethal options
to this specific equipment and should be
• Control crowds. aware of the existing and emerging systems
• Incapacitate personnel. to achieve the desired mission end state.
V-2
Table V-1. Crowd Control (continued)
NLW PLANNING EMPLOYMENT
TASKS FACTORS EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS NOTES
Crowd Operations Riot Control Agents · Disrupt/disperse
control · Tactical a. OC dispenser crowds
integration of b. Team OC · Disperse RCAs to face
NLW and lethal dispenser and eyes for full effect
fires c. High volume · Employ snatch teams
· FSE plans to dispenser to apprehend
include RCA agitators
· Allocation of NLW
munitions
· Integration of
NLW fires and
maneuver
· Engineer barrier
planning
· Understand
mission (deny
access/disperse/
monitor)
Crowd Logistics Riot Control · Searchlights
control · Distribution of a. Xenon dazzle/disorient
NLW supplies searchlight individuals (night
· Security of rear b. Flex cuffs only)
area facilities c. RCA markers · Flex cuffs used for
· Resupply of NLW agitators
munitions · RCA markers are
used to mark
agitators for future ID
Crowd · Procurement of
control medical supplies
· Hospital planning
· Medic planning
for tactical units
V-3
Table V-2. Incapacitate Personnel
NLW PLANNING EMPLOYMENT
TASK FACTORS EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS NOTES
Incapacitate Admin Personnel Support Equipment · Distributed to troops in · Commander needs
personnel · SJA/claims a. Riot face shield advance to define in
planning b. Full length riot shield · Riot baton should not capacitation
· Media plan c. Expandable riot baton be employed to the mission
d. Rifleman’s combat head · Public dissemina-
optic · Optic employed with tion of NLW must
DM to ID mob leaders take a balanced
and cover with lethal approach so
fire countermeasures
cannot be rapidly
developed
· NLW options must
be covered by
lethal force
Incapacitate Intelligence Kinetics · Do not employ kinetics
personnel · ID types of a. 12 ga bean bag round at less than 20 ft due to
insurgents and b. 12 ga rubber bullet possible fatal outcome
demonstrators c. 12 ga launching · Target area at 20-40 ft
· ID causes and cartridge should be center mass
factions d. 40mm rubber baton · Head shots are not
· ID mob e. 40mm wooden baton acceptable
ringleaders f. 40mm stinger grenade · Kinetic rounds will not
g. Stun grenade be skipped fired
h. Flash bang · Kinetics effective
i. M203 and shotguns against selected targets
are NL and to disperse
complementary; M203 individuals
has a low rate of fire, · M203 and shotguns are
area target; shotgun NL complementary;
has a high rate of fire, M203 has a low rate of
point target fire, area target;
shotgun has a high rate
of fire, point target
Incapacitate Operations Riot Control Agents · Disrupt/disperse
personnel · Prepare and a. OC dispenser crowds
confirm ROE b. Team OC dispenser · Disperse RCA to face
for NLW c. High volume OC and eyes for full effect
· Integration of dispenser
NLW and
deadly force
· Allocation of
NLW and
designated unit
use
· Integration of
NLW fires and
maneuver
Incapacitate Logistics Riot Control · Searchlights dazzle/
personnel · Distribution of a. Xenon searchlight disorient individuals
NLW b. Flex cuffs (night only)
munitions c. Chem markers · Flex cuffs used for
· ID special agitators
storage · RCA markers are used
requirements to mark agitators for
· Resupply of incapacitation
NLW
munitions
Incapacitate Civil Affairs
personnel · Collection of
civilian intel
· Care of injured
personnel
· Detention of
civilian
personnel
V-4
Table V-3. Deny Area to Personnel
NLW PLANNING EMPLOYMENT
TASK FACTORS EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS NOTES
Deny area to Admin Personnel Support Equipment · Ensure area is well · Utilize
personnel · SJA/claims a. Area lights lighted to include appropriate
planning b. Area sensors perimeter media to warn
· Media plan c. Night vision · Night vision devices civilians away
d. Access control are generally from denied
e. Warning signs employed outside the area
written in host perimeter
nation language · Positively ID accessed
personnel
· Employ warning signs
in native language
V-5
Table V-4. Deny Area to Vehicles
NLW PLANNING EMPLOYMENT
TASK FACTORS EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS NOTES
Deny area to Admin Personnel Support Equipment · Ensure area is well · Commander
vehicles · SJA/claims a. Area lights lighted to include needs to define
planning b. Area sensors perimeter denial mission
· Media plan c. Night vision · Night vision devices are · Utilize
d. Access control generally employed appropriate
e. Warning signs outside the perimeter media to warn
written in host · Positively ID accessed civilians away
nation language vehicles from denied
area
Deny area to Intelligence Kinetics
vehicles · Terrain and map
study
· Threat ID
· Sensor
emplacement
around area
· IPB
· Traffic analysis
Deny area to Operations Riot Control Agents
vehicles · Prepare and
confirm ROE
· Allocation of NLW
and designated
unit use
· Determine scope of
mission.
· Determine access
procedures
· Determine
military police
requirements
· Duration
· Use of area
Deny area to Logistics Riot Control
vehicles · Distribution of
NLW supplies
· Be prepared to
evacuate stalled
vehicles
Deny area to Civil Affairs Entanglements · Disrupt/slow intrusion
vehicles · Collection of a. Caltrops attempts
civilian intel b. Tanglefoot · Maintain suitable
c. Barriers reaction force
d. Organic · Channel passive traffic
equipment away
e. Barbed wire · Use foam to cover
f. Foams caltrops
V-6
Table V-5. Deny/Neutralize Vehicles, Aircraft, Vessels, and Facilities
NLW PLANNING EMPLOYMENT
TASK FACTORS EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS NOTES
Deny/ Admin Personnel Support Equipment · Ground and water · Commander
neutralize · SJA/claims a. Sensors to track sensors can be needs to define
vehicles, planning approaching vehicles, employed if neutralization
aircraft, · Media plan A/C, and vessels required mission
vessels, b. Night vision equipment · Employment of · Element of
facilities c. Materiel handling aerial or naval surprise remains
equipment pickets a critical factor in
d. Portable bullhorn · Materiel handling mission
equipment required accomplishment
to evacuate vessel · Commander
needs to develop
IFF procedures
Deny/ Intelligence Kinetics
neutralize · Sensor
vehicles, emplacement if
aircraft, required
vessels, · Threat ID
facilities · IPB
· Analyze target area
Deny/ Operations Riot Control Agents · Marking agents can
neutralize · Prepare and a. Marking agent be used to mark a
vehicles, confirm ROE vessel for later
aircraft, · Integration of NLW interception
vessels, and deadly force
facilities · Allocation of NLW
and designated unit
use
· Determine scope
of mission
· Determine access
procedures
· Determine boarding
procedures (vessels
and aircraft)
· Determine
apprehension
procedures
Deny/ Logistics Riot Control · Riot control agents
neutralize · Distribution of a. RCA can be used to
vehicles, NLW munitions b. Xenon searchlight incapacitate crew
aircraft, · ID special storage members
vessels, requirements · Searchlights can
facilities · Resupply of NLW disorient personnel
munitions or illuminate target
· Determine vessel/
aircraft disposition
Deny/ Civil Affairs Entanglements · Use caltrops to
neutralize · Collection of civilian a. Caltrops disable vehicle
vehicles, intel b. Foams · Use combination of
aircraft, · Handling of c. Speed bumps foam and caltrops to
vessels, displaced civilian d. Nets preserve the
facilities personnel element of surprise
· Channel passive
traffic away
· Use nets to foul
props
Deny/ Medical
neutralize · Treating injured
vehicles, civilian personnel
aircraft,
vessels,
facilities
V-7
Table V-6. Seize Personnel
NLW PLANNING EMPLOYMENT
TASK FACTORS EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS NOTES
Seize Admin Personnel Support Equipment · Optic employed with · Commander needs to
personnel · SJA/claims planning a. Rifleman’s combat DM to ID personnel to define seizure mission
· PAO media plan optic be seized and strictly enforce
· Covers personnel ROE
employing NL force · Element of surprise is
critical for mission
accomplishment
· Speed is critical
· Seizing personnel can
be surgical with spec
ops personnel or
conducted within a
crowd to seize an
agitator
Seize Medical
personnel · Medevac planning
V-8
Table V-7. Clear Facilities of Personnel
NLW
PLANNING EMPLOYMENT
TASKS FACTORS EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS NOTES
Clear Admin / Personnel Support Equipment · Distributed to troops in · Surprise is a
facilities of · SJA/claims a. Riot face shield advance critical element
personnel planning b. Full length riot · Riot baton should not for mission
· Chaplain affairs shield be employed to the head accomplishment
· Casualty c. Expandable · Optic employed with · Commander
notification riot baton DM to ID occupant must strictly
· PAO media plan d. Rifleman’s leaders and provide define ROE
combat optic lethal cover fire · Due to close
e. Portable bull · Bullhorn used for quarter tactics,
horn communicating with the force must be
occupants instantly ready
to utilize deadly
force if required
V-9
Table V-7. Clear Facilities of Personnel (continued)
NLW PLANNING EMPLOYMENT
TASKS FACTORS EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS NOTES
Clear facilities Logistics Riot Control · Searchlights dazzle/
of personnel · Distribution of a. Xenon searchlight disorient individuals
NLW supplies b. Flex cuffs · Flex cuffs used for
· Resupply of NLW c. RCA markers agitators
munitions · RCA markers are used
· Plan for to mark agitators for
transportation of future ID
displaced civilians
· Plan facility
maintenance or
repair
V-10
f. Public Affairs Officer. The PAO gathering intelligence from civilian
provides liaison with outside media and sources.
participates in the staff planning process.
PAO is also responsible for ensuring the
5. Tactics
NLW media plan and news releases
a. The following considerations
consider the perceptions of the native
should be included in the development of
media and belligerents or adversaries.
unit tactical operations involving
Public affairs personnel must receive
nonlethal munitions:
training on NLW technologies, employment
and capabilities, acute and long-term
(1) Avoid reconfiguring table of
effects, impact on the environment, and
organization (T/O)/table of organization
legal approval procedures (as a minimum)
and equipment (T/O&E [USMC]), except
so they can respond to media and public
for special configurations:
inquiries.
(a) Special purpose teams.
g. Medical. Medical personnel must be
trained on NLW technologies and effects, (b) Attachments.
as well as diagnostic and treatment
procedures and prognosis for different (c) Riot control formations.
types of possible injuries/NLW effects. Also,
they must be prepared to treat local (d) Provisional security
residents, noncombatants, and adversaries organizations.
alike. At a minimum, medical personnel
should be trained on risks and potential (2) Standardize T/O&E (TO&E
temporary and or permanent effects [USA]) equipment and postures in unit
inherent in employing NLW. Medical tactical standing operating procedures
personnel should be familiar with and able (TAC SOP). To add a higher volume of
to provide decontamination of riot control specialty impact munitions within squads,
agents as well as administer antidotes in platoons, or units equipment may be
cases of adverse reactions to riot control added as follows:
and other agents. They should be trained
to provide medical treatment for bruises, (a) Add nonlethal munitions
abrasions, and cuts associated with for T/O&E M203s first.
nonlethal impact devices. Additionally,
they should be trained to handle blunt (b) Add additional M203s
trauma incidents to organs, tissue, and or second.
bones.
(c) Add shotguns last to
h. Chaplain. Chaplain personnel patrols or first to static positions. If
should be prepared to provide counseling shotguns are added for patrols, add as an
and religious services to both military and attachment or as miscellaneous billets.
civilian personnel. Additionally, they
should be trained to provide the religious (3) When loaded with nonlethal
and cultural background of the belligerents munitions, the longer reloading time of
as they relate to crowd control. the M203 is protected with overlapping
coverage from shotgun nonlethal fire.
i. Civil Affairs. The civil affairs office Nonlethal range cards should be made to
is responsible for planning and assist in assuring safety distances are
coordinating all aspects of civil affairs met.
activities and providing assistance in
V-11
(4) Avoid long weapons in contact (15) Inspect all 40mm nonlethal
teams or with front lines of civil disturbance munitions daily when deployed as these
reaction forces with response times. munitions are very susceptible to weather
conditions (moisture). In Bosnia, task force
(5) Attempt to focus riot control eagle found that the 40mm round turned
capabilities in specialized reaction forces. extremely hard when kept in a cold
environment.
(6) Establish base line NLW
postures. Currently, nonlethal rounds are black
powder burning and leave the shotgun and
(7) Establish command relations M203 barrels contaminated with residue.
for special units. The recommended field expedient method
of cleaning is to flush the barrel with water.
(8) Maximize distance and barriers.
This operation frees the residue and
enables the shooter to rapidly reengage the
(9) Use NLW range cards for targets. Figure V-1 portrays maximum
stationary positions. ranges of NLW systems that should be
considered before employment.
(10) Saturate force with available
OC aerosol consistent with ROE. b. Unit Weapons and Ammo
Configuration.
(11) Selectively use impact batons.
(1) Individual. When possible, do
(12) Never accept unnecessary risk. not change T/O or TO&E weapons.
Designate individuals as nonlethal
(13) Always mutually support with shooters. Nonlethal shooters should carry
lethal munitions only for personal
lethal.
protection. Lethal rounds should be carried
(14) Develop immediate actions in a place to avoid confusing nonlethal
drills (Playbook). rounds with lethal rounds.
Shotgun
flashbang
- Shotgun
- M203 rubber fin LVOSS
Foam stabilized
Hand - Stinger Shotgun
Hand M33A1 - M103 Claws
thrown grenade
launched
held RCA sting - Shotgun wooden
dispenser baton stinger
RCA ball beanbag
- M203 - 40mm grenade
6’ stinger sponge SABER 203
20’ 50 ’
100’
WIND 150’
200’ 240’ 300’
V-12
(2) Squad. Squad leaders should (7) Designated Marksmen. During
carry stinger grenades and maintain their a nonlethal engagement, the use of
T/O weapon loaded with lethal designated marksmen (DM) provides
ammunition. Ideally, the squad should not confidence and safety to those facing a riot.
change their task organization to If a lethal threat is presented, the
accommodate the addition of nonlethal designated marksman who is in an
equipment but should designate nonlethal overwatch position and armed with a
shooters. standard infantry rifle, mounted with a
high-powered scope, can scan a crowd and
(3) Patrols. Commanders should identify agitators and riot leaders for
not plan a nonlethal patrol but should plan apprehension as well as fire lethal rounds
a combat/security patrol with a nonlethal if warranted. Additionally, they are ideally
attachment, when mission dictates. suited for flank security and counter sniper
Nonlethal attachments should carry only operations.
40mm nonlethal rounds. Carrying a
shotgun limits the flexibility that the 6. Employment Objectives
individual has because of the time it takes
to transition from nonlethal to lethal. Innovative employment methods of
Shotguns should be used only from a fixed NLW and ingenuity take on critical
position where adequate coverage is significance. Some options are so harmless
available. that employment becomes the key factor in
how effective they are. Aqueous foam, for
(4) Static Positions. Individuals on example, is little more than soapsuds.
static positions should have their weapons Caltrops, although formidable to vehicles,
loaded with lethal ammunition. are easily avoided or swept aside by
Additionally, they should carry nonlethal personnel. However, when aqueous foam
munitions. Both shotguns and M203s work is used to cover the caltrops a synergistic
well from static positions and should be effect occurs. An adversary cannot cross
used together when possible. the foam because of the caltrops and cannot
find the caltrops because of the foam.
(5) Contact Teams. Contact Teams
should be established before deployment.
Team members should be trained in The countermeasures for thwarting
unarmed self-defense, open-hand control, virtually all nonlethal options are usually
and handcuffing/flex cuffing. Contact teams apparent, quickly learned and readily
should be equipped with personal available. Because they do not kill,
protection gear, 9mm, and flex cuffs. Due nonlethal options “teach” an adversary
to the physical nature of contact teams, it’s what to avoid in the future. Small unit
important not to arm contact team members commanders must be prepared to keep one
with long rifles. If security for the contact step ahead of motivated belligerents.
team is an issue, a security element should
be attached. Many nonlethal options have both
maximum effective and minimum safety
(6) Riot Formations. Riot control ranges. Individuals struck short of the
teams should be established with a minimum safety range often suffer severe
minimum response time. Because of the injuries or death while the effects of most
physical nature of riot control, individuals nonlethal devices are greatly mitigated at
in riot control formations should not carry longer ranges. In order to be effective, an
long rifles. Nonlethal attachments should adversary must be engaged within the
follow closely behind the riot control “effective” zone beyond the minimum safety
formation. Lethal coverage must be range and short of the maximum effective
provided for this entire formation. range.
V-13
7. Environment delegated to the lowest possible level,
preferably to the platoon, flight, or squad
A military unit deployed to an area will level. However, this requires that all
conduct operations in accordance with personnel, not just leaders, have a clear
present doctrine. The environment may understanding of ROE and commander’s
contain both noncombatants and intent.
combatants. Nonlethal capabilities provide
the military force with tools to engage c. The use of lethal force, employed
adversaries and minimize collateral under the standing ROE, will never be
damage. These tools empower the military denied. At no time will forces be deployed
force with the capability to influence the without the ability to defend themselves
environment with nonlethal means if against a lethal threat nor will they forego
required. normal training, arming, and equipping for
combat. Nonlethal options are a comple-
8. ROE ment to, not a replacement for, lethal force
and seek to expand a proactive response
US forces follow directives issued by across the range of military operations.
competent military authority that delineate
the circumstances and limitations under 9. Logistic Considerations Including
which deadly force will be initiated against
Maintenance and Transportation
other forces encountered. Intrinsic to the
effective use of nonlethal options is the
Munitions must be resilient and
authorization to employ them. In peace-
deployable under all conditions. Nonlethal
keeping efforts, ROE serve as an essential
munitions tend to degrade substantially
balance between what is imposed and what
faster than conventional military
is allowed. ROE are the primary means by
munitions. A round that is effective in the
which the National Command Authorities
heat of Somalia or Liberia may not work in
(NCA) can, through the Chairman of the
the snows of Bosnia, because of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS) and the
degradation of the round and its
combatant commanders, provide guidance
employment against people who are more
to deployed forces in peacetime for
heavily clothed. Proper storage, periodic
handling crises and, in wartime, to help
inspections, and rotation of NLW
control the level of hostilities.
ammunition are critical to maintaining the
effectiveness and viability of nonlethal
a. ROE should be distinguished from
munitions.
tactical control measures, threat conditions,
and arming orders. Although arming orders
Furthermore, most NLW are not type
are sometimes listed on the same quick
classified, that means they are not
reference card as ROE, for easy reference,
necessarily certified for air or sea
ROE should also be distinguished from
transportation without specific prepara-
other policies and directives developed,
tion. Additionally, storage requirements
such as weapons confiscation rules.
can be unusual for NLW and must be
adhered to so they do not rapidly become
b. The decision to use NLW against an
unserviceable.
adversary during a confrontation should be
V-14
Chapter VI
LESSONS LEARNED
VI-1
An important point is NLW are just one that enables the local population to learn
element of a graduated response available about the capabilities of NLW. Too much
to the force commander. Other elements, information allows adversaries to develop
short of deadly force, make up a large countermeasures or avoid the NLW effects.
contribution to the success of US forces, Commanders who employ NLW systems
including barrier plans and psychological must include the PAO. From the beginning
operations (PSYOP). An example of this of planning, the PAO must be familiar with
operation would be the use of barriers such the objectives of the mission, commander’s
as roadblocks or concertina wire, warning intent, ROE, NLW and lethal weapons
commands to inform a mob of potential employed and be prepared to advise the
responses based on their actions, and only commander on the best methods of dealing
then taking actions through escalated with outside media. The commander
employment of NLW. These continued should fully integrate the public affairs
responses would involve smoke, riot control plan with PSYOP objectives and the
agents, and blunt munitions. Every concept of operations. Additionally, care
escalation of nonlethal means should be must be taken with native and western
preceded by a specific verbal warning. media to ensure that the “sensationalism”
of such a new technology does not create
Whenever NLW are employed, a unrealistic expectations by which the on-
separate lethal capability must always be scene commander may be unfairly judged.
in place. Troops must always be prepared
to protect themselves as required by lethal 5. Capabilities and Impact on Mission
means, because it is impossible to Accomplishment
accurately predict the response of an
individual or mob to NLW employment. The commander should understand the
unique capabilities of NLW and use them
4. Publicity and Media to enhance mission accomplishment. NLW
should be used in consonance with the
The media can be used to the planned employment of the force and
commander ’s advantage, as they will within established ROE to minimize loss
inform the local population of the military’s of life and property while accomplishing
capabilities and responses available. In the mission. The force requires early
Somalia, the local media was informed of hands-on training to recognize the
the marines’ nonlethal options and “new capabilities and limitations of nonlethal
technologies” to discourage hostile actions. weapons. (See Appendix D for a training
The media was encouraged to report this plan developed to meet these objectives.)
to the population. Intelligence had
indicated the Somalis were planning to mix Additionally, the force commander must
civilians with armed clansmen, creating fully integrate planning for the use of
hostile mobs. In fact, feuding warlords nonlethal options as quickly as possible in
successfully demonstrated this strategy on the staff planning cycle. In order to have a
several occasions. Lack of deadly mob full range of alternatives for use against
incidents implies that the Somalis were not unarmed but hostile elements, nonlethal
anxious to test this new technology and systems need to be delivered; necessary
publicity had actually helped in mission ROE and legal review completed; and
accomplishment. sufficient quantities of each NLW made
readily accessible to the force. The choice
The public dissemination of the of nonlethal capabilities should be based on
presence of NLW capabilities must strike several factors. First, are the NLW systems
a balance between information sufficient to available and can they be delivered on time?
discourage hostile actions and information Second, are they compatible with, and do
VI-2
they complement existing weapons and particular crowd’s motivation, friendly
training? Third, are there clear and forces may be better able to take necessary
unambiguous guidelines and ROE for steps to prevent the escalation that may
employment? Finally, can the NLW be result in the use of deadly force. Early
effectively employed to save lives and training in crowd dynamics and riot control
contribute to mission accomplishment? will enhance the effective use of NLW.
VI-3
Appendix A
A-2
The caltrop must be capable of flattening flammable or ozone depleting propellants.
pneumatic tires and be capable of inflicting A MSDS and documentation verifying that
puncture wounds to the feet. The device all ingredients are FDA approved must be
should be lightweight, “stackable,” and so supplied with the device. The dispenser
constructed to nest during storage. Nested, must project a ballistic stream rather than
caltrops should occupy no more than 15 an aerosolized spray, and it must contain
percent of their deployed volume. The enough OC material (not more than 20 oz)
caltrop should cause immediate and to yield at least 20 1/2-second bursts.
catastrophic failure of pneumatic tires. Individual dispensers should have a pull-
Additionally, the device should ring type safety pin that enables the
accommodate deployment in a “chained” dispensing of contents. Each unit should
configuration to form a connective and be individually serialized for quality control
flexible series. This configuration creates tracking.
additional damage and disablement of
targeted vehicles by wrapping around and 14. High Volume Output, High Capacity
reattacking an encountered tire. OC Dispenser
A-3
devices contain a nontoxic, water-soluble 19. Double Zero (00) Buckshot
marker to allow immediate feedback on
content delivery to target. US forces carrying the 12-ga shotgun
require a 00 Buckshot-loaded 12-ga shotgun
16. Inert Team OC Canister cartridge as a backup lethal capability to
their nonlethal munitions. A standard DOD
US forces require inert team OC or law enforcement agency (LEA) issue
canisters for familiarization and training round will fulfill the requirement.
purposes. The devices should emulate the
live round in all respects; however, they 20. 12-Gauge Flexible Baton Standard
should be loaded with a nonirritant, Bean Bag Round
nontoxic formulation payload. Safety
release, range, dispersal pattern, weight US forces require a cartridge fired from
and balance, volume content, and number the 12-ga shotgun containing a lead shot
of “shots” per inert device should match filled fabric bag. The round provides a
those of live rounds. The devices should capability to stun individuals without
be prominently marked with content and penetrating the body. The lead shot filled
should be rechargeable at the unit level. It fabric bag delivers a strong blow to the body
is also desired that the devices contain a and momentarily stuns the subject.
nontoxic, water-soluble marker to allow Inclusion of a marking dye would allow the
immediate feedback on content delivery to identification of the targeted individual
target. after the engagement is over. The round
should have a velocity at the muzzle of 300
17. Inert High Volume Output, High ft per second (fps). The diameter of the
expanded fabric bag should be 2 inches. The
Capacity OC Canister
round should have dimensions of a
2 3/4-inch long standard 12-ga shell. The
US forces require inert high volume rounds should be prominently marked with
output, high capacity OC canisters for type of round. The markings should be both
familiarization and training purposes. The physical and visual to aid determination of
devices should emulate the live round in round type in low-light conditions.
all respects; however, they should be loaded
with a nonirritant, nontoxic formulation 21. 12 Gauge Rubber, Fin Stabilized
payload. Safety release, range, dispersal Round
pattern, weight and balance, volume
content, and number of “shots” per inert US forces require a 12-ga fin stabilized
device should match those of live rounds. rubber projectile round for use in
The devices should be prominently marked controlling and dispersing crowds and
with content and should be rechargeable at subduing individuals. The projectile should
the unit level. It is also desired that the weigh approximately 0.2 oz and be
devices contain a nontoxic, water-soluble contained in a 12-ga shotgun shell
marker to allow immediate feedback on approximately 2.5 inches in length. The
content delivery to target. muzzle velocity should be 500 fps, to yield
a maximum range of 250 ft and a maximum
18. 12-Gauge Shotgun effective range of 100 ft. Fin stabilization
is required to assure a sufficiently small
This item will be redistributed within circular error probable (CEP) to allow
the Marine Corps by the commander, successful engagement of a particular
Marine Corps Systems Command, to meet individual at maximum effective ranges.
the required number of weapons per The rounds should be prominently marked
capability set in each MEF. with type of round. The markings should
A-4
be both physical and visual to aid launching cup. It should be durable, rust
determination of round type in low-light resistant, and resistant to deformation
conditions. caused by dropping, “hitting and rolling,”
and other combat tasks. The mechanism
22. 12-Gauge Inert (Training) Round for attaching to and detaching from the
shotgun barrel should be uncomplicated
US forces require an inert 12-ga and require only simple tools in the field.
standard shotgun round for training The capability to fire either lethal or
purposes. The inert rounds should match nonlethal rounds with the shotgun while
those of standard 00 buckshot-loaded the launcher cup is attached must be
rounds in all respects except live propellant retained. The launching cup diameter
and primer. The rounds should be should be 3.3 inches with an overall length
prominently marked with type of round. of 7.25 inches. Its weight should be less
The markings should be physical and visual than 9 oz.
to aid determination of round type in low-
light conditions. 25. 25 Round, 12-Gauge Shell Pouch
A-5
3 hardwood batons in a 40mm cartridge to the marine’s combat gear or clothing. It
case with a length of 4.8 in. The propellant should be made of highly durable material
should be smokeless to minimize the and be colored either green or colored to
fouling of weapons systems. The projectile blend with the color of the woodland
should have a muzzle velocity of 260 fps to uniform. The pouch must be easily
yield a maximum range of 100 yards and a accessible and should not interfere with the
maximum effective range of 50 yards in marine’s conduct of combat tasks.
“skip” fire mode. These rounds are not
intended for direct fire at targeted 30. Sting Ball Grenade
individuals. The rounds should be
prominently marked with type of round. US forces require a hand-held, hand-
The markings should be both physical and thrown grenade that disperses rubber balls,
visual to aid determination of round type produces a loud report, and a bright flash
in low-light conditions. of light. The grenade must have a 1-second
fuse delay. The rubber spheres are to be
28. 40mm Stinger Cartridge dispersed in a radial pattern with an initial
velocity of 700 fps. This grenade should also
US forces require a capability to fire a be capable of being launched from a
distraction round from the 40mm M203 standard Marine Corps 12-ga shotgun
grenade launcher to disperse threatening equipped with the 12-ga launching cup
crowds, mobs, or to control individuals who attachment and 12-ga launching cartridge.
are resisting arrest or failing to heed calls The grenade components, particularly the
to order. The round should have a “spoon,” should be durable, rust resistant,
maximum range of 100 ft. This will extend and resistant to deformation caused by
the capability to control or distract crowds dropping, “hitting and rolling,” and other
at ranges beyond those which can be combat tasks.
achieved with hand thrown devices. The
round should contain, as submunitions, 31. Inert Sting Ball Grenade
approximately 24 rubber balls of an average
60 caliber. The propellant should be US forces require an inert sting ball
smokeless to minimize the fouling of grenade for familiarization and training
weapons systems. Initial velocity of the purposes. The inert rounds should match
rubber balls at dispersal should be 325 fps. the characteristics of the live sting ball
The maximum effective range of the rubber grenade rounds in all respects, except that
balls at dispersal is a radius of 50 ft. An they will be nonexplosive. Practice fuses
individual round should have a diameter similar to those commonly used with
of 1.5 inches with a length of 4.8 inches. training fragmentation grenades would be
Weight should be approximately 4 oz. The appropriate to provide realistic training.
rounds should be prominently marked with The inert sting ball grenades should be
type of round. The markings should be both prominently marked “inert” to distinguish
physical and visual to aid determination of them from live sting ball grenades.
round type in low-light conditions.
32. Diversionary Device, Hand Thrown
29. 40mm Carrying Pouch
For diversionary purposes, US forces
Because the current M203 grenade require a low hazard, nonshrapnel-
load-bearing vest is ill suited for carrying producing device which produces an
nonlethal 40mm munitions, a separate intense flash of light and an extremely loud
pouch is required. This item must provide report with a minimal amount of smoke.
a means of carrying not less than six 40mm The devices are required to provide a less-
nonlethal rounds and must securely attach than-lethal means of temporarily dazzling,
A-6
dazing, and subduing targeted individuals greater. It is also desired that the device
or groups before they can injure themselves be compatible with the launching cup and
or others. The intense flash is intended to launching cartridge, separately described,
cause temporary blinding effects with no as well as with the Marine Corps standard
permanent damage to the retina. The loud 12-ga shotgun.
report is intended to create a sensory
overload which greatly diminishes an 33. Sting Ball Grenade/Flash Bang
adversary’s ability to effectively react. The Pouch
diversionary device should be equipped
with a safety pull ring, a safety release lever, This item should hold up to 6 sting ball
and a delay before final action of at least grenades or 6 flash bangs and must securely
1.0 seconds. The device should not produce attach to the marine’s combat gear or
enough smoke to interfere with achieving clothing. It should be made of highly
mission objectives or produce any durable material and be colored either
substantial fragmentation. It should have green or colored to blend with the color of
a low probability of initiating unintended the woodland uniform. The pouch must be
fire. The report should not be greater than easily accessible. Its carry should not
185 dB at 5 ft and the light level at same interfere with the marine’s conduct of
distance should be 2.0 million candela or combat tasks.
A-7
Appendix B
Figures B-1 through B-11 are the Defense Technology product specification listings of the
munitions included in the Marine Corps capabilities kit. All specifications are averages.
Defense Technology is not the only producer of nonlethal rounds. To reduce the possibility
of serious injury or death, the following standards of employment are recommended:
Submunition Specifications:
Caliber ................................................. 32
Pellet Hardness ................................... 75 durometer "A" scale
Explosive Weight ................................. 0.28 oz (7.9 g)
Following the fuse operation, a 1-second delay separates the fuse assembly from the body with little
or no velocity. There is an additional 1-second delay before charge detonates. Rubber balls are then
dispersed in a circular pattern of approximately 50 ft. This device may be launched. This device is
launchable from a 12-ga shotgun utilizing the No. 34 launching cup and the No. 35 launching
cartridge. As noted in the operation section, the fuse assembly separates from the grenade body before
detonation. When launching the No. 15 stinger grenade, consideration should be given to the free
failing fuse assembly potentially striking an individual.
B-1
37/40mm - Designed for use in the M203
Submunition Specifications:
Length ................................................. 1.5 in (3.8 cm) each
Diameter .............................................. 1.5 in (3.8 cm) each
Material ............................................... Foam rubber
Weight ................................................. 0.60 oz (17 g) each
• At distances of less than 20 ft, extreme caution should be exercised due to the high possibility of a
fatal outcome.
• At distances of 20 to 40 ft, the target area should be center mass.
• Training should reinforce that headshots are NOT ACCEPTABLE.
• This round will not be skip-fired. Once striking a hard object, this round becomes unpredictable.
• This round is effective for the disbursement of individuals in crowd control or civil disturbance
situations and against subjects who offer violent resistance.
B-2
12-Gauge
Submunition Specifications:
Size ...................................................... 2x2 in square
Material ............................................... Heavy cordurag nylon filled with
#9 shot
Weight ................................................. 1.44 oz (41.0 g)
• At distances of less than 20 ft, extreme caution should be exercised because of the high possibility
of a fatal outcome.
• At distances of 20 to 40 ft, the target area should be center mass.
• Training needs to reinforce that headshots are NOT ACCEPTABLE.
• This round will not be skip-fired. Once striking a hard object, this round becomes unpredictable.
• This round is extremely effective against individually selected targets or subjects who demonstrate
violence or aggression. It is also effective for the disbursement of individuals in crowd control or civil
disturbance situations and against subjects who offer violent resistance.
B-3
12-Gauge
Submunition Specifications:
Caliber ................................................. 32
Diameter .............................................. 0.32 in (0.8 cm) each
Material ............................................... PVC rubber compound
Hardness ............................................. 75 durometer "A" scale
Weight ................................................. 0.01 oz (0.25 g) each
• At distances of less than 20 ft, extreme caution should be exercised due to the high possibility of a
fatal outcome.
• At distances of 20 to 40 ft, the target area should be center mass.
• Training needs to reinforce that headshots are NOT ACCEPTABLE.
• This round will not be skip-fired. Once striking a hard object, this round becomes unpredictable. It
is effective for the disbursement of individuals in crowd control or civil disturbance situations and
against subjects who offer violent resistance. This round is best used against subjects lightly
dressed, as winter clothing or padding may absorb most of the effect of the munition.
Submunition Specifications:
Length ................................................. 0.92 in (2.3 cm)
Diameter .............................................. 0.62 in (1.6 cm)
Material ............................................... Hardwood
Weight ................................................. 0.11 oz (3.0 g)
• These rounds are designed for skip fire as opposed to direct fire and perform successfully from 10 yd
to 50 yd. Performance will vary depending on angles of deflection and surface material and density
(for example, grass versus concrete).
• When rounds are skip-fired consideration should be given to the angle of deflection as to ensure the
round is striking the lower extremities.
• This round is effective for the disbursement of individuals in crowd control or civil disturbance
situations and against subjects who offer violent resistance.
Submunition Specifications:
Caliber ................................................. 60
Diameter .............................................. 0.60 in (1.5 cm) each
Material ............................................... Rubber
Hardness ............................................. 60 durometer "A" scale
Weight ................................................. 0.08 oz (2.25 g) each
• At distances of less than 20 ft, extreme caution should be exercised because of the high possibility of
a fatal outcome.
• At distances of 20 to 40 ft, the target area should be center mass.
• Training needs to reinforce that headshots are NOT ACCEPTABLE.
• This round will not be skip-fired. Once striking a hard object, this round becomes unpredictable.
• This round is effective for the disbursement of individuals in crowd control or civil disturbance
situations and against subjects who offer violent resistance. This round is best used against subjects
lightly dressed, as winter clothing or padding may absorb most of the effect of the munition.
B-6
12-Gauge
Submunition Specifications:
Caliber ................................................. 32
Diameter .............................................. 0.32 in (0.8 cm) each
Material ............................................... Rubber
Hardness ............................................. 75 durometer "A" scale
Weight ................................................. 0.01 oz (0.3 g) each
• At distances of less than 20 ft, extreme caution should be exercised because of the high possibility of
a fatal outcome.
• At distances of 20 to 40 ft, the target area should be center mass.
• Training needs to reinforce that headshots are NOT ACCEPTABLE.
• This round will not be skip-fired. Once striking a hard object, this round
becomes unpredictable.
• This round is effective for the disbursement of individuals in crowd control or civil disturbance
situations and against subjects who offer violent resistance. This round is best used against subjects
lightly dressed, as winter clothing or padding may absorb most of the effect of the munition.
B-7
37/40mm - Designed for use in the M203
Submunition Specifications:
Length ................................................. 1.35 in (3.4 cm) each
Diameter .............................................. 1.35 in (3.4 cm) each
Material ............................................... Hardwood
Weight ................................................. 0.77 oz (22.0 g) each
• At distances of less than 20 ft, extreme caution should be exercised because of the high possibility of
a fatal outcome.
• At distances of 20 to 40 ft, the target area should be center mass.
• Training needs to reinforce that headshots are NOT ACCEPTABLE.
• This round will not be skip-fired. Once striking a hard object, this round becomes unpredictable.
• This round is effective for the disbursement of individuals in crowd control or civil disturbance
situations and against subjects who offer violent resistance.
B-8
37/40mm - Designed for use in the M203
Submunition Specifications:
Caliber ................................................. 32
Diameter .............................................. 0.32 in (0.81 cm) each
Material ............................................... Rubber
Hardness ............................................. 75 durometer "A" scale
Weight ................................................. 0.01 oz (0.3 g) each
• At distances of less than 20 ft, extreme caution should be exercised because of the high possibility
of a fatal outcome.
• At distances of 20 to 40 ft, the target area should be center mass.
• Training needs to reinforce that headshots are NOT ACCEPTABLE.
• This round will not be skip-fired. Once striking a hard object, this round becomes unpredictable.
• This round is effective for the disbursement of individuals in crowd control or civil disturbance
situations and against subjects who offer violent resistance. This round is best used against
subjects lightly dressed, as winter clothing or padding may absorb most of the effect of the
munition.
Figure B-9. No. 40A-Stinger Team Round
B-9
12-Gauge (Aerial Distraction)
This 12-ga munition is designed for use as an outside aerial distraction. This round is extremely
effective in diverting attention away from an approach or entry, by deploying overhead, beyond
individuals or crowds or to the far side of buildings.
Notes: The No. 23FB round is not intended or designed to be used as a barricade penetrating
round. This round should not be direct fired at personnel.
B-10
12-Gauge
Submunition Specifications:
Caliber ................................................. 12-ga
Length ................................................. 1.7 in (4.3 cm)
Material ............................................... Rubber
Hardness ............................................. 75 durometer "A" scale
Weight ................................................. 0.2 oz (5.8 g)
• At distances of less than 20 ft, extreme caution should be exercised because of the high possibility of
a fatal outcome.
• At distances of 20 to 40 ft, the target area should be center mass.
• Training needs to reinforce that headshots are NOT ACCEPTABLE.
• This round will not be skip-fired. Once striking a hard object, this round becomes unpredictable.
• This round is effective for the dispersion of crowds. It is also effective for the disbursement of
individuals in crowd control or civil disturbance situations and against subjects who offer violent
resistance
B-11
Appendix C
This appendix provides an overview total training days and hours required per
of the Nonlethal Individual Weapons academic subcourse. Section III gives a
Instructor Course (NIWIC). NIWIC is a detailed description of each sub-course and
“train the trainer” course taught in 12 sub- terminal learning objectives that each
courses. Section I provides NIWIC student must meet to complete the course.
descriptive data that includes the Section IV is a listing of 12 annexes that
purpose, scope, peacetime, and comprise the NIWIC POI. Additionally, the
mobilization training requirements, entire NIWIC with history, updates, and
student prerequisites, and equipment/ lesson plans can be accessed at—
ammunition requirements to successfully http://www.ftmc-marine.army.mil/.
complete the course. Section II lists the
COURSE DESCRIPTION
C-1
COURSE DESCRIPTION (CONTINUED)
21. Instructor Staffing: Two additional 5811 SNCOs are required. Requirements,
current staffing is not adequate to conduct this course.
22. School Overhead: Additional overhead will be necessary for live fire training,
handouts, and training aids.
23. Training Support: All training and administrative support will be provided by
the Marine Corps Detachment, Ft McClellan, Alabama.
C-2
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
Item Quantity
Striking Bags 15
Caltrops 100
Sandbags 5000
C-3
CLASS V REQUIREMENTS
C-4
SECTION II - TOTAL TRAINING DAYS
Subtotal 114.5
Administrative Subjects
C-5
SECTION III - BODY
Subject
2. Force Continuum. This subcourse introduces the student to the federal force
continuum model as outlined by MCO 5500.6F, Arming of Law Enforcement and
Security Personnel and the Use of Deadly Force. Upon completion, the student will
be able to instruct others on the six levels of resistance, proper levels of force, and
factors influencing the decision to use force. Additionally, students will also
instruct how nonlethal technologies affect the force continuum, preconditions of
deadly force, six authorized occasions for the use of deadly force continuum, and
the proper application of force.
4. Communication Skills. This subcourse will teach the student how to instruct
others on interpersonal communication skills and techniques to defuse situations.
5. Oleoresin Capsicum Aerosol Training. This subcourse will teach the student
how to safely and thoroughly instruct others to use pepper spray, supervise proper
employment for training and discuss actual situations. The student will learn
decontamination requirements, legal/policy considerations, and tactical
considerations imposed by detainees/casualties.
7. Impact Weapons. This subcourse will teach the student in the uses of various
impact style weapons (batons) to include the rigid straight baton, collapsible
straight batons, side handle batons, and riot control batons. Upon completion,
students will be certified to instruct control of compliant and noncompliant
individuals, proper straight baton and side handle baton techniques, and riot baton
and shield tactics.
C-6
8. Introduction to Military Working Dogs. This subcourse will teach the student
how to instruct on the role of military working dogs and the potential support
available to forces requiring nonlethal force options. Upon completion, students will
be able to instruct others on military working dogs capabilities, missions, and
limitations.
10. Nonlethal Munitions and Employment/Live Fire. This subcourse will teach
the student how to instruct the nonlethal munitions available. Students will
participate in live fire exercises and upon completion of the course will be able to
instruct others on the capabilities and limitations of various nonlethal rounds.
Additionally, students will be able to conduct live fire ranges and certification of
nonlethal munitions.
11. Barriers/Physical Security Measures. This subcourse will teach the student
how to instruct others on barriers and physical security measures available to
tactical forces. These measures complement the use of nonlethal force or mitigate
the need for deadly force. Upon completion, the student will be able to instruct
others on the proper employment of barriers/physical security expedients.
12. Tactics (Mounted/Dismounted). This subcourse will teach the student how to
instruct others on mounted/dismounted tactics as they are related to the use of NLW.
Upon completion, the student will be able to instruct others on proper tactical
employment (mounted and dismounted) and nonlethal methods to quell civil
disturbance. The instructor will use training tactics and actual operations scenarios.
Military operation on urbanized terrain (MOUT) requires different tactics,
techniques, and procedures because of the heavily built-up environment.
C-7
SECTION IV - ANNEXES
A Instructor Development
B Force Continuum
D Communication Skills
F Open-Hand Control
G Impact Weapons
L Tactics (Mounted/Dismounted)
C-8
Appendix D
TRAINING DAY #1
1600 Secure/End of
Duty Day
Administration:
Uniforms:
Transportation:
Weapons:
Ammunition:
Classroom Requirements:
1. Screen
2. Video show projector with central processing unit
3. Televisions
4. VCR
Miscellaneous:
D-1
NONLETHAL INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS TRAINING COURSE TRAINING SCHEDULE
TRAINING DAY #2
1600 Secure/End of
Duty Day
Administration:
Uniforms:
Transportation:
Weapons:
Ammunition:
Miscellaneous:
D-2
NONLETHAL INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS TRAINING COURSE TRAINING SCHEDULE
TRAINING DAY #3
TBD Secure/End of
Duty Day
Administration:
Uniforms:
Transportation:
Weapons:
Ammunition:
D-3
NONLETHAL INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS TRAINING COURSE TRAINING SCHEDULE
TRAINING DAY #4
1600 Secure/End of
Duty Day
Administration:
Uniforms:
Transportation:
Weapons:
Ammunition:
Classroom Requirements:
1. Screen
2. Video show projector with central processing unit
3. Televisions
4. VCR
5. Overhead projector
6. Trauma chart in classroom and at the training area
Miscellaneous:
D-4
NONLETHAL INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS TRAINING COURSE TRAINING SCHEDULE
TRAINING DAY #5
1600 Secure/End of
Duty Day
Administration:
Uniforms:
Transportation:
Weapons:
Ammunition:
Classroom Requirements:
1. Screen
2. Video show projector with central processing unit
3. Televisions
4. VCR
5. Overhead projector
Miscellaneous:
D-5
NONLETHAL INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS TRAINING COURSE TRAINING SCHEDULE
TRAINING DAY #6
Time Subject Location Uniform Instructor References/Notes
CONTACT PLATOONS/M203/Ml200
TBD Secure/End of
Duty Day
CONTACT PLATOONS/ESCORTS RIOT CONTROL PLATOONS
1600 Secure/End of
Duty Day
Administration:
Uniforms:
Transportation:
Weapons:
Ammunition:
D-6
TRAINING DAY #6 (CONTINUED)
TBD Secure/End of
Duty Day
Administration:
Uniforms
Transportation:
0800 Transportation to range (M203 and M1200 shooters) (—) PAX and return.
0800 Movement to range (designated marksmen) (—) PAX and return.
Ammunition: TBD
D-7
NONLETHAL INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS TRAINING COURSE TRAINING SCHEDULE
TRAINING DAY #7
1800 Secure/End of
Duty Day
Administration:
Uniforms:
Transportation:
Weapons:
Ammunition:
Classroom Requirements:
1. Screen
2. Video show projector with central processing unit
3. Televisions
4. VCR
D-8
NONLETHAL INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS TRAINING COURSE TRAINING SCHEDULE
TRAINING DAY #8
TBD Secure/End of
Duty Day
Administration:
Uniforms:
Transportation:
Weapons:
Ammunition:
D-9
NONLETHAL INDIVIDUAL WEAPONS TRAINING COURSE TRAINING SCHEDULE
TRAINING DAY #9
TBD Secure/End of
Duty Day
Administration:
Uniforms:
Transportation:
Weapons:
Ammunition:
Classroom Requirements:
D-10
REFERENCES
Joint
Joint Publication 3-07, Joint Doctrine for Military Operations Other Than War
Multiservice
Army
FM 100-5, Operations
TRADOC Pamphlet 525-5 Force XXl Operations, A Concept for the Evolution of Full
Dimensional Operations for the Strategic Army of the Twenty-First Century
TRADOC Pamphlet 525-57, (S) U.S. Army Operational Concept for Operations in a Directed
Energy Environment (U)
Marine Corp
MOC 5500.6F, Arming of Law Enforcement and Security Personnel and the Use of Deadly Force
References-1
Navy
Air Force
AFM 31-202,
Other
Black, Stephen, Non-Weapons Systems: The potential impact of new technologies on Low
Intensity Conflicts, Ridgeway Viewpoints, Matthew B. Ridgeway Center for International
Security Studies, No. 93-9, 1993
DA, HQDA, SARD-TL/SC, Non-Lethal Arms (Disabling Systems), A System Description and
Assessment of possible Army Alternatives, D. Evans and W.E. Howard, III, February 1993
Inside the Navy, Marine Corps Non-Lethal Weapons Experiment Underway at Camp
Pendleton, CA, Vol. 9, No. 29, 22 Jul 96
Marine Corps Gazette, “Less-Lethal” Force in Operation UNITED SHIELD, September 1995
Oral History Interview: Mr. Charles Heal, Los Angeles County Sheriff Department,
Los Angeles, CA, 1997
Oral History Interview: Former Commander Israeli Defense Force, Fort Monroe, VA, 1997
References-2
GLOSSARY
A/C aircraft
admin administration
AFDC US Air Force Doctrine Center
AFM Air Force Manual
AFSC Air Force specialty code(s)
AMC Army Materiel Command
Approx approximately
ASI additional skill identifier
Cal caliber
CEP circular error probable
chem chemical
CINC commander in chief
CJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
cm centimeter
CMC Commandant of the Marine Corps
COTS commercial off-the-shelf
CPU central processing unit
CS riot control agent (tear gas)
3-D three-dimensional
DA Department of the Army
dB decibel
DC direct current
demo demonstration
DM designated marksmen
DOD Department of Defense
DODD Department of Defense Directive
FB flash back
FDA Food and Drug Administration
FM Field Manual
Glossary-1
FMFM Fleet Marine Force Manual
fps feet per second
FS fin stabilized
FSE fire support element
ft foot
G
g gram
G-1 Army or Marine Corps component manpower or personnel staff
officer (Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps brigade or
higher staff)
G-2 Army or Marine Corps component intelligence staff officer
(Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps brigade or higher
staff)
G-3 Army or Marine Corps component operations staff officer
(Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps brigade or higher
staff)
G-4 Army or Marine Corps component logistics staff officer
(Army division or higher staff, Marine Corps brigade or higher
staff)
ga gauge
GCE ground combat element
GOTS government off-the-shelf
hr hours
ID identify
IFF identification, friend or foe
info information
intel intelligence
IO International Organization
in inch
in2 square inch
IPB intelligence preparation of the battlefield
IR infrared
ITT interrogator-translator team
K-9 dog
Glossary-2
L
M
m meter
MAGTF Marine air ground task force
max maximum
MCCDC Marine Corps Combat Development Command
MCO Marine Corps Order
MCPDS Marine Corps Doctrinal Publication System
MEF Marine expeditionary force
METT-T mission, enemy, terrain, and weather, troops and support
available time available
MEU Marine expeditionary unit
MK mark
mm millimeter
MOOTW military operations other than war
MOS military occupational specialty
MOUT military operations on urbanized terrain
MSDS material safety data sheet
MTT mobile training team
N/A not applicable
MTTP multiservice tactics, techniques, and procedures
O
OC oleoresin capsicum
OP observation post
OPR office(s) of primary responsibility
ops operations
OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense
oz ounces
Glossary-3
P
Glossary-4
U
US United States
USA United States Army
USAF United States Air Force
USMC United States Marine Corps
USN United States Navy
yd yard
00 double zero
Air Force specialty code (AFSC). Primary job of a US Air Force officer or enlisted
person. Analogous to the Army and Marine Corps military occupational skill (MOS).
commercial off the shelf (COTS). Describes items procured for military use through
civilian contractors.
Fleet Marine Force (FMF). A balanced force of combined arms comprising land, air,
and service elements of the US Marine Corps. A Fleet Marine Force is an integral part
of a US Fleet and has the status of a type command. Note: It can include deployable
Marine Corps units of any type.
Glossary-5
government off the shelf (GOTS). Analogous to COTS, but describing items already
procured by the US government and ready for issue to military units.
ground combat element (GCE). The Marine Corps Marine Air-Ground Task Force
element that is task organized to conduct ground operations. The GCE is constructed
around an infantry unit and varies in size from a reinforced infantry battalion to one or
more reinforced Marine division(s). The GCE also includes appropriate combat support
and combat service support units. Normally, there is only one GCE in a MAGTF.
NOTE: It is part of a Marine Corps Marine air-ground task force comprising infantry
units, attachments, and staff.
joint acquisitions group (JAG). Multiservice group formed, along with JCRG, in
March 1996 in Washington, D.C. Tasked with identifying emerging NLT and
coordinating and prioritizing procurement efforts in a joint arena.
joint concepts requirements group (JCRG). Works closely with JAG, but primarily
tasked with identifying Nonlethal Technology requirements for active forces of all
services.
Marine Expeditionary Force (MEF). The largest of the Marine air-ground task
forces, is normally built around a division/wing team, but can include several divisions
and aircraft wings, together with an appropriate combat service support organization.
Glossary-6
The Marine expeditionary force is capable of conducting a wide range of amphibious
assault operations and sustained operations ashore. It can be tailored for a wide
variety of combat missions in any geographic environment. Note: It is the largest
deployable Marine Corps unit, comprising nearly 1/3 of active Marine Corps deployable
forces. Approximately 50,000 Marines and Sailors.
military operations on urbanized terrain (MOUT). All military actions planned and
conducted on a topographical complex and its adjacent natural terrain where man-made
construction is the dominant feature. It includes combat-in-cities, which is that portion
of MOUT involving house-to-house and street-by-street fighting in towns and cities.
military operations other than war (MOOTW). Operations that encompass the use
of military capabilities across the range of military operations short of war. These
military actions can be applied to complement any combination of the other instruments
of national power and occur before, during, and after war.
military police (MP). Marine Corps and Army police forces designated by specific
MOS.
mobile training team (MTT). A team consisting of one or more US military or civilian
personnel sent on temporary duty, often to a foreign nation, to give instruction. The
mission of the team is to train indigenous personnel to operate, maintain, and employ
weapons and support systems, or to develop a self-training capability in a particular
skill. The National Command Authorities may direct a team to train either military or
civilian indigenous personnel, depending upon host nation requests.
nonlethal technology (NLT). Synonymous with NLW, but also encompassing more
advanced technology which is not yet available for use by military forces.
Glossary-7
oleoresin capsicum (OC). Also known as “pepper spray”, OC is made completely from
organic materials and is FDA-approved for sale over-the-counter in the United States.
Causes severe and immediate burning sensation to mucous membranes when sprayed
into face, nose, and eyes.
table of equipment (T/E). Total list of equipment of all types authorized for a Marine
Corps unit.
table of organization (T/O). Total manpower authorized for specific unit, organized by
billet and rank. TO& E is a US Army term which encompasses T/O and T/E.
tactical psychological operations team (TPT). US Army unit specifically trained and
employed to conduct psychological operations against adversary forces, to include
dissemination of pamphlets, native language broadcasts by audio and visual means, and
interaction with local media.
visit, board, search, and seizure (VBSS). US Navy mission analogous to MIO, in
which hostile vessels on the high seas are stopped, boarded, taken over by friendly
forces, inspected for violations of international law or sanction violations, and if
necessary, seized.
Glossary-8
INDEX
L T
Leader Training iv, IV-5 Threats vi, I-2, II-3, V-1, VI-1, VI-3,
Lethal Weapons vii, I-1, I-4, II-2, V-1, Glossary-6
VI-1, VI-2, VI-3 Training Devices II-1
Limitations iv, III-3, V-14, VI-2, C-7,
Glossary-8 U
Index-1
FM 90-40
MCRP 3-15.8
NWP 3-07.31
USCG PUB 3-07.31
6 OCTOBER 1998
DISTRIBUTION:
Active Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve: To be distributed in accordance
with the initial distribution number 115757, requirements for FM 90-40.
MARINE CORPS: PCN 14300005700