MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARAD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATIOD

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC-27001-2005 Certified)

Summer 12 Examinations
Subject Code: 12148

Model Answer

Page No: 1 of 31

Important suggestions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principle components indicated in a figure. The figures
drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure
drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidates answers and model answer.
6) Some of the questions are not clearly indicative of the exact answer expected. In such cases, credit may be
given by judgment of relevant answer based on candidates understanding.
Q.1 a) Attempt any THREE of the following:---------------------------------------------------------- 12 Marks

i) Define the terms :- 1) Illumination 2) Utilisation Factor 3) M.H.C.P 4) Lamp efficiency

( Each Definition- 1 Mark )
1) Illumination:The illumination is defined as the luminous flux falling on per unit area of the given surface
on the working plane. The unit of illumination is lumens/m2 OR 1 Lumens/m2 = 1 Lux
2) Utilisation Factor:It is defined as the ratio of total lumens reaching the working plane to the total lumens given
out by the lamp.
3) M.H.C.P (Mean horizontal candle power):It is defined as average of candle powers in all direction in the horizontal plane containing
the source of light.
4) Lamp Efficiency:It is defined as the ratio of the total luminous flux emitting from the source to its electrical
power input in watts.
ii) Draw a neat labeled sketch of fluorescent tube----------------------------------------(4 Marks)

OR
or equivalent figure

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARAD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATIOD

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Summer 12 Examinations
Subject Code: 12148

Model Answer

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iii) State the types of dimmer used in illumination control. Explain the operation of any one
type of dimmer.
(Types- 2 Marks & Expected any one Explaination-1 Marks, Digram-1 Mark)
Types of Dimmer: - a) Electrical Dimmer
b) Electronic Dimmer
a) Electrical Dimmer:-

In the electrical dimmer electrical components for e.g. rheostat, transformer etc are
commonly used. In the electrical dimmer the input voltage is always constant and output voltage
across lamp is changed to control the brightness of light intensity. In the electrical dimmer there
are four types.
a) Electrical dimmer are again classified into 1) Dimmer by using changing rsistance (Rheostatic)
2) By using auto transformer
3) By salt water method
4) By two winding transformer tap changing method
1) Dimmer by using changing resistance

or equivalent figure
In this method as resistance changes output voltage across the light sources changes of that
light intensity will be changes.
2) By using auto transformer

or equivalent figure
As position of dimmer or auto transformer changes output voltages
across light source will changes .So that light intensity also changes.

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARAD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATIOD

(Autonomous)
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Summer 12 Examinations
Subject Code: 12148

Model Answer

Page No: 3 of 31

3) By salt Water method

or equivalent figure
As position of rod in immersed position changes output voltage across
Light sources will be changes .So that light intensity also will be changes.
4) By two winding transformer tap changing method

or equivalent figure
Output voltage across the source depends upon tap position of the two winding.
Transformer so that light intensity of light sources will be changes.
b) Electronic dimmer are also classified according electronic components used in the
circuit.
1) S.C.R operated dimmer:-

or equivalent figure
In this method firing of S.C.R depends upon R1 and R2 and capacitance c so that output
voltage across light source can be changed.

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARAD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATIOD

(Autonomous)
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Summer 12 Examinations
Subject Code: 12148

Model Answer

Page No: 4 of 31

2) Triac operated dimmer

or equivalent figure
In this method firing of triac depends upon diac and its controlling circuits.
So that output voltage across the light source is controlled to control its intensity.
iv) Explain Direct Lighting Scheme with figure. (Explanation-2 Marks & Figure-2 Marks)
Direct Lighting Scheme:-

or equivalent figure
In this method the total lumens emitted by the light source are reflected towards on working
plane 100 %. In this lighting method maximum light intensity is available on working plane in
minimum power consumption of the given light source.
It is possible to make 90 % of light falls just below the lamp. And 10% upper hemisphere.
This scheme is more efficient but it suffers from hard shadows and glare.
b) Attempt any ONE of the following:

i) Compare fluorescent tube and Incandescent Lamp.

(Any Six points expected each point 1 Mark)
S.No

Fluorescent tube

Incandescent Lamp

It is works on high frequency & High

voltage ionisation

2
3
4

The cost of fluorescent tube is high

The maintenance for this tube is more.
The P.f. of this tube is electrical choke

The incandescent lamp works on heating effect.

Whenever temperature surrounding the filament
increases more than 18000C then light will be
emitted.
It is cost is low
The maintenance for this lamp is less.
The P.f. of this lamp is unity.

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Subject Code: 12148

7
8
9

10
11
12

Model Answer

is 0.5 to 0.6 and with electronic choke

is 0.995
After the switch on the light will be
emitted after some time delay through
the tubes/discharge lamps
In the fluorescent tube the choke is
acting as ballast so that light intensity
will not changes.
There is a need of P.F. improvement
capacitors.
The Life of this lamp is less. (500 to
700 working hrs)
By using the various chemical
powders in inert gases the various
colours can be achieved in the lamp.
The stroboscopic effect is more.
There is humming in this tube due to
the electrical choke
The illumination/lumens efficiency is
more.( 40 to 60 lumen/watt)

Page No: 5 of 31

After the switch on the light will be emitted

immediately through the filament.
Due to supply voltage variation the light
intensity may changes it means flicker
There is a No need of P.F. improvement
capacitors
Life of lamp is very high. (minimum 1200-1500
working hrs) ( maximum7500 to 10000 hrs)
By this lamp we cannot get multicolour light.

The stroboscopic effect is less.

There is humming is less or no humming in this
lamp.
The illumination/lumens efficiency is very less.
( 5 to 18 lumens/watt)

ii) What are polar cures? Draw neat sketch of polar curves. State the importance of polar
curves in illumination Engg.
(Expaination-2 Marks, Figure-2 Marks & Importance-2 Marks)

or equivalent figure

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARAD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATIOD

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Summer 12 Examinations
Subject Code: 12148

Model Answer

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Polar Curves:Polar curves are graphical representation of light intensity with respect to angular
position in horizontal or vertical plane passing through the light source.
Importance of polar curves in illumination Engg:-.
The polar curves are required to determine the mean horizontal candle power (MHCP) and
mean hemispherical candle power (MHSCP).The polar curves are due to limitations of
unsymmetrical design shape of the incandescent lamp. The polar curves are required for
illumination design
Q.2 Attempt any two of the following-------------------------------------------------16 Marks
a) List different types of lighting used for interior illumination. Explain any two of them in
detail.
(Accept any two lighting methods will be marked)
Types of lighting used for interior illumination:-------------------------------(2 Marks any four)
i) Direct Lighting Scheme:
ii) Indirect Lighting Scheme:
iii) Semi direct Lighting Scheme:
iv)Semi indirect Lighting Scheme:
v) General Lighting Scheme:
i) Direct lighting -----------------------------------------------------------------------------(3 Marks)

or equivalent figure
In this method, the reflector is used on the lighting source. The 100% light is reflected by
this reflector on the working plane. So efficiency of direct lighting scheme is very high and it is
economical also. But limitation of direct lighting scheme is that glare & shadows are more. The direct
lighting scheme is widely used in drawing room, workshop etc.
ii) Indirect lighting scheme :- ------------------------------------------------------------------(3 Marks)

or equivalent figure

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Summer 12 Examinations
Subject Code: 12148

Model Answer

Page No: 7 of 31

In this method the 100% light is reflected on ceiling and walls by the reflector and this
reflected light will be available on working plane. It is less efficient and uneconomical scheme but
glare and shadows are very less. i.e. why surrounding may be pleasant and widely used in hotels, guest
room etc.
iii) Semi direct lighting scheme :-

or equivalent figure
In this method, the 70 to 80% light will be directly reflected on the working plane and 20
to 30 % light will be reflected on the ceiling and walls. The efficiency and economy is slightly less
than direct lighting scheme. But the glare and shadows are less as compare to direct lighting scheme.
iv) Semi indirect lighting scheme :-

or equivalent figure
In this lighting scheme, 70 to 80% light is reflected on ceiling & walls and 20 to 30% light
will be available on the working plane directly. It is economical and efficiency as compared to indirect
lighting scheme.
v) General lighting scheme:In this lighting scheme, the reflector is not used on the light source, so the lumens emitted by
the light source will be reflected on ceiling wall and can be available directly on working plane also.
This method is commonly used in various residential, commercial and industrial installations.

b) Explain with sketch the principle of working of a sodium vapour lamp. State its two
advantages and two disadvantages as source of light. (Working- 2 Marks, Figure-2 Marks &
Advantages-2 Marks and disadvantages-2 Marks)
Principle of working:Before the lamp starts working, the sodium is usually in the solid form deposited on the
sides of the inner tube wall. So in the initial state when the voltage is applied to the lamp it operates as
a the lamp warms up it vapourises sodium and slowly it radiates out yellow colour light and after about
20 minutes, the lamp starts giving its full output.

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Model Answer

Subject Code: 12148

Sodium Vapour Lamp Figure:-

or equivalent figure
Advantages of sodium vapour Lamp:- (Any two expected )
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

Less glare
High illumination efficiency
Better lighting control
Mounting height can be increased

Disadvantages of sodium vapour Lamp:- (Any two expected )

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)

Cannot start instantly

Power factor is less
Initial cost is more
Light intensity may flicker

c) i) List the different medical lamps used in various sections of hospitals.

i) List the different medical lamps used in various sections of hospitals.(Any four point-1
Mark each)
a) Waiting room-fluorescent tube, CFL, incandescent lamp, etc.
b) Consulting room- fluorescent tube, CFL, incandescent lamp, torch, etc. Diagnostic Lamp
c) Operation theatre- Ultra violet lamp, Halogen lamp, small capacity metal halide lamp,
bunched filament lamp
d) Medical Store room- fluorescent tube, CFL, incandescent lamp, etc
e) General &special ward - fluorescent tube, CFL, incandescent lamp, Infrared lamp etc
f) ICU- , Halogen lamp, small capacity metal halide lamp, bunched filament lamp etc.

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARAD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATIOD

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Summer 12 Examinations
Subject Code: 12148

Model Answer

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ii) What are the design requirements for indoor factory lighting? (Any Eight points expected
each point 1/2 Mark)
The factory lighting is very essential in the working premises to increase the efficiency of
labour and to increase the quality of product.
Following requirements for indoor factory lighting,- (Expected eight point)
1) The type of industry or factory.
2) The total premises area of the whole factory in m2.
3) The location of the factory.
4) The surrounding conditions. e.g. wind pressure, natural sun light, rainfall, etc.
5) The type of product which are manufactured in the factory.
6) The total indoor & outdoor area of the given factory.
7) The necessary lux level for the outdoor locations to increase the beauty of the factory at night,
and pleasant working conditions.
8) The working plane required for the indoor application whether it is a ground surface or above
ground surface.
9) The application of every room in the given factory. e.g. office, workshop, Research &
development centre, testing centre, maintenance & repairing department, quality control
department, sales department, commissioning department, showroom, guest room etc.
10) The required lux level for indoor premises in the given factory is decided as per
application of department. e.g. In Workshop - 200 lux, e.g. In Showroom - 350 lux
Above lux level is assumed.
11) As per civil construction work, the colour of ceiling walls & machines. The waste Light
factor, utilization factor & depreciation factor is decided.
12) To minimize the stroboscopic effect & to minimize the glare the combination of various
types of lighting source are selected.
13) The location & mounting of light source are selected in such a way that electrical &
mechanical accident will be less.
14) The maintenance and repairing work for the whole illumination scheme should be less.
15) The overall cost of the illumination scheme should be less.
16) The lighting sources are selected in such a way that the overall power consumption will be
less.
17) The lighting sources are selected and the illumination scheme is designed in such a way that
the replacement of lighting accessories will be simple.
18) If expansion is required then it should be possible in present illumination scheme.

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARAD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATIOD

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Summer 12 Examinations
Subject Code: 12148

Model Answer

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Q.3 Attempt any Four of the following------------------------------------------------------ 16 Marks

a) Explain two types of reflectors used for enhancing interior illumination.
(Any Two Types expected each type- figure 2 Mark & Explanation -2)
i) Diffusing Fitting:-

or equivalent figure
These give high quality of light minimizes glare and gives less shadows. A diffusing glass
screen may be fixed a cross the standard reflector in order to get more diffused light.
ii) Concentrating Fitting:-

or equivalent figure
These have a shape of deep parabola. Space to height ratio required is to get uniform
distribution of light waste light factor is more in such cases. It is suitable for high mounting
height as required in workshop and industries, having electric overhead cranes.
iii) Dispersive Reflector:-

or equivalent figure
This is most commonly used industries. The space to height ratio is 1.5, which
reflectors. This is most commonly used in industries. The space to height ratio is 1.5., which
gives uniform from illumination. These are preferred for moderate ceiling height.
The lamps rated for 40-1500 watt are fixed inside for reflector.

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARAD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATIOD

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Summer 12 Examinations
Subject Code: 12148

Model Answer

Page No: 11 of 31

iv) Angle Reflectors:-

or equivalent figure
The vertical surface cannot be illuminated by normal overhead lamps, in such cases
angle reflectors are used. These are available in various shapes like parabolic, elliptical etc. The
choice depends on the requirement illumination.
b) Explain Special purpose lamps used in photography video films. -----( Any Four point Each
point 1 Mark)

Special purpose low pressure pulsed xenon lamps.

Super Actinic lamps. (special purpose)
Mercury vapour lamp (special purpose)
Special purpose compact sources mercury lamps. These are super-high pressure mercury
lamps. These have high energy concentration with a small dimension. Hence high brightness
is possible.(500-1000W lamps)
Special purpose compact source Xenon lamps, chief advantages is that optical adjustment
remains constant, when once set and perfect in operation. This is to be used only on D.C
supply.
Special purpose tungsten filament lamps of 1000W or 500W for photography
c) Draw and Explain working of Electronic Dimmer. (Any One Electronic dimmer expected
Figure-2Marks & Explanation- 2 Marks)
Electronic dimmer are also classified according electronic components used in the
circuit.
1) S.C.R operated dimmer:-

or equivalent figure
In this method firing of S.C.R depends upon R1 and R2 and capacitance c so that output
voltage across light source can be changed.

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARAD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATIOD

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Summer 12 Examinations
Subject Code: 12148

Model Answer

Page No: 12 of 31

When voltage applied to the circuit for the positive half cycle capacitor charges through the
resistance R after the time interval, T= R.C. whenever the capacitor is fully charged it will discharge
through the gate of SCR. Via diode at some time for the positive half cycle anode of SCR is positive,
cathode of SCR is negative and gate is triggered. Then SCR will be fire after this time interval called as
the firing angle of conduction angle.
By varying the resistance this firing angle may be controlled from 00-1800 i.e why output
voltage across the lamp will also be controlled & brightness of the lamp will be controlled.
2) Triac operated dimmer

or equivalent figure
In this method firing of triac depends upon diac and its controlling circuits.
So that output voltage across the light source is controlled to control its intensity.
When input supply given to the circuit positive half cycles both capacitors C1 & C2 will
be charged through R1 &R2. Whenever capacitor C1 is fully charged after the time of constant.
The capacitor for C1 will discharge to the gate of triac. At same time terminal No.1 of the triac is
positive & terminal No.2 is Negative & triac will be fired after the firing angle obtained by this
discharged pulse.
For the negative cycles terminal No.1 becomes of the triac is become as a positive &
terminal No.1 become as negative. Then also the capacitor C2 which is charged will discharge
through the Diac & triac will be fire after the firing angle (T= R2C2).
Thus we are getting controlled output voltage across the lamp for both half cycles and light
intensity of the lamp is controlled.
d) Explain two lamps used for sports lighting. ( Each lamps 2 Marks- Explanation-1 Marks &
Figure-1 Marks each)
i) Metal Halide Lamp:-

OR
or equivalent figure

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Explanation:Above fig. shows the construction details of metal halide lamp. constructionally it is similar to
mercury lamp. Is discharge tube (inter tube) contain a drop of mercury which is named as
metal and halides such as thallium, indium or sodium, So the lamp is named as metal halide
lamp.
Its operation is some similar to the mercury lamp. An arc is established between one main
electrode & auxiliary electrode through argon gas and then regular discharge takes place
between two main electrodes through mercury vapour. The light is produced from an excited
mercury vapour and the products of dissociation of halide.
The halide cycle in metal halide lamp.
Metal (mercury) atoms move from electric arc towards the tube wall where the halides are
present.
Near the wall, the temperature & vapors pressure allows the metals & halides to form a
stable molecule which is known as metal halide molecules.
When metal halides approach the arc molecules break apart.
The halide move towards the wall and metals are excited and give out energy in the form of
light.
When enough metal atoms or loss during the operation the lamp fails.
The outer glass may or may not be phosphor coated from inside.
Electronic or auto transformer type ballast is used initiate the arc and to control the current,
The capacitor is used to improve the power factor.
The power ratings of lamp are from 175 watts to 1000 watts.
The life is 2000 working hours.
Some metal halides are used in indoor applications and the compact metal halide lamps are
used for display and flood light etc.
ii) Halogen Lamp:-

or equivalent figure
This is one type of incandescent lamp having number of advantages over the ordinary
incandescent lamp.

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Model Answer

Page No: 14 of 31

The life & efficiency of an incandescent lamp is affected by the gradual & evaporation of
tungsten and also its operating temperature but the addition of small amount of halogen
vapour to the gas in bulb restores.
The evaporated tungsten vapour back to the filament by means of chemical reaction and the
cycle goes on.
Halogens are a group consisting of the elements chlorine, fluorine & bromine & iodine. As
a result halogen lamps have the following advantages.
There is no blacking of bulb so there is no depression of light output.
It has 50 % more efficiency than that of an ordinary incandescent lamp.
It is smaller in size.
It gives better coloured radiation.
Halogen lamp are manufacture upto 5KW and are suitable for outdoor illuminations such
as illumination of building, airports, parking.
e) List four applications of LED lamps.

(Any four points expected each point -1 Mark)

Applications of LED Lamp:i) For domestic use.

ii) Solar operated street light.
iii) For emergency purpose.
iv)For energy saving purpose.
v) Automotive lighting.
vi)Traffic lighting.
vii) Stage lighting.
viii) Electric torch.
ix)Flood lighting for building.
x) Train lighting.
xi)For decoration purpose.
xii) For control panels
f) List eight factors while designing the illumination for residential. (Any Eight points expected
each point -1/2 Mark)
Factors for designing the illumination for residential:
i) Standard lux level required on the working plane or Level of illumination
ii) Shadows: - Shadows should be minimum.
iii) Glare: - Glare should be minimum.
iv) Uniformity: - uniform distribution of light throughout the working plane.
v) Colour of light: - Choose fitting which produces colour like a day light e.g. Fluorescent tube

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Model Answer

Page No: 15 of 31

vi) The types of lamps which are used for interior application.
vii) The various lighting accessories to determine the space to height ratio.
viii) The type of lighting scheme for e.g direct lighting scheme, semi-direct lighting scheme &
general lighting scheme.
ix) Maintenance and repairing for this illumination design should be low
x) Area of the room.
xi) The wattage and size of lamp
xii) The cost of illumination design should be low.
xiii) Some time at time of illumination design the point of energy saving and energy conservation
is also to be considered.
xiv) The life of the illumination design lighting device & lighting accessories should be more.

Q.4 a) Attempt any Four of the following.

i) State the requirement of illumination scheme for shipyard.-------------------------- (4-Marks)
Requirement of illumination scheme for shipyard:i) The shipyard lighting always depends.
ii) The shipyard lighting always depends upon the all surrounding conditions for e.g. wind
pressure, rain fall, location of shipyard from the sea-share etc.
iii) The shipyard lighting always depends upon the type & capacity of alternator which is held in
ship for interior applications and the capacity of alternator which is installed in the ship-yard
and any other non-conventional sources installed in that particulars area for all outdoor
application.
iv) In the every shipyard there may be limitation conventional sources to over-come these
limitations sometimes non-conventional sources for e.g. solar, tidal, wave-let, etc nonconventional energy sources are to b used. At the time of illumination design we have to
consider this factor.
v) In the ship-yard after scotching various shipyard is necessary for this case control room,
emergency control, emergency medical centre. Loading and loading areas etc. are required,
at the time of illumination design we have to consider all these applications for its standard
lux level.
vi) In the every ship-yard the electrical & mechanical safety is the prime-moto. At the time of
illumination design the all safety precautions are to be taken.
vii) The life of the shipyard lighting should be always more.
viii) The cost of the ship-yard lighting should be always economical.

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ix) The every ship-yard station should be free from any type of pollution for e.g. water pollution,
sound pollution or noise pollution to the commercial communication signals.
x) At the time of ship-yard lighting for the outdoor applications we have consider total area of
water, which is covered by the illumination.
xi) The ship-yard lighting is always at the remote place slightly away from the sea-share, so at
the time of ship-yard lighting the every wiring & can be replace easily.
xii) The maintenance and the repairing of the shipyard lighting system should be simple & less,
at the time of ship-yard lighting the navigation signals and lights are very important to
control the various ships at the time of ship-yard lighting we have to consider this factor also.
xiii) In the ship-yard lighting the various lamp are used to get the proper lux level and for
energy saving purpose also, the some of the lamps are as below-forge, Bollards, foot lamps,
solar grass lamps, LED-Solar energy lawn lamps, various focus lamps, metal halide lamps
etc.
ii) Explain illumination for railway lighting.------------------------------------------(4 Marks)
Illumination for railway lighting:
Good platform lighting on all stations is essential for the safety and comfort of passengers
and railway staff. The recommended value of illumination is 100-150 lux. T-5 fluorescent lamps
are used as source of light.
The luminaries should be arranged in such a way that the light strikes the platform H
straight down and without shadows provided reasonable uniform light across the width of the
platform. For non-covered portion of the railway station, street light fitting of T-5 fluorescent
lamps with width angle distribution reflectors are suitable modern LED street light fitting of 36/40
w are also used. OR Student may be write
i) The general requirements & objectives for the railway lighting is similar to shipyard lighting
or factory lighting.
ii) The total area covered by the railway department.
iii) Total number of platforms available on the station.
iv) The total length of every platform.
v) The total indoor facilities of the railways station for e.g. waiting room, guest room, booking
counter & booking office, signal & controlling room, TC chamber, go downs, canteen, book
stall.
vi) The platform lighting is generally done as outdoor lighting of factory premises or It is similar
to street lighting.
vii) For indoor lighting the standard lux level available is common but for the platform lighting
the 60 to 80 lux should be available on the railway track & platform.
viii) The signaling is very important part. At the time of illumination design we have to consider
it.

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Page No: 17 of 31

iii) Explain any four factors while designing interior location of industrial unit(Any four
points expected, each point -1 Mark)
Factors while designing interior location industrial unit:i) Level of illumination :- The level of illumination depends on the nature of the work to be
carried out.
ii) Glare: - The Glare causes unnecessary eye failure, so it must be avoided. It can be
prevented by using diffusing glass screens, suitable reflectors and proper mounting
heights.
iii) Shadows: - The formation of long and hard shadows must be avoided. Then hard & long
shadows often cause accidents. Such as long shadows can be avoided by i) using proper
mounting heights of lamps ii) using more number of lamp and provided indirect light. Iii)
Employing wide surface sources of light.
iv) Colour rendering:- The colour appearances of a surface depends upon the spectral
composition of the incipient light , If the light output of the lamp does not contain the
colour red, then surface which are red will become colour distorted, when illuminated by
this lamp.
v) Lamp Fitting: - Lamp fitting serve the following function in good illumination schemes.
a) To diffuse the light b) to cutoff the light of certain angles to avoid glare. c) To give
mechanical protection to the light source. d) To control the colour of lights.
vi) Maintenance:- Regular cleaning of lights and fitting is necessary to maintain their
efficiency, the maintenance is necessary against dust, water leakage, dangerous gases,
which may cause the corrosion of the fitting, So lamp fitting should there fore be simple
and easy from maintenance point of view.

iv) Draw and explain control circuit for lamps. (Any two control circuit expected, Figure-1
Marks & Explanation- 1 Marks)
i) Control of one lamp from one switch:-

or equivalent figure
For a lamp one live wire (phase) and one neutral is necessary to control the supply to the
lamp switch is introduced in the live wire & neutral is directly connected to the lamps as shown in
figure.

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When switch is ON a full voltage gets applied across the lamp & lamps become ONand
when the switch is OFF the circuit gets opened and lamps becomes OFF.this is controlling of
one lamp by one switch.
ii) Control of Two or more lamps by individual switches:-

or equivalent figure
This is also called looping system. Instead of giving a neutral wire to every lamp
independently from the supply point, it is looped from one lamp to next lamp. As shown in figure
above and the Phase wire is also looped out from one switch to next switch. In this system one
switch can be controlled only one lamp this does not affect the control of other lamp by other
switches.
All lamps can be ON & OFF simultaneously or according to the requirement the lamps can
be controlled. This method is very commonly used in the domestic wiring. It is save length of wire
& cost of wiring.
iii) Control of one lamp from Two switches (Staircase wiring):-

OR
or equivalent figure
This system is commonly used for stair case wiring. It consists of two way switches (the
switch operates always in one of the two possible positions) the circuit diagram is as shown in
figure above.
Assume that the lamp is in between ground floor and first floor with switch S1 is on ground
floor and S2 is on first floor. When the position of the switches S1 & S2 is as shown in figure then
the lamps is ON. When a person reaches on first floor the lamp is required to be switched OFF
so the person will change the position of switch S2 such that the lamp will be switched OFF.

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Model Answer

Subject Code: 12148

b) Attempt any One of the following.

i) Given Data:

(Step wise mark as shown solution)

Area A = 40 x 50 = 2000 ft2

height of room = 10 ft

level of illumination E or I= 45 lumens/sq.ft

C.O.U or U.F = 0.6

luminous efficiency of lamp = 10 lumens/watt

Wattage of each lamp = 200 watts

D.F.= 0.8

find number of lamp=?

i) Total Lumens utilized = E x A or -------------------------------------------------(1/2 Marks)

= 45 x 2000 = 90000 Lumens------------------------------(1Marks)
Total lumens utilised
ii) Total Lumens given out by the lamp =
U .F D.F
-----------------(1/2 marks)

90000
0.6 0.8

187500 Lumens -------------------------(1Marks)

Total lumens given out by the lamps
iii) Total Wattage =
lu min ous efficiency
-----------------------(1/2 Marks)
187500
10
18750 Watts -----------------------------------------------------(1Marks)

iv) Number of Lamps =

Total Wattage
Wattage of each lamp -----------------------------------(1/2 Marks)

18750
200
93.75 Watts -------------------------------------------------(1Marks)

Numbers of lmaps 94 Nos OR Student may Write

illu min ation level Area
------------------------(3 Mark)
N
Wattage each lamp lamp efficiency U .F D.F
N

45 2000
200 10 0.6 0.8

N 94 Nos. OR---------------------------------------------------------------------(3 Mark)

AIW
i) Total lumens required on working plane =
----------------------------------(1 Mark)
CD
2000 45 1
=
0.6 0.8
187500 Lumens -----------------------(2 Marks)

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Total lumens given out by the lamps

lu min ous efficiency
-----------------------(1/2 Marks)
187500

10
18750 Watts -----------------------------------------------------(1Marks)

iii) Total Wattage =

iv) Number of Lamps =

Total Wattage
Wattage of each lamp -----------------------------------(1/2 Marks)

18750
200
93.75 Watts -------------------------------------------------(1Marks)

Numbers of lmaps 94 Nos

ii) Explain illumination design techniques for interior applications.
i) Lumens or Light flux method:---------------------------------------------------------(2 Marks)
This method is applied where an average illumination is required also when inform
illumination is required. Total lumens output is calculated from the efficiency of each lamp and the
number of lamp is used in the circuit. To calculate lumens received on the working plane, The total
lumens already calculated multiplied by the co-efficient of utilization, when the lamps & the
surroundings are not perfectly clean then while calculating the lumens received on the working
plane, the depreciation factor or maintenance factor is taken into consideration,
Thus lumens received on working plane =(Number of lamps wattage of each lamp
efficiency of each lamp coefficient of utilization) / (depreciation factor)
OR
= number of lamps wattage of each lamp efficiency of each lamp utilization factor
maintenance factor
ii) Point to point or Inverse Square law method:- -------------------------------------(2 Marks)
This method is applied where the illumination is required at appoint due to one or more
sources of light. The illumination at any point within the range of lamp can be calculated from
the inverse square Law.
If a polar curve of lamp and candle power of lamp reflected by its reflector in different
directions is known. If two or more lamps are illuminating the same working plane,
illumination due to each can be calculated and added. This method is not commonly used due
to more complications involved in its calculations. However, It is used in flood lighting & the
yard lighting calculations.

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Model Answer

iii) Watts per Square meter method:- ----------------------------------------------------(2 Marks)

Basically it is a thumb rule method. It is very handy for rough calculation or checking.
While applying this method we allow watts/square meter of area to be illuminated is taken
accordingly to the illumination desired on an average value considering overall efficiency of
the lighting system.
Q.5 Attempt any Four of the following.
a) Explain specular-reflection principle of street lighting with figure.

or equivalent figure(2 Marks)

In this method obstruction will be clearly visible to the driver by using reflectors with small
angle of incidence.
In this method reflectors are used in such a way that driver can see any object clearly from
more than 40 m distance on road. So that accident will be less.
Power consumption required for this method is less.
This method is commonly used for low or medium traffic density area.-----------------(2 Marks)

b) What are the design requirements for outdoor factor lighting? (Any Eight points expected
each point -1/2 Mark each)
Following requirements are for outdoor factory lighting,1) The type of industry or factory.
2) The total premises area of the whole factory in m2.
3) The location of the factory.
4) The surrounding conditions.
e.g. wind pressure, natural sun light, rainfall, etc.
5) The type of product which are manufactured in the factory.
6) The total indoor & outdoor area of the given factory.
7) The necessary lux level for the outdoor locations to increase the beauty of the factory at night,
and pleasant working conditions.
8) The working plane required for the indoor application whether it is a ground surface or above
ground surface.
9) The application of every room in the given factory. e.g. office, workshop, Research &
development centre, testing centre, maintenance & repairing department, quality control
department, sales department, commissioning department, showroom, guest room etc.

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Model Answer

10) The required lux level for indoor premises in the given factory is decided as per
application of department. e.g. In Workshop - 200 lux, e.g. In Showroom - 350 lux
lux level is assumed.
11) As per civil construction work, the colour of ceiling walls & machines. The waste Light
factor, utilization factor & depreciation factor is decided.
12) To minimize the stroboscopic effect & to minimize the glare the combination of various
types of lighting source are selected.
13) The location & mounting of light source are selected in such a way that electrical &
mechanical accident will be less.
14) The maintenance and repairing work for the whole illumination scheme should be less.
15) The overall cost of the illumination scheme should be less.
16) The lighting sources are selected in such a way that the overall power consumption will be
less.
17) The lighting sources are selected and the illumination scheme is designed in such a way that
the replacement of lighting accessories will be simple.
18) If expansion is required then it should be possible in present illumination scheme.

c) What is stage lighting? Explain the lamp used in stage lighting.

Generally Stage are required to perform various social & cultural activities. For e.g.
Dance, Drama, gathering etc. The stage lighting is commonly used for to fulfill all these activities
and is very important part of this program.-----------------------------------------------------( 2 Marks)
Lamps used for stage lighting-----------------------------------------( 2 Marks for Any one lamp)
For the stage lighting multicolours LED lamps, Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL),small
capacity projector lamps, metal halide lamp,& other types of advanced lighting system can be
provided.
i) Metal Halide Lamp:

or equivalent figure
Its Constructional is similar to mercury lamp. Is discharge tube (inter tube) contain a
drop of mercury which is named as metal and halides such as thallium, indium or sodium, So
the lamp is named as metal halide lamp.

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Its operation is some similar to the mercury lamp. An arc is established between one main
electrode & auxiliary electrode through argon gas and then regular discharge takes place
between two main electrodes through mercury vapour. The light is produced from an excited
mercury vapour and the products of dissociation of halide.
The halide cycle in metal halide lamp.
Metal (mercury) atoms move from electric arc towards the tube wall where the halides are
present.
Near the wall, the temperature & vapors pressure allows the metals & halides to form a
stable molecule which is known as metal halide molecules.
When metal halides approaches the arc, molecules break apart.
The halide move towards the wall and metals are excited and give out energy in the form of
light.
When enough metal atoms or loss during the operation the lamp fails.
The outer glass may or may not be phosphor coated from inside.
Electronic or auto transformer type ballast is used initiate the arc and to control the current,
The capacitor is used to improve the power factor.
The power ratings of lamp are from 175 watts to 1000 watts.
The life is 2000 working hours.
Some metal halides are used in indoor applications and the compact metal halide lamps are
used for display and flood light etc.
ii) Halogen Lamp:-

or equivalent figure
This is one type of incandescent lamp having number of advantages over the ordinary
incandescent lamp.
The life & efficiency of an incandescent lamp is affected by the gradual & evaporation of
tungsten and also its operating temperature but the addition of small amount of halogen
vapour to the gas in bulb restores.
The evaporated tungsten vapour back to the filament by means of chemical reaction and the
cycle goes on.
Halogens are a group consisting of the elements chlorine, fluorine & bromine & iodine. As
a result halogen lamps have the following advantages.
There is no blacking of bulb so there is no depression of light output.
It has 50 % more efficiency than that of an ordinary incandescent lamp.

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It is smaller in size.
It gives better coloured radiation.
Halogen lamp are manufacture upto 5KW and are suitable for outdoor illuminations such
as illumination of building, airports, parking.
iii) CFL Lamp:The compact florescent lamps are always called as energy saving lamp, It can be available in
white colour, red colour, yellow colour, green, blue, pink colour etc.
The CFL is discharge tube which mercury powder, argon, nitrogen, small % of helium etc are
filled at 3 to 5 times of the atmospheric pressure. The inside of the discharge tube is coated by
phosphor to emit the more light. The CFL always works on high frequency emission. The CFLs
are available on DC supply and AC supply. The CFLs are available at 4W,7W,11w,15w18w,28w
ETC. The life of the CFL is 6000 to 15000 working hours. As compare to fluorescent tube the
glare for the CFL is more.
iv) LED Lamp:The working principle of LED is similar to diode (P-N junction) whenever DC current flows
through the light emitting diode, if the current path is from anode to cathode there will be voltage
drop across the diode. Ti is 1.5V to 2.1V then light will be emitted through this diode.
The LED lamps are energy saving lamps,
The power consumption of the single LED is very less. It is in mw. So by using series &
parallel combination of LED.
The LED lamp is manufactured the available wattage for the LED lamps are 1W,2W 3W,
5W etc.
The LED lamps is available is various colours and diameter. The life of LED lamp is very
high minimum 10000 working hours.
d) Explain dimmer transformer with circuit. (4- Marks for any two (Figure-1 Marks &
Explanation-1 Mark )
1) Dimmer by using changing resistance

or equivalent figure
In this method as resistance changes output voltage across the light sources changes of that
light intensity will be changes.

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Rheostat or resistance is used in series with the lamp as a potential divider.

By this rheostat voltage across the lamp will be vary by varying the position of the rheostat.
It is used for AC and DC light source and maintenance cost & cost is less.
Power loss is more.
The life of device is less.

2) By using auto transformer

or equivalent figure
As position of dimmer or auto transformer changes output voltages across light source will
changes .So that light intensity also changes.
The smooth brightness control can be possible.
Life of device is more & maintenance is less.
Some times more brightness of the light source is possible if it is required.
3) By salt Water method

or equivalent figure
As position of rod in immersed position changes output voltage across Light sources will be
changes .So that light intensity also will be changes.
4) By two winding transformer tap changing method

or equivalent figure

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Output voltage across the source depends upon tap position of the two winding. Transformer so
that light intensity of light sources will be changes.

e) Explain the lamps used for aquarium.

Lamps used for aquarium:------------ ----------------------------------(2 Marks for any two lamps)

1) Small size and low power halogen lamps.

2) Ultraviolet lamps and tubes.
3) Compact fluorescent lamps
4) LED lamps
5) Multi colour small discharge lamps
6) Decorative lamps
7) Special purpose lamps
Above lamps are used for aquarium for the following purpose:------------------------(2 Marks)
i) Due to ultraviolet lamps / tubes the bacteria in the water will kill that is why life of fish
will be increase.
ii) Beauty of aquarium will increase
iii) Maintenance cost & running cost will be less
iv) There will be minimum pollution
v) The surrounding conditions will be fruitful to plants and fishes to increase their life.
f) i) State the purpose of lighting control ii) State Lamberts cosine law of illumination.
i) Purpose of lighting control :---------------------------------------- ----------(2 Marks for any two)
i) Shadows: - Shadows should be minimum.
ii) Glare: - Glare should be minimum.
iii) Uniformity: - uniform distribution of light throughout the working plane.
vi) Colour of light: - Choose fitting which produces colour like a day light e.g. Fluorescent tube
v) To turn ON or OFF the the lamps
vi) For dimming, the dimming control permit the adjustment of lighting over a range.
vii) For changing the lighting levels according to need or desired of the ower.
viii) For energy saving.
ix) To increase the life of lighting source.
x) To increase the safety of lighting system.
xi) In some types of industrial or automation there is anent of lighting control.
xii) To provide proper lux level on working plane the lighting control is required.
xiii) To provide proper lux level on working plane the lighting control is required.
xvi) As per Indian or international standard
xv) To control the brightness of T.V monitor there is need of lighting control.

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xiv) Some specific application like drams stages, cinema halls, decorations etc the lighting
control is required.

ii) Lamberts cosine law of illumination:2) Lamberts cosine law:- ----------------------------------------------------------------( 2 Marks)
This law states that The illumination E at any point on a surface is directly proportional to
the cosine of the angle between the normal at that point and the line of flux.
Illumination at B point = (I/d2) x cos

or Equivalent Fig.
Q.6 Attempt any Four of the following.
a) State the recommended illumination level required for any four area of hospital.
(Any Four points expected each point 1 Mark)
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Areas
Reception & Nursing
Corridors & circulation
Patient wards Operation theatres ICU General ward
Special ward

Recommended illumination level

250 to 300 lux station
40 to 60 lux areas
100 to 200 lux
600 to 1000 lux
500 to 700 lux
100 to 200 lux
150 to 250 lux etc

b) What is flood lighting? Where it is used? State location and mounting a projector in flood
lighting.
1) Flood Lighting: - Flood lighting means flooding of large surface area with light from
powerful sources using projector.------------------------------------------------------------(1 Mark)
Used of Flood Light:Widely used in home for showroom purpose, office decoration, art lighting, boat
lighting, ancient building lighting, Garden lighting, waterfall lighting, V.I.P building and car
park area lighting, advertisement purpose etc.-------------------------------------------------(2 Marks)
Location and mounting a projector in flood lighting. ------------------------------------(1 Marks)
Flood Light Projector: To concentrate the light from the light source into a beam on designated
area is known as projector
There are three types of projector

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a) Narrow beam Projector

b) Medium angle Projector
c) Wide angle Projector
a) Narrow beam Projectors: - Light beam with such a projectors spreads between 120 and 250.
They can be employed for a distance of 70 meter.
b) Medium angle Projectors: - Projectors with beam spreads between 250 and 400. These are
employed for a distance of 30-70 meter.
c) Wide angle Projectors: - Projectors with beam spreads between 400 and 900. They can be
employed for a distance of 30 meter or below.
c) Explain the lamps used for advertisement lighting.
Lamps used for advertisement lighting:- (Any Two Lamps expected each Lamp 2 Mark)
i) Neon tubes:-

or equivalent figure
The construction & circuit diagram for neon tube is as shown in fig. Basically neon tube is
used for advertisement or decoration purpose. The maximum length of tube is 8m. The available
diameter for neon tubes are 5mm,10mm,15mm, 20mm, 30mm, etc.
In the neon tube we can achieve various colours with addition of the chemical powders &
some of the inter gases. For this neon tube the high voltage induced by H.T. transformer secondary
(5000 to 7000V) is applied across the electrodes of advertisement tube.
The choke is used for ballast & power factor improvement capacitor is also used. For the neon
tube the continuous high voltage is required, so that following precautions should be taken.
The neon tube should be installed by government authorized supervisor.
The metal body of the HT transformer must be earthed separately.
Caution notice of danger board is required.
ii) Metal Halide lamp:
Constructional it is similar to mercury lamp. Is discharge tube (inter tube) contain a drop
of mercury which is named as metal and halides such as thallium, indium or sodium, So the
lamp is named as metal halide lamp.
Its operation is some similar to the mercury lamp. An arc is established between one main
electrode & auxiliary electrode through argon gas and then regular discharge takes place

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between two main electrodes through mercury vapour. The light is produced from an excited
mercury vapour and the products of dissociation of halide.

or equivalent figure
The halide cycle in metal halide lamp.
Metal (mercury) atoms move from electric arc towards the tube wall where the halides are
present.
Near the wall, the temperature & vapors pressure allows the metals & halides to form a
stable molecule which is known as metal halide molecules.
When metal halides approaches the arc, molecules break apart.
The halide move towards the wall and metals are excited and give out energy in the form of
light.
When enough metal atoms or loss during the operation the lamp fails.
The outer glass may or may not be phosphor coated from inside.
Electronic or auto transformer type ballast is used initiate the arc and to control the current,
The capacitor is used to improve the power factor.
The power ratings of lamp are from 175 watts to 1000 watts.
The life is 2000 working hours.
Some metal halides are used in indoor applications and the compact metal halide lamps are
used for display and flood light etc.
iii) Halogen Lamp:-

or equivalent figure
This is one type of incandescent lamp having number of advantages over the ordinary
incandescent lamp.

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Model Answer

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The life & efficiency of an incandescent lamp is affected by the gradual & evaporation of
tungsten and also its operating temperature but the addition of small amount of halogen
vapour to the gas in bulb restores.
The evaporated tungsten vapour back to the filament by means of chemical reaction and the
cycle goes on.
Halogens are a group consisting of the elements chlorine, fluorine & bromine & iodine. As
a result halogen lamps have the following advantages.
There is no blacking of bulb so there is no depression of light output.
It has 50 % more efficiency than that of an ordinary incandescent lamp.
It is smaller in size.
It gives better coloured radiation.
Halogen lamp are manufacture upto 5KW and are suitable for outdoor illuminations such
as illumination of building, airports, parking.
v) LED Lamp:The working principle of LED is similar to diode (P-N junction) whenever DC current flows
through the light emitting diode, if the current path is from anode to cathode there will be voltage
drop across the diode. Ti is 1.5V to 2.1V then light will be emitted through this diode.
The LED lamps are energy saving lamps,
The power consumption of the single LED is very less. It is in mw. So by using series &
parallel combination of LED.
The LED lamp is manufactured the available wattage for the LED lamps are 1W,2W 3W,
5W etc.
The LED lamps is available is various colours and diameter. The life of LED lamp is very
high minimum 10000 working hours.
d) State the importance of illumination control in illumination Engg.
Importance of illumination control in illumination Engg:-------------------------------(2 Marks)
In all over world the illumination is the very importance science to get the artificial lighting
for many applications. Among the all countries 40 to 50% electrical load is utilized to get the
various illumination effects for artificial lighting purpose out of total generation capacity that is
why there is best scope for to study, research & develop the various lighting devices to improve
their efficiency to minimize their power consumption in better economy.

There are following advantages of illumination engineering :----------------------------(2 Marks)

i) Electrical system will be more comfortable.
ii) Maintenance will be less.
iii) Appearance will be very good.

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iv) It will be economical.

v) Due to sufficient Lux level surrounding will be pleasant and working efficiency will be
high.
vi) Hard shadows are avoided & Flickers are minimized, so that accident will be less
e) Explain any four factors to be considered while designing the illumination for outdoor
application.

(Any Four points expected each point 1 Mark)

Factors to be considered while designing the illumination for outdoor application:i) Comfortable: - The energy illumination scheme should be comfortable to everybody.
ii) Pleasant surrounding: By the electrical lighting or the electrical illumination scheme the
surrounding area of that location should be pleasant.
iii) Long Life: - The life of the designed illumination should be larger.
iv) Economy: - The cost of the designed illumination scheme should be low.
v) Less maintenance: - For any type of illumination scheme the maintenance & repairing
should be less.
vi) Appearance: - The appearance of illumination scheme should be good.
vii) Less glare: - The glare is fatigue to the human eyes. The illumination scheme is designed
is such a way that there should be less glare to everyone i.e. Only electrical & mechanical
accidents will be less.
viii) Less Flicker: - The flicker is change in light intensity. This flicker should be always less
for any type of illumination scheme. In the flicker there are change of stroboscopic effect at
the time of workshop lighting in it is very important.
ix) To avoid hard Shadows: - The whole illumination scheme is designing for minimum
shadows. At the time of flood light the hard shadows are avoided.
x) Sufficient lux Level: - The lux level is decided by the type of application, type of location.
xi) Cleanliness: - The illumination scheme should be free from any type of ash, smoke or any
other air pollution it should be clean.
xii) Simple Control: - The illumination scheme designed by the electrical lighting is very
simple. The control, multicolour light intensity control is also possible in electrical
illumination.
END