Professional Documents
Culture Documents
B. Bavanish , K. Thyagarajan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, India
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 11 September
2012 Received in revised
form
26 April 2013
Accepted 7 May 2013
Available online 19 June 2013
Keywords:
Optimization
Horizontal axis wind turbine
Blade element momentum (BEM)
theory
a b s t r a c
t
Aerodynamic optimization has widely become a issue of considerable interest to determine the
geometry of an aerodynamic conguration amidst certain design constraints. Aerodynamic
performance is calculated from a prescribed geometric shape, which is often performed in
trial and error method. Numerous design methods are available for the aerodynamic design of
the rotor. The goal in optimizing is to maximize the aerodynamic efciency at a single design
wind speed. However, single-design point methods do not automatically lead to the optimum
design, since they consider only one point in the total operational range. Moreover they do
not implicitly involve considerations on loads which require an experienced designer. The
aerodynamic optimization of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine is a complex method
characterized by numerous trade-of decisions aimed at nding the optimum overall performance. However researcher design the wind turbine is an enormous ways and more often
decision- making is very difcult. Commercial turbines have been derived from both
theoretical and empirical methods, but there is no clear evidence on which of these is optimal.
Turbine blades are optimized with the aim to achieve maximum power coefcient for the
given blade with solidity, ratio of coefcient of drag to lift, angle of attack and tip speed ratio.
In this article, the blade element theory is used to nd the optimum value analytically. The
efect of power coefcient for diferent blade angle, tip speed ratio, ratio of coefcient of drag
and coefcient of lift and blade solidity is presented and the optimized set value is obtained.
Crown Copyright & 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights
reserved.
Contents
1.
2.
3.
1364-0321/$ - see front matter Crown Copyright & 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.009
17
0
1. Introducti
on
m
m
Watts
Watts
2
2
T ake x V o =V i
use of wind energy must be evaluated in terms of its
impact on the environment.
Pout 1 xx2 x3 Pa =2
Pout
3
U
max:
0:593Pa
CM
4
where is tip speed ratio, R is maximum rotor radius (m),
is rotor speed (rad/s) and V is wind velocity (m/s).
The available wind energy, Ea in the time period T is
given
by [3]
Z
Z
1
1
3
3
Pa dt
Ea
V m dt AV m Eas A
A
2
T
5
2
T
where
Vm
mech
: 1=2 ::R2 :V
alternator
reinforced plastics.
To produce a smooth surface a steel mold can be used.
A long and narrow airfoil can be selected having larger
aspect ratio than the classical (short and wide wing)
blade.
Steel blades should not be used due to their
weight and
corrodibility.
Lighting protection can be provided for GRP epoxy
carbon ber blades.
There is no requirement that the same prole should be
used
throughout the blade length.
2.3.4. Weight
The blade mass is one of the most important
parameters for dynamic loads of blade and wind turbine.
The aim is to achieve an optimum between a low weight
blade, related to low-cost produc- tion and a high
performance. The blade weight can be reduced by thick
proles, thus increasing the moment of inertia of the blade
cross section. This allows, taking into account the material
elastic properties, a high bending stifness.
2.3.5. Noise
The major sources of noise emission of rotor blades
are (i). Turbulence in ow noise, (ii). Trailing edge, (iii).
Tip. The aero- dynamic
lay-out,
which
aims
an
optimum aerodynamic
Wind
Drag; D
::V
rel :c:CD
Blade material
2R2
a1ain
4.1.5.Erosion
The erosion materials, particles in the air such as dust,
sand are
Thrust coefficient CT
2
0:5R
2
V
4.1.6.Corrosion
Corrosion increases the safety margins and decreases
the maintenance. So the entire part of the blade should
be made of corrosive resistant materials.
4.1.7.Cost
The main design optimization of composite material
is to
satisfy the cost requirement, i.e., at low cost. The cost
includes low initial cost, low operating cost and low
maintenance cost.
4.1.8.Enduran
ce
Improving the survival will lead to high reliability and
less
4a1a
13
P 2R V a1a 2in W
14
PW 0:5V R
15
P
P
Power coefficient; Cp
2
4a1a
16
(2013) 169182
cost and must be maximized
to ensure economic
2
Torque coefficient; CQ 0:5R V
viability.
4.1.9.De-icing
A facility for locally heating the leading edge of the
blade is required for de-icing purpose.
Also; CQ
4.1.10.
Lightning strike protection
If lightning strikes occur, an electrically conductive path is
required along the blade length to discharge the high
voltage.
5. Momentum theory
Wind Turbine extracts kinetic energy from the wind.
Kinetic energy in the wind is absorbed by wind turbine by
slowing down the wind. If it is assumed that mass of the
air passing through the turbine is separated from the mass
that does not passing through the turbine, then the
separated part of the ow eld remains a long stream
tube which lies upstream and downstream of the
turbine. Fig. 1 shows the actuator disk model of a wind
turbine.
The assumptions made in this theory are (i) the turbine
must be a horizontal axis conguration such that an
average stream tube can be identied, (ii) The portion of
kinetic energy in the swirl component of velocity in the
wake is neglected and (iii) the efect of the radial pressure
gradient is excluded. The upstream
wind velocity V is decelerated to V 1a at the turbine disk
and to
V(1-2a) in the wake of the turbine. Momentum analysis
predicts
U=V
17
18
0:5BcrW
CL
CD
sin
cos
dr
where B is the number of blades, cis the chord (m), ris the
radius of blade element (m), W is the velocity of the wind
relative to the airfoil (m/s), CL is the lift coefcient and CD
is the drag coefcient, is the ow angle.
The sectional lift and drag coefcients are obtained from
empirical airfoil data and are unique functions of the local
ow angle of attack and the local Reynolds number of the
ow. If dLand dD are the lift and drag forces on the blade
element respectively, then lift and drag coefcients are
dened as
dL
19
dD
20
CL
CD
0:5W
0:5W
c:dr
2
c:dr
21
2=3 1 a U =V 0: 5C =C 1 a U =V
2
sin
1a
32
22
0
.
n.
.
sU=V
1a2=31 aCD =CL U=V cos
a
.
1a
4
"
#
0: 5 C D =C L 12 a 2
2=31 a
sin
33
U =V
U=V
1a
] 1 a r
2
25
2 2 0:5
sin sin
26
.Z
V 1a1 ac cos
Z Rrdr
T B
Z
1 a2 c2 sin r2
dr
28
34
29
where f is the maximum thickness of circular arc airfoil (m)
The assumption made in this work is maximum thickness
of a circular-arc airfoil is assumed to be 6% of the chord,
hence the lift
" 1 a2 U=V 2 1a
CL 2 0:12]
U=V
30
Power produced by the wind turbine with ate
symmetric
airfoil plate can be obtained by substituting Eq. (23)(27)
in Eq.
(10). i.e.,
.Z R 2
2
V :c:1a :c: cos
P B
:r:dr
0
Z R
2 V :1a:1 a:c:: sin
:r :dr
0
Z R
0:5CD =CL 1 a
)
sin
35
.
.
1aCD =CL cos 2 cos
U=V
"
#
2
1
a
U
=V 1
a
3
0:51 aCD
=CL U=V
2
2
31
.Z
P
B
R
0
V 1a c cos
rdr
sin
36
V 1a1 ac sin r2
dr
1 a c CD =CL sin r
dr
.Z
R
0
V 2 1ac1
Ar2
0:
0:12B
rdr
.
37
Where,
A 1 a2 2 =1a2 V 2
.
CP s1aU=V
1a2=31 aCD =CL U=V ] cos
2=31 aU=V 0:51 a2 CD =CL U=V 2
=1a sin ]o
:
0:1885s1a CD =CL E
1:5
=1
a] 0:0942s1a CD =CL
:
E0 5 =1 a]
0:0942s1a4 CD =CL =1 a2 U=V ]
:
38
17
5
where
3
2
E 1 1 a U=V =1a ]
Value
t=0
0:5
-1
39
t=1
t=2
.
.
-2
2
t=5
-3
2
1 a2 U=V 2 =31a
0:51 aCD =CLU=V ]
sin g
10
11
12
13
14
U/V
0:1257sRV 3 1a3 =1 a]
2
0:1885sR
V 1a CD
:
=CL E0 5
3
0: 5
angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.022 and rotor solidity (s) as 0.03.
1:5
40
6
1:5708s1 a U=V
=31a 0:5CD =CL 1 a
U=V ] sin
2
0:06285s1a
=1 a
U=V ]E
0:09425s1aCD =CL E
1:
5
1
2
0:5
0:5
jg
41
7. Optimization methodology
Cp
t=0
-2
t=1
-4
-6
2
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
U/V
Fig. 5. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for diferent
blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.022 and rotor solidity (s) as 0.05.
8
6
.5
t=2
4
2
Cp
Cp
0.0
t=0
-.5
-1.0
2
10
11
12
13
14
-2
t=0
t=1
-4
t=1
t=2
-6
t=2
t=5
U/V
Fig. 3. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V) for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.022 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.01.
-8
2
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
U/V
Fig. 6. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for diferent
blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.022 and rotor solidity (s) as 0.07.
10
30
20
Cp
Cp
10
t=0
t=0
-10
t=1
t=1
-20
t=2
-10
2
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
t=2
-30
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
U/V
U/V
Fig. 7. Efect of power coefcient C P with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.022 and rotor solidity (s)
as 0.1.
Fig. 10. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.022 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.25.
1.5
20
1.0
10
Cp
Cp
.5
0.0
0
-.5
t=0
t=0
t=1
-1.0
t=1
-10
t=2
t=2
-1.5
2
-20
2
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
U/V
Fig. 8. Efect of power coefcient C P with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.022 and rotor solidity (s)
as 0.15.
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
U/V
Fig. 11. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.023 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.01.
20
3
2
10
Cp
Cp
1
0
0
-1
t=0
-2
t=1
t=0
-10
t=1
U/V
t=2 t=5
-3
4
-20
2
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
-4
2
3
6
7
8
9
U/V
10
11
12
13
14
t=2
t=5
Fig. 12. Efect of power coefcient C P with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.023 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.03.
17
9
20
4
10
2
t=0
t=0
-2
-10
t=1
-4
t=1
t=2
t=2
t=5
-6
2
10
11
12
13
t=5
-20
2
14
10
11
12
13
14
U/V
U/V
Fig. 13. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.023 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.05.
Fig. 16. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.023 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.15.
30
8
20
6
4
10
Cp
Cp
0
-10
t=0
t=0
-2
t=1
-20
t=1
-4
t=2
t=2
-6
t=5
-30
2
t=5
-8
2
6
7
10
11
12
13
10
11
12
13
14
U/V
14
U/V
Fig. 14. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.023 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.07.
Fig. 17. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.023 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.20.
20
30
20
10
Cp
Cp
10
t=0
-10
t=0
-10
t=1
t=2
-20
2
4
5
U/V
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
t=1
-20
t=2
t=5
-30
2
U/V
10
11
12
13
14
17
8
Fig. 15. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.023 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.10.
10
Cp
Cp
1.5
Fig. 18. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.023 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.25.
1.0
Value
Value
.5
0.0
-.5
-1.0
-1.5
2
5
6
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
t=0
t=0
t=1
t=1
t=2
t=2
t=5
-10
2
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
U/V
U/V
Fig. 19. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.025 and rotor solidity (s)
as 0.01.
Fig. 22. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.025 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.07.
20
3
2
10
Value
Value
1
0
-1
t=0
-2
t=0
-10
t=1
-3
t=1
t=2
t=2
-4
2
3
5
10
11
12
13
14
-20
t=5
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
U/V
U/V
Fig. 20. Efect of power coefcient C P with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.025 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.03.
Fig. 23. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.025 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.10.
20
4
10
Value
Value
t=0
-2
t=0
-10
t=1
-4
t=1
t=2
-6
2
6
7
U/V
10
11
12
13
14
t=2
t=5
-20
2
4
6
U/V
Fig. 21. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.025 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.05.
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
Fig. 24. Efect of power coefcient C P with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.025 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.15.
17
13
20
2
10
t=0
-10
t=0
-2
t=1
-20
t=1
t=2
t=2
t=5
-30
2
10
11
12
13
t=5
-4
14
U/V
10
11
12
13
14
U/V
Fig. 28. Efect of power
coefcient CP
angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.026 and rotor solidity (s) as 0.03.
30
20
10
Cp
Value
Fig. 25. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade
-10
t=0
t=0
-2
t=1
t=1
-20
-4
t=2
-30
2
3
6
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
t=2
-6
2
U/V
Fig. 26. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.025 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.25
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
U/V
Fig. 29. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.026 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.05
1.5
10
1.0
Cp
Cp
.5
0.0
-.5
-1.0
-1.5
2
U/V
10
11
12
13
14
t=0
t=0
t=1
t=1
t=2
t=2
t=5
-10
2
U/V
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
18
0
Fig. 27. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.026 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.01.
Cp
Value
Fig. 30. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.026 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.07.
20
30
20
10
Cp
Cp
10
t=0
-10
t=0
-10
t=1
t=1
-20
t=2
-20
2
7
9
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
t=2
-30
2
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
U/V
U/V
Fig. 31. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.026 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.10.
Fig. 34. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.026 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.25.
20
1.5
1.0
10
Cp
Cp
.5
t=0
-10
0.0
t=0
-.5
t=1
t=1
-1.0
t=2
-20
2
4
5
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
t=2
-1.5
U/V
Fig. 32. Efect of power coefcient C P with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.026 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.15.
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
U/V
Fig. 35. Efect of power coefcient C P with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.028 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.01
30
20
2
Cp
Cp
10
-10
t=0
t=1
-20
t=0
-2
t=1
t=2
t=2
-30
2
U/V
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
-4
2
U/V
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
Fig. 33. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.026 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.20.
Fig. 36. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.028 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.03.
18
1
8. Resul
ts
Cp
10
t=0
-10
9. Conclusion
t=1
t=2
t=5
-20
2
10
11
12
13
14
U/V
Fig. 39. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.028 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.15.
10
30
20
Cp
Cp
10
t=0
t=0
-10
t=1
t=1
-20
t=2
-10
2
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
t=2
-30
2
U/V
Fig. 37. Efect of power coefcient C P with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.028 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.07.
4
5
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
U/V
Fig. 40. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.028 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.20.
20
40
30
10
20
Cp
Cp
10
0
t=0
-10
t=1
0
t=2
-10
-20
18
2
-30
t=1
t=2
-20
2
4
6
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
U/V
Fig. 38. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.028 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.10.
-40
2
10
11
12
13
14
t=5
U/V
Fig. 41. Efect of power coefcient CP with tip speed ratio (U/V)for
diferent blade angle with CD =CL ratio of 0.028 and rotor solidity (s) as
0.25.
Nomenclature
Symbols
2
A
swept area in m
Pa
total wind power available in Watts
Pe
electrical power output in Watts
mw
mass ow rate of the wind in kg/s
Vm
mean velocity of wind in m/s
Vi
inlet wind velocity in
m/s Vo outlet wind velocity in
m/s Vave average velocity in m/s
VC
cut-in-speed in m/s
VR
rated wind speed in m/s
VF
furling speed in m/s
Pout
power recovered from the wind in Watts
Pout.max
maximum power that can be drawn from
the wind in Watts
Ea
available wind energy
Vm
mean wind speed
Eas
available energy ux
T
time period
Pe
electrical power output in Watts
Cp
power coefcient
I
current in amps
V
voltage in volts
R
maximum rotor radius in m
Ps
Shaft power output in Watts
Uo
upstream undisturbed wind speed in m/s
CL
aerodynamic lift coefcient
CD
aerodynamic drag coefcient
CM
power performance of a wind turbine
c
chord of aerodynamic prole
L
lift force
D
drag force
FM
moment force
I
inclination angle
i
incidence angle
Greek Symbols
pitch angle
g
m
a
angle of attack
tip speed ratio
angular rotor speed in rad/s
Hellmann coefcient
generator efciency
mechanical efciency
alternator efciency
3
density of air in kg/m
Abbreviations
GRP
Glass ber Reinforced Plastics
NACA
National Advisory Committee of
Aeronautics HAWT
Horizontal Axis Wind
Turbine
VAWT
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
CSCF
Constant Speed Constant
Frequency VSCF Variable Speed Constant
Frequency VSVF Variable Speed Variable
Frequency TSR Tip Speed Ratio
O & M Operation & Maintenance cost
WECS
Wind Electric Conversion System
IEC
International Electrotechnical
Commission SEIG
Self- Excited Induction
Generators
References
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