INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

ON

TITLE OF TRAINING

COMPLETED AT
NAME OF THE COMPANY /FIRM

By
NAME OF STUDENT
INDEX NO.

Aquatic Resources Technology Degree Programme

Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture

Uva Wellassa University

2014
TITLE OF TRAINING
AT
NAME OF THE INDUSTRY
By

NAME OF THE STUDENT

INDEX NO
This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Aquatic Resources Technology
of
Faculty of Animal Science and Export Agriculture
UvaWellassa University of Sri Lanka
2012/2013
Approved by

Mrs. R.G.M. Rajapakshe

Internal Supervisor
Aquatic Resources Technology Degree Programme
Uva Wellassa University
Badulla
Sri Lanka
Date:.

.
Dr. (Mrs) S.C. Jayamanne
Head
Department of Animal Science
UvaWellassa University
Badulla
Sri Lanka
Date:..

Abstract
Shrimp farm extension and monitoring unit in Batticaloa was selected as a placement to
conduct the industrial training during the fourth year second semester. Shrimp farming is
a developing industry in Sri Lanka. Knowing a thorough knowledge about shrimp
industry is important to develop this industry.
Although this is a two months of training session I received lot of experience as well as
exposure in shrimp farming and shrimp hatchery. This training program helped to Gained
knowledge about shrimp farm extension and monitoring. This report includes, brief
introduction about the shrimp industry, hatchery, shrimp farming and shrimp biology.
So, through this training program I got massive and valuable opportunity to expose
shrimp farming and hatchery management. As well as we gather big experience to our
lives.

Acknowledgement
This note of acknowledgement is to convey my heartiest gratitude and appreciation to all
those who helped me in numerous ways to complete this training.
First, I extend my deepest gratitude to my Deparment of Animal Science, Uva Wellassa
University for organizing this training program.
My deepest thanks goes to my external supervisor Mr.S.Ravikmar, district Aquaculturist
Shrimp farming monitoring and extention unit, National Aquaculture Development
Authority of Sri Lanka Puttukudirippu, who had given me his continues support and
encouragement with essential guidance and suggestions to make my training a great
success.
I extend my deepest gratitude to my internal supervisor Dr. S.C. Jayamanne, Dean of the
faculty of Animal Science Department of Animal Science for her valuable assistance,
encouragement and guidance.
I profusely thank to our training coordinator Mrs. I. U. Wickramaratne, lecturer,
Department of Animal Science, Uva Wellassa University, for giving this valuable
opportunity of industrial training in the fulfillment of my B.Sc. Aquatic Resources and
Technology degree program.
I would also like to extend my thanks to the respective staffs of NAQDA who gave their
valuable support to complete my industrial training session successfully.

Symbols and Abbreviations

List of Tables

List of Figures

List of Plates

10

11

Chapter 1

1 Introduction
A shrimp farm is an aquaculture business for the cultivation of marine shrimp or prawns
for human consumption. Commercial shrimp farming began in the 1970s, and production
grew steeply, particularly to match the market demands of the United States, Japan and
Western Europe. The total global production of farmed shrimp reached more than 1.6
million tons in 2003, representing a value of nearly 9 billion U.S. dollars. About 75% of
farmed shrimp is produced in Asia, in particular in China and Thailand. The other 25% is
produced mainly in Latin America, where Brazil, Ecuador, and Mexico are the largest
producers. The largest exporting nation is Thailand (FAO, 2009).
Farmed shrimp export accounts for approximately 50% of the total export earnings from
Sri Lankan fisheries. It was their second most valuable export fisheries in 2007,
generating Rs.2487 millions (approx. 25 million USD). More than 90% of the harvested
cultured shrimp are exported, going mostly to Japan followed by United States of
America and countries of European Union. The black tiger shrimp, Penaus monodon is
the main species cultured. The majority of grow out shrimp farms in Sri Lanka follows
semi intensive culture practice. Farmed shrimp production was 2,220mt in 2008
compared to 9,240mt from wild capture. Aquaculture production peaked in 1998 at 6,520
mt. The shrimp industry was responsible for 40,000 direct and indirect jobs in 1996
representing 11% of the total employment in the fisheries sector. More recent estimates
report that jobs have declined to 8,000 due to contraction of the industry in large part
because of the effects of disease outbreaks. The potential for this industry to once again
provide a large number of jobs and export income makes its development very attractive
to the government of Sri Lanka (FAO, 2008).
12

Shrimp farming was started in 1981 in Batticaloa by serandib sea Food Company. It was
collapsed due to some civil unrest conditions. Then after 1990 it was again started in
Batticaloa at Thiruperumthurai and Oddamavadi. Natonal Aquaculture Development
Authority (NAQDA), National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency
(NARA) and Eastern University were found suitable site selection then it was established
in 1999 and it prepared zonal planning.
The purpose for identify suitable area for implementation of economically viable and
environmentally friendly shrimp farm. They identified around 2839 ha of land area near
Uppar lagoon, Batticaloa lagoon and Vaharai lagoon this land included in state land and
private land Now More than 100 farms have established in the Batticaloa district under
semi intensive system.
The farm has been established based on an Indian shrimp farm model. Before 2008 PL
was collected from Puttlam for this reason and it was consumed high cost. Then the
brackish water shrimp hatchery at Puthukudirippu, Batticaloa was established in 2011
under the Aquatic Resource Development and Quality Improvement Project of the
Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development. Hatchery was established in
1.51 ha of land area. Production capacity of this hatchery is twenty million post larvae per
annum. . This hatchery is managed by Kings Aqua Services Ltd under a public and
private partner. NAQDA is providing training for farmers and university students in
vattavan.

1.1 Theme of the training

An experience within a working place is important to everyone who conduct studies on a
professional field, to get to know about the working place, duties and responsibilities, to
acquire industrial knowledge of relevant field, to understand current situation of the field,
to expand the limitation in relevant field and above all to gain professional and personal
skills.
Upon that as an aquatic resources technology student of Uva Wellassa University during
13

the period of industrial training in to improve the competencies (skills, knowledge,

attitudes) related to:

Shrimp farms monitoring

Shrimp hatcheries monitoring

Laboratory functions those should be provided for the improvement of shrimp

industry

Conservation programmes

Besides the field related achievement, training facilitates to enhance the interpersonal
skills and to build up personality skills as well which will shape up the performance in
future career.

1.2 Introduction to the organization

The National Aquaculture Development Authority (NAQDA) was established in 1999 by
the Parliamentary Act (No. 53 of 1998) under the provision of the Ministry of Fisheries
and Aquatic Resources
Their duties and targets are:

Provide the sustainable development of aquaculture and fisheries sector

Ensure the food security of the nation

Increase the living status of nation

Earn the local and foreign currency to get economical benefits

Build up the entrepreneur and new carrier opportunities

Shrimp farm monitoring and extension unit was established at Batticaloa district
secretariat in 2008 at. Then it was moved to Puthukudirupu in 2011. It was established to
provide the extension and monitoring services to shrimp farms in the Eastern province.
The main purpose for the establishment of this unit is to get old farms well organized,
Form cluster and model farms and to solve problems during transporting post larvae.
14

They established a hatchery in Puthukudirupu area to overcome post larvae transportation

problem. Then established a cluster farm in Vattavan, Vaharai and established a model
farm in Air Force camp in Batticaloa to develop shrimp sector.
Roles of Shrimp Extension and Monitoring unit in. Batticaloa are:

Organization the farmers meeting, discuss the problems, and get the suitable
solution.
Establish the model farms and provide the training to farmers and university
students for develop the shrimp industry.
Take decision making about stoking date, stoking density, harvesting time and
culture time duration.
Visit the each farm and record the observation, specially have at stoking time and
harvesting time.
Maintain the related about water quality parameter, survival rate, growth rate,
FCR record.
Reduce the environmental issues, the farmers with fishermens conflicts, the
illegal fishing activity.
Provide the PL license and Aqua Cultural Management license.

Chapter 2

2 Training work
The training was conducted to study about shrimp extension and monitoring. During
training some tasks were gave by supervisor. This training has been designed to do in
Puthukkudiruppu shrimp farm.

2.1 Activities undertaken

15

2.1.1 Important parameters of shrimp farm

a) Site selection
The selection of a suitable site always plays a major role in shrimp farming. The
determination of a site for shrimp farming is made only after through analysis of
information on topography, ecosystem, meteorological and socioeconomic conditions in
relation to farm design, species compatibility and economic viability. Criteria are herein
presented that could serve as guidelines in judging site suitability.
b) Water quality
Water quality includes all the inherent physic chemical and microbiological
characteristics of water. In any chosen site, the pH of the water preferably ranges from 7.5
to 8.6. The other equally important chemical characteristic of water is the level of oxygen
saturation throughout the water column. Fluctuations in dissolved oxygen level should be
predetermined and the oxygen level is preferably not lower than 4 ppm.
The water must not be too turbid. Water with very heavy silt load can cause siltation
problems in the water supply system. The water is preferably to be rich in
microorganisms.
Salinity variation is considered a determinant factor in shrimp production. Optimal level
varies from species to species. For instance, the tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) grows
faster at 1530 ppt. The white shrimp (P. indicus and P. merguiensis) tolerate higher
salinity ranges (2540 ppt). Ideally, salinity should remain uniform at normal weather and
should not drop abruptly during rainy days.

16

Plate 2.1: pH meter

Plate 2.2: Refractometer

c) Soil
The types and texture of the soil of the area should be analyzed before settling on a site
for shrimp farming. Soil samples must be taken at random location, preferably up to a
depth of 0.5 meter and subjected to physical and chemical tests to determine the acidity,
amount of organic load, level of fertility and physical composition.
The soil at the proposed site should have enough clay contest. This is to ensure that the
ponds constructed will hold water. Good quality dikes are usually built from sandy clay or
sandy loam materials which harden and easily compacted. The dikes will not crack in dry
weather. Clay loam or silty clay loam at pond bottom promotes growth of natural food
organisms. Diking materials made of undecomposed plant matter and alluvial sediments
should be avoided. Most ponds developed along the coastal areas with dense mangrove
vegetation often have acid sulphate problem during the first few years of operation. This
is due to the accumulation of pyrites (iron sulfide) in coastal soil. Breakdown of pyrites is
minimal in submerged soil.

17

During pond construction, the subsoil are dug for dikes

and the pond bottom leveled, the pyrites become oxidized producing sulphuric acid which
acidifies the soil. The pH of water becomes extremely low and hence affecting water
quality and correspondingly reduced natural productivity. Alleviating acid sulphate
conditions in ponds requires the use of lime and removal of acid by leaching and flushing.

d) Topography
It is essential to have details topography of the selected site for pond design and farm
layout. Coastal sites where the slopes run gently towards the sea are easier for pond
development requiring less financial inputs since excavation is minimal. Filling and
draining of water likewise is easily facilitated by gravity.
In areas where the above conditions are not available, the use of mechanical pumps may
be resorted. Associated with topography related constraints is the availability of sufficient
quantity of soil for dike construction obtained from excavation of ponds or from above
ground bunds. It may prove uneconomical if the site to be developed would require
diking material to be transported from outside the chosen area.
e) Vegetation

18

The type of vegetation in the area can be, to some extend, indicative of physical elevation
and soil type. Dominance of the mangrove plants Avicennia spp. is an indication of good
and productive soil. Outgrowths of Rhizophora spp. which are usually characterized by
dense prop root systems usually signifies soil types that are coarse and acidic.
It is of primary importance to consider density of shrubs at the site. These have to be
cleared first before any land development can take place. Clearing operation can add up to
the capital outlay.
f) Source of seed
Close proximity of the site to the fry ground is advantageous in that the animals being
collected for stocking are not subjected to too much transport and handling stress.

Plate 2.4. Nursery rearing tanks

Plate 2.5: Seed/PL

g) Accessibility
Accessibility is an important consideration in site selection. Overhead cost and delay in
the transport of materials and products can be minimized.
2.1.2 Pond design and construction
There is no standard design for a shrimp rearing pond. Present day farming practices still
heavily rely on the experience of individual farmers, financial capability and the
environmental condition prevailing at the site. A shrimp pond from the engineering view
19

point is essential an improved shrimp culture pond.

The improved structural design is largely due to the behavior of the Penaeid shrimps. P
monodon is a benthic animal and it has a habit of gathering along tank walls. Any design
to increase the wall surface e.g. adding substrates or an elevated earthen platform
extending along the edges of a pond, can promote high stocking densities. An ideal
shrimp farm is a complex establishment consisting of: various size ponds for nursery and
grow out, water control structures including embankments, supply and drainage canals
and sluice gates, and support facilities such as roads, bridges, living quarters, workshops
and warehouses, etc.
Careful layout of the described facilities and appropriate structural design in relation to
the physical features of the area ensure smooth and effective operational management.

Figure 2.1: Design of Shrimp farm

20

a) Size and shape of culture ponds

Rectangular or square ponds are appropriate for shrimp culture. The longest axis of a
pond should be parallel to the prevailing wind direction. This facilitates water movement
generated by wind action thereby increasing dissolved oxygen in the water and
minimizing water temperature fluctuations in summer or warmer
Table 2.1: Pond types and its size
500 to 1,000 m2

Nursery pond
Grow-out pond

- intensive

0.25 to 1.0 ha

- semi-intensive

0.5 to2.0 ha

- extensive

1.0 to 10 ha

The rearing pond must have a minimum depth of 1.0 meter. Most traditional brackish
water ponds for shrimp farming are relatively shallow. To satisfy depth requirement, a
ditch is constructed along the dike or a central canal between two opposite sides of the
pond. The average depth is 1.0 1.2 meters and depth of the platform is 3060 cm.
Pond bottom should be as even as possible free from projecting rocks and tree stumps.
The bottom must have a gradual slope from the inlet gate towards the drainage gate. The
suggested ratio of the slope is 1:500.
b) Supply and drainage channel
Not all shrimp farms are located close to the coast or estuaries. For those that are located
far away from the water sources, it is necessary to construct supply and drainage canals.
Conceptually, a shrimp pond must possess separate canals for drainage and supply and for
avoiding probable contamination of the water supply. Both supply and drainage canals
would likewise serve as water level control in the pond and as temporary holding areas
for shrimps. It is important that the sitting of the canal systems takes advantage of the
natural waterways within the proposed site.

21

c) Reservoir Tank
Reservoir Tank is important for the control of pond environment and storage of water
supply when the water quality is inconsistent or the supply is intermittent.
It is recommended that the area of a reservoir within a farm should be about 30% of the
total farm area in order to hold a sufficient volume of the water supply. Some farms may
use part of the reservoir for sedimentation purpose where biological filter feeding
organisms are stocked. The reservoir must have an outlet that can allow total drainage.
d) Sedimentation Pond
Sedimentation pond basically used to remove suspended solids from the waste water.
Shrimp Farm suspended solid waste under normal operational condition are primarily
composed of living plankton cells, feed material and other organic material which do not
22

easily settle down. Sedimentation tank can trap 5-10% of such suspended solids. But
during the harvest time when solid loads are far higher and particular matter is denser can
trap 90% of suspended solids. Thus the sedimentation ponds prevent the release of most
polluting organic matter that is discharged at the time of harvest to the environment.
e) Water control gate
When designing a sluice gate, it is essential to consider tidal fluctuations and gravity in
order to ensure effective control of the inflow and outflow of water within a given period
of time.
The water gates are classified according to function as main (primary) gate or secondary
gate. Main gates are strategically situated at the perimeter and are usually constructed of
reinforced concrete. These are the main structure controlling the quantity of water for
distribution to the shrimp farm.
Irrespective of the material to be used to construct the water gates (e.g. wood, reinforced
concrete), the following requirements should be met;

A gate should have adequate capacity for the required amount of water to be taken
in or drained out;

A gate should be constructed in a position that water can be totally discharged;

A gate should have sufficient grooves for placement of filter screens, slabs and
harvest nets;

A gate should be firmly placed at the pond bottom and properly linked with the
dikes to prevent seepage and possible collapse.

23

A standard gate design consists of tide stern wing, side

walls and bed structure. The side walls are often designed in accordance with the slope of
the earthen dike. Grooves for slabs are usually set at the inner side of the gate.

Plate 2.7: Water control gate

2.1.3 Pond preparation
Correct pond preparation is crucial to the success of any prawn farm. After all, the post
larvae are being transferred from a hatchery where food is plentiful and conditions well
controlled, to "natural" ponds where conditions are much capricious.
In any earthen pond culture system, the bottom soil plays a major role in pond yield. High
organic matter content in neutral soil often promotes higher primary productivity and
hence higher fish yield. Natural food organisms are one of the most important food
sources in ponds. It is rich in protein, vitamins, minerals and other essential growth
elements that simple supplementary feed cannot complete. Fish yield in pond can also be
affected by the presence of predators, deteriorating water quality and improper pond
management. Hence, pond preparation is a first step towards ensuring a better pond
24

production.
The advantage of a well prepared pond is that not only is water quality optimized, but
also is the natural food supply, particularly algae and other phytoplanktons. Indeed, if the
PLs are stocked into a pond with poor algae population, they will become stressed. That
not only greatly reduces PL growth, but weakens the animals, making them much more
prone to diseases and subsequent death.
After each harvest, ponds are allowed to dry out. At first the waste material in the centre
of the pond floor will be back, but with drying out it will turn to gray and then to normal
soil colour. As the bottom dries, it will also crack to a depth of five to ten centimeters or
so. This top layer of organic wastes serves as a substrate for microbial activity - including
that of disease causing organisms - and can contain fish eggs, crab larvae and other
potential predators. It should not be left in the pond.
Therefore, when the pond bottom is firm enough for a dozer to work on, usually 10 to 15
days after harvest, the organic mud is removed with the help of a dozer. It can be done
manually by laborers, but it takes longer time and some areas more costly. When dozer is
used, It should only remove material down to the base of the cracks in the soil, while
maintaining the slope towards the pond outlet. Further ploughing the pond bottom to the
depth of four six centimeters is beneficial, as it enhances soil aeration.
Shrimp culture operation can be grouped into three major categories:

Those that depend entirely on natural food (extensive culture)

Those that depend on both natural food and supplementary feeds (improved
extensive and semi-intensive culture

Those that depend entirely on artificial diet (intensive culture)

Irrespective of the culture operation used, it is always advisable to prepare the ponds in
sustaining high natural productivity throughout the culture period.

25

Plate 2.8: New pond preparation of Vaakarai farm

a) Soil sampling
Prior to pond preparation, soil samples are collected from the pond bottom and the dikes
for pH and organic matter contents analysis. Soil pH analysis is generally conducted to
determine lime requirement. This procedure is important for newly developed ponds
where the occurrence of acid sulphate soils is common. When acidic soil condition is
26

detected, corrective measures can be incorporated in the pond preparation activities.

Sampling of soil is not necessary for well-conditioned ponds.
In most soil laboratories, it usually takes one to two weeks before the result can be given.
Thus for routine soil pH determination, the shrimp farmer can take upon himself to do the
analysis using a pH meter. To prepare for the analysis, the air-dried soil sample must be
pulverized using a wooden mallet or mortar and pestle. It is then passed through a 2-mm
mesh sieve and stored in a properly labeled bag or glass jar. The sample is ready for pH
determination.
b) Leaching
When the pond soil is found to be acidic, it is normally leached. This is done by flushing
and washing the pond bottom with water to leach away undesirable metallic compounds
like aluminum, iron and excess sulfur ions.

Plate 2.9: Leaching in ponds

c) Pond drying
The drying of the pond bottom is the most practical cheap and effective method of
27

eliminating undesirable species in pond prior to the culture period. Drying oxidizes
harmful chemical substances especially sulfides and facilitates mineralization of organic
matter. The pond is dried until the soil cracks or when it is firm enough to hold one's
weight without sinking more than 5 cm on walking over the surface.
During the process of drying the ponds, other activities must be undertaken. These
include repair of dikes and gates, reconditioning of pond bottom trench, leveling,
installation of screens and substrates. Substrate installations such as twigs or coconut
fronds at the pond bottom are very important in the first few weeks of culture because the
juveniles have the habit of clinging on vertical surfaces. Aside from that, substrates also
serve other purposes provide additional surface area for some benthic food organisms,
provide shelter against direct sunlight, and reduce mortality of shrimp juveniles from
predators.

28

Plate 2.10: Pond drying

d) Tilling
Tilling or ploughing of bottom soil improves soil quality by exposing subsoil to the
atmosphere thereby speeding up the oxidation process and the release of nutrients that are
locked in the soil.

Plate 2.11: Tilling

e) Control of undesirable species
29

Undesirable species which are pests, competitors and predators consist of fin fishes,
crustaceans, mollusks, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals. Pests are species that
generally do not have direct harmful effects on the cultured stock. In most cases,
however, pests are also competitors. Some pests for example are certain species of crabs
that burrow into the dikes. These can destroy the dikes and cause leakages which may
allow the entrance of undesirable species or the escape of cultured stock especially in
nursery ponds. Others are wood borers and barnacles.
Competitors are species that compete for space, food, oxygen, etc. with the cultured
stock. Generally, these are of different species. Competition arises out of the similarity in
environmental demands which can pose limitations in the cultured species development.
Both intra specific and inter specific competitions prevail in any shrimp pond. It is
essential to minimize such competition by adequate management procedures in stocking
of shrimp fry and prevention of undesirable species from entering the pond.
Predatory species on the other hand, are species that prey on the cultured stock. These
species include snakes, birds, fin fishes, amphibians, crustaceans and mammals. The
presence of predators is a serious problem for shrimp growers especially in nursery
ponds. Predators are generally, but not always, larger than the culture animals.
f) Liming
Liming is the application of calcium and magnesium compounds to the soil for the
purpose of reducing soil acidity. It is usually applied during or after the pond drying stage.
i) Action of liming
The favorable actions of liming are: kills most microorganisms especially parasites due to
its caustic reaction, raised pH of acidic water to neutral or slightly alkaline value,
increases the alkaline reserve in water and mud which prevents extreme changes in pH,
neutralizes the harmful action of certain substances like sulfides and acids, promotes
biological productivity since it enhances the breakdown of organic substances by bacteria
creating a more favorable oxygen and carbon reserves, precipitates suspended or soluble
organic materials and decreases biological oxygen demand (BOD) as well.
But Excessive liming, however, can be damaging because it decreases phosphorus
30

availability through precipitation of insoluble calcium or magnesium phosphate.

Plate 2.12 Liming

ii) Liming substances
The chemicals used for liming of soils are the oxides, hydroxides and silicates of calcium
or magnesium since these are the ones capable of reducing acidity. Typical liming
substances are the following:

Calcium oxide, CaO

This is the only compound to which the term lime may be correctly applied. Calcium
oxide is variously known as unsalted lime, burnt lime and quicklime. It is manufactured
by roasting calcite limestone in a furnace. Calcium oxide is caustic and hygroscopic and
is sold commercially in powder and granular forms.

Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2

31

Calcium hydroxide is known as flaked lime, hydrated lime or builder's lime. It is prepared
by hydrating calcium oxide. It sold commercially in powder or granular forms.

Calcium, CaCO3 and mixed calcium-magnesium carbonate, [CaMg (CO3)2]

The carbonates occur widely in nature. Among the common forms that can be utilized as
liming substances are calcite limestone which is a pure calcium carbonate and dolomite
limestone which is a calcium-magnesium carbonate with varying proportions of calcium
and magnesium. Commercial calcium carbonate is known as agricultural lime. The
carbonates are the least reactive of the three liming substances.
iii) Advantages of liming
The liming can be extremely beneficial to prawn ponds in terms of pond disinfection and
water quality maintenance such as

It raises the pH and the alkalinity of the acid ponds to desirable levels and help
reduce daily fluctuation of pH in the pond water.

It increases the bottom pH of bottom mud, reducing their affinity for phosphorus
and so increasing the availability of phosphorus in the pond water.

It boosts the microbial activity in bottom mud, reducing the rate at which organic
material accumulate.

Higher water alkalinity increases the availability of carbon dioxide for

phytoplankton.

It can help flocculate suspended clay out of the water column and it can kill
parasites, their immediate hosts, unwanted competitors and aquatic weeds.

g) Fertilization
One usual way of increasing carrying capacity of a shrimp pond is to improve its natural
fertility through the addition of organic or inorganic fertilizers. Pond fertilization is an
important and necessary step in extensive and semi-intensive methods of farming
operations.
i) Organic fertilizers
32

The most common fertilizers are animal manures, rice bran, compost and sewage.
Application of organic fertilizers especially in newly developed ponds is advisable
because it serves as soil conditioner. The advantages and disadvantages of organic
fertilizers are listed in Table 2. The rate of application for shrimp ponds ranges from 500
to 2,000 kg/ha.
ii) Inorganic fertilizers
Inorganic fertilizers are synthetic fertilizers that generally contain concentrated amount of
at least one of the major plant nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. These
major nutrients are expressed on a percentage by weight basis. Nitrogen is expressed at %
N and phosphorus as % Phosphorus oxide (P 2O5). Commercially available inorganic
fertilizers are usually sold with such trade names as 1620-0 (16%N-20%P2O5 -0%K2 O),
14-14-14 (14%N-14% P2O5 -14%K2O), 45-0-0 (urea). The rate of application ranges
from 25 to 100 kg/ha during pond preparation.
2.1.4 Species selection
The shrimp species cultured in Asian countries belong to two genera (Penaeus and
Metapenaeus) of the family Penaeidae. Among the dozen species cultured, Penaeus
monodon, P. japonicus, P. merguiensis, P. indicus, P. orientalis and Metapenaeus ensis
are the more important ones.
a) Penaeus monodon
Known as tiger or jumbo shrimp, P. monodon is the most common species in Southeast
Asian countries. It is one of the fastest growing species among the various shrimps tested
for culture. In pond conditions, shrimp fry of about 1 g in weight grow to a size of 75100
g in five months at a stocking density of 5,000 per hectare. Some were able to grow them
to 25 g in 16 weeks in tanks stocked at 15/m2 ; others grew them to 42 g in 210 days in
earthen pond and to 35 g in three months in tanks stocked at 15/m 2 . The tiger shrimp is a
euryhaline species and grows well in salinities ranging from 15 to 30 ppt. It is hardy and
not readily stressed by handling. Presently, the major supply of fry is still from the wild
but the supply is sparse. Hatchery production of this species still has to depend on wild
33

supply of spawn until brood stock in captive condition can be made to mature and spawn.

b) Biology of Penaeus monodon

Wild, gravid P. monodon females spawn in the open sea. It takes about 2 weeks from
hatching of the eggs through the planktonic larval stages until the post larva. Benthic post
larva are found along the cost or in mangrove swamps and other estuarine areas where
they are collected by fry gatherers for rearing in brackish water bonds up to marketable
size of 16 to 30 pieces per kilogram. Wild fry become juveniles and adults in estuarine
areas but return to the sea for spawning.
P. monodon is widespread and abundant. They can be found feeding near the seafloor on
most coasts and estuaries, as well as in rivers and lakes. To escape predators, some
species flip off the seafloor and dive into the sediment. They usually live from one to
34

seven years. Shrimp are often solitary, though they can form large schools during the
spawning season. Previously obtained sperm from the male, then attached to the female's
specialized legs. The female carries the developing eggs until they hatch in early spring.
Newly hatched shrimp larvae are small (about 3/16 of an inch, or 5mm), planktonic (free
floating, unable to swim against currents), and bear only a superficial resemblance to
adults.
P. monodon are found primarily on or near the bottom, but make daily migrations through
the water column in search of food. They have been found at depths greater than 1,000
feet, but are most frequently captured at depths of 30 to 300 feet. Adult shrimp are
omnivorous, feeding on marine worms, small crustaceans, large planktonic organisms,
sponges, and dead animal and plant material. In turn, a variety of fish prey on shrimp,
including cod, lingcod, hake, flounder, halibut, dogfish, skates, and other bottom fish.
2.1.5 Seed supply
Shrimp fry are generally collected from the wild. However, substantial number can be
supplied through shrimp hatcheries.
a) Supply of post larvae from wild stock
Natural abundant supply of naturally occurring post larvae of Penaeid shrimp in many
tropical/ subtropical Asian countries has supported a large number of shrimp farms in the
region. About 80% of the small shrimp farmers still depend on wild fry for culture. Fry
are collected either through trapping ponds or from natural fry grounds.
b) Seed from hatchery
Shrimp hatchery has become an important supply source for fry. Some hatcheries can
produce shrimp fry all year round as long as spawners are available. An added advantage
is that hatchery-bred fry of the same age are almost uniform in size and can be produced
in large quantities at any one time. At 1521 days old, the fry are ready for stocking in
ponds. Although wild fry are ready for stocking in ponds is inconsistent. The hatchery,
therefore, is a more reliable seed source.
c) Physical Conditions of Post Larvae
35

Visual Observations:

Size variation among the stock should be small, with uniform colour,
The movement pattern of the first antenna of the larvae should be V-shaped.
The shell should be smooth and clean, free from any algae or protozoa.
The abdominal segment should be long not squat.
The tails or uropods should spread well when the larvae swim.
The rostrum and appendages must be complete and normal in shape.
The abdominal segment should be transparent, not opaquely whitish or having
sediment in the body.

The intestine or digestive tract should be full of feed, seen as a brown coloured line
along the back part of the abdomen and tail, unless there is no food available or after a
long shipment.

The larvae should jump toward solid surfaces when disturbed, such as when the side
of an observation basin is tapped.

The larvae should swim to the sides in a basin of gently swirling water.

Microscopic Analysis:

The larvae should be free from fouling organisms such as Zoothamium sp., Epistylis
sp., as well as detritus.

The gill system should be completely developed.

The rostral spines should be 6-7 in numbers.
The muscle in the abdominal segment should be fully developed, the muscle should
be completely fill the shell from the gut to the ventral surface.

Several stress tests such as salinity shock, temperature shock and exposure to 100ppm
formalin are recommended to determine larval quality.
d) Transportation of fry

36

There are many ways to transport shrimp fry from hatchery or the

wild to nursery or rearing ponds. Plastic bags very often, shrimp fry are transported in
polyethylene bags with oxygen. The bag (6040 cm) is first filled with 68 liters of fresh
seawater and then packed with 30005000 fry. The density may be reduced if the
expected transport time is longer. After properly tightening the mouths of the bags, these
are placed in styrofoam boxes or plastic buckets. Water temperature is reduced to about
2225C by crushed ice mixed with sawdust on the bottom, side and top of the styrofoam
box. Under this condition, the fry may be kept alive for more than 12 hours during
transportation.

Plate 2.14: Transportation of fry

2.1.6 Grow-out
The success of shrimp farming is measured by its rate of return on investment which
mainly depends upon the yield, capital investment, market price and the production cost.
This in turn is affected by a number of factors the most important of which are farm
operation and management.
a) Nursing of fry
Fry mortality often occurs during the initial period of stocking in ponds. Stress by
handling, transportation and acclimation are among the main causes. Hence, young fry of
size 0.51.0 g are first stocking in nursery ponds for about one month to 45 days before

37

being transferred to grow out ponds.

Nursing of fry can be done either in concrete tank, nursery pond or in net cages installed
in deeper ponds or in rivers.

Plate 2.15: Nursing of fry

b) Stocking of fry
Optimization of pond yield largely depends on how the ponds are stocked and the
operational management thereafter. Stocking of fry is an important operational function.
Optimum stocking density depends on the stocking size, natural mortality, pond
productivity and culture systems used.
c) Acclimation
Shrimp fry are very sensitive to abrupt change in environmental conditions such as
temperature and salinity. Long duration of transportation always increase water
temperature of the containers with shrimp fry. Fry should therefore be acclimated to the
pond conditions before being released into the rearing ponds.
Shrimp fry are acclimated to pond water condition by gradually mixing container water
with water from the pond. Alternatively, plastic bags containing the shrimp fry are
allowed to float in the pond until water temperature stabilized and then release to the
38

pond slowly.

Plate 2.16: Acclimation area

d) Stocking time
The fry should be stocked preferably in the early morning (07001000 hours) or late in
the evening (21002400 hours) when the pond water temperature is low.

Plate 2.17: Stocking to the pond

e) Stocking rate
39

The decision on how many shrimp fry a pond should be stocked depends on the carrying
capacity of the pond as well as the required harvesting size. The latter is a decision based
on economic returns. The basic principle is that pond capacity should be optimized to
produce the best economic returns. Optimal stocking density can be determined based on
field experiments.
It is apparent that stocking density at 2/m2 gives maximum yield as well as best economic
returns considering the preferred harvesting size (3035 g) for export as well as domestic
markets.

Table 2.2: Stocking density of shrimp in different culture

Species

Extensive

Semi-Intensive

Intensive

( 103 individuals/ha)
P. monodon

510

2050

50300

f) Routine pond management

After initial stocking, routine checking of pond conditions should be done every morning
to monitor for physic chemical parameters, physical condition of embankment, water
supply and drainage canal, and occurrence of undesirable species as well as the behavior
of cultured stocks. The early morning hours are critical for monitoring oxygen regime of
pond water. It is also important to inspect the feeding trays to verify that the feed given
the previous day were consumed. If the feeds were not fully consumed, the possible
explanation should be found and feeding rate adjusted accordingly.
g) Water management
Frequent change of pond water is needed to maintain water quality. The process also
helps to introduce new food organisms into the pond and stimulate molting of shrimp. In
40

stagnant water, decomposition of accumulated organic wastes or depletion of trace metals

may affect shrimp growth. The water in the pond can be changed through tidal flows or
by means of a mechanical pump.
Tidal exchange of pond water is normally practiced in traditional shrimp farm. Water in
the pond is drained to one half of the pond level during low tide and is replenished during
rising tide. The exchange is only affected within 5 7 days during spring tide. Pond
fertilization has to take place after the last day of the water exchange cycle.
Water pumps of various capacities are used to replenish pond water in semi intensive and
intensive culture operations.
For semi intensive culture method, the pump is used only during neap tide while tidal
water facilitates exchange during spring tide. About 50% of pond water is changed during
each replenishment. For intensive culture methods, frequent changes are essential to
remove or reduce water contamination due to decomposition of uneaten food and also to
maintain the pond oxygen levels in pond water. Hence, water at the pond bottom should
be replaced during each change of water. Quality of water can be effectively maintained
in intensive culture method by changing of the pond water daily or adopting a flowthrough system.
h) Sampling of stocks
Regular sampling of shrimp stocks in pond is highly necessary to monitor, their growth
performance. This is especially important for adjust the amount of feed used according to
shrimp size and standing crop. This is done through periodic sampling of the shrimp to
determine their body weight.
In the case of Penaeid shrimps, seining is not possible since these species are usually
burrowing or wandering types. It is therefore difficult to obtain a representative sample.
However, since these are hardy species, a cast net has proven to be an excellent sampling
gear. Usually ten casts is sufficient to get a representative sample of one hectare pond.
The dimension of a cast net should be measured to determine the area covered in order to
calculate the total stock in the pond.
Sampling in early hours of the morning or at night is preferable as the shrimps are more
41

active during these periods and are more evenly distributed that during hot sunny day. For
large pond, 1520 casts may be necessary to obtain a more accurate average.
2.1.7 Water quality management
In any shrimp farming, management of water quality is of primary consideration
particularly in ponds with higher stocking rates. Degradation of water quality is
detrimental to shrimp growth and survival. Good quality water is usually defined as the
fitness or suitability of the water for survival and growth of shrimp.
a) Salinity
Younger shrimps appear to tolerate a wider fluctuation of salinity than the adults. The
post-larvae of many Penaeid species can tolerate wide salinity fluctuation which has little
effect on their survival or growth. In pond condition, P. monodon can tolerate wide range
of salinity from as low as 5 ppt to a high of 40 ppt. Many Metapenaeus also tolerate high
salinity. P. merguiensis and P. indicus prefer brackish water while P. semisulcatus and P.
japonicus require more saline condition for growth (2732 ppt).

Due to high evaporation rate in some countries, salt

concentration in ponds gradually increases during the summer months. Salinity may
increase to beyond 40 ppt and thus retard growth. This should be taken into consideration
when brackish water species are used since salinity may increase above their limit of
tolerance. In such cases, the species cultured should be changed during the summer
months to conform to increasing salinity or the water should be changed frequently either
by pumps or through tidal exchange.

42

Plate 2.18. Measuring salinity level

b) pH
The pH of the pond water is indicative of its fertility or potential productivity. Water with
pH ranging from 7.5 to 9.0 is generally regarded as suitable for shrimp production. The
growth of shrimps is retarded if pH falls below 5.0. Water with low pH can be corrected
by adding lime to neutralize the acidity.
Water of excessive alkalinity (pH values > 9.5) may also be harmful to shrimp growth
and survival. In ponds which are excessively rich in phytoplankton, the pH of pond water
usually exceeds 9.5 during late afternoon. However, at daybreak, the pH is usually lower.
Excessive plankton growth can be corrected by water exchange.
c) Dissolved oxygen (DO)
Maintenance of adequate level of dissolved oxygen in pond water is very important to
shrimp growth and survival. Prolong exposure to the stress of low concentration of
oxygen lowers their resistance to disease and inhibits their growth. In most cases, oxygen
depletion often resulted in mass mortality (anoxia) of shrimp stock. This is particularly
common in intensive culture operation.
Dissolved oxygen in the pond water comes from two sources. Most of it comes as a byproduct of photosynthesis. The other source is from the diffusion of atmospheric air. The
amount of dissolved oxygen in the pond water is affected by many factors particularly
water temperature, respiration and the level of organic matter. In tropical shrimp pond,
the oxygen level in the pond water is normally low because of the higher temperature.
However, tropical species are able to adapt to lower oxygen concentration than their
temperature counterparts.

43

During daytime, more oxygen is produced through photosynthesis than is removed from
the water by the respiration of animals. At night, both plants and animals continue to
respire while oxygen is being added to the water only from the atmosphere. In some
instances, the respiratory demand under certain circumstances cause total depletion of
oxygen especially at daybreak causing anoxia of the cultured animals.
Depletion of DO in the pond can be controlled by the following measures, Water
exchange through renewal of pond water with fresh water either by tidal flow or
pumping, Installation of aeration system. In the design of pond layout, it is essential to
consider maximal utilization of the natural environment to maintain higher dissolved
oxygen content in pond water such as: Orientation of the long axis of the pond with the
prevailing wind.

Construction of larger pond to allow a greater contact of water surface

with atmospheric air.

Promote wind action on the pond in facilitating water movement and

oxygen diffusion.

Avoid planting of trees on dikes.

44

d) Nitrogen compound
Nitrogen in pond exists in different forms such as nitrate, nitrite, ammonia and various
forms of organic nitrogen. Organic nitrogen ranges from relatively simple dissolved
compounds such as amino acids to complex particulate organic matter. Nitrogen occurs in
the mud in the same form that exists in water. In pond culture activities, ammonia
nitrogen (in the form of un-ionized ammonia) is considered important since this
compound is toxic to aquatic animals at certain concentrations. An ammonium ion which
is another form of ammonia nitrogen is harmless except at extremely high concentrations.
Ammonia nitrogen is a product of fish metabolism and decomposition of organic matter
by bacteria. The pH and temperature of the water regulate the proportion of total
ammonia which occurs in un-ionized form. The highest concentration of total ammonia
nitrogen usually occurs after the peak of phytoplankton bloom when most of them died.
e) Temperature
Water temperature plays a very important role in regulating the activities of the cultured
animal. The rate of chemical and biological reactions is said to double every 10C
increase in temperature. This means that aquatic organisms will use twice as much
dissolved oxygen and chemical reactions will progress twice as fast at 30C than 20C. It
follows therefore that dissolved oxygen requirement of aquatic species is higher in
warmer than in cooler water. Many Penaeid species are tropical or subtropical species.
The optimum temperature is about 2530C and hence many of the species such as P.
indicus, P. monodon and P. merguiensis can be cultured throughout the year while P.
japonicus and P. orientalis are limited to the summer growing seasons only.
45

f) Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Hydrogen sulfide can severely affect shrimp growth in pond. H2S is produced by
chemical reduction of organic matter that accumulates and forms a thick layer of organic
deposits at the bottom. The bottom soil turns black and a rotten smell is discharged if
disturbed. High levels of hydrogen sulfide would affect directly demersal or burrowing
shrimps such as P. monodon. At levels of 0.10.2 ppm in the water, the shrimps appear to
loss their equilibrium and die instantly at a concentration of 4 ppm.
g) Turbidity level

Turbidity level is determined by the soil particles & planktons. It is determined by FTU
unit. Shrimps can bear 150 FTU. Most proper amount is under 30 FTU. It is measured by
the Sechi Disk. Normally the measurements are 30- 400cm nearly.
2.1.8 Feeds and feeding
One of the most important operational functions in shrimp culture is the provision of
adequate food supply to ensure that the cultured animals attained the desired harvesting
size within the targeted time frame. In semi intensive culture operation, supplementary
feeds are given while natural food organisms remain the major food source. In intensive
46

culture operation, shrimp growth is completely dependent on artificial diets.

a) Natural food in pond

Natural food organisms were allowed to grow in well prepared pond fertilized with
organic or inorganic fertilizers. These food organisms in the form of benthic blue green
algae, diatoms, green algae and various species of microscopic zooplankton and micro
benthos serve as the natural food of the cultured shrimp.
Phytoplankton Fertilization in pond promotes growth of microscopic plants known as
phytoplankton, these primary producers serve as the main food of zooplankton and
benthic organisms which in turn become the food of shrimps. The presence of yellowish
green color in pond water signifies good growth of desirable planktonic organisms
conducive for shrimp growth.
b) Supplemental feeding
As the shrimp grow, consumption increase and the natural food in the pond become
insufficient. Thus, many shrimp farmers provide supplemental feeds. The types of feed

47

used are:

Moist/wet feeds - These are freshly prepared feeds using locally available
ingredients.

Dry pelleted feeds - Pelleted feeds are available commercially to be used as

supplementary or full feeds of shrimps. These are also prepared using locally
available ingredients. Usually, commercial pellets are brought in bulk

c) Types of Feed
The quality of the prawn feeds can be determined by the following:

Pellet size and colour should be consistent.

48

There should be very minimum dust present.

The pellet should not float when chopped in water.
The feed should have a good smell, not a musty odour.
The pellet should be dry
The pellet should remain in one piece after 2 to 3 hours immersed in water, but
not longer than 8 hours.

Feed ingredients should be high quality and free from toxicants or pesticides.

A final check on quality should include taste the pellets. They should taste sweet from the
fresh fish meals: if a numbness is felt on the tongue then the fish meals used was no fresh.
Grow out prawn feeds are of four types, mainly.

Post Larvae Feed

Starter Feed
Grower Feed
Finisher Feeds.

Each differs from the other in terms of size and protein content. Post Larvae feeds are
known to be containing the highest protein content, followed by starter, grower and
finisher with the lowest protein content.
Normally the type of the feed to be given is determined by the culture days or based on
the average body weight of the prawns in the pond. Post larvae feed is given in the first
15-20 days of culture. The starter feed is then introduced until prawn attains an average
body weight of 4-5 grams. Grower feed starts from 5 grams and continued until 20-25
grams. From that size onwards the finisher feed is given up to the time of harvest.
d) Feeding method
Supplemental feeds may be given by broadcasting, through feeding tray. Broadcasting
method is carried out by spreading the feeds evenly into the pond surface. For bigger
ponds, the use of flat-bottom boat is needed so that the mid-portion of the pond can be
reached.
49

Feeding trays containing the apportioned feeds are placed strategically at different parts of
the pond. The trays vary in size from 110 m2. The common materials used are woven
bamboo strips or polyethylene screen. The trays are usually tied at four corners and
suspended into the water column. The use of feeding tray prevents feed wastage. At the
same time, the size and condition of shrimp can be checked and their consumption rate
estimated based on the left-over feed in the tray. The disadvantages however, are that
when insufficient feeds are given or insufficient trays are used, the bigger and stronger
shrimps might prevent the weaker and smaller ones from feeding. If there are many
competitors in the pond, they might consume the feeds before the shrimps can get hold of
them. Hence, in order to minimize the above mentioned situation, a combination of
broadcasting and feeding tray methods are usually employed.

e) Feeding rate and frequency

The common feeding frequency adopted is 25 times a day. Most culturists feed their
50

stock every morning and afternoon only. However, experiments have shown that
apportioning daily feed ration several times a day improve feed conversion efficiency as it
reduces feed wastage, ensures feed quality and more even distribution to the stock. If the
stocks are to be fed 5 times a day, two should be given in daytime and 3 at night as the
shrimps are more active when dark.
f) Storage of Feed
During storage, quality, weight and economic losses and health risk occur in feed stuffs
and feeds. These losses arise from the foraging activities of insects, micro-organisms and
animals; improper handling; and physical and chemical changes, all of which are
interrelated. Stored feed undergo chemical changes that alter flavour and nutritive value.
Feed should be kept in cool, dry clean place. A low moisture content (less than 10%) of
the feed stuffs and feeds coupled low humidity (less than 70% relative humidity) of the
storage area will provide protection against rain and insulated against scavenger pests.
Continues high temperature accelerates chemical degradation, especially vitamin
destruction and development of rancidity. The storage area must be away from direct
sunlight. The feeds and feed stuffs then should be stored in the least possible time. There
should be a rapid turn over of goods that those procured first are to be used first, and
those that arrived last be used last.
g) Operation of Aerators
It is not necessary to run the aerators continuously especially in the early part of the
production cycle. The length of time the aerators have to be used is dictated by the
dissolved oxygen level and the condition of the pond bottom. Table 8 provides a rough
guide to the operation of aerators in a well-managed pond.
It may not always be necessary to run all the aerators in order to clean the pond. For
example, after 90 days the action of the aerators used to oxygenate the ponds at night may
allow fewer aerators to be used during the day. Reducing the number of aerators reduced
running costs so they should not be used unnecessarily.
The data on the above table is only intended as a guide in cases where the oxygen drops
51

below 4 ppm, there is a plankton crash, or chemical treatments are being used, all the
aerators should be run all day except when feeding. In the cases the shrimp should not be
fed for short periods and the aerators should be run continuously.
2.1.9 Chemicals used
a) Super PS
Benefits

Decrease H2S in the water column and soil

Increase the content of Oxygen in the water & soil

Promotes the occurrence of non pathogenic bacteria over pathogenic types

Prevent the occurrence of diseases

Method of Application

At early stage apply 0.5ppm/weekly (for 1 Ac pond with 1m water depth 2L of Super
PS for weekly)

At middle stage apply 1ppm/weekly (for 1 Ac pond with 1m water depth 4L of Super
PS for weekly)

At last stage apply 1-2ppm/weekly (for 1 Ac pond with 1m water depth 4L-8L of
Super PS for weekly)

b) Super NB
Benefits

Utilizes NH3 and NO3 in water and soil

Prevent the formation of pathogenic bacterial phase

Digest the un used organic substances including proteins, carbohydrates and lipids

Method of Application

During early stages, apply 0.5ppm Super NB times per week

52

During middle stage apply 0.5- 1ppm Super NB every 3days

During later stages, apply 1-1.5ppm Super NB every week

c) Bion
Benefits

Helps the prawns in digestion

Improve FCR

Promotes growth rate production

Reduces the incident of diseases in culture animals

Method of Application

5g of BION mix with 1Kg of shrimp feed by using 20ml of squid oil or fish oil
and 100ml of water as daily feed additive

To solve white gut etc 5-10g/Kg feeds

Mix well and leave for air drying 30 minutes

d) Vitazyme- 288
Benefits

Stimulate shrimp appetite

Improve growth rate

Reduce FCR

Improve shell formation and improve cronic soft shell problem

Method of Application

Dilute 10g VITAZYME- 288 in 100ml water and mix to 1kg shrimp feed

Use in every meal every day as per needs especially to improve shell hardness &
15 days prior to harvest.
53

2.1.10 Harvesting and preservation

The stocks are usually harvested upon reaching the marketable size (about 30pcs/kg).
Harvesting may be done completely at one time or partially depending on demand.
Complete harvesting is usually undertaken by the use of a bag net installed at the drainage
gate of the pond. The shrimps that go with the drained water are collected at the bag net
and the remaining ones are hand-picked when the pond is completely drained. The
shrimps should be harvested only when they are not molting because newly molted
shrimp have soft shell and fetch lower price.
Partial harvesting is normally practiced in culture operation with higher stocking density
(i.e. in semi-intensive or intensive culture). The stock, upon reaching the marketable size
(30 g and above) can be harvested by the use of selective harvesting net.
The selective harvesting net is a modified shrimp trap net installed in the pond with mesh
size big enough to retain the bigger shrimps. Several harvesting nets may be installed at
various pond locations. This harvesting device is more efficient at night. Selective
harvesting improves pond yields because it reduces intra-specific competition thus giving
chance to the smaller ones to grow better.
Upon harvesting, the shrimps should be washed and placed immediately in chilled water
(1015C) for about 15 minutes. They are then packed in styrofoam box with alternate
layers of crushed ice at a ratio of 1:1. Smaller styrofoam boxes are preferred to facilitate
transportation. If bigger styrofoam boxes are used, it is better to fill up the box with
chilled water, shrimps and ice to avoid physical damage on the shrimps at the bottom.

54

Plate 2.24: Harvesting

a) Timing of Harvesting and Selling
The timing of harvesting depends on the condition of the shrimp in the pond and also the
market price. Under normal circumstances, the shrimp will be sampled by a cast net from
different areas of the pond to determine their average body weight and general condition.
The proportion of soft shell shrimp should not be more than 5% at the time of harvest.
This proportion could be obtained by scheduling the harvest halfway between two
moultings. The time of moulting is indicated by the presence of exuviate in the pond.
For example if the average body weight of the shrimp is 30 g, then the harvest should be
planned for 7-8 days after the exuviae are observed, as the next moulting cycle can be
observed after 14-16 days. Harvested shrimp should be chilled, iced and transported to
cold storage or processing plants in less than 10 hours.

2.2 Learning outcomes

55

Gain knowledge in shrimp industry in Batticaloa

Study the role of shrimp farming monitoring and extension unit in Batticaloa
District

Study about shrimp aquaculture

Gain knowledge about hatchery management

Gain knowledge about critical things in shrimp farming

Study about brackish water cluster and model farm

Gain knowledge about best management practices in shrimp industry

Learn about the conditions should be provided during the storage and transportation
of PL and fry

Find out the current issues and possible solution for them at the farm

2.3 Problems identified, Possible Solutions and recommendations

In the farm there is a storage tank but they not well utilize it. When exchanges water,
they directly get the water from lagoon. They were not stored in storage tank before
intake water to tank. They also do not follow any water treatment procedure to treat
water before use them for shrimp culture.

In the sediment tank no more mangroves are there. Only few plants in the sediment
tank. They not well manage the mangroves in the sediment tank. It is better to
maintain some more plants in the sediment tank. Sediment tank is use to treat water
which used for cultivation before enter the lagoon. Mangrove plants help very well in
water treatment.

On the boundary and boundary lines of pond want to maintain grasses. Here there are
56

grasses on the boundary but they not manage well. All grasses are dried.

In a shrimp farm bio security measures are very important. They have good bio
security measures. They have foot bath and bird nets. But in some ponds bird liness
are not properly maintained. Some bird nets were broken. Flamingo like birds can
enter to pond. It may cause any disease to pond. So it is essential to maintain all bio
securities well in that pond.

There are some dogs and cats around the office room. It may enter to pond. It can
cause any disease to shrimp.

In this farm water quality checks only in the morning. It is better to check also in
evening to determine any fluctuations in water quality.

57

Chapter 3

3 Conclusions, future scopes for training and research

3.1 Conclusion
Shrimp farm industry is a developing industry in Batticaloa. Training on shrimp extension
and monitoring unit help to improve knowledge in shrimp industry.
During the industrial training gathered lot of knowledge about shrimp farming and shrimp
hatchery management. Knowledge was gained by theoretically and practically as well.
Through this training could be able to develop many skills such as communication skills,
inter personal skills etc. This experience will help to success in future career.

3.2 Future scopes for training and research

The training programs and researches are important in identifying the drawbacks,
weaknesses and strengths of an organization. Thereon researches can be conducted on
several criteria at farm and hatchery as well;

To provide more hygienic and aseptic handling of culture organisms

To safe guard the culture organisms from natural threats such as heavy raning and
flooding and predator animals
58

To determine the most suitable water quality parameters for culture organisms

Reference

Fisheries and Aquaculture Organization FAO 2009. National Aquaculture Sector

Overview Fact Sheets text by Siriwardena, P. P. G. S. N.

FAO National

aquaculture sector overview Sri Lanka.

Jahncke, M.L., Browdy, C.L., Schwarz, M.H., Segars, A.,Silva, J.L., Smith, D.C.,
& Stokes, A.D. 2001. Preliminary application of Hazard Analysis Critical Control
Point (HACCP) principles as a risk management tool to control exotic viruses at
shrimp production and processing facilities.pp 279- 284.In C.L. Browdy and D.E.
Jory. (eds.) The New Wave: Proceedings of the Special Session on Sustainable
Shrimp Farming. The World Aquaculture Society. Baton Rouge, LA, USA.

Jayasinghe, J.M.P.K. 1995. Shrimp aquaculture and environment. Sri Lanka study
report. Bangkok, Asian Development Bank and the New York of Aquaculture
Centers in Asia- Pacific, RETA 5534, 32p.

Jayasinghe, J.M.P.K. and Maclntosh, D.J. 1993. Disease out- breaks in the shrimp
culture grpw out systems in Sri Lanka. Journal of Tropial Agriculture Research, 5,
336- 349.

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Wijegoonawardena, P.K.M., and P.P.G.S.N. Siriwardena, 1996.Srimp farming in

Sri Lanka: health management and environmental considerations. In health
Management in Asian Aquaculture.Proceedings of the Regional Expert
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Aquaculture

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Management

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Asia

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Pacific.R.P.Subasinghe, J.R. Arthur & M. Shariff (eds), p. 127-139, FAO

Fisheries Technical Paper No. 360, Rome, FAO. 142p

Munasinghe, M.N., Stephen, C., Abeynayake, P. and Abeygunawardena, I.S.

2010. Research Article - Shrimp Farming Practices in the Puttallam District of Sri
Lanka: Implications for Disease Control, Industry Sustainability, and Rural
Development. Veterinary Medicine International. Volume 2010 (2010), Article
ID 679130, 7 pages

Appendices

60