Microwave Circuits Notes

General Information
1. Class: 921U0560 Tue. 9:10-12:10, EE-II 144
2. Textbook: Microwave Engineering, 4th ed., D.M. Pozar, John Wiley &
Sons, 2011
3. Scopes: basic principles and design formula of passive and active
microwave linear circuits using transmission line theory in terms of V(z)
and I(z) (V+(z), V-(z), I+(z), I-(z)) representation and microwave network
analysis in terms of S-parameters
4. Contents:
Ch.2 Transmission line theory, 2.1, 2.3-2.7
Ch.3 Transmission lines and waveguides, 3.1, 3.5, 3.7, 3.8, 3.11
Ch.4 Microwave network analysis, 4.1-4.6
Ch.5 Impedance matching and tuning, 5.1-5.9
Ch.6 Microwave resonators, 6.1, 6.2, 6.5, 6.6
Ch.7 Power dividers and directional couplers, 7.1-7.3, 7.5-7.9

Ch.8 Microwave filters, 8.3-8.8

Ch.9 Theory and design of ferrimagnetic components, 9.6
Ch.10 Noise and nonlinear distortion, 10.1-10.4
Ch.11 Active RF and microwave devices, 11.1-11.4
Ch.12 Microwave amplifier design, 12.1-12.5
Ch.13 Oscillators and mixers, 13.2, 13.5
Ch.14 Introduction to microwave systems, 14.1-14.6
5. Estimated time table: 54hrs
Date

Notes

Date

Notes

9/16

~2-6

10

11/18

~7-25

9/23

~2-29

11

11/25

~7-60

9/30

~4-1

12

12/2

~8-32

10/7

~4-19

13

12/9

~10-10

10/14

~4-36

14

12/16

~11-11

10/21

~5-19

15

12/23

~11-38

10/28

~6-6

16

12/30

~12-36

11/4

Midterm Exam

17

1/6

~14-14

11/11

~7-12

18

1/13

Final Exam

6. Grades: review quiz 20%, midterm exam. (Ch.2-Ch.6) 30%, final

exam. (Ch.7-Ch.14) 50%
7. Office: room 541, or thc@ntu.edu.tw
8. Related readings:
(1) Foundations of interconnect and microstrip design, 3rd ed., T.C. Edwards, M.B. Steer,
John Wiely & Sons, 2000.
(2) Microwave engineering using microstrip circuits, Fooks and Zakarevicius, Prentice
Hall, 1990.
(3) RF/microwave circuit design for wireless applications, U.L. Rohde and D.P. Newkirk,
John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
(4) RF microelectronics, B. Razavi, Prentice Hall, 1998.
(5) Radio frequency and microwave electronics, M. M. Radmanesh, Prentice Hall, 2001.
(6) Microwave and RF engineering, R. Sorrentino and G. Bianchi, John Wiley & Sons,
2009.
*(7) Foundations for microwave engineering, R.E. Collin, McGraw-Hill, 2nd ed., 1992.

9. Notes (including solved problems and ADS examples) are available at

http://cc.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~thc/ or comm.ntu.edu.tw/faculty.htm
3

Chapter 1 Introduction
1. Definition
Microwave: designating or of that part of the electromagnetic
spectrum between the far infrared and some lower frequency limit:
commonly regarded as extending from 300,000 to 300 megahertz.
(Websters dictionary)
f: 300MHz - 300GHz : 100cm - 0.1cm
electromagnetic spectrum (p.2, Fig.1.1)
2. Why use microwaves?
(1) Antenna gain is proportional to the electric size of the antenna.
4 A
f , gain (p.665, eq.(14.12))
Dmax 2
miniature microwave system possible

(2) f available bandwidth (p.671, Sec.14.2)

e.g., TV BW=6MHz
10% BW of VHF @60MHz for 1channel
1% BW of U-band @60GHz for 100 channels

1-1

(3) Line of sight propagation and not effected by cloud, fog,

frequency reuse in satellite and terrestrial communications
(frequency division duplexing, FDD)
(4) Radar cross section (RCS) is proportional to the target electrical size.
P
frequency , RCS (p.696, Table 14.3)
s
radar application, see p.690
St
(5) Molecular, atomic and nuclear resonances occur at microwave
frequencies (p.703, Fig.14.29)
astronomy, medical diagnostics and treatment, remote sensing
and industrial heating applications
3. Biological effects and safety
non-ionized radiation thermal effect
IEEE standard C95.1-2005 (p.707, Fig. 14.32)
Excessive radiation may be dangerous to brain, eye, genital, stomach
organs,.. cataract, sterility, cancer,..
http://www.fda.gov/RadiationEmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/HomeBusinessandEntertainment/CellPhones/default.htm

1-2

Chapter 2 Transmission Line Theory

2.1 The lumped-element circuit model for a transmission line
transmission line or telegrapher equation,
traveling wave solution
2.3 The terminated lossless transmission line
Zin, , VSWR
time-average power flow
2.4 The Smith chart
Zin-plot conformal mapped on -plot
2.5 The quarter-wave transformer
frequency response, TDR
2.6 Generator and load mismatches
impedance match, conjugate match
2.7 Lossy transmission lines
low loss line, distortionless line
perturbation method
2-1

2.1 The lumped-element circuit model for a transmission line

Transmission line equation
TEM lines: coaxial line, parallel line and stripline
i(z, t)

i(z, t)
+
v(z, t)
-

+
R z L z
v(z, t)
G z
-

C z

i(z+ z, t)
+
v(z+ z, t)
-

R, L: conductor resistance, inductance/unit length (series elements)

G, C: dielectric conductance, capacitance/unit length (parallel elements)
KVL, KCL

v ( z , t )
i ( z , t )
Ri ( z , t ) L
z
t
i ( z , t )
v ( z , t )
Gv ( z , t ) C
z
t

time-domain form of transmission line equation, or telegrapher equation

2-2

 time-harmonic form ejwt

dV ( z )
( R jwL) I ( z )
dz
dI ( z )
(G jwC )V ( z )
dz

wave equation
d 2V ( z ) 2
d 2 I ( z) 2
V ( z ) 0,
I ( z) 0
dz 2
dz 2
( R jwL)(G jwC ) j
propagation constant

Traveling wave solution

incident
V ( z ) V ( z ) V ( z ) Vo e z Vo e z
I ( z ) I ( z ) I ( z ) I o e z I o e z

Zo

wave

1
(Vo e z Vo e z )
Zo

I+(z)
I(z) I(z)

reflected
wave

V+(z)V(z) V(z)

V
R jwL Vo
o : characteristic impedance
G jwC I o
Io

( derivation)

dV ( z )
G jwC z
Vo e z Vo e z = ( R jwL ) I ( z ) I ( z )
(Vo e z Vo e z )=
(Vo e Vo e z )
dz
R jwL
R jwL

1
R jwL
R jwL
(Vo e z Vo e z )=I ( z ) I ( z ) I o e z I o e z Z o

Zo
G jwC

2-3

time-domain solution
v ( z,t ) Vo e z cos( wt z Vo ) Vo e z cos( wt z Vo )
i ( z,t ) I o e z cos( wt z I o ) I o e z cos( wt z I o )

Discussion:
1. attenuation constant
V (1m) V (0m) e
ln

V (0m)

V (1m)

(Neper) 20 log

V (0m)

V (1m)

V (z )

P ( z ) P (0) e 2 z

e z
0m

1m

(dB),1Np 20 log edB 8.68dB

z
2-4

2. phase constant
phase velocity

2
w

vp

vp

wavelength

group velocity

d 1
vg (
)
dw

3. characteristic impedance (wave impedance)

Vo
Vo
V (z)
V (z)
)
(
)
Z o (
I o
I (z)
Io
I (z)
input impedance
4.

V ( z) V ( z) V ( z) Voez Voez
Zin ( z)
z z )
(

I ( z)
I ( z) I ( z) I o e I o e

P ( z ) V ( z ) I * ( z ) Vo I o*e 2 z

Vo

P ( z ) V ( z ) I * ( z ) Vo I o*e 2 z

e 2 z

Zo
Vo
Zo

e 2 z ( I : " ")

5. Transmission line equation can be derived from the Maxwells

equations (Sec. 2.2 on coaxial line example).

2-5

2.3 The terminated lossless transmission line

Zo

I(-l)
Zo,
s=0

Vg

+ V(-l)
(-l)
Z in ( l )

ZL

-l
0
z
source matched to line
Pinc ( l ) Pin ( l ), or Ptrans ( l )
(Zg=Zo)
Prefl (0)

standing wave solution

V ( z ) V o e j z V o e j z

I (z) I e

j z

I e

j z

V o j z V o j z

e
e
Zo
Zo
2-6

 Reflection coefficient (applications in measurement, radar, and

remote sensing)
V ( l ) V o e j l
(l )
j l L e j 2 l e j l L e j l
V (l )
Vo e
V o
(0) L
Vo

Input impedance (application in circuit design)

Z L jZ o tan l
V (l )
Zo
Z in ( l )
I (l )
Z o jZ L tan l
( derivation )
Z in ( l )
l 0

V e j l V o e j l
V o e j l (1 L e 2 j l )
1 L e 2 j l
V (l )
Z
Z
Z o o j l

o
o
I (l )
V o e V o e j l
V o e j l (1 L e 2 j l )
1 L e 2 j l

Z in (0)

Z Zo
1 L
V (0)
ZL Zo
L L
I (0)
1 L
ZL Zo

Z in ( l ) Z o
Zo

( Z L Z o ) e j l ( Z L Z o ) e j l
Z L ( e j l e j l ) Z o ( e j l e j l )
e j l L e j l

Z
o
o
e j l L e j l
( Z L Z o ) e j l ( Z L Z o ) e j l
Z L ( e j l e j l ) Z o ( e j l e j l )

Z L cos l jZ o sin l
Z jZ o tan l
Zo L
jZ L sin l Z o cos l
Z o jZ L tan l

2-7

 Voltage standing wave ratio

VSWR

1 L
V max

V min
1 L

( d e riv a tio n )
V ( l ) V o e j l V o e j l V o e j l (1 L e j 2 l ) V o e j
V ( l ) V o 1 L e j

V o

e j l (1 L e j

e j 2l )

e j 2l

V m a x V o 1 L
2n

, 2 l l
L 2 l

2(2 / )
2
V m in V o 1 L
( 2 n 1)

Time-average input or transmitted power flow

2
o

1 T
1
1V
2
*

(1 L ) Pinc Prefl Ptrans

Pin ( z) v(z, t )i(z,t )dt Re V (z)I (z)
2
2 Zo
T o
constant

time-average incident power

time-average reflected power

(lossless line)
2-8

(derivation)
1 T
1 T
jwt
jwt
v
z
t
i
z,t
dt
V
z
e
I
z
e

(
,
)
(
)
Re[
(
)
]Re[
(
)
]dt

0
0
T
T
1 T1
1
[V (z)e jwt V * ( z)e jwt ] [ I ( z)e jwt I * ( z)e jwt ]dt
T 0 2
2
1 T
= [V (z) I ( z)e j 2 wt V * ( z) I * ( z)e j 2 wt V ( z) I * ( z) V * ( z) I ( z)]dt
4T 0
T
1
1
[V ( z) I * ( z) V * ( z) I ( z)] dt
2Re[V ( z) I * ( z)]T
0
4T
4T
1
Re[V ( z) I * ( z)]
2
1
1
Re{(V V )( I I )*} Re{V I * V I * V I * V I *}
2
2
Im 1
V V * V V *
1
1
*
*
Re{V I

V I } Re{V I * V I *} Re P P
Zo
Zo
2
2
2
Pin (z)

2
o

2Z o

2
o

2Z o

2
o

2Z o

lossless line

(1 L ) Pinc Prefl , L
2-9

Vo
Vo

Z L Zo
Z L Zo

 Discussion
1. Zin

Zin ( z) Zo

1( z)
,
1( z)

2. Return loss RL 20 log L

e.g., L
RL
VSWR

(z)

Vo
Po
( dB ) 20 log 10 log
Vo
Po
0 .1
0

0 dB

20 dB

dB

1.22

all incident power is reflected

matched load
" return loss"

"no return loss"

3.

Zin ( z) Zo
Zin ( z) Zo

1 VSWR
matched load L 0 VSWR 1

Q:VSWR for a lossy line?

N

4. passive load 0 L 1, eg. o.c. L 1, s.c. L 1, matched load L 0

active load L 1
2-10

5. Impedance match
Zin(z)=Zo no reflected wave (z)=0, VSWR=1, RL= dB
Pin=Pin,max: maximum power delivered to the load
6. l=/2, Zin(l)=ZL,
l=/4, Zin(l)=Zo2/ZL impedance inverter or quarter-wave transformer
/4
1:n or n:1
R1

RL

n VSWR

R1

Zo

RL

RL
, n : 1 R1 n 2 R L
2
n
Z o2
RL
RL
R L Z o RL Z o R L
R

1
1

RL
R L2 / Z o2 VSW R 2
R L Z o 1:n Z o
1 L
VSW R

1 L
R L Z o RL Z o Z o
Z o2
R
1
, R1

2 L 2 VSW R 2 R L
R L Z o n :1 R L
RL
RL / Z o

1 : n R1

2-11

I o I o

7. Mismatch loss (ML)

@ z 0, V o V o V L
V o
V
L , T L
Vo
Vo

Zo

Vg

V o V o

Zo,

V o (1 L ) V o T 1 L T
Pinc

2
o

2
o

1 V
1 V
, Prefl
2 Zo
2 Zo
2

Ptrans

Z V
1 VL

o L
RL V
2 RL
o

2
2

2
o

2
o

1 Vo
2 Zo

Pinc Prefl Ptrans Pinc L

M L ( m ism atch loss ) 10 log

R L ( return loss ) 10 log

Prefl
Pinc

IL
VL
RL

2
o

1 V
2 Zo
Zo
T
RL

Pinc T P

Pinc L

Pinc T P

Pinc T P

Pinc 1 L

TP

Prefl

Pinc

Ptrans
Z
o T
Pinc
RL

Zo
T
RL

Ptrans
20 log T P
Pinc
20 log L

R L , L 1, R L 0 dB , T 2, T P 0, M L dB
R L 0, L 1, R L 0 dB , T 0, T P 0, M L dB
1
3
50 9 3
2
, M L 1.25 dB
, R L 6 dB , T , T P
2
2
150 4 4
50
1
1
50 1 3
2
, Z o 50 , L , R L 6 dB , T , T P
, M L 1.25 dB
RL
3
2
2
50 / 3 4 4
R L 150 , Z o 50 , L

R L 50 , Z o 50 , L 0, R L dB , T 1, T P

2-12

1, M L 0 dB

eg. transmission line junction

V o,1
V

o ,1

,T

V o,2
V

o ,1

V o,1 (1 ) V o,2 V o,1T 1 T

Pinc

V o,1
1 V o ,1
1 V o ,1

, Prefl

2 Z o ,1
2 Z o ,1
V o,1
2

Ptrans

Zo,2

Zo,1

@ junction , V1 V 2 V o,1 V o,1 V o,2

Z o ,1 V o ,2
1 V o ,2

Z o ,2 V
2 Z o ,2
o ,1

2
2

Pinc Prefl Ptrans Pinc

1 V o ,1

2 Z o ,1

Pinc ,

Prefl
Pinc

Z
1 V o ,1
o ,1 T
Z o ,2
2 Z o ,1
2

Pinc T P

Pinc T P

Pinc 1

Z o ,1 50 , Z o ,2 50 , 0, R L dB , T 1, T P
Z o ,1 50 , Z o ,2 150 ,

3
1
, R L 6 dB , T , T P
2
2

2-13

Pinc , T P

TP

Z
Ptrans
o ,1 T
Pinc
Z o ,2
Z o ,1
Z o ,2

1, M L 0 dB
2

3
, M L 1.25 dB
4

8. Open-circuited line
, Zo

V 2Vo cos l
I

V / 2Vo

j 2V
sin l
Zo

Z in

O.C. L= 1

IZ o / 2 jVo

Z0
jX in
j tan l

X in / Z o

l
C

l
l

wZ o
Zoc

Z in

Zo
Z
j o
j tan l
l

w w r
1

,
wC
vp
c 2-14

9. Short-circuited line
, Zo

V j 2V sin l

S.C. L= -1

V / j 2Vo

-l

IZ o / 2Vo

2Vo
I
cos l
Zo

X in / Z o

Z in jZ o tan l jX in

l
Z ol Z o r l

w
c
Z in jwL jZ o tan l
L

jZ ol ,

w w r

vp
c
2-15

(derivation of the y-axis scales in Figs.2-6 and 2-8)

open circuited transmission line

V Vo (e jz e jz ) 2Vo cos z z 0
z l , V 2Vo cos l , or

V
cos l
2Vo

Vo jz
j 2Vo
IZ o
j 2Vo
j z
I
e )
sin l
(e
sin z
sin l , or

Zo
Zo
Zo
-j 2Vo
Z in

Z0
X
1
jX in , or in
j tan l
Z0
tan l

similarly, for short circuited transmission line

V Vo (e jz e jz ) j 2Vo sin z j 2Vo sin l , or

V
sin l
j 2Vo

Vo jz
IZ o
2Vo
2Vo
j z
I
e )
cos l
(e
cos z
cos l , or
Zo
Zo
Zo
2Vo
Z in jZ o tan l jX in , or

X in
tan l
Z0
2-16

10. Standing wave expression

V ( z ) V o e j z V o e j z V o e j z (1 L e j 2 z ) V o e j V o e j z (1 L e j L j 2 z )
V ( z ) V o 1 L e j L j 2 z
2

V o

[1 L c os( L 2 z )] 2 L sin 2 ( L 2 z )

V o

(1 L ) 2 2 L [1 c os( L 2 z )]

V o

(1 L ) 2 4 L sin 2 ( z

L
)
2

,z
V (z)
1

2
n

(
)
V m in V o (1 L )

2
2n

L 2 z L 2 l

, l
2
2(2 / )
2
( 2 n 1)
V m a x V o (1 L )

An ADS example of a terminated transmission line is given in Ex1 in

Ch2_prj.

2-17

11. Measurable quantities

eg. an open circuited transmission line
V (l ) Vo e jl Vo e jl 2Vo cos l v(l , t ) Re[Ve jwt ] 2 Vo cos l cos( wt Vo )

V
V
2
2
j 2Vo

o
o
I (l )
sin l i (l , t ) Re[ Ie jwt ]
sin l sin( wt Vo )
sin l cos( wt Vo )
Zo
Zo
Zo
2

(1) Zin (l ) : most difficult

measure v(l , t ) and i(l , t ) V (l ) and I (l ) Zin (l )

V (l )
I (l )

(2) in (l ) : less difficult

V (l )
separate v(l , t ) into v (l , t ) and v (l , t ) measure V (l ) and V (l ) in (l )
1e j 2l
V (l )
(3) VSWR: least difficult

measure vamp ,max , vamp ,min , vamp (l ) 2 Vo cos l VSWR

2-18

Vmax
Vmin

vamp ,max
vamp ,min

2.4 The Smith chart

Map rectangular plot of z Z Z o r jx onto the polar plot of
e j ( r ji ), 1, 180 o 180 o
j
G

Z o,

(-l)

x=1

L L
S.C.

Z (l )

ZL

r=1

inductive

O.C.

capacitive
x= -1

-j

( derivation )

Z Zo z 1
1 1 r j i 1 2r i2 j 2 i

z r jx

1 1 r j i
(1 r ) 2 i2
Z Zo z 1
( r

1 2
1
1
r 2
) i2 (
) , ( r 1) 2 ( i ) 2 ( ) 2
1 r
1 r
x
x
2-19

2-20

Discussion
( l ) L e j 2 l

1 . Z L z L L ( l ) z ( l ) Z ( l )
2 . r-circle x -circle
3 . V S W R rm ax
( derivation )
V SW R

V m ax
1 L
V m ax
1 L
R

, rm ax m ax
V m in
Zo
I m in Z o 1 L
1 L

V ( l ) V o e j l V o e j l V o e j l (1 L e j 2 l ) V o e j
V (l) V

1 L e

j L j 2l

, I (l)

V o
Zo

1 L e j

V o

e j l (1 L e j

L j 2l

0
(1
),
(1 L )
V
I

o
L
m ax
m in
Zo

L 2 l
V o

V m in V o (1 L ), I m ax Z (1 L )
o

4. l 2 360o

2-21

e j 2l )

Vmin
Imax
Rmin

2 l

Vmax
Imin
Rmax

5. z 1 ( y

Y
YZ o ) 180o
Yo

( derivation)
j 180o

1 1 1 1 1 e
z
,z

z 1 1 e j
1

6. VSWR, lmin L

180o

1 '
, ' e j

1 '

180o

z-1=y

Vmax
Vmin
Vmin

2 l min

lmin
VSW R

1 L
1 L

Vmax

VSW R 1
VW SR 1

1 8 0 o 2 l m in L
2-22

7. Ex. 2.4 VSWR=1.5, find L

lmin=4.2-2.72=1.48cm=0.37

S.C.
load
0.2

2.2

0.72

2.72

4.2

V
Vmax
Vmin
unknown
load

4.72

Vmin
L

2 l min

2 cm 4 cm
2
1 L
V SW R 1 1.5 1
V SW R
L

0.2
1 L
V W SR 1 1.5 1
L 180 2 l m in
o

2 180 o
180 2
1.48 360 o 86.4 o
4

2-23
o

2.5 The quarter-wave transformer

Zo

Z1

rL '

rL

RL

/4

Z in

Z12
matched condition: Z in ( f o )
Zo
RL

rL

RL
rL ' rL1 RL ' rL ' Z1
Z1

RL ' rL ' Z1
Z1
Z12

1
Zo
Zo
Z o rL Z o RL

Discussion
1. Ex.2.5, frequency response (p.73, Fig.2.17)
2. Analysis from multiple-reflection viewpoint (slide 2-28)
2-24

2.6 Generator and load mismatches

Zg

Vg

1
Re(Vin I in* )
2
2
Rin
1
Vg
2
( Rin Rg ) 2 ( X in X g ) 2

Iin
+
Vin
in -

Zo,
g

Pin

L ZL

Z in , Pin
Z L , PL lossless line power delivered to the load
PL Pin
Discussion
1. Impedance match
load matched to the line Z L Z o (L 0) Z in Z o
Pin

2
Zo
1
Vg
2
2
( Z o Rg ) 2 X g

source matched to the loaded line Z g Z in (in 0)

Rg
2
1
Pin Vg
2
4( Rg2 X g2 )
2-25

( derivation)
time average input power
Vin*
1
1
1
1
2
*
Pin Re(Vin I in ) Re(Vin * ) Vin Re( * )
2
2
Z in
2
Z in
1
Vg
2

Z in

Z in Z g

Re(

Z in
Z in

)
2

2
Rin
1
Vg
2
( Rin Rg ) 2 ( X in X g ) 2

load matched to the line ( Z L Z o )

2
Rin
1
Z in Z o , Pin Vg
2
( Z o Rg ) 2 X g 2

source matched to the loaded line ( Z g Z in )

Rg
Rg
2
2
1
1
Pin Vg
Vg
2
( R g Rg ) 2 ( X g X g ) 2 2
4( Rg 2 X g 2 )

2-26

2. Conjugate match

Z g fixed
maximum power transfer from source
*
Z in Z g ( g 0, in 0)

Pin ,max

1
Vg
2

Pin
Pin
(
0,
0)
Rin
X in
1
4 Rg

Pavs ( Pinc ) Pin

Rg

Xg

Z in Z g *

(12.9)

: maximum available power from source

Xin=-Xg

Rg

Vg
in 0

g 0

Z in , Pin

Rin
=Rg

2-27

= 0

Rin
=Rg

3. Reflection coefficient (from multiple reflection viewpoint)

Zg

Zo Zg
Z0 Zg
T1 1 1

T2

T1

in

Zo,

Z in

ZL

Z out

-l

Zg Z0
1
Zg Z0
T2 1 2
2

ZL Z0
L
ZL Z0

in 1 T1e j 2 l 3T2 T1e j 2 l 32 e j 2 l 3 T2 T1e j 2 l 32 e j 2 l 32 e j 2 l 3 T2 ...

1 T1e

j 2 l

3T2 (e

j 2 l

T13T2 e j 2 l
2 3 ) 1
1 2 3e j 2 l
n

(1 1 )3 (1 1 )e j 2 l 1 3e j 2 l
1

1 13e j 2 l
1 13e j 2 l
2-28

Zo Zg
in

Z L Z o j 2l
e
ZL Zo

Zo Zg
1 3e j 2l

Z Z g Z L Z o j 2l
1 1 3 e j 2 l
1 o
e
Zo Zg ZL Zo

( Z o Z g )( Z L Z o ) e j l ( Z o Z g )( Z L Z o ) e j l
( Z o Z g )( Z L Z o ) e j l ( Z o Z g )( Z L Z o ) e j l
Z o Z L c o s l Z o2 j s in l Z g Z L j s in l Z g Z o c o s l
Z o Z L c o s l Z j s in l Z g Z L j s in l Z g Z o c o s l
2
o

1 / cos l
1 / cos l

Z o ( Z L jZ o ta n l ) Z g ( Z o jZ L ta n l )
Z o ( Z L jZ o ta n l ) Z g ( Z o jZ L ta n l )

ZL
Zo

Z
Zo L
Zo
Zo

jZ o
jZ L
jZ o
jZ L

ta n l
Zg
Z in Z g
Z jZ o t a n l
ta n l
, Z in Z o L

ta n l
Z o jZ L ta n l
Z in Z g
Zg
ta n l

Z g jZ o ta n l
Z L Z out
, Z out Z o
Z L Z out
Z o jZ g ta n l

4. Impedance match (source is matched to the loaded line)

Zin(z)=Zg(z): no reflected wave, in(z)=0, VSWR=1, RL= dB

2-29

2.7 Lossy transmission lines

low-loss line, R<<wL, G<<wC

1 R
G Z o ), w
(
2 Zo

LC , Zo

L
C

distortionless line RC=LG

R

l
1
C
: constant, w LC v p
: constant, t : constant
L
vp
LC

Zo

L
C

perturbation method
low-loss line (assume (z)=0)

P
power loss per unit length: Pl
2 P ( z )
P ( z ) Po e
z
P ( z ) Pl ( z 0)
l

2 P( z )
2 Po

2-30
2 z

Discussion
1. c d (Ex. 2.6, 2.7, p.721 Appendix J)
( Ex.2.6, 2.7 for coaxial line)

Rs
1
C
L
1 1 w "
(R
)
( )
G
c d
b
2
L
C
2
2 ln a b
a

2. Wheeler incremental inductance rule

c conductor loss current flow inside conductor

H in the conductor L Z o
c

R s dZ o
L

2Zo
2 Z o dl

2-31

Solved Problems
Prob. 2.16 Vg ,rms 15V , Z g 75, Z o 75, Z L 60 j 40, l 0.7
calculate PL
Iin
IL
Zg
+
+
Zo,
Vg,rms
Vin
VL
ZL
L Zin
2

(1) PL Pinc (1 L ), Pinc

Vg

(2) PL I in Rin

Z g Z in

Pinc PL
(Vg / 2) 2
Zo

, L

Z L Zo
( Z g Z o )
Z L Zo

Re( Z in ), Z in Z o

Z L jZ o tan l
Z o jZ L tan l

(3)PL I L

Vg
V
RL L Re( Z L ), VL V0 (1 L ), V0 ( Z g Z o )
ZL
2
Zg

(3)
Z L Z o tanh l

, Z in Z o
V0 VL PL
for a lossy line:Vin V (e L e ) Vg
Z in Z g
Z o Z L tanh l

2-32

Prob. 2.18 Calculate Pinc, Prefl, Ptrans

50 P50
Pg

P50 50

/2

Pg

Pinc

10V

Ptrans (Pin)

Prefl

P50

Pinc

10V

Ptrans (Pin)
75

Prefl

75

50
Pg

1 10
1
10 2
10 0.4W , Pinc (
) 50 0.25W
2 50 75
2 50 50
1
10 2
1
10 2
) 50 0.16W , Ptrans Pin (
) 75 0.24W
(
2 50 75
2 50 75
2

75 50
Prefl Pinc 0.25
0.01W
75 50
Pinc Prefl Ptrans , Pg P50 Ptrans P50 Pinc Prefl
2

For conjugate match: Z in Z g *, ( Rin Rg , impedance match)

Pavs Pin

Z in Z g *

0.25W ( 0.24W ) P50 0.25W , Pg 0.5W , Prefl 0W

2-33

Prob. 2.27 Find b/a and Zo for a coaxial line to have minimal c
c

Rs
1 1
( )
2 ln b / a a b

c Rs 1
1
1 1
1
1

[ (
)2 ( )
( 2 )] 0
a
2 a ln b / a a b ln b / a a
b
b b b
b
1 1
a ( ) ln ,1 ln 3.59
a b
a
a a a
a
b
Zo
ln 77, for r 1
2 a

ADS examples: Ch2_prj

2-34