11th Maths Notes of Lesson - Part 2

8.
Find the sum of the first

(i) 75 positive integers
1+2+3++75 is an arithmetic series
Here a = 1, d = 2-1 = 1 and n = 75
Now, sn
S75 =
[2a+(n-1)d]
[2(1) +(75-1)(1) ]
[2+74]
[76]
S75 = 2850
(ii) 125 natural numbers
1+2+3++75 is an arithmetic series
Here a = 1, d = 1, n=l=125
S125
x [1+125]
=
S125
x 126
=125 x 63
= 7875
9. Find the sum of the first 30 terms of an A.P. whose nth term is 3 + 2n.
Given that the nth term of an Ap is 3+2n
Now, tn
= 3 + 2n = 5 + ((n-1) (2) of the form of a + (m-1)d
BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
s30 =
=
s30
[2(5)+(30-1)(2)]
15[10+58]
= 15 x 68
1020
10. Find the sum of each arithmetic series

(i) 38 + 35 + 32 +..+ 2.
38 + 35 + 32 +..+ 2 is an AP
Here, a = 38, d = 35 38
Now,
l = a +( n - 1)d
Thus S13
[2+38]
(ii) 6 + 5 +4
n =
[40]
l=2
+1
+1
= 13
=260
+ .. 25 terms
Here a = 6 d = 5
Sn =
= -3,
-6 =
and n = 25
[2a + (n - 1)d]
S25 =
[2(6) + (25 - 1) (
=
[12 + 24 (
[12 1 8]
)]
)]
= 73
11. Find the Sn for the following arithmetic series described.

(i) a = 5, n = 30 , l = 31

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
Sn
S30
[a + l]
[5 +121]
(ii) a = 50
= 15 [126]
= 1890
n = 25 d = -4
Sn =
[2a + (n - 1)d]
S25 =
[2(50) + (25 - 1) (-4)]

=
[100+24 + (-4)]
[100 - 96] =
[4]
= 50
12. In the arithmetic sequence 60, 56, 52, 48. starting from the first term,
how many terms are needed so that their sum is 368?
Given arithmetic sequence is 60, 56, 52 , 48 ,..
Here, a = 60 , d = 56 60 = 52 - 56
Also
= -4
sn = 368
Let us find the number of terms needed

Sn =
[2a + (n - 1)d]
368 =
[2 (60) + (n-1)-4]
[120 4n + 4] = 368

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
[124-4n]
= 368
2n2 62n + 368 = 0

(n - 8) (n 23 )
=0
n = 8 or 23
Hence 8 terms or 23terms are needed to get the sum 368.

13. A construction company will be penalised each day for delay in
construction of a bridge. The penalty will be `4000 for the first day and will
increase by Rs . 1000 for each following day. Based on its budget, the company
can afford to pay a maximum of Rs 1,65,000 towards penalty. Find the
maximum number of days by which the completion of work can be delayed
Penalty amount to be levied for consecutive days form an arithmetic series with
a = 4000, d = 1000
Let n be the maximum no. of days for which the work can be delayed
Then,
sn = 1, 65, 000
[2(4000) + (n-1)(1000)] = 1, 65, 000

n[8000+100n-1000]
n2 + 7n 330
(n+22) (n - 15)
3,30,000
n = 15 or n = -22
maximum no. of days for which the work can be delayed is 15

14. A sum of `1000 is deposited every year at 8% simple interest. Calculate the
interest at the end of each year. Do these interest amounts form an A.P.? If so,
find the total interest at the end of 30 years.
Every year Rs.1000 is deposited at 8 % simple interest
Interest for first year,
t1 = 1000 X
Interest for second year, t2 = 2000 X
= 80
= 160
Thus, the interest amounts 80, 160, 240, . At the end of the each year forms
an A.P
With a = 80
and
d = 80

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
The total interest is s Sn =

s30 =
[2a + (n - 1)d]
[160 + 29 (80)]
=Rs. 37200
15. The sum of first n terms of a certain series is given as 3n2- 2n. Show that
the series is an arithmetic series.
Given that sn = 3n2- 2n
So,
Sn-1 = 3(n-1)2 2( n - 1)
3 [n2 2n +1] 2n + 2
Now, the
= 3n2 8n + 5
nth term is ` tn = Sn Sn-1

= 3n2 2n [3n2 8n]
= 6n 5
= 6n 6 1
= 1+ (n-1)6
so tn is the term of a + (n - 1)d

hence, the given series is an arithmetic series with a = 1, d =6
16. If a clock strikes once at 1 oclock, twice at 2 oclock and so on, how many
times will it strike in a day?
Number of times the clock strikes each other form an AP
Then , for the first twelve hours the arithmetic series is
Thus , sn =
S12 =
1 + 2+ 3+ .+12
[a + l]
[1 + 12]
= 6(13)
= 78
Hence, the cloak strikes in a day (in 24 hours) = 2 x 78

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
= 156 times.
6
MARKS
1. In an arithmetic series, the sum of first 11 terms is 44 and that of the next
11 terms is 55. Find the arithmetic series.
We have Sn = [2a + (n - 1)d]
Thus S11 = 44
[2a + (11 1)d] = 44
A + 5d = 4
(1)
S22 = S11 + 55 = 44 + 55 =99

[2a + (22 - 1)d] = 99 2a + 21d = 99 ..(2)
Solving (1) and (2) we get a =
and d =
The required arithmetic series is a + (a + d) +(a + 2d)+..

=
=
+(
+
)+ (
+
) + .
2. Find the sum of all 3 digit natural numbers, which are divisible by 9.
The sequence of 3 digit number which are divisible by 9 are
108,117, 126 , ..,999
This is an Ap where a = 108 , d = 9 and l = 999
Also , l = a + (n - 1)d
=
NOW, SN = (a +1) =>s100=
n =
+1
+1
+ 1 = 99 + 1 = 100
[999+108]

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
= 50(1107) = 55350.
3. Find the sum of first 20 terms of the arithmetic series in which 3rd term is
7 and 7th term is 2 more than three times its 3rd term.
Solution :
Given that r3= 7 and 77 = 2 = 3 t 3 = 23
Now,
tn =a +(n- 1) d
Thus
a+2d =7
A +6d = 23
(2) (1) =>
4d = 16 => d = 4
Substituting d =4 in (1) we get a + 2( 4) = 7 => a = -1
Now, sn =
({2a = ( n-1 ) d} =>
EXERCISE : 4.2
Problem 1
Calculate the dot-product of two vectors u and v, if their
magnitudes are |u| =
, |v| = 1 and the angle
between the
vectors is
= 45.
Solution
Use the formula of the definition dot-product (see the lesson
Introduction to dot-product under the current topic in this site). You
have
(u,v) = |u|*|v|*
*1*
Problem 2
Find the dot-product of two vectors u and v, if their magnitudes are
u = 1, v =
between the vectors is
= 135.
Solution
Use the formula of the definition dot-product (see the lesson
Introduction to dot-product under the current topic in this site). You

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
have
(u,v) = |u|*|v|*
= * *(
)=
=
.
Problem 3
Find the scalar product of the vectors u = (5,4) and v = (3,2).
Solution
Use the standard formula for scalar product as the sum of products of
the vectors' components (derived in the lesson Formula for Dotproduct of vectors in a plane via the vectors components under the
current topic in this site). You have
(u,v) = 5*3 + 4*2 = 15 + 8 = 23.
Problem 4
Find the scalar product of the vectors u = ( , ) and v = ( ,
).
Solution
(u,v) =
*
+
=
= .
Problem 5
Find the scalar product of the vectors u = (
, ) and v =
(
,
).
Solution
(u,v) = (
)*(
)+
=
=
= .
Problem 6
Find the angle between the vectors u = (8,-1) and v = (4,7).
Solution
Let
be the angle between the given vectors. According to the
formula (4) of the lesson Dot-product of vectors in a coordinate

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
plane and the angle between two vectors under the current topic in
this site,
=
.
Hence,
=
Answer.
=~ 1.176 rad = 67.41.

= 67.41.
Problem 7
The unit vector u makes the angle of 45 with the positive direction of
the x-axis (Figure 1).
The unit vector v makes the angle of 60 with the positive direction
of the x-axis.
Find cosines of the angle
between the vectors u and v, which is
equal to 15.
Solution
Since the vector u is the unit vector, its x- and ycomponents are cos(45) =
and sin(45) =
.
So, the component form of the vector u is u =
(cos(45), sin(45)) = ( ,
).
Similarly, the component form of the vector v is v =
(cos(60), sin(60)) = ( ,
).
Figure 1. To
the Problem
7
According to the formula for cosines of the angle

between the vectors u and v (see the lesson
Dot-product of vectors in a coordinate plane and the
angle between two vectors under the current topic in
this site),

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
Take into account that |u| = 1 and |v| = 1, because the vectors u
and v are unit vectors, and simplify the numerator. You will get
Answer. cos(15) =
.
Problem 8
Prove that the vectors u = (5,2) and v = (2,-5) in a coordinate plane
are perpendicular.
Solution
The scalar product of these vectors is (u,v) = 5*2 + 2*(-5) = 10 - 10 =
0.
Since the scalar products of these vectors is equal to zero, the vectors
are perpendicular (see the lesson Perpendicular vectors in a
coordinate plane under the current topic in this site).
Problem 9
Prove that the vectors u = (
,1) and v = (
,
) in a
coordinate plane are perpendicular.
Solution
The scalar product of these vectors is (u,v) = (
)*(
)
+
Since the scalar products of the vectors equal to zero, the vectors are
perpendicular (see the lesson Perpendicular vectors in a coordinate
plane under the current topic in this site).
Problem 10
10

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
Prove that the vectors u = (

, ) and v = (
coordinate plane are perpendicular.
Solution
The scalar product of these vectors is (u,v)
=
*
=
+
=
=
=
) in a
Since the scalar products of the vectors equal to zero, the vectors are
perpendicular (see the lesson Perpendicular vectors in a coordinate
plane under the current topic in this site).
Problem 11
Prove that the triangle ABC is the right triangle,
where the points A, B and C
in a coordinate plane have the coordinates A(1,1), B(2,-1) and C(6,5) (Figure 2).
Solution
We will check that the vectors BA and BC are
perpendicular.
x- and y- components of the vector BA are (1)-2 = -3 and 1-(-1) = 2 respectively.
So, AB = (-3,2) in the component form.
Figure 2. To
the Problem 11
x- and y- components of the vector BC are 6-2

= 4 and 5-(-1) = 6 respectively.
So, AC = (4,6) in the component form.
Now, scalar products of the vectors BA and BC
is (-3)*4 + 2*6 = -12 + 12 = 0.
Since the scalar product of the vectors BA and BC is zero, these
vectors are perpendicular. Hence, the triangle ABC is the right
11

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
triangle. The proof is completed.

Problem 12
Prove that the quadrilateral ABCD with the
vertices in a coordinate
plane
A(-3,-4), B(5,-3), C(1,4) and D(-7,3) (Figure
3) is a rhombus.
Solution
We will check that the vectors AB and
DC representing the pair of opposite
sides are equal, as well as the vectors BC
and AD representing another pair
of opposite sides are equal.
x- and y- components of the vector AB are
5-(-3) = 8 and (-3)-(-4) = 1 respectively.
So, the component form of the vector AB is
AB= (8,1).
Figure 3. To
the Problem 12
x- and y- components of the vector BC are

1-5 = -4 and 4-(-3) = 7 respectively.
So, the component form of the vector BC is
BC= (-4,7).
x- and y- components of the vector DC are
1-(-7) = 8 and 4-3 = 1 respectively.
So, the component form of the vector DC is
DC= (8,1).
x- and y- components of the vector AD are -7-(-3) = -4 and 3-(-4) =
7 respectively.
So, the component form of the vector AD is AD= (-4,7).
Thus the vectors AB and DC have identical components. Therefore,
these vectors are equivalent, i.e. they are parallel and have the same
12

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
length.
The vectors BC and AD have identical components too. Therefore,
these vectors are equivalent too, i.e. they are parallel and have the
equal length also.
Since the quadrilateral ABCD has the opposite sides parallel, this
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Now, compare the lengths of the two consecutive sides of the
parallelogram ABCD.
The length of the side AB is equal to the length of the vector AB:
|AB| =
=
=
.
The length of the side BC is equal to the length of the vector BC:
|BC| =
Thus the parallelogram ABCD has the opposite and the consecutive
sides of equal length. In other words, all the sides of the
parallelogram ABCD are of equal length.
Hence, the parallelogram ABCD is a rhombus. The proof is
completed.
Problem 13
Prove that the quadrilateral ABCD with the
vertices in a coordinate plane
A(1,2), B(2,-1), C(5,0) and D(4,3) (Figure 4) is a
square.
Figure 4. To
Solution
the Problem 13
We will check that the vectors AB and DC are
equal, the vectors BC and AD
are equal. Then we will prove that all the sides of
the quadrilateral are of equal length
13

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
and the angle LBAD is the right angle.

x- and y- components of the vector AB are 2-1
= 1 and (-1)-2 = -3 respectively.
So, the component form of the vector AB is AB=
(1,-3).
x- and y- components of the vector BC are 5-2
= 3 and 0-(-1) = 1 respectively.
So, the component form of the vector BC is BC=
(3,1).
x- and y- components of the vector DC are
= -1 and 3-0 = 3 respectively.
So, the component form of the vector DC is
(-1,3).
x- and y- components of the vector AD are
respectively.
So, the component form of the vector AD is
4-5
DC=
4-1 = 3 and 4-3 = 1
AD= (3,1).
Thus the vectors AB and DC have identical components. Therefore,

these vectors are equivalent, i.e. they are parallel and have the same
length.
The vectors BC and AD have identical components too. Therefore,
these vectors are equivalent too, i.e they are parallel and have the
same length.
Since the quadrilateral ABCD has the opposite sides parallel, this
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
Now, compare the lengths of the two consecutive sides of the
parallelogram ABCD.
The length of the side AB is equal to the length of the vector AB:
|AB| =
=
=
.
The length of the side BC is equal to the length of the vector BC:
14

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
|BC| =
=
=
.
Thus the parallelogram ABCD has the opposite and the consecutive
sides of equal length. In other words, all the sides of the
parallelogram ABCD are of equal length.
Now, the scalar product of the vectors AB and AD is 1*3 + (-3)*1 =
3 - 3 = 0.
Since the scalar product of the vectors AB and AC is zero, these
vectors are perpendicular. Thus the parallelogram ABCD has the
right angle.
Hence, the quadrilateral ABCD is a square. The proof is completed.
BINOMIAL SERIES:Exercise 4.3

1.Expand (x2 + 3)6
Students trying to do this expansion in their heads tend to mess up
the powers. But this isn't the time to worry about that square on
the x. I need to start my answer by plugging the terms and power
into the Theorem. The first term in the binomial is "x2", the second
term in "3", and the power n is 6, so, counting from0 to 6, the
Binomial Theorem gives me:
(x2 +3)6 =
15
6C0
(x2)6(3)0 + 6C1 (x2)5(3)1 + 6C2 (x2)4(3)2 + 6C3 (x2)3(3)3

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
+ 6C4 (x2)2(3)4 + 6C5 (x2)1(3)5 + 6C6 (x2)0(3)6

Then simplifying gives me
(1)(x12)(1) + (6)(x10)(3) + (15)(x8)(9) + (20)(x6)(27)
+ (15)(x4)(81) + (6)(x2)(243) + (1)(1)(729)
= x12 + 18x10 + 135x8 + 540x6 + 1215x4 + 1458x2 +
729
2.Expand (2x 5y)7
I'll plug "2x", "5y", and "7" into the Binomial Theorem, counting up
from zero to seven to get each term. (I mustn't forget the "minus"
sign that goes with the second term in the binomial.)
(2x 5y)7 = 7C0 (2x)7(5y)0 + 7C1 (2x)6(5y)1 + 7C2 (2x)5(5y)2
+ 7C3 (2x)4(5y)3 + 7C4 (2x)3(5y)4 + 7C5 (2x)2(5y)5
+ 7C6 (2x)1(5y)6 + 7C7 (2x)0(5y)7
Then simplifying gives me: Copyright Elizabeth Stapel 19992009All Rights Reserved
(1)(128x7)(1) + (7)(64x6)(5y) + (21)(32x5)(25y2) + (35)(16x4)(
125y3)
+ (35)(8x3)(625y4) + (21)(4x2)(3125y5) + (7)(2x)(15625y6)
+ (1)(1)(78125y7)
= 128x7 2240x6y + 16800x5y2 70000x4y3 +
175000x3y4 262500x2y5
+ 218750xy6 78125y7
You may be asked to find a certain term in an expansion, the idea being
that the exercise will be way easy if you've memorized the Theorem, but
16

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
will be difficult or impossible if you haven't. So memorize theTheorem

and get the easy points.
3.What is the fourth term in the expansion of (3x 2)10?
I've already expanded this binomial, so let's take a look:
(3x 2)10 =
2)2
10C0
(3x)100(2)0 +
10C1
10C3
(3x)103(2)3 +
10C4
10C6
(3x)106(2)6 +
10C7
10C9
(3x)109(2)9 +
10C10
(3x)101(2)1 +
(3x)104(2)4 +
(3x)107(2)7 +
10C2
10C5
10C8
(3x)102(
(3x)105(2)5
(3x)108(2)8
(3x)1010(2)10
So the fourth term is not the one where I've counted up to 4, but
the one where I've counted up just to 3. (This is because, just as
with Javascript, the counting starts with 0, not 1.)
Note that, in any expansion, there is one more term than the
number in the power. For instance:
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2 (second power: three terms)
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3 (third power: four terms)
(x + y)4 = x4 + 4x3y + 6x2y2 + 4xy3 + y4 (fourth power: five
terms)
The expansion in this exercise, (3x 2)10, has power of n = 10, so
the expansion will have eleven terms, and the terms will count up,
not from 1 to 10 or from 1 to 11, but from 0 to 10. This is why the
fourth term will not the one where I'm using "4" as my counter, but
will be the one where I'm using "3".
10C3
(3x)103(2)3 = (120)(2187)(x7)(8) = 2099520x7
4.Find the tenth term in the expansion of (x + 3)12.
17

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
To find the tenth term, I plug x, 3, and 12 into the Binomial

Theorem, using the number 10 1 = 9 as my counter:
12C9
(x)129(3)9 = (220)x3(19683) = 4330260x3
5.Find the middle term in the expansion of (4x y)8.

Since this binomial is to the power 8, there will be nine terms in
the expansion, which makes the fifth term the middle one. So I'll
plug 4x, y, and 8 into the Binomial Theorem, using the number5
1 = 4 as my counter.
8C4
(4x)84(y)4 = (70)(256x4)(y4) = 17920x4y4
You might be asked to work backwards.

6.Express 1296x12 4320x9y2 + 5400x6y4 3000x3y6 + 625y8 in
the form (a + b)n.
I know that the first term is of the form an, because, for
whatever n is, the first term is nC0(which always equals 1)
times an times b0 (which also equals 1). So 1296x12 = an. By the
same reasoning, the last term is bn, so 625y8 = bn. And since there
are alternating "plus" and "minus" signs, I know from experience
that the sign in the middle has to be a "minus". (If all the signs had
been "plusses", then the middle sign would have been a "plus" also.
But in this case, I'm really looking for "(a b)n".)
I know that, for any power n, the expansion has n + 1 terms. Since
this has 5 terms, this tells me that n = 4. So to find a and b, I only
have to take the 4th root of the first and last terms of the expanded
polynomial:
Then a = 6x3, b = 5y2, there is a "minus" sign in the middle, and:
18

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
1296x12 4320x9y2 + 5400x6y4 3000x3y6 + 625y8 = (6x3

5y2)4
Don't let the Binomial Theorem scare you. It's just another formula to
memorize. A really complicated and annoying formula, I'll grant you, but
just a formula, nonetheless. Don't overthink the Theorem; there is
nothing deep or meaningful here. Just memorize it, and move on.
UNIT-5
ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
Points A(x1;y1),B(x2;y2) and C(x2;y1) are shown in the diagram below:
Theorem of Pythagoras
19

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
AB2=AC2+BC2
Distance formula
Distance between two points:
AB=(x2x1)2+(y2y1)2
Notice that (x1x2)2=(x2x1)2.
Gradient
Gradient (m) describes the slope or steepness of the line joining two
points. The gradient of a line is determined by the ratio of vertical change
to horizontal change.
Remember to be consistent: my1y2x2x1.
Horizontal lines
m=0
Vertical lines
m is undefined
20

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
Parallel lines
m1=m2
Perpendicular lines
m1m2=1
Table 1
Mid-point of a line segment
21

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
The coordinates of the mid-point M(x;y) of a line between any two

points A(x1;y1) and B(x2;y2):
M(x;y)=(x1+x22;y1+y22)
Points on a straight line
The diagram shows points P(x1;y1), Q(x2;y2) and R(x;y) on a straight line.
We know that
mPR=mQR=mPQ
Using mPR=mPQ, we obtain the following for any point (x;y) on a straight
line
yy1xx1=y2y1x2x1
EX.5.1
Given the points P(5;4) and Q(0;6):
1. Determine the length of the line segment PQ.
2. Determine the mid-point T(x;y) of the line segment PQ.
1.
22

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
3.
Show that the line passing

perpendicular to the line PQ.
Answer
Draw a sketch
through R(1;34) and T(x;y) is
Assign variables to the coordinates of the given points

Let the coordinates of P be (x1;y1) and Q(x2;y2)
x1=5;y1=4;x2=0;y2=6
Write down the distance formula
PQ=(x2x1)2+(y2y1)2=(0(5))2+(6(4))2
=25+100=125=55
The length of the line segment PQ is 55 units.
Write down the mid-point formula and substitute the values
23

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
T(x;y)=(x1+x22;y1+y22)
xy=x1+x22=5+02=52=y1+y22=4+62=22=1
The mid-point of PQ is T(52;1).
Determine the gradients of PQ and RT
m=y2y1x2x1
mPQmRT=6(4)0(5)=105=2=3411(52)=7472=7427=12
Calculate the product of the two gradients:
mRTmPQ=122=1
2.Therefore PQ is perpendicular to RT.
Points A(1;0), B(0;3), C(8;11) and D(x;y) are points on the Cartesian
plane. Determine D(x;y) if ABCD is a parallelogram.
Answer
Draw a sketch
24

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
The mid-point of AC will be the same as the mid-point of BD. We first

find the mid-point of AC and then use it to determine the coordinates of
point D.
Assign values to (x1;y1) and (x2;y2)
Let the mid-point of AC be M(x;y)
x1=1;y1=0;x2=8;y2=11
Write down the mid-point formula
M(x;y)=(x1+x22;y1+y22)
Substitute the values and calculate the coordinates of M
M(x;y)=(1+82;0+112)=(72;112)
Use the coordinates of M to determine D
M is also the mid-point of BD so we
find D(x;y)
Substitute values and determine x and y
M(72;112)=(x1+x22;y1+y22)=(0+x2;3+y2)
use M(72;112) and B(0;3) to
727x=0+x2=0+x=7
11211y=3+y2=3+y=8
Alternative method: inspection
Since we are given that ABCD is a parallelogram, we can use the
properties of a parallelogram and the given points to determine the
coordinates of D.
From the sketch we expect that point D will lie below C.
Consider the given points A,B and C:
Opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel, therefore BC must be

parallel to AD and their gradients must be equal.
The vertical change from B to C is 8 units up.
Therefore the vertical change from A to D is also 8 units up

(y=0+8=8).
25

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
The horizontal change from B to C is 8 units to the right.

Therefore the horizontal change from A to D is also 8 units to the
right (x=1+8=7).
or
Opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel, therefore AB must be
parallel to DC and their gradients must be equal.
The vertical change from A to B is 3 units up.
Therefore the vertical change from C to D is 3 units down

(y=113=8).
The horizontal change from A to B is 1 unit to the right.
Therefore the horizontal change from C to D is 1 unit to the left

(x=81=7).
Write the final answer
The coordinates of D are (7;8).
10 marks
1. Find the unknown values in each of the following figures. All lengths are
given in
centimeters. (All measures are not in scale)
In ABC and
<ade
<A = <A
we have
(corresponding angles)
(common angle)
So, by AA criterion, we have ABC
26
ADE. Hence,

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
X = 4CM
Also , EAG AND AECF are similar.
AG =
Thus,
X EA
Y = 9cm
In
// BC
In
X =
CONSIDER
3.6 CM
FBD and
FHG. Here BD // GH
<FBD = < FHG [ALTERNATE ANGLES]

<BFD = < HFG [VERTICALLY OPPOSITE ANGLES]
Thus by AA criterion of similarity we have FBD
=
27
FHG

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
2Y + 6 =
Y = 2.4 CM
Again consider
and
here EG // BC
Thus, by AA criterion of similarity, we have
=
=
3z = 2z+10
z = 10cm
iii) EFCD is a parallelogram

so, EF = DC = 7CM . Consider
from the figure it is clear that
=
=
12X = 7X + 42
X = 8.4 CM
Consider
and
From the figure , it is clear that
28

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
=
DG =
X CF
Y=
6 = 2.5 cm
2. The image of a man of height 1.8 m, is of length 1.5 cm on the film of a

camera. If the
film is 3 cm from the lens of the camera, how far is the man from the camera?
Let AB be the height of the man
CD be the the height of the image of the man of height 1.8 m,
L be the position of the lens of the camera,
LM be the distance between man and lens
LN be the distance between lens and film
Then, AB// CD AB = 1.8m, CD = 1.5m, ln = 3cm
Consider LAB and LCD we have
<LAB = <LCD
[alternate angle]
<BLA = <DLC
[VERTICALLY OPPOSITE ANGLES]
Thus by AA criterion of similarity we have

=
29

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
LM=
x LN = 360cm =3.6m
Hence the distance between the man and the camera is 3.6m
3. A girl of height 120 cm is walking away from the base of a lamp-post at a

speed
of 0.6 m/sec. If the lamp is 3.6 m above the ground level, then find the length
of her
shadow after 4 seconds.
Let AB the height of the lamp post
CD be the height of the girl
CE be the length of the shadow of the girl
Then, AB = 3.6m , CD = 120cm, CM = 1.2m
Given that the walking speed of the girl is 0.6 m/sec.
The distance AC travelled by the girl in 4 second = 4 X 0.6 = 2.4m
Now consider
Clearly CD // Ab.
<ECD = <EAB [CORRESPONDING ANGLES]

<E = <E
[common angle]
By AA criterion of similarity , We have

Thus ,
30

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
3EC = 1.2 m
Hence , the length of the shadow of the girl after 4 seconds is 1.2m
5. P and Q are points on sides AB and AC respectively, of DABC. If AP = 3 cm,
PB = 6 cm, AQ = 5 cm and QC = 10 cm, show that BC = 3 PQ.
Now
From APQ and ABC ,we have
=
AND <A = <A
[common angle]
Thus, by SAS criterion of similarity , we have APQ ~ ABC
BC = 3PQ
6. In DABC, AB = AC and BC = 6 cm. D is a point on the side AC such that
AD = 5 cm
and CD = 4 cm. Show that DBCD + DACB and hence find BD.
Given that in ABC , AB = AC
31

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
Thus in BCD and ACB , we have
=
And <C = <C [common angle]
Thus, by SAS criterion of similarity , we have BCD ~ ACB
=
=
BD = 6cm
7. In DABC, D and E are points on AB and AC respectively, such that DE
|| BC.
If AB = 3 AD and the area of DABC is 72 cm2, then find the area of the
quadrilateral
DBCE.
Given that in figure , DE// BC and AB = 3AD
Consider ADE and ABC

<ADE = <ABC
[corresponding angles]
And <A = <A
[common angle]
Thus, by AA criterion of similarity , we have ADE ~ ABC

Now ,
Thus ,
=
= 8cm2
area of quadrilateral DBCE = area of ABC - area of ADE
32

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
= 72 8
= 64cm2
8. The lengths of three sides of a triangle ABC are 6 cm, 4 cm and 9 cm. 3PQR
+3 ABC.
One of the lengths of sides of 3PQR is 35cm. What is the greatest perimeter
possible
for PQR?
Given , PQR~ ABC
=
Let QR = 35
From (1) , we see that the perimeter of PQR is the greatest only when the
corresponding side to QR must be BC
=
In the figure, DE || BC and
calculate the value of
i)
In ABC DE// BC
ABC
Now,
AD=3k , BD = 5k
Also,
==
ii)
area of
= 9k and area of
= 64k
now, area of trapezium BCED

= area of
33
- area of

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
= 64k-9k
=55k
=
=
10. The government plans to develop a new industrial

zone in an unused portion of land in a city.
The shaded portion of the map shown on the
right, indicates the area of the new industrial zone.
Find the area of the new industrial zone.
Consider EAB, EDC , clearly AB//CD
<AEB
<EAB
= <DEC [vertically opposite angles]

= <EDC [alternate angles]
By AA criterion of similarity , we have EAB ~ EDC

=
EF =
X EG =
X 1.4
=402KM
the area of new industrial zone = area of EAB

=
x AB x EF
= 6.3km2
11. A boy is designing a diamond shaped kite, as
shown in the figure where AE = 16 cm, EC = 81 cm. He wants to use
a straight cross bar BD. How long should it be?
34

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
We know that if a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of a right angled

triangle to its hypotenuse then the triangle on the each side of the
perpendicular are similar. So, EAD~EDC. thus we have
ED2
EA X EC
= 16 X 81
= 16X81 = 4X9 = 36.

Now, ABD is an isosceles triangle an AE perpendicular to BD
so ,
BE = ED
Thus BD = 2ED = 2x36 = 72cm

12. A student wants to determine the height of a flagpole. He placed a small
mirror on the ground so that he can see the reflection of the top of the flagpole.
The distance of the mirror from him is 0.5 m and the distance of the flagpole
from the mirror is 3 m. If his
eyes are 1.5 m above the ground level, then find the height of the flagpole.(The
foot of
student, mirror and the foot of flagpole lie along a straight line).
Let AB and ED be the height of a man and the tower respectively
Let c be the point of incidence of the flag pole in the mirror.
In ABC and EDC , <ABC = <EDC =90 <BCA <DCE
Thus by AA criterion of similarity we have ABC ~ EDC
So ,
0.5ED = 4.5
ED 9M
thus the height of the flag pole is 9m
13. A roof has a cross section as shown in the diagram,
(i) Identify the similar triangles
We know that if a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of a right angled
triangle to its hypotenuse then the triangle on the each side of the
perpendicular are similar to the whole triangle
Thus from the given figure, we have the similar triangles
i) WZY ~ YZX
35

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
II) WYX ~ YZX

iii) WZY ~ WYX
(ii) Find the height h of the roof.

=
=
H = 4.8 m
EQUATIONS OF A STRAIGHT LINE

Line through two points
The line through two distinct points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by
(1)
y = y1 + [(y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1)](x - x1),
where x1 and x2 are assumed to be different. In case they are equal, the
equation is simplified to
x = x1
and does not require a second point.
Equation (1) can also be written as
y - y1 = [(y2 - y1) / (x2 - x1)](x - x1),
or even as
(x2 - x1)(y - y1) = (y2 - y1)(x - x1),
36

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
where one does not have to worry whether x1 = x2 or not. However, the
simplest for me to remember is this
(y - y1)/(y2 - y1) = (x - x1)/(x2 - x1)
which is not as universal is the one before.
Ex 5.2
1.Find the equation of the straight line that has slope m = 4
and passes through the point (1, 6).
Okay, they've given me the value of the slope; in this case, m =
4. Also, in giving me a point on the line, they have given me an xvalue and a y-value for this line: x = 1 and y = 6.
In the slope-intercept form of a straight line, I have y, m, x, and b.
So the only thing I don't have so far is a value for is b (which gives
me the y-intercept). Then all I need to do is plug in what they gave
me for the slope and the x and y from this particular point, and
then solve for b:
y = mx + b
(6) = (4)(1) + b
6 = 4 + b
2 = b
Then the line equation must be "y = 4x 2".
What if they don't give you the slope?
2.Find the equation of the line that passes through the points (2,
4) and (1, 2).
37

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
Well, if I have two points on a straight line, I can always find the
slope; that's what the slope formula is for.
Now I have the slope and two points. I know I can find the equation
(by solving first for "b") if I have a point and the slope. So I need to
pick one of the points (it doesn't matter which one), and use it to
solve for b. Using the point (2, 4), I get:
y = mx + b
4 = ( 2/3)(2) + b
4 = 4/3 + b
4 4/3 = b
12/3 4/3 = b
b = 8/3
...so y = ( 2/3 ) x + 8/3.
On the other hand, if I use the point (1, 2), I get:
y = mx + b
2 = ( 2/3)(1) + b
2 = 2/3 + b
2 + 2/3 = b
6/3 + 2/3 = b
b = 8/3
So it doesn't matter which point I choose. Either way, the answer is
the same:
y = ( 2/3)x + 8/3
As you can see, once you have the slope, it doesn't matter which point
you use in order to find the line equation. The answer will work out the
same either way.
38

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
In the figure TP is a tangent to a circle. A and B are two points

on
the circle. If <BTP = 72 and <ATB = 43 find <ABT
solution.
<BAT = <PTB = 72 [angle in alternate segment].
Now, in ABT , we have
<ATB+<BAT+<ABT = 180
43+72<ABT = 180
<ABT = 65
2. AB and CD are two chords of a circle which intersect each other
internally at P.
(i) If CP = 4 cm, AP = 8 cm, PB = 2 cm, then find PD.
The chord AB and CD intersect at a point p, inside the circle
We have
PA X PB = PC X PD
PD =
= 4cm
(ii) If AP = 12 cm, AB = 15 cm, CP = PD, then find CD

Given that CP = PD , AP = 12cm.
Now, AP+PB = 15
AB = 15cm
AP = 12cm
now ,
PA X PB =
PD2 = PA X PB
[PC = PD]
AB = 15cm
PC X PD
PD2 = 36
PD = 36cm
Hence
39
CD = 12cm
MATHEMATICS-PART-2
3 . AB and CD are two chords of a circle which intersect each other externally
at P
(i) If AB = 4 cm BP = 5 cm and PD = 3 cm, then find CD.
Since the chord AB and CD meet externally at P , We have
PA X PB = PC x PD
9 X 5
3+CD
= [3+CD](3)
=
= 15cm
Thus CD = 12CM
(ii) If BP = 3 cm, CP = 6 cm and CD = 2 cm, then find AB
Given that
CP = 6cm
CD + PD = 6cm
PA X PB
i.e.,
PD = 4cm
= PC x PD
(AB+PB) X PB
(3+AB)
= PC x PD
X3
3+AB
AB
=6X4
=
= 8 cm
= 5 cm
10 mark
4. A circle touches the side BC of TABC at P, AB and AC produced at Q and R
respectively,
prove that AQ = AR = ( perimeter of ABC)
we know that the length of a two tangent drawn to a circle from an external
point are equal. Thus we have
BQ
40
= BP
[tangent from the point B ]

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
CP
CR
[tangent from the point C ]
AQ
= AR
[tangent from the point A ]
Perimeter of ABC
= AB + BC+ CA
= AB + BP PC CA
= (AB + BP) + (PC+ CA)
= (AB + BQ) + (CR + CA)
1
[USING (1) AND (2)]
= AQ +AR
= AR + AR = 2AR (perimeter of ABC)
Thus from (3) we have
AR = AQ =
( perimeter of ABC)
5. If all sides of a parallelogram touch a circle, show that the

parallelogram is a rhombus
Let ABCD be the parallelogram . the side AB and ,BC ,CD and DA touch the
circle at the point P,Q,R and S respectively
we know that the length of a two tangent drawn to a circle from an external
point are equal Thus AP = AS
BP = BQ
(2)
CR = CQ
. (3)
DR = DS
. (4)
(1)
Adding (1), (2), (3) and (4), we get

AP + BP +CR+DR = AS + BQ + CQ + DS
(AP + BP) + (CR+DR)

AB + CD
= (AS + BQ) + (CQ + DS)

= AD = BC [ABCD is a parallelogram
2AB
= 2AD
AB
= AD
AB = CD & BC = AD ]
Thus we have AB = BC =CD =DA

ABCD is a rhombus.
6. A lotus is 20 cm above the water surface in a pond and its stem is partly
below the
41

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
water surface. As the wind blew, the stem is pushed aside so that the lotus
touched the
water 40 cm away from the original position of the stem. How much of the stem
was
below the water surface originally?
Let o be bottom of the stem immersed in water . Let B be the lotus . Then Ab be
the length of the stem above the water surface and OA be the length of the
stem below the water surface.
Let
OA = x cm
Let c be the point where the lotus touches water surface and OA be the stem
below the water surface
Now,
OC = OA + AB
= X + 20cm
by Pythagoras theorem, we have OC2 = OA2 + AC2

(x + 20)2
= x2+ 402
X2 + 40x +400
= x2 +1600
40x
1200
30cm
Thus
the
stem
is
30
cm
below
the
water
surface.
7. A point O in the interior of a rectangle ABCD is joined to each of the vertices

A, B, C
and D. Prove that OA2 + OC2 = OB2 + OD2
Through O , draw EOF \\ AB
Now , ABFE and EFCD are rectangles
In right OEA , by Pythagoras theorem
OA2 = OE2 + EA2 ..(1)
In right OFC , by Pythagoras theorem
OC2 = OF2 + FC2 .. (2)
In right OFB , by Pythagoras theorem
OB2 = OF2 + FB2 .. (3)
In right OED , by Pythagoras theorem
OD2 = OE2 + ED2 ..(4)
Adding (3) and (4)
42

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
OB2 + OD2
= OF2 + FB2
OE2 + ED2
= (OE2 + FB2 ) + (OF2 + ED2)

= (OE2 + EA2) + (OF2 + FC2)
[ ABCD and EFCD are rectangles FB = EA
And ED = FC]
= OA2 + OC2
1. If a straight line intersects the sides AB and AC of a 9ABC at D and E
respectively and
is parallel to BC, then
By Thales theorem
ANS :
2 . In 9ABC, DE is < to BC, meeting AB and AC at D and E.
If AD = 3 cm, DB = 2 cm and AE = 2.7 cm , then AC is equal to
By Thales theorem
EC =
= 1.8cm
Thus
AC
EC =
= AE + EC
= 2.7 + 1.8
= 4.5cm
ANS ; 4.5cm\
3. In PQR, RS is the bisector of <R. If PQ = 6 cm, QR = 8 cm, RP = 4 cm

then PS is equal to
Let PS = x cm.
SQ = 6-x cm
Rs is a bisector of <prq, we have

=
2x = 6 x
43
=
x = 2 cm

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
4 . In figure, if
=
<B = 40 AND <C = 60 then <BAD =

AD is a angle bisector of <BAC
But <ABC + <BCA +<CAB = 180

40 + 6 0 + 2<BAD = 180
<BAD = 40
5 .In the figure, the value x is equal to
By Thales theorem
X = 3.2 cm
6 . In triangles ABC and DEF, <B = <E, <C =<F, then
By AA criterion ABC ~ DEF .
Thus
7. From the given figure, identify the wrong statement.

ABD ~ ABC is wrong statement
8. If a vertical stick 12 m long casts a shadow 8 m long on the
ground and at the same time a tower casts a shadow 40 m long on
the ground, then the height of the tower is
=
44

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
Height of the tower
=
=
X 40
60m
9. The sides of two similar triangles are in the ratio 2:3, then their
areas are in the ratio
22
: 32
4 : 9
10. Triangles ABC and DEF are similar. If their areas are 100 cm2
and 49 cm2 respectively and BC is 8.2 cm then EF =
=
EF =
= 5.74cm
11. The perimeters of two similar triangles are 24 cm and 18 cm

respectively. If one
side of the first triangle is 8 cm, then the corresponding side of the other
triangle is
45

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
= 6cm
12. AB and CD are two chords of a circle which when produced to meet
at a point
P such that AB = 5, AP = 8, and CD = 2 then PD =
Let PD = x cm
8x3=
PA x PB = PC x PD
(x+2) x
X2 +2x -24 = 0
X
4 cm
13. In the adjoining figure, chords AB and CD intersect at P such that If

AB = 16 cm, PD = 8 cm, PC = 6 and AP >PB, then AP =
Let Pa = x cm
X
(16-X) =
PA x PB
6X8
X2 -16X + 48 = 0
X = 4
or
But AP > PB
= PC x PD
(x-4) (x-12) = 0
X = 12
AP
= 12 cm
14. A point P is 26 cm away from the centre O of a circle and PT is the

tangent
drawn from P to the circle is 10 cm, then OT is equal to
OP2 = OT2 +TP2
OT2
46
262 102
= 24

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
15. In the figure, if <PAB = 120 then <BPT =

<BCP + 120
<BCP
180
( ABCP is a cyclic quadrilateral)
= 60
<BPT + <BCP = 60
16. If the tangents PA and PB from an external point P to circle with
centre O are
inclined to each other at an angle of 40, then <POA =
Since OAP OBP,
<POA + 90 + 20 = 180
<APO = 20
<POA = 70
17. In the figure, PA and PB are tangents to the circle drawn from an
external point P.
Also CD is a tangent to the circle at Q. If PA = 8 cm and CQ = 3 cm, then
PC is equal to
PB
= PA
PC + BC = 8cm
PC + BQ = 8CM
PC 5cm
18. ABC is a right angled triangle where <B = 90 and BD perpendicular

to AC. If BD = 8 cm, AD = 4 cm, then CD is
=
DCB ~ DBA
DC X DA = DB2
4DC
47
= 82
DC = 16 cm

MATHEMATICS-PART-2
\
19. The areas of two similar triangles are 16 cm2 and 36 cm2
respectively. If the altitude
of the first triangle is 3 cm, then the corresponding altitude of the other
triangle is
=
Altitude of second triangl =
=
4.5 cm
20. The perimeter of two similar triangles ABC and DEF are 36 cm
and 24 cm
Respectively. If DE = 10 cm, then AB is
=
AB
=
=
48
15cm

MATHEMATICS-PART-2

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8.

Find the sum of the first

= 3 + 2n = 5 + ((n-1) (2) of the form of a + (m-1)d

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

10. Find the sum of each arithmetic series

11. Find the Sn for the following arithmetic series described.

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

[2(50) + (25 - 1) (-4)]

Let us find the number of terms needed

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

2n2 62n + 368 = 0

Hence 8 terms or 23terms are needed to get the sum 368.

[2(4000) + (n-1)(1000)] = 1, 65, 000

maximum no. of days for which the work can be delayed is 15

Interest for second year, t2 = 2000 X

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

The total interest is s Sn =

nth term is ` tn = Sn Sn-1

so tn is the term of a + (n - 1)d

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

[2a + (11 1)d] = 44

S22 = S11 + 55 = 44 + 55 =99

The required arithmetic series is a + (a + d) +(a + 2d)+..

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

({2a = ( n-1 ) d} =>

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

=~ 1.176 rad = 67.41.

According to the formula for cosines of the angle

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

Prove that the vectors u = (

x- and y- components of the vector BC are 6-2

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

triangle. The proof is completed.

x- and y- components of the vector BC are

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

and the angle LBAD is the right angle.

Thus the vectors AB and DC have identical components. Therefore,

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

BINOMIAL SERIES:Exercise 4.3

(x2)6(3)0 + 6C1 (x2)5(3)1 + 6C2 (x2)4(3)2 + 6C3 (x2)3(3)3

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

+ 6C4 (x2)2(3)4 + 6C5 (x2)1(3)5 + 6C6 (x2)0(3)6

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

will be difficult or impossible if you haven't. So memorize theTheorem

(3x)103(2)3 = (120)(2187)(x7)(8) = 2099520x7

4.Find the tenth term in the expansion of (x + 3)12.

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

To find the tenth term, I plug x, 3, and 12 into the Binomial

(x)129(3)9 = (220)x3(19683) = 4330260x3

5.Find the middle term in the expansion of (4x y)8.

(4x)84(y)4 = (70)(256x4)(y4) = 17920x4y4

You might be asked to work backwards.

Then a = 6x3, b = 5y2, there is a "minus" sign in the middle, and:

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

1296x12 4320x9y2 + 5400x6y4 3000x3y6 + 625y8 = (6x3

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,

The coordinates of the mid-point M(x;y) of a line between any two

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM,