Windows Server 2012

Windows Server 2012 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_2012
Windows Server 2012

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Windows Server 2012, codenamed "Windows Server 8",[2] is the sixth release of Windows Server. It is the
server version of Windows 8 and succeeds Windows Server 2008 R2. Two pre-release versions, a developer
preview and a beta version, were released during development. The software was generally available to
customers starting on September 4, 2012.[3]
Windows Server 2012

Part of the Microsoft Windows family
Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server 2012 has no support for Itanium-based computers,[4] and has four
editions. Various features were added or improved over Windows Server 2008 R2, such as an updated version
of Hyper-V, an IP address management role, a new version of Windows Task Manager, and ReFS, a new file
system. Although it has a Metro user interface (which has led to a mixed reception for Windows 8), the
operating system has generally received positive reviews for these features.
Contents
1 History
2 Features
2.1 Installation options
2.2 User interface
2.3 Task Manager
2.4 IP address management (IPAM)
2.5 Active Directory
2.6 Hyper-V
2.7 ReFS
2.8 IIS 8.0
2.9 Scalability
3 System requirements
4 Editions
5 Reception
6 See also
7 Notes
Windows Server 2012 Start screen

Developer
Microsoft
Website
www.microsoft.com/en-us/servercloud/windows-server
/default.aspx
(http://www.microsoft.com/en-us
/server-cloud/windows-server
/default.aspx)
Releases
Initial release
September 4, 2012 [info

(http://blogs.technet.com/b/windowsserver
/archive/2012/08/01/windows-server2012-released-to-manufacturing.aspx) ]
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8 References
9 External links
Stable release
6.2 (Build 9200) (August 1, 2012)

[info (http://blogs.technet.com
/b/windowsserver/archive/2012/08
/01/windows-server-2012-released-
History
to-manufacturing.aspx) ]
[2]
Windows Server 2012, codenamed "Windows Server 8", is the sixth release of Windows Server family of
operating systems developed concurrently with Windows 8.[5][6] It was not until 17 April 2012 that the
company announced that the final product name would be "Windows Server 2012".[2]
Microsoft introduced Windows Server 2012 and its developer preview in the BUILD 2011 conference on 9
September 2011.[7] However, unlike Windows 8, the developer preview of Windows Server 2012 was only
made available to MSDN subscribers.[8] It included a graphical user interface (GUI) based on Metro design
language and a new Server Manager, a graphical application used for server management.[9] On 16 February
2012, Microsoft released an update for developer preview build that extended its expiry date from 8 April
2012 to 15 January 2013.[10]
Source model
Closed source / Shared source
License
Commercial proprietary software
Kernel type
Hybrid
Update method Windows Update and Windows

Server Update Services
Preceded by
Windows Server 2008 R2

Support status
Start date: October 30, 2012[1]
Mainstream support: Until January 9, 2018

Extended support: Until January 10, 2023
Before Windows Server 2012 was finalized, two test builds were made public. A public beta version of
Windows Server 2012 was released along with the Windows 8 Consumer Preview on 29 February 2012.[5] The release candidate of Windows Server 2012 was
released on 31 May 2012, along with the Windows 8 Release Preview.[6]
The product was released to manufacturing on 1 August 2012 and became generally available on 4 September 2012.[3] However, not all editions of Windows
Server 2012 were released at the same time. Windows Server 2012 Essentials was released to manufacturing on 9 October 2012[11] and was made generally
available on 5 November 2012.[12] As of 23 September 2012, all students subscribed to DreamSpark program can download Windows Server 2012 Standard or
Datacenter free of charge.[13]
Features
See also: Features new to Windows 8
Installation options
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Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server 2012 can switch between "Server Core" and "Server with a GUI" installation options without a full reinstallation. Server
Core - an option with a command-line interface only - is now the recommended configuration. There is also a third installation option, exclusive to Windows 8,
that allows some GUI elements such as MMC and Server Manager to run, but without the normal desktop, shell or default programs like Windows Explorer.[9]
User interface
Server Manager has been redesigned with an emphasis on easing management of multiple servers.[14] The operating system, like Windows 8, uses the Metro UI
unless installed in Server Core mode.[15] Windows PowerShell in this version has over 2300 commandlets, compared to around 200 in Windows Server 2008
R2.[16]
Task Manager
Main article: Windows Task Manager
Windows Server 2012 includes a new version of Windows Task Manager together with the old version.[17] In the new version the tabs are hidden by default
showing applications only. In the new Processes tab, the processes are displayed in varying shades of yellow, with darker shades representing heavier resource
use.[18] It lists application names and status, as well as CPU, memory, hard disk and network utilization. The process information found in the older versions are
now moved to the new Details tab. The Performance tab shows "CPU", "Memory", "Disk", "Wi-Fi" and "Ethernet" graphs. The CPU tab no longer displays
individual graphs for every logical processor on the system by default; instead, it can display data for each NUMA node. When displaying data for each logical
processor for machines with more than 64 logical processors, the CPU tab now displays simple utilization percentages on heat-mapping tiles.[19] The color used
for these heat maps is blue, with darker shades again indicating heavier utilization. Hovering the cursor over any logical processor's data now shows the NUMA
node of that processor and its ID, if applicable. Additionally, a new Startup tab has been added that lists startup applications,[20] however this tab does not exist
in Windows Server 2012.[21] The new task manager recognizes when a Windows Store app has the "Suspended" status.
IP address management (IPAM)

Windows Server 2012 has an IP address management role for discovering, monitoring, auditing, and managing the IP address space used on a corporate
network. The IPAM is used for the management and monitoring of Domain Name System (DNS) and Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) servers.
Both IPv4 and IPv6 are fully supported.[22]
Active Directory
Windows Server 2012 has a number of changes to Active Directory from the version shipped with Windows Server 2008 R2. The Active Directory Domain
Services installation wizard has been replaced by a new section in Server Manager, and a GUI has been added to the Active Directory Recycle Bin.[23] Multiple
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password policies can be set in the same domain.[24] Active Directory in Windows Server 2012 is now aware of any changes resulting from virtualization, and
virtualized domain controllers can be safely cloned. Upgrades of the domain functional level to Windows Server 2012 are simplified; it can be performed
entirely in Server Manager. Active Directory Federation Services is no longer required to be downloaded when installed as a role, and claims which can be used
by the Active Directory Federation Services have been introduced into the Kerberos token. Windows Powershell commands used by Active Directory
Administrative Center can be viewed in a "Powershell History Viewer".[25][26]
Hyper-V
Windows Server 2012, along with Windows 8, includes a new version of Hyper-V,[27] as presented at the Microsoft BUILD event.[28] Many new features have
been added to Hyper-V, including network virtualization, multi-tenancy, storage resource pools, cross-premise connectivity, and cloud backup. Additionally,
many of the former restrictions on resource consumption have been greatly lifted. Each virtual machine in this version of Hyper-V can access up to 64 virtual
processors, up to 1 terabyte of memory, and up to 64 terabytes of virtual disk space per virtual hard disk (using a new .vhdx format).[29][30] Up to 1024 virtual
machines can be active per host, and up to 8000 can be active per failover cluster.[31] The version of Hyper-V shipped with the client version of Windows 8
requires a processor that supports SLAT and for SLAT to be turned on, while the version in Windows Server 2012 only requires it if the RemoteFX role is
installed.[32]
ReFS
ReFS (Resilient File System,[33] codenamed "Protogon"[34]) is a new file system in Windows Server 2012 initially intended for file servers that improves on
NTFS in some respects. Major new features of ReFS include:[35][36]
Improved reliability for on-disk structures
ReFS uses B+ trees[35] for all on-disk structures including metadata and file data. The file size, total volume size, number of files in a directory and
number of directories in a volume are limited by 64-bit numbers, which translates to maximum file size of 16 Exabytes, maximum volume size of 1
Yottabyte (with 64 KB clusters), which allows large scalability with no practical limits on file and directory size (hardware restrictions still apply).
Metadata and file data are organized into tables similar to relational database. Free space is counted by a hierarchal allocator which includes three separate
tables for large, medium, and small chunks. File names and file paths are each limited to a 32 KB Unicode text string.
Built-in resilience
ReFS employs an allocation-on-write update strategy for metadata,[35] which allocates new chunks for every update transaction and uses large IO batches.
All ReFS metadata has built-in 64-bit checksums which are stored independently. The file data can have an optional checksum in a separate "integrity
stream", in which case the file update strategy also implements allocation-on-write; this is controlled by a new "integrity" attribute applicable to both files
and directories. If nevertheless file data or metadata becomes corrupt, the file can be deleted without taking down the whole volume offline for
maintenance, then restored from the backup. As a result of built-in resiliency, administrators do not need to periodically run error-checking tools such as
CHKDSK when using ReFS.
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Compatibility with existing APIs and technologies

ReFS does not require new system APIs and most file system filters continue to work with ReFS volumes.[35] ReFS supports many existing Windows and
NTFS features such as BitLocker encryption, Access Control Lists, USN Journal, change notifications,[37] symbolic links, junction points, mount points,
reparse points, volume snapshots, file IDs, and oplock. ReFS seamlessly[35] integrates with Storage Spaces, a storage virtualization layer that allows data
mirroring and striping, as well as sharing storage pools between machines.[38] ReFS resiliency features enhance the mirroring feature provided by Storage
Spaces and can detect whether any mirrored copies of files become corrupt using background data scrubbing process, which periodically reads all mirror
copies and verifies their checksums then replaces bad copies with good ones.
Some NTFS features are not supported in ReFS, including named streams, object IDs, short names, file compression, file level encryption (EFS), user data
transactions, hard links, extended attributes, and disk quotas.[35][34] Sparse files was not supported by Preview, but it is supported by RTM.[39][40] ReFS does
not itself offer data deduplication.[35] Dynamic disks with mirrored or striped volumes are replaced with mirrored or striped storage pools provided by Storage
Spaces. However, in Windows Server 2012, automated error-correction is only supported on mirrored spaces, and booting from ReFS is not supported either.
IIS 8.0
Windows Server 2012 includes version 8.0 of Internet Information Services (IIS). The new version contains new features such as CPU usage caps for particular
websites,[41] centralized management of SSL certificates, and improved support for NUMA, but few other substantial changes were made.[42]
Scalability
Windows Server 2012 supports the following maximum hardware specifications.[43][30] Windows Server 2012 improves over its predecessor Windows Server
2008 R2:
Specification
Windows Server 2012 Windows Server 2008 R2
Physical processors[a]
64
64
Logical processors
when Hyper-V is disabled
640
256
Logical processors
when Hyper-V is enabled
320[b]
64
Memory
4 TB
2 TB
Failover cluster nodes (in any single cluster)
64
16
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System requirements
Minimum system requirements for Windows Server 2012[45]
Processor
1.4 GHz, x64
Memory
512 MB
Free disk space 32 GB (more if there is 16 GB of RAM or more)

Windows Server 2012 runs only on x64 processors. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Server 2012 does not support Itanium.[4]
Upgrades from Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 are supported, though upgrades from prior releases are not.[45]
Editions
Windows Server 2012 has four editions: Foundation, Essentials, Standard and Datacenter.[46][47][48][49][43]
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Specifications
Foundation
Essentials
Standard
Datacenter
Distribution
OEM only
Retail, volume licensing,

OEM
Retail, volume licensing,

OEM
Volume licensing and OEM
Licensing model
Per server
Per server
Per CPU pair[c] + CAL[d]
Per CPU pair[c] + CAL[d]
Processor chip limit[43]
64[e]
64[e]
User limit
15
25
Unlimited
Unlimited
1 standalone DFS root
1 standalone DFS root
Unlimited
Unlimited
Network Policy and Access

Services limits
50 RRAS connections and 10

IAS connections
250 RRAS connections, 50

IAS connections, and 2 IAS
Server Groups
Unlimited
Unlimited
Remote Desktop Services

limits
20 Remote Desktop Services

connections
250 Remote Desktop Services

connections
Unlimited
Unlimited
Virtualization rights
N/A
Either in 1 VM or 1 physical
server, but not both at once
2 VMs[c]
Unlimited
DHCP role
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
DNS server role
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Fax server role
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
UDDI Services
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Print and Document Services
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Web Services (Internet

Information Services)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Windows Deployment
Services
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Windows Server Update

Services
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Active Directory Lightweight

Directory Services
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
File Services limits
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Active Directory Rights

Management Services
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Application server role
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Server Manager
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Windows Powershell
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Active Directory Domain

Services
Must be root of forest and

domain
Must be root of forest and

domain
Yes
Yes
Active Directory Certificate

Services
Certificate Authorities only
Certificate Authorities only
Yes
Yes
Active Directory Federation

Services
Yes[50]
No
Yes
Yes
Server Core mode
No
No
Yes
Yes
Hyper-V
No
No
Yes
Yes
Reception
Reviews of Windows Server 2012 have been generally positive.[51][52][53] Simon Bisson of ZDnet described it as "ready for the datacentre, today,"[51] while
Tim Anderson of The Register said that "The move towards greater modularity, stronger automation and improved virtualisation makes perfect sense in a world
of public and private clouds" but remarked that "That said, the capability of Windows to deliver obscure and time-consuming errors is unchanged" and
concluded that "Nevertheless, this is a strong upgrade overall."[52] InfoWorld noted that Windows Server 2012 has the Metro UI, which had led to mixed
reviews for Windows 8, but mentioned that "Microsoft is pushing harder for a GUI-less install than a Metro-based screen", with reference to the improved
Server Core installation option and the improvements for Windows PowerShell.[54] However, Michael Otey of Windows IT Pro expressed dislike with the new
Metro interface and the lack of ability to use the older desktop interface alone, saying that most users of Windows Server manage their servers using the
graphical user interface rather than PowerShell.[55] The Australian construction company Kennards found the OS stable.[56]
Paul Ferrill wrote that "Windows Server 2012 Essentials provides all the pieces necessary to provide centralized file storage, client backups, and remote
access,"[57] but Tim Anderson contended that "Many businesses that are using SBS2011 and earlier will want to stick with what they have", citing the absence of
Exchange, the lack of ability to synchronize with Active Directory Federation Services and the 25-user limit,[58] while Paul Thurott wrote "you should choose
Foundation only if you have at least some in-company IT staff and/or are comfortable outsourcing management to a Microsoft partner or solution provider" and
"Essentials is, in my mind, ideal for any modern startup of just a few people."[59]
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See also
Microsoft Servers
Notes
a. ^ Applies to Windows Server 2008 R2 and 2012 Datacenter and Windows Server 2012 Standard only. Other editions support less.
b. ^ Each virtualized partition, including the host itself, can use up to 64 processors.[44]
c. ^ a b c Each license of Windows Server 2012 Standard or Datacenter allows up to two processor chips. Each license of Windows Server 2012 Standard allows up to two
virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard on that physical server. If more virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard are needed, each additional license
of Windows Server 2012 allows up to two more virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Standard, even though the physical server itself may have sufficient licenses for
its processor chip count. Because Windows Server 2012 Datacenter has no limit on the number of virtual instances per licensed server, only enough licenses for the
physical server are needed for any number of virtual instances of Windows Server 2012 Datacenter. If the number of processor chips or virtual instances is an odd number,
the number of licenses required is the same as the next even number. For example, a single-processor-chip server would still require 1 license, the same as if the server were
two-processor-chip and a five-processor-chip server would require 3 licenses, the same as if the server were six-processor-chip, and if 15 virtual instances of Windows
Server 2012 Standard are needed on one server, 8 licenses of Windows Server 2012, which can cover up to 16 virtual instances, are needed (assuming, in this example, that
the processor chip count does not exceed 16).
d. ^ a b For the Standard and Datacenter editions, each user or device accessing the software must have a client access license (CAL) assigned (either per-user or per-device),
so there may be no more simultaneous users than the number of client-access licenses, except up to 2 simultaneous users purely to administer the server software, or for
running virtualization or web workloads. Remote Desktop Services requires an additional CAL separate from the aforementioned CAL.
e. ^ a b If the number of physical processors in a particular server is under 64, the limit is determined by the quantity of licenses assigned to that server. In that case, the
number of physical processors cannot exceed twice the number of licenses assigned to the server.
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External links
Official website (http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/server-cloud/windows-server/default.aspx)
Windows Server 2012 (http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh801901.aspx) on TechNet
Windows Server 2012 (http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/windowsserver/) on MSDN
Windows Server 2012 (http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/evalcenter/hh670538.aspx?ocid=&wt.mc_id=TEC_108_1_33) on Microsoft Evaluation Center
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