Designing Circuits Synthesis - Lego

Port = a pair of terminals to a cct

One-port cct; measure I(s) and V(s) at same port

I(s)
+
V(s)

Z (s) =

V (s)
1
= sL +
I (s)
R !1 + sC

Driving point impedance or input impedance Z(s)

Two-ports
Transfer function; measure input at one port, output at
another I1(s)
I (s)

+
V1(s)
MAE140 Linear Circuits

+
V2(s)
-

Inputs
Outputs
152

Cascade Connections
We want to apply a chain rule of processing
TV ( s ) = TV 1( s ) ! TV 2 ( s ) ! TV 3 ( s ) ! ... ! TVk ( s )
When can we do this by cascade connection of OpAmp ccts?
Cascade means output of ccti is input of ccti+1
This makes the design and analysis much easier

This rule works if stage i+1 does not load stage i

Voltage is not changed because of next stage
Either
Output impedance of source stage is zero
Or
Input impedance of load stage is infinite
Works well if Zout,source<<Zin,load
MAE140 Linear Circuits

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1
sC1

Cascade Connections
+

+
V1(s) +
_

I1(s)

R1

R2

1
V2(s)
I2(s) sC2

+
V3(s)

Look for chain rule

R1C1s
1
R1C1s
TVtotal ( s ) = TV 1( s ) ! TV 2 ( s ) =
!
=
R1C1s + 1 R2C2 s + 1 (R1R2C1C2 )s 2 + (R1C1 + R2C2 )s + 1

Mesh analysis

& 1
#
$$
+ R1 !! I1( s ) ' R1I 2 ( s ) = V1( s )
% sC1
"
&
1 #
!! I 2 ( s ) = 0
' R1I1( s ) + $$ R1 + R2 +
sC2 "
%
I 2 (s) =
V3 ( s ) =

& 1
+ R1
$
I
(
s
)
& 1 # $ sC1
$$
!! =
% I 2 ( s ) " $ ' R1
$
%

'1

#
' R1
! V (s)
! &$ 1 #!
1
+ R1 + R2 !! % 0 "
sC2
"

s 2C1C2 R1

V1( s )
2
(R1R2C1C2 )s + (C1R1 + C2 R1 + C2 R2 )s + 1
1
R1C1s
I 2 (s) =
V1( s )
2
sC2
(R1R2C1C2 )s + (R1C1 + R1C2 + R2C2 )s + 1
MAE140 Linear Circuits

154

Cascade Connections OpAmp ccts

OpAmps can be used to achieve the chain rule
property for cascade connections
The input to the next stage needs to be driven by the
OpAmp output
Consider standard configurations
+
-

+
V1(s)

Z2

+
V2(s) Noninverting amplifier
No current drawn from V1 no load

Z1
Z1

Z2

+
-

+
V1(s)

I(s)

V2(s)

MAE140 Linear Circuits

Inverting amplifier

V1( s )
Current provided by V1(s) I ( s ) = Z ( s )
1
Need to make sure that stage is
driven by OpAmp output to
avoid loading V1(s)

155

OpAmp Ccts and transfer functions

A

Z1

V1(s) +
_

Z2

Node B:

+
-

V2(s)

VB ( s ) ! V1( s ) VB ( s ) ! V2 ( s )
+
=0
Z1( s )
Z 2 (s)
V2 ( s )
Z 2 (s)
VB ( s ) = 0 " TV ( s ) =
=!
V1( s )
Z1( s )

V1(s) +
_

C
+
-

Z2
B

Z1

MAE140 Linear Circuits

V2(s)

Node B:
VB ( s ) " V2 ( s ) VB ( s )
+
=0
Z 2 (s)
Z1( s )
Z1( s ) + Z 2 ( s )
VB ( s ) = V1( s ) ! TV ( s ) =
Z1( s )

156

Example 11-4 T&R p511

Find the transfer function from V1(s) to V2(s)
R1

R2

1
sC1

+
V1(s)
+
-

TV ( s ) =

MAE140 Linear Circuits

1
sC2

V2(s)

1 = sR1C1 + 1
=
+
Z1( s ) R1
sC1
sC1
R2

Z 2 (s) =

sC2 =
R2
R2C2 s + 1
R2 + 1
sC2

sR2C1
( sR1C1 + 1)( sR2C2 + 1)

157

Circuits as Signal Processors

Design a circuit with transfer function

R1

s 2 + 1.42 105 = (s + j 2 60 )(s j 2 60 )

s 2 + 2 10 4 s + 108
(s + 104)2
sL
R2
1
sC1

R3
+
VO(s)

1
sC2

V2(s)

1
sC3

+
-

+
-

VI(s)

R3 LC3s 2 + 1
sR2C1

TV ( s ) =
(sR1C1 + 1)(sR2C2 + 1)
Ls

R1=R2=100, C1=C2=1F, C3=100F, L=70mH, R3=1

MAE140 Linear Circuits

158

Transfer Function Design OpAmp Stages

First order stages

+
-

Series RL design

1
K!

+
-

1
!

+
s
TV ( s ) = K
s +

Series RC design
MAE140 Linear Circuits

159

First-order stages
1
!

1
K!

1
+
-

1
K

+
s
TV ( s ) = K
s +

Parallel RL design

1
!

1
K!

1
+
-

Parallel RC design
MAE140 Linear Circuits

160

Design Example 11-20 T&R p 542

1
1000F

+
-

Stage 1
' 1
$
!
3
! 1000
TV 1( s ) = ! % 10 s "[1]!1 =
%1 + 1
"
s + 1000
!
3
%&
10 s "#

3000 s
( s + 1000)( s + 4000)
3

250F

+
-

Design two ccts to realize

TV ( s) =

Stage 2
!1
! 3s
4000
TV 2 ( s ) = ![3]1 +
=
s
s + 4000

Unrealistic component values scaling needed

MAE140 Linear Circuits

161

Design Example 11-19 T&R p 539

Non-inverting amplifier design TV ( s ) =
1
+
1000F
1

Stage 1
Voltage
Divider

Stage 2
OpAmp

3000 s
( s + 1000)( s + 4000)

250F
1

Stage 3
Voltage
Divider

Less OpAmps but more difficult design

Three stage: last stage not driven
Unrealistic component values still scaling needed
MAE140 Linear Circuits

162

Scaled Design Example 11-21 T&R p 544

More realistic values for components
10

10
100nF

25nF

30
+
-

10

+
-

Need to play games with elements to scale

The ratio formulas for TV help permit this scaling
It certainly is possible to demand a design TV which is
unrealizable with sensible component values
Like a pole at 10-3 Hz

MAE140 Linear Circuits

163

Second-order Stage Design

K
=
Circuit stages to yield TV ( s )
2 + 2 s + 2
s
1
0
L =1

C2 =

K " ! 02

+
1

C1 =

K
!1
2
"0

MAE140 Linear Circuits

"02 ! K
1
K

1
!
2"# 0
1
H
K

1F
1
H
2
!0

2"# 0 !
1
F
2
!0

+
-

R = 2!" 0

164

Circuit Synthesis
Given a stable transfer function TV(s), realize it via a
cct using first-order and second-order stages
TV ( s ) =

#s 2 + "s + !
as 2 + bs + c

TV ( s ) =

"s + !
as + b

We are limited to stable transfer functions to keep within the

linear range of the OpAmps
There is an exception
When the unstable TV(s) is part of a stable feedback
system
Come to MAE143B to find out

Transistor cct design is conceptually similar

MAE140 Linear Circuits

165