Tortora Chapter 04

TORTORA FUNKE
CASE
Microbiology
AN INTRODUCTION
EIGHTH EDITION
B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein
Chapter 4
Functional Anatomy of Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic Cells
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Prokaryotic Cells
Learning objective: compare and contrast overall cell structure of
prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for
prenucleus.
Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for
true nucleus.
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
One circular
chromosome, not in
a membrane
Paired
chromosomes, in
nuclear membrane
No histones
Histones
No organelles
Organelles
Peptidoglycan cell
walls
Polysaccharide cell
walls
Binary fission
Mitotic spindle
Learning objective: Identify the three basic shapes of bacteria.
Average size: 0.2 -1.0 m 2 - 8 m (1 x 10-6 m)

Are unicellular and most multiply by binary fission
Basic shapes:
COCCUS
BACILLUS
SPIRAL
Arrangements
Pairs: diplococci,
diplobacilli
Clusters:
staphylococci
Chains:
streptococci,
streptobacilli
Arrangements
of cocci:
Can be
determined by
division of
planes.
Arrangements
of bacilli:
Arrangements
of spiral
bacteria:
Doublestranded helix
formed by
Bacillus
subtilis.
Bacillus cells
often remain
attached to
each other,
forming
extended
chains.
Unusual shapes (Prokaryotes)

Star-shaped Stella
Square Haloarcula (halophilic archaea salt-loving)
Most bacteria are monomorphic (single shape)
A few are pleomorphic (many shapes)
Figure 4.5
Learning objective: Describe the structure and function of the

glycocalyx, flagella, axial filaments, fimbriae, and pili.
Prokaryote cell
Glycocalyx
Outside cell wall
Usually sticky
A capsule is neatly
organized
A slime layer is
unorganized & loose
glycocalyx
Extracellular
polysaccharide (EPS)
allows cell to attach
Capsules prevent
phagocytosis
Protects against
dehydration or loss of
nutrients.
Figure 4.6a, b
Flagella
Long filamentous
appendages of a
filament, hook, and
basal body
Outside cell wall
Made of chains of
flagellin
Attached to a protein
hook
Anchored to the wall
and membrane by the
basal body
Figure 4.8
Flagella Arrangement
Four arrangements of flagella:
Figure 4.7
Motile Cells
Rotate flagella to run or tumble

Move toward or away from stimuli (positive and
negative taxis)
Flagella H proteins are antigens
(e.g., E. coli O157:H7)
Motile Cells
A Proteus cell swarming
may have 1000+
peritrichous flagella.
(from all sides)
Figure 4.9
Axial Filaments (endoflagellum)
Endoflagella
In spirochetes
Anchored at one end
of a cell
Rotation causes cell
to move
Figure 4.10a
Fimbriae and Pili
Are short, thin

appendages
Fimbriae of this E. Coli
cell allow attachment
(velcro). Cell is
beginning to divide.
Pili are used to transfer
DNA from one cell to
another
Figure 4.11
Learning objectives: Compare/contrast cell walls of gram-positive

bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, archaea, and mycoplasmas.
Differentiate between protoplast, spheroplast, and L form.
Cell
Wall
Prevents osmotic lysis (protects against changes in water pressure)
Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria = NAG+NAM+amino acids)

penicillin interferes with production of peptidoglycan
Contributes to disease capability and site of action of some antibiotics.
Figure 4.6a, b
Peptidoglycan (murein)
Polymer of disaccharide
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) & N-acetylmuramic acid
The small arrows denote where
(NAM)
Linked by polypeptides
penicillin interferes with linkage of

peptidoglycan rows.
Figure 4.13a
Gram positive vs. gram negative cell walls
Figure 4.13b, c
Gram-positive cell walls

Thick peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids
(alcohol+phosphate)
In acid-fast cells,
contains mycolic
acid (waxy lipid)
allows them to be
grouped into
medically significant
types.
Gram-negative cell walls
Thin peptidoglycan (subject

to mechanical breakage)
No teichoic acids
Outer membrane:
Evades phagocytosis
Barrier to certain antibiotics
Gram-Positive cell walls

Teichoic acids:
Lipoteichoic acid links to plasma membrane
Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan
May regulate movement of cations (+ charge)
Polysaccharides provide antigenic variation
(identification)
Figure 4.13b
Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

Lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids.
Forms the periplasm between the outer membrane and
the plasma membrane.
Protection from phagocytes, complement (30+ liver
proteins that protect host), antibiotics.
O polysaccharide antigen, e.g., E. coli O157:H7.
Lipid A is an endotoxin.
Porins (proteins) form channels through membrane to
pass other molecules
Gram-Negative Outer Membrane
Figure 4.13c
Gram Stain Mechanism

Crystal violet-iodine (CV-I) crystals form in cell
combining with peptidoglycan
Gram-positive
Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
CV-I crystals do not leave
Gram-negative
Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes
in peptidoglycan
CV-I washes out
Atypical Cell Walls
Mycoplasmas (Genus)
Lack cell walls
Sterols in plasma membrane
Archaea
Wall-less, or
Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D amino
acids, peptidoglycan)
Damage to Cell Walls

Lysozyme digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan
(gram+ cell walls destroyed, gram- damaged, resulting
in spheroplast).
Spheroplast is a wall-less Gram-positive cell.
Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan.
Protoplast is a wall-less cell.
L forms are wall-less cells that swell into irregular
shapes (gram+ and -).
Protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to
osmotic lysis.
Plasma (cytoplasmic) Membrane

Learning objectives: Describe the structure, chemistry, and functions
of prokaryotic plasma membrane.
Define simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active
transport, and group translocation.
Figure 4.14a
Plasma Membrane Fluid Mosaic Model

Selectively permeable
Phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral proteins
Integral proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Figure 4.14b
Fluid Mosaic Model

Membrane is as viscous
as olive oil.
Proteins move to function
Phospholipids rotate and
move laterally
Figure 4.14b
Plasma Membrane
Carry enzymes for metabolic reactions: nutrient
breakdown, energy production, photosynthesis
Selective permeability allows passage of some
molecules
Enzymes for ATP production
Photosynthetic pigments on foldings called
chromatophores or thylakoids
Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary
ammonium (detergents) and polymyxin antibiotics
causes leakage of cell contents.
Movement Across Membranes
High to low concentration:

Movement may be passive (no energy expenditure
diffusion or facilitated diffusion):
Simple diffusion: Movement of a solute from an area
of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
(ions move until equilibrium reached)
Facilitative diffusion: Solute combines with a
transporter protein in the membrane.
Figure 4.17

Osmosis (always involves
water):
Movement of water
across a selectively
permeable membrane
from an area of high
water concentration to
an area of lower water.
Osmotic pressure
The pressure needed to
stop the movement of
water across the
membrane.
Figure 4.18a
Osmosis
Figure 4.18c-e
Low to high concentration (against gradient) cell must

expend energy:
Active transport of substances requires a transporter
protein and ATP.
Group translocation of substances requires a
transporter protein and PEP. (phospheonolpyruvic acid)
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm is the fluid substance inside the plasma
membrane (water, inorganic and organic molecules,
DNA, ribosomes, and inclusions)
Figure 4.6a, b
Nuclear Area
Learning objectives: Identify functions of the nuclear area,
ribosomes, and inclusions.
Nuclear area (nucleoid) contains single long,

continuous, double-stranded DNA called bacterial
chromosome.
Bacteria can contain plasmids circular DNA
Figure 4.6a, b
Ribosomes = rRNA + proteins

Sites of protein synthesis (rRNA) free floating, not tied to
endoplasmic reticulum as in eukaryotes.
Figure 4.6a
Ribosomes
The letter S refers to Svedberg units = relative
rate of sedimentation.
Because of differences in prokaryotic and
eukaryotic ribosomes, the microbe can be
killed by antibiotics while eukaryotic host cell
is unaffected.
Figure 4.19
Inclusions
FUNCTION
Metachromatic granules
(volutin)
Phosphate reserves
Polysaccharide granules
Energy reserves
Lipid inclusions
Energy reserves
Sulfur granules
Energy reserves
Carboxysomes
Ribulose 1,5diphosphate carboxylase

for CO2 fixation
Gas vacuoles
Protein covered cylinders
Magnetosomes
Iron oxide
(destroys H2O2)
Iron-oxide inclusions in some gram-negative

bacteria that act like magnets.
Endospores
Learning objective: Describe the functions of endospores,
sporulation, and endospore germination.
Resting cells formed for survival

Sporulation: Endospore formation
Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals
Bacillus, Clostridium
Germination: Return to vegetative state
Endospores tend to
form under conditions
of stress.
Eukaryotic Cells
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for
prenucleus.
Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for
true nucleus.
Eukaryotic Flagella and Cilia

Prokaryotic
flagella rotate,
eukaryotic
flagella wave
Euglena (evolutionary
building block)
Flagella and Cilia

Flagella are few and long (motility), cilia are
numerous and short (motility and move substances
along cell surface)
Microtubules
Tubulin
9 pairs + 2 arrangements
Figure 4.23c
Cell Wall and Glycocalyx

Learning objective: Compare and contrast prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell walls and glycocalyxes.
Cell wall
Plants, algae, some fungi contain cellulose
Carbohydrates
Cellulose, chitin (fungal), glucan & mannan (yeast)
Glycocalyx surround animal cells (strength, attachment
to other cells)
Carbohydrates extending from animal plasma
membrane
Bonded to proteins and lipids in membrane
Plasma Membrane
Learning objective: Compare and contrast prokaryotic and
eukaryotic plasma membranes.
Phospholipid bilayer in both p. and e. cells

Peripheral proteins
Integral proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Sterols
Glycocalyx carbohydrates not found in p. cells except
Mycoplasma bacteria
Plasma Membrane
Selective permeability allows passage of some
molecules
Simple diffusion
Facilitative diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis: Pseudopods extend and engulf
particles (solids)
Pinocytosis: Membrane folds inward bringing in fluid
and dissolved substances (liquids)
Eukaryotic Cell
Cytoplasm
Substance inside plasma membrane
and outside nucleus
Cytosol
Fluid portion of cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton
filaments,
Microfilaments,
microtubules
Cytoplasmic streaming
throughout cells
intermediate
Movement of cytoplasm
Learning objectives:
Define organelle.
Describe the functions of the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum,
ribosomes, Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria,
chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and centrosomes.
Organelles
Specialized membrane-bound structure in cytoplasm:
Nucleus
Contains chromosomes (DNA)
ER
Transport network, ribosomes
Golgi complex
Membrane formation and protein

secretion
Lysosome
Digestive enzymes
Vacuole
Brings food into cells and

provides support
Mitochondrion
Cellular respiration (ATP)
Chloroplast
Photosynthesis (70S ribosomes)
Peroxisome
Oxidation of fatty acids;

destroys H2O2
Eukaryotic Cell
Not membrane-bound:
Ribosome
Protein synthesis (translation)
Centrosome Consists of protein fibers and

centrioles
Centriole
Mitotic spindle formation
Eukaryotic Nucleus
Figure 4.24
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER contains
ribosomes site of protein
translation
Smooth ER performs various
functions:
Synthesizes phospholipids,
fats, steroids
In liver: glucose release
and detoxify toxins
Creates vesicles
Figure 4.25
Ribosomes
80S
Membrane-bound Attached to ER
Free
In cytoplasm
70S
In chloroplasts and mitochondria
Golgi Complex
Golgi complex modifies, sorts, and packages proteins received from
the ER; discharges proteins via exocytosis; replaces portions of the
plasma membrane; and forms lysosomes (digestive enzymes).
Figure 4.26
Lysosomes (digestive enzymes)
Figure 4.22b
Vacuoles (storage of toxins, food, water)
Figure 4.22b
Mitochondrion (furnace of the cell)
Site of the
Krebs Cycle,
which produces
the energy
currency of the
cell - ATP
Figure 4.27
Chloroplast
Structure similar to mitochondria the

reverse side of respiration:
C6H12O6 + O2 = H2O + CO2 + ATP
Photosynthesis:
H2O + CO2 + sun = C6H12O6 + O2
Figure 4.28
Endosymbiotic Theory
Learning objective:
Discuss evidence that
supports the
endosymbiotic theory of
eukaryotic evolution.
Mitochondria and
chloroplasts resemble
bacteria in size and
shape as do their
ribosomes
These organelles
contain circular DNA
like prokaryotes and can
reproduce apart from
their host cell
Figure 10.2

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TORTORA FUNKE

B.E Pruitt & Jane J. Stein

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Learning objective: Identify the three basic shapes of bacteria.

Average size: 0.2 -1.0 m 2 - 8 m (1 x 10-6 m)

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Unusual shapes (Prokaryotes)

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Learning objective: Describe the structure and function of the

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Rotate flagella to run or tumble

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Axial Filaments (endoflagellum)

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fimbriae and Pili

Are short, thin

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Learning objectives: Compare/contrast cell walls of gram-positive

Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria = NAG+NAM+amino acids)

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

penicillin interferes with linkage of

Gram positive vs. gram negative cell walls

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gram-positive cell walls

Gram-negative cell walls

Thin peptidoglycan (subject

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gram-Positive cell walls

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gram Stain Mechanism

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Atypical Cell Walls

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Damage to Cell Walls

Plasma (cytoplasmic) Membrane

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Plasma Membrane Fluid Mosaic Model

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Fluid Mosaic Model

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Movement Across Membranes

High to low concentration:

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Movement Across Membranes

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Movement Across Membranes

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings