Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Data Communications
and
Networking
Overview
Data Communication
Exchange
g of data between two
devices via some form of transmission
medium such as wire cable
¾Components
¾Data Representation
¾Text
¾ASCII
¾Extended ASCII
¾Unicode
¾ISO
¾Numbers
¾Images
¾Audio
¾Video
Direction of Data Flow
Simplex
Half‐duplex
Full‐duplex
Networks
Distributed Processing
Network Criteria
Physical Structures
Categories
Ca ego es of
o Networks
e o s
Distributed Processing
• In
In which a task is divided among multiple
which a task is divided among multiple
computers.
• Instead of a single large single machine
Instead of a single large single machine
responsible for all aspects of a process, each
separate computer handles a subset
separate computer handles a subset.
Advantages
• Security/Encapsulation
• Distributed databases
• Faster problem solving
bl l i
• Security through redundancy
• Collaborative processing
Network Criteria
• To be considered effective and efficient, a network must meet the
following criteria
following criteria
– Performance
• Can be measured in many ways
– Transit time
» Amount of time required for a message to travel from one device to another
f df lf d h
» Elapsed time between an inquiry and a response.
– Response time
• Depends on the following
– Number of users
Number of users
– Type of transmission medium
– Hardware
– Software
– Reliabilityy
• Measured by frequency of failure
• Time taken by the link to recover from a failure
• Catastrophe
– Security
• Unauthorized access
• Viruses
Physical structures
Types of Connection
Point‐to‐point connection
Multipoint connection
Types of physical topology
Categories of topology
Fully connected mesh topology (for five devices)
Star topology
Bus topology
Ring topology
Categories of networks
LAN
LAN (Continued)
MAN
WAN
The Internet
Internet today
Protocols
• Set of rules that govern data communication
• Defines what is communicated, how it is
communicated, and when it is communicated.
• Key elements of a protocol
Key elements of a protocol
– Syntax
• Structure or the format of the data meaning the order in which
they are presented
they are presented
– Semantics
• Meaning of each section of bits
• How a particular pattern to be interpreted?
How a particular pattern to be interpreted?
– Timing
• When the data should be sent and how fast they can be sent.
Protocol Standards
• Provides a model for development that makes it
possible for a product to work regardless of the
possible for a product to work regardless of the
individual manufacturer
• Categories of standards
Categories of standards
– De jure (By Law)
• That have been legislated by an officially recognized body
– De Facto (By Fact)
• Proprietary
– Wholly owned by the company that invented the products
Wholly owned by the company that invented the products
– Closed standards
• Non Proprietary
– Developed by the groups
Developed by the groups
– Open Standards