HVAC

SYSTEMS

AND

Co
py
rig
hte
dM
ate
ria
l

COMPONENTS
HANDBOOK

Nils R. Grimm

Robert C. Rosaler

Second Edition

MCGRAW-HILL
New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota
Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan
Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore
Sydney Tokyo Toronto

Copyright 1997 by The McGraw-Hill Companies

Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Co
py
rig
hte
dM
ate
ria
l

HVAC systems and components handbook / [edited by] Nils R. Grimm,

Robert C. Rosaler.2nd ed.
p.
cm.
Rev. ed. of: Handbook of HVAC design. 1990.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-07-024843-5 (alk. paper)
1. Heating. 2. Ventilation. 3. Air conditioning. I. Grimm,
Nils R. II. Rosaler, Robert C. III. Handbook of HVAC design.
TH7011.H83 1997
697dc21
97-17301
CIP

McGraw-Hill
^
>Q
A Division of The McGraw-Hill Companies

Copyright 1998 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United
States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced
or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or
retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 9 0 2 1 0 9 8 7

ISBN 0-07-024843-5

The sponsoring editor for this book was Harold B. Crawford, the editing
supervisor was Suzanne Ingrao, and the production supervisor was Pamela
A. Pelton. It was set in Times Roman by Pro-Image Corporation.
Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company.

Previously published as Handbook of HVAC Design, copyright 1990 by

McGraw-Hill, Inc.

McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For
more information, please write to the Directory of Special Sales, McGrawHill, 11 West 19 Street, New York, NY 10011. Or contact your local bookstore.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ("McGraw-Hill") from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors
guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be
responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of
use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of
an appropriate professional should be sought.
Copyright 1997 by The McGraw-Hill Companies

Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Co
py
rig
hte
dM
ate
ria
l
Dedication to Second Edition

This second edition is dedicated in memory of my father,

Akim O. Rosaler.

Born in pre-Communist Russia, he was the son of the owner

and president of the Russian-American Steamship Lines.
Educated as an electrical engineer at the University of
Karlsruhe, he was soon engaged in the development of
electric railroads. Emigrating from Germany to the United
States at the onset of World War /, he developed munitions
controls for the U.S. Army, finally settling in to a long postwar career as a designer of power distribution systems.
During World War II, he developed advanced radar systems
at Bell Laboratories.
Dad loved his profession and had a great respect for the
integrity of all engineers.
I share those feelings.

R. C. R.

Dedication to First Edition

We fondly dedicate this volume to our dear wives, Lillian

Grimm and Shirley Rosaler, for whose patience and
understanding we are very grateful. They shared in our
problems and frustrations, and finally in our gratification
from creating this work.

N. R. G. and R. C. R.

Copyright 1997 by The McGraw-Hill Companies

Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Co
py
rig
hte
dM
ate
ria
l

CONTRIBUTORS

AJAX Boiler Co Santa Ana, California (CHAP. 4.2: Burners and Fuels)
Gary M. Bireta, RE. Project Engineer, Mechanical Engineering, Giffels Associates, Inc.,
Southfield, Michigan (CHAP. 7.1: Chilled Water and Brine)
Richard T. Blake Technical Director, The MetroGroup, Inc., Long Island City, New York
(CHAP. 8.5: Water Conditioning)
Edward A. Bogucz, RE. Edwards Engineering Corp., Pompton Plains, New Jersey (CHAP.
3.7: Valance Units)
Nick J. Cassimatis Gas Energy, Inc., Brooklyn, New York (CHAP. 6.5: Absorption Chillers)
K. Coleman Staff Engineer, Van-Packer Co., Manahawkin, New Jersey (CHAP. 4.4: FactoryBuilt Prefabricated Vents, Chimneys, and Stacks)
Robert O. Couch Perma-Pipe Corp. Niles, Illinois (CHAP. 3.1: Piping)
Edward Di Donato Nordstrom Valves, Inc., Sulphur Springs, Texas (CHAP. 3.6: Valves)
Curt Diedrick Precision Parts Corp., Morristown, Tennessee (CHAP. 4.1: part 2)
David F. Fijas ITT Standard, ITT Fluid Technology Corporation, Buffalo, New York (CHAP.
5.10: Heat Exchangers)
Ernest H. Graf, RE. Assistant Director, Mechanical Engineering, Giffels Associates, Inc.,
Southfield, Michigan (CHAP. 2.1: Applications of HVAC Systems; CHAP. 7.1: Chilled Water
and Brine; CHAP. 7.2: All-Air Systems)
Nils R. Grimm, RE. Section Manager, Mechanical, Sverdrup Corporation, New York, New
York (CHAP. 1.2: Heating and Cooling Load Calculations; CHAP. 3.1: Piping; CHAP. 3.2: Duct
Sizing; CHAP. 8.4: Energy Conservation Practice; APP. A: Altitude Corrections)
Edward B. Gut, RE. Honeywell, Inc., Arlington Heights, Illinois, (CHAP. 8.1: Automatic
Temperature Pressure, Flow Control Systems)
Lew Harriman Mason-Grant Company, Portsmouth, New Hampshire (CHAP. 7.8: Desiccant
Dehumidification)
John C. Hensley Marketing Services Manager, The Marley Cooling Tower, Company, Mission, Kansas (CHAP. 7.4: Cooling Towers)
M. B. Herbert, RE. Consulting Engineer, Willow Grove, Pennsylvania (CHAP. 1.1: Conceptual and Preliminary Design)
Hudy C. Hewitt, Jr., Ph.D. Chairman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University
of New Orleans (CHAP. 2.3: Condensate Control)
Martin Hirschorn President, Industrial Acoustics Company, Bronx, New York (CHAP. 8.2:
Noise Control)
R Hodson Vice President and Manufacturing Manager, Van-Packer Co., Buda, Illinois
(CHAP. 4.4: Factory-Built Prefabricated Vents, Chimneys, and Stacks)
James E. Hope Director of Technical Services, ITT Bell & Gossett, Morton Grove, Illinois
(CHAP. 3.5: Pumps for Heating and Cooling)

Copyright 1997 by The McGraw-Hill Companies

Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Co
py
rig
hte
dM
ate
ria
l

H. Michael Hughes Senior Manager, Refrigerant Technology, AlliedSignal Inc., Buffalo,

New York (CHAP. 6.1: Refrigerants)
Hydronics Institute A Division of GAMA, Berkeley Heights, New Jersey (CHAP. 5.13: Radiant Panel Heating)
Robert Jorgensen Retired Chief Engineer Buffalo Forge Company, Buffalo, New York
(CHAP. 3.4: Fans and Blowers)
Michael K. Kennon The King Company, Owatonna, Minnesota (CHAP. 5.12: Door Heating)
Ronald A. Kondrat Product Manager, Heating Division, Modine Manufacturing Co., Racine, Wisconsin (CHAP. 5.8: Unit Heaters; CHAP. 5.9: Hydronic Cabinet Heaters)
Douglas Kosar Senior Project Manager, Gas Research Institute, Chicago, Illinois (CHAP.
7.8: Desiccant Dehumidification)
Billy C. Langley, Ed.D., CM Consulting Engineer, AzIe, Texas (CHAP. 6.6: Heat Pumps)
Melvin S. Lee Senior Project Designer, Giffels Associates, Inc., Southfield, Michigan (CHAP.
7.2: All-Air Systems)
Lehr Associates New York, New York (CHAP. 5.1: Steam; CHAP. 5.2: Hot-Water Systems;
CHAP. 5.3: Infrared Heating; CHAP. 5.4: Electric Heating; CHAP. 5.5: Solar Space Heating;
CHAP. 5.6: Snow-Melting Systems; CHAP. 5.7: Heat Tracing)
Robert L. Linstroth Product Manager, Heating Division, Modine Manufacturing Co., Racine, Wisconsin (CHAP. 5.8: Unit Heaters)
William S. Lytle Giffels Associates, Inc., Southfield, Michigan (CHAP. 2.1)
Chan Madan President, Continental Products, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana (CHAP. 6.2: Positive Displacement Compressors/Chillers and Condensers)
Ravi K. Malhotra, Ph.D., RE. President, Heatrans Corp. Fenton, Missouri (CHAP. 7.5: Coils)
Norman J. Mason President, Mason Industries, Inc., Hauppauge, New York (CHAP. 8.3:
Vibration Control)
Simo Milosevic, RE. Project Engineer, Mechanical Engineering, Giffels Associates, Inc.,
Southfield, Michigan (CHAP. 7.3: Direct Expansion Systems)
B. D. Oberg Vice President of Operations, Van Packer Co. Buda, Illinois (CHAP. 4.3: Burners
and Burner Systems; CHAP. 4.4: Factory-Built Prefabricated Vents, Chimneys, and Stacks)
Keiron O'Connell AAF International, Louisville, Kentucky (CHAP. 7.6: Air Filtration and Air
Pollution Control Equipment)
Kenneth Puetzer Chief Engineer, Sullair Refrigeration, Subsidiary of Sundstrand Corp.,
Michigan City, Indiana (CHAP. 6.4: Screw Compressors)
T. Neil Rampley VP., Gen. Mgr., Ajax Boiler Inc., Santa Ana, California (CHAP. 4.1: Boilers;
part 1; CHAP. 4.2: Burners and Fuels)
James A. Reese York International Corp, York, Pennsylvania (CHAP. 3.3: Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems)
J. F. Schulz Chairman, Van-Packer Co., Manahawkin, New Jersey (CHAP. 4.4: Factory-Built
Prefabricated Vents, Chimneys, and Stacks)
John M. Schultz, RE. Retired Chief Engineer, Centrifugal Systems, York International Corporation, York, Pennsylvania (CHAP. 6.3: Centrifugal Chillers)
Walter B. Schumacher Vice President, Engineering, TCF Co, Minneapolis, Mn, Aerovent,
Co, Minneapolis, Minnesota (CHAP. 7.7: Air Makeup)

Copyright 1997 by The McGraw-Hill Companies

Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Co
py
rig
hte
dM
ate
ria
l

Aparajita Sengupta Brown & Root, Inc. Houston, Texas (CHAP. 2.2; HVAC Applications
for Cogeneration Systems)
Alan J. Smith Brown & Root, Inc., Houston, Texas (CHAP. 2.2: HVAC Applications for
Cogeneration Systems)
Donald H. Spethman Honeywell, Inc., Arlington Heights, Illinois (CHAP. 8.1: Automatic
Temperature, Pressure, Flow Control Systems)
Chan R. Starke Former Associate Technical Director Hydronics Institute Div of GAMA,
Berkeley Heights, New Jersey (CHAP. 5.11: Radiators for Steam and Hot Water Heating)
C. Curtis Trent, Ph.D. President, Trent Technologies, Inc., Tyler, Texas (CHAP. 2.3: Condensate Control)
Warren C. Trent M.S., RE. CEO, Trent Technologies, Inc., Tyler Texas (CHAP. 2.3: Condensate Control)
Webster Engineering and Manufacturing Co Winfield, Kansas (CHAP. 4.3: Burner Systems)

Copyright 1997 by The McGraw-Hill Companies

Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

PREFACE TO

Co
py
rig
hte
dM
ate
ria
l

SECOND EDITION

The HVAC Systems and Components Handbook is the second edition of the Handbook of HVAC Design.
To keep up with, and sometimes anticipate the technological and societal
changes in HVAC, this second edition contains important new information. The
entire book has been rearranged to follow a logical progression in format, making
it easier to use as a textbook readable from beginning to end as an overview of the
industry. Each chapter of the first edition was reviewed, updated and sometimes
consolidated with other chapters when appropriate, to focus the book on systems
and components.
Specifically, the new subjects include condensate control, radiant panel heating,
refrigerants, heat pumps, air filtration and air pollution control equipment, scroll
compressors, indoor air quality.
This book is being published concurrently with the HVAC Maintenance and
Operations Handbook. These two complementary volumes form the complete reference to HVAC technology.
Robert C. Rosaler

Copyright 1997 by The McGraw-Hill Companies

Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

PREFACE TO

Co
py
rig
hte
dM
ate
ria
l

FIRST EDITION

Heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC)or creating a comfortable environmentis at once one of the oldest and one of the most modern technologies.
It encompasses everything from the warming radiant heat of the caveman's flames
to the comfortably cooled industrial complexes in the Sahara desert and the pressurized comfort of the Challenger space module. Today it is not unusual for an
inhabitant of an advanced industrial country to live almost entirely within an artificially created environment. HVAC has turned many environmentally hostile
regions into useful, productive areas.
The objective of the Handbook of HVAC Design is to provide a practical guide
and a reliable reference for designing and operating HVAC systems. It details the
necessary steps for planning, design, equipment selection, operation and maintenance. Included are the relevant associated disciplines and considerations necessary
for a broad understanding of this subject, including economic factors, pollution
controls, and the physiology of comfort.
Each topic is addressed by a leading organization or practitioner in the field.
Acknowledgments

The editors wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance and guidance of McGrawHill editors Robert Hauserman and Lester Strong.

Nils R. Grimm
Robert C. Rosaler

Copyright 1997 by The McGraw-Hill Companies

Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Co
py
rig
hte
dM
ate
ria
l

GENERAL REFERENCES

A project design program is essential to assure an economical, energy-efficient,

maintainable, and flexible design that will not only be technically adequate but also
meet the client's and/or user's needs within the allocated budget. Three good references for developing design criteria for the total project (all disciplines) are:
Architects Handbook of Professional Practice, llth ed., Chapter 11, "Project
Practices," American Institute of Architects, Washington, D.C., 1988.
Project Checklist, document D200, American Institute of Architects, Washington, B.C., 1982.
Guidelines for Development of Architect/Engineer (A/E) Quality Control Manual, National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE), Washington, D.C.,
1977.

Copyright 1997 by The McGraw-Hill Companies

Retrieved from: www.knovel.com

Co
py
rig
hte
dM
ate
ria
l
ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Nils R. Grimm was section manager for the Sverdrup Corporation in New York
City. A registered professional engineer, he is a member of the American Society
of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air Conditioning Engineers.

Robert C. Rosaler is a consulting engineer with several decades of experience in

HVAC design and plant engineering. He is editor of both the Standard Handbook
of Plant Engineering and the Handbook of HVAC Maintenance and Operations,
also from McGraw-Hill.

Copyright 1997 by The McGraw-Hill Companies

Retrieved from: www.knovel.com