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LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
S.No.
Experiment
10
11
12
EXPERIMENT-1
Signatur
e
Cross
Directional
Coupler:
Cross
directional couplers consist of two
waveguide sectional joint at 90 with the
coupling element mounted into the
common broad wall. Each model is
furnished with a nominal mid band
EXPERIMENT-2
AIM: Setup an experiment to study the characteristic of Klystron tube.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Klystron power supply SKPS 610, Klystron Mount XM251, Isolator, Frequency Meter XF-710,
Variable Attenuator XA-520, Detector Mount XD 451, Waveguide Stand XU- 535, VSWR Meter
SW- 215, Oscilloscope and BNC Meter.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Microwave sourceIsolatar
Frequency Meter
Variable Attenuator
Detector Mount
Matched Termination
Oscilloscope
THEORY:
The reflex klystron tube makes the use of the velocity modulation to transform a continuous
electron beam into microwave power electrons emitted from the cathode are accelerated and passed
through the positive resonator towards negative reflector which retards and reflects the electrons
end the electron turns back through the resonator. The accelerated electrons have the resonator at a
higher frequency. The electrons leaving the resonator will med. diff. time to return, due to change in
velocities. As a result, returning electrons group together in bunches. As the electrons bunch pass
through resonator, they interact with voltage at the resonator grids if the bunches pass the grid at
such time that the electrons are slowed down by voltage, energy will be delivered to the resonator
and klystron will oscillate.
The dimensions of resonant cavity primarily determine the frequency. Hence by changing the
volume of the resonator mechanical tuning range of klystron is possible. Also a small frequency
change can be obtained by adjusting the reflector voltage. This is called Electronic Tuning.
PROCEDURE:
1. The components are connected as shown in the figure.
2. The variable attenuators are set at the maximum position.
3. The mod switch of klystron supply tube is set to the CW position.
4. Beam voltage control knob to fully anti-clockwise and reflector voltage control knob to fully
clockwise. Meter switch is OFF. The knob of frequency meter is rotated to one side fully. The
klystron power supply is turned ON.
5. The DC microampere meter is connected with detector.
6. The beam voltage switch is put on and the beam voltage knob is rotated clockwise slowly up to
300V meter reading and the beam current is observed on the meter by changing the meter switch to
beam current position.
7. The beam current should not increase more than 300mA.
8. The reflector voltage is changed slowly and the current meter is watched for maximum deflection
in the meter.
9. The plunger of the klystron mount is tuned for the maximum output.
10. The knob of frequency meter is rotated slowly and stopped at the position there is less output on
multimeter.
11. This observation can also be done on an oscilloscope.
Square Wave Operation:
The equipments were connected as shown in the figure. The micrometer of variable attenuator was
set around some position. The range switch of VSWR meter was set at 40dB position, the input
selector switch to crystal impudence position, meter switch to narrow position. The mod selector
switch was set to AM-MOD position, the beam voltage control knob to fully anti-clockwise
position. The Klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan were switched ON. The beam
voltage switch was switched ON and the beam voltage knob was rotated clockwise upto 295V
deflection in meter. The AM-MOD amplitude knob and AM-FRE knob was kept at mid position.
The reflector voltage knob was rotated to get deflection in VSWR meter. The AM-MOD amplitude
knob was rotated to get the maximum output in VSWR meter. The deflection with frequency knob
was maximized to get maximum output in VSWR meter. If required, the range switch of VSWR
meter was changed.
measurement and voltage/division to lower scale. The beam voltage switch was switched ON and
kept at 295V. The amplitude knob of FM modulator was kept to max position and reflector voltage
was rotated to anticlockwise to get on the oscilloscope. The horizontal axis represents the output
power. Any mode of Klystron tube can be observed on oscilloscope by changing the reflector
voltage and amplitude of the modulation
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Repeller Voltage
Oscilloscope Volt.
Freq. (Hz)
RESULT:
Repeller Voltage
Powermax
Frequency
EXPERIMENT-3
AIM: Setup an experiment to measure the frequency and wavelength of microwave signal.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Klystron power supply SKPS 610, Klystron Mount XM251, Isolator, Frequency Meter XF-710,
Variable Attenuator XA-520, Slotted Wire (XS-651), Tunable Probe (XP-655), Waveguide Stand
XU- 535, VSWR Meter SW- 215, Movable Short (XT-481)/Matched termination (XL400).
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Frequency meter
Variable AttenuatorSlotted LineMatched Termination
Movable short
THEORY:
For dominant TE10 mode rectangular waveguide, g, 0 and c are related by:
1
2
0
2
g
2
c
PROCEDURE:
1) The components were set up as shown in the figure. The variable attenuator was set up at a
minimum attenuation position. The central knobs of VSWR meter were kept as - Range: 50
db, Input Switch Crystal: Low, Meter Switch: Normal position, Gain (coarse/fine): Mid
position.
2) The control knobs of Klystron power supply were kept as below: Beam Voltage: Off, ModSwitch: AM, Beam Voltage Knob: fully anticlockwise, Reflector Voltage: fully clockwise,
AM amplitude knob: around fully clockwise, AM frequency knob: around mid position.
3) The Klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan are switched on. The beam
voltage was switched on and beam voltage was set at 295 volts, with the help of beam
voltage knob.
4) Reflector voltage was adjusted to get some deflection in VSWR meter. Deflection was
minimized with AM amplitude and frequency control knob of power supply.
5) The plunger of Klystron mount in and probe were tuned for maximum deflection. Frequency
meter knob was tuned to get a dip on the VSWR scale.
6) The terminator was replaced with movable short. Probe was moved along the slotted line and
minimum deflection position to get accurate reading (If necessary, increase the VSWR meter
db range switch to higher position).
7) The probe position was noted. Probe was moved to next minimum position and position was
recorded again.
8) The guide wavelength was calculated as twice the distance between two successive minima
positions attained above. The waveguide inner dimension a was measured. Frequency was
calculated.
1
1
c 2 2
c
g
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S. No.
Avg.
(cm)
1
2
3
RESULT:
1) The output power was plotted against the repeller voltage.
c (cm)
f = c/0 (GHz)
2) From the graph it was observed that we get a maximum power between two consecutive
minimas where P = 0.
3) The value of Pmax increases with increase in repeller voltage.
EXPERIMENT-4
AIM: To determine SWR and reflection coefficient.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Klystron tube, Klystron Power supply, VSWR meter, Klystron Mounts, Variable Attenuator, Slotted
line, Tunable Probe, Waveguide Stand, Movable Short Termination, BNC cable, SS Tuner
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
The electromagnetic field at any position of the transmission line may be considered as the sum of
the traveling waves. The incident wave which propagates towards the generator and the reflected
wave is generated from a discontinuity in line or from load impedance. The superposition of the two
traveling waves results in a stand by wave along the line. The maximum field strength is found
where the waves are in phase and min., where the two waves are out of the phase, and the distance
between two successive minimas is half the wavelength of guide. The ratio of the incident field and
the reflected wave is known as the reflection coefficient.
The VSWR is the ratio between the maximum and minimum field strength along the line. Hence the
VSWR is
S
E max ( Ei Er )
E min
( Ei Er )
Reflection coefficient,
Er ( Zi Zo)
Ei ( Zi Zo)
S 1
S 1
PROCEDURE:
1) The apparatus was set up as shown in figure. The variable attenuation was kept at the minimum
attenuation position. The control knobs of VSWR meter were kept as below: Range: 40-50 dB,
Input-Switch: Low-Impedance, Meter Switch: Normal, Gain (Coarse fine) - Mid-position approx.
2) The control knobs of the klystron power supply were kept as below Beam Voltage - 0FF, ModSwitch- AM.
3) The beam voltage, klystron power supply, VSWR cooling fan are switched ON.
4) The beam voltage is set at 295V. The reflector voltage knob was rotated to get deflection in
VSWR meter. The o/p was tuned by tuning the reflector voltage amplifier and frequency of AM
modulation. The plunger of Klystron Mount and Probe were tuned for maximum deflection in
VSWR meter.
Measurement of High VSWR:
5) The depth of SS tune was set slightly more for maximum VSWR. The probe was moved along a
slotted line until a minimum was indicated. The VSWR meter gain of knob and variable attenuator
was adjusted to obtain a reading of 3dB in the normal dB scale (0-10dB) of VSWR meter. The
probe was moved to the left on the slotted line until a full scale deflection was obtained on 0-10dB
scale. The probe position is noted as d1. Note another position as d2. The SS tuner and terminator
OBSERVATIONS:
Emax =
Emin =
S
E max
E min
S 1
S 1
g
(d1 d 2)
RESULT:
1) The standing wave ratio as compared from the observation table is
2) The value of the reflection coefficient r is
EXPERIMENT-6
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
THEORY:
The device magic tee is a combination of
the E and H plane. Arm 3 is H arm and arm
4 is E arm. If the power is fed into arm 3 (H
arm), the E divides equally between arm 1
and arm 2 with the same phase and no
electric field exists in arm 4. If the power is
fed into arm 1 and arm 2 simultaneously it
is added in arm 3 (H arm) and is subtracted
in E arm.
PROCEDURE:
= 10log10(P4/P3).
OBSERVATIONS:
1. Beam Voltage
2. Repeller Voltage =
3. Power
= 2.1 * =
4. Power in H arm
5. Power in E arm
EXPERIMENT-9
AIM: Using Microwave Communication kit, setup an experiment to study the following:
(a) HPBW measurement
(b) Polarization and Reflection of microwave
(c) Measurement of gain with and without waveguide
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Microwave satellite communication base, Microwave transmitter, Microwave receiver, Power
supply load, Metal polarization grid, Cardboard, Metal satellite.
THEORY:
Polarization:
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves containing energy associated with electric and magnetic
fields each of these fields have a transverse motion.
Angle of electric field with respect to direction of propagation, decide the polarization of wave.
Electric field if stays in one plane during propagation of wave i.e. called plane polarized. For an
antenna, the electric field runs parallel to antenna, the electric field runs parallel to antenna and the
magnetic field goes perpendicular to it .In horn antenna, Vertically plane polarized waves are
generated by an oscillator and is launched into the waveguide. The received signal will have
maximum intensity when receiver antenna is properly aligned with the transmitter and minimum
when they are 90 with each other.
Microwave reflection:
When waves are in space, they spread across a wide area. So in open space a lot of energy is lost.
The best way to prevent this is to send it via a metal tube beam being reflected by waveguide walls.
Most metals reflect microwaves through with some amount of conduction losses.
Waveguide:
dr 4
G ( , )
Maximum gain is along the bore sight direction. Z0 = impedance of free space.
Bore sight gain is given in terms of size of antenna.
G
4
A
2
Df
increases.
Half power beam width is angular separation between half power points on the antenna radiation
pattern, where the gain is one half the maximum value: HPBW= k/D HPBW decreases with
decreasing wavelength and increasing diameter.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Transmitter
Angle
Receiver
(transmitter is set at 5)
RESULT:
As can be seen from the observation tables, gain increases in presence of a waveguide as opposed to
without waveguide.
Also it was seen that HPBW =
When conducting rods are placed vertically in between the transmitter and receiver, the receiver
reading is minimum. As the rods are rotated, the receiver reading increases till it reaches a
maximum value when the rods are horizontally placed. Thus vertical plane is the E-plane and
horizontal plane is the H-plane.
EXPERIMENT-10
AIM: Draw the magnitude response & phase response of S 21 & S11 using MATLAB for frequency 0
to 10 GHz for the following circuit.
CIRCUIT:
CODE:
=
=
=
=
=
0.984*10^(-12);
6.438*10^(-9);
3.183*10^(-12);
L2;
C1;
f=1:0.1*10^9:10*10^9;
for i=1:1:length(f)
w = 2*pi*f(i);
%%
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
ABCD
= [1
= [1
= [1
= [1
= [1
%% Cascading %%
T = T1*T2*T3*T4*T5;
A = T(1,1);
B = T(1,2);
C = T(2,1);
D = T(2,2);
S21(i) = 2/(A + B/Z0 + C*Z0 + D);
S11(i) = (A + B/Z0 - C*Z0 - D)/(A + B/Z0 + C*Z0 + D);
i = i+1;
end
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(f,abs(S11),'r-',f,abs(S21),'b-');
title('Magnitude Response');
xlabel('Freqency --->');
ylabel('Magnitude ---->');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(f,angle(S11),'r*',f,angle(S21),'bx');
axis([0 10*10^9 -pi pi]);
title('Phase Response');
xlabel('Freqency --->');
ylabel('Phase ---->');
OUTPUT:
OBSERVATION:
The given circuit is a microwave low-pass filter with cut-off frequency = 2 Ghz.
EXPERIMENT-11
AIM: Draw the magnitude response & phase response of S 21 & S11 using MATLAB for frequency 0
to 10 GHz for the following circuit.
CIRCUIT:
CODE:
%%%% Microwave BPF %%%%
clear all;
close all;
clc;
%% Characteristic Impedance %%
Z0 = 50;
L1
C1
L2
C2
L3
C3
=
=
=
=
=
=
127*10^(-9);
0.199*10^(-12);
0.726*10^(-9);
34.91*10^(-12);
L1;
C1;
f=0.6*10^9:10^5:1.4*10^9;
for i=1:1:length(f)
w = 2*pi*f(i);
%%
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
ABCD
= [1
= [1
= [1
= [1
= [1
= [1
%% Cascading %%
T = T1*T2*T3*T4*T5*T6;
A
B
C
D
=
=
=
=
T(1,1);
T(1,2);
T(2,1);
T(2,2);
OUTPUT:
OBSERVATION:
The given circuit is a microwave band-pass filter with Bandwidth = (1.061-0.9437) Ghz
= 0.1173 Ghz
= 117.3 MHz.
EXPERIMENT-12
AIM: Draw the magnitude response & phase response of S 21 & S11 using MATLAB for the
following circuit.
CIRCUIT:
CODE:
clear all;
close all;
clc;
%% Characteristic Impedances %%
Z0 = 50;
Z01 = 64.9;
Z02 = 217.5;
Z03 = 70.3;
Z04 = Z02;
Z05 = Z01;
%% l is fixed, f is varying %%
f = [3:0.000001:3.06]*10^9;
l = 10;
c = 3*10^8;
for i=1:1:length(f)
theta = 2*pi*f(i)*l/c;
T1 = [1 0; j*(1/Z01)*tan(theta) 1];
T2 = [cos(theta) j*Z02*sin(theta); j*(1/Z02)*sin(theta)
cos(theta)];
T3 = [1 0; j*(1/Z03)*tan(theta) 1];
T4 = [cos(theta) j*Z04*sin(theta); j*(1/Z04)*sin(theta)
cos(theta)];
T5 = [1 0; j*(1/Z05)*tan(theta) 1];
T=T1*T2*T3*T4*T5;
A
B
C
D
=
=
=
=
T(1,1);
T(1,2);
T(2,1);
T(2,2);
OUTPUT: