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ADDITIONAL MIXTURE
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
POLYTECHNIC KUCHING SARAWAK
ABSTRACT
This study is carried on to produce pontoon which is a lightweight concrete
that able to float on water. The pontoon is made of cement and Styrofoam and fiber
glass are added as additional material into the mixture. The fiber glass is used as
bonding material in the mixture so the mix is strong and not fragile while the
Styrofoam acts as the floating material for the pontoon.
The main objective of this study is to produce pontoon that strong in
compressive strength and able to float steadily on water. The mixture is mix in 3 type
of mixture and each mixture is used to produce 1 test cube. Each of the cube will be
test in compressive strength where each cube is test for 7 day strength.
The result for the test, the higher the density of the mix, the higher the
compressive strength of cube. The conclusion from the test is the test cube does not
able to achieved the standard compressive strength for lightweight concrete which is
15-17kN/mm2, however the cube did not break such as the fail mod for normal
concrete because of the Styrofoam physical characteristic is elastic. The produced
pontoon is able to float on the water where the lower the density of the concrete, the
higher the buoyancy of the concrete.
Keyword: lightweight concrete, additional mixture, Styrofoam, fiber glass, pontoon.
INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM STATEMENT
1. To reduce the uses for cement by using Styrofoam and fiber glass as admixture
OBJECTIVE
SCOPE
1. This study is carried out to study the compressive strength of the lightweight
concrete by using Styrofoam and fiber glass as admixture and not adding sand in
the mix.
METHODOLOGY
The study is conduct to produce designed lightweight concrete sample. To
achieve the objective of this study, the compressive strength test conducts when the
age of the concrete is 7 day.
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Chart 1.1 The methodology of work
Designing of concrete
In this study, the designing of the pontoon is based on the required density of
lightweight concrete. The design is based on each of the material specific gravity
where the design mix is shown in the table below.
Mix
Sampl
e
(Age)
Day
Density
(KG/mm2)
1
2
3
1
2
3
7
7
7
918
871
800
Wate
r
(KG)
6.5
6
5
Table 1.1
Cement
(KG)
12.5
10
7.5
Additional
Material (KG)
Polystyren Fibe
e
r
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.5
LITERATURE REVIEW
Introduction to Concrete
Additional Material
Fiber
There are various types of fiber have been used in the concrete mix by
considering the nature of the mechanical, physical and chemical properties.
Generally, fiber materials are materials made of steel, glass, synthetic and natural
materials that are available in various sizes and shapes. Fiber used in this study is
fiber glass.
Fiber glass is a fiber material made of very fine glass. It is used as a
reinforcing agent in polymer products: which produces composite materials.
Polymers such as fiber reinforced polymer (fiber-reinforced polymerase or FRP) or
glass reinforced plastic (glass-reinforced plastic or GRP), more commonly known by
the name of the fiber glass.
Since ages, glass makers do tests with fiber glass, but mass production of
glass fiber can only be done with the creation of a better machine tools. Voltage
increases, the strength of a strong chemical resistance and excellent insulating
properties. Fiber glass will be soft when experiencing temperatures above 400C.
This fiber has high strength, low density, good electrical insulation and sound good
conductor. But this fiber has a defect that it is not suitable for use to build bridges
and airplane wings.
Types of Fiber
Glass
Uses
E-glass
Z-glass
AR-glass
C-glass
S-glass
Low K-glass
Polystyrene (Styrofoam)
Concrete Strength
The main factors affecting the strength of concrete are the number of voids
left in concrete, more compressible and this phenomenon will reduce strength.
Therefore, it is important to be compacted concrete as possible. Concrete strength
also increases with age, but the rate increases is greatly affected by proper curing
method. Preferably concrete stored in moist conditions to enable the cement
hydration occurs well. BS1881: Part 111 (1985) noted that quality of concrete shall
comply with the minimum force in accordance with the design and grade of concrete
produced at the age of 7 days, 14 days and 28 days, one of the properties is the
compressive strength of concrete strength.
Compressive Strength
Compressive strength is one of the most important aspects in determining the
quality of a concrete, whether good or not. To achieve these goals and objectives,
the concrete should be prepared carefully starting materials for concrete mixes up to
during and after providing concrete free from any defects in a vacuum or a fine
cavity. However, the mechanical properties such as strength of concrete are difficult
to explain in detail. (A.M Neville, 2004)
Concrete can resist compression better than other forms of stress and
generally in many cases, the compressive strength of concrete may be the most
important. Compression test results can be used for control purposes and
comparison. Compression testing on these cubes does not provide information about
the strength of concrete directly but instead represent potential strength concrete mix
when produced. However, these tests are useful and if interpreted correctly made
and it can be used to determine the quality of concrete.
RESULT
Mix
1
2
3
Density
(kg/m3)
DISCUSSION
Based on observation, the fail mode occurred on the 3 test cube is shown in figure
below.
Figure 4.1: One of the sample cube with the added Styrofoam and fiber glass as
admixture.
Based on observation, the failure mode happen on each cube does not differ
on each other. It did not break like normal concrete due to present of Styrofoam that
have elastic characteristic. All the tested cubes fail because of cracking and not the
same as fail mode for normal concrete.
CONCLUSION
concrete is usually caused by the use of Styrofoam and fiber glass has no coarse
aggregate.
The optimum density of the mix in this study is the mix that has a density of
918 kg / m3 for concrete compressive strength is higher and more stable and
buoyant force equal to the density of the mixture compared with 2 and 3. This
lightweight concrete has a high ruggedness and not easily broken because of the
fiber glass as a binder and also lightweight Styrofoam properties make it suitable for
use in construction, such as pontoon, structural walls, concrete block and thermal
insulation on the roof. This research is also little to raise awareness about recycling
and reduce disposal Styrofoam.
Overall, there are two objectives in this study. The first objective is to study the
properties of lightweight concrete compressive strength by using Styrofoam and fiber
glass as an additional material and adding sand into the mix. The first objective was
not achieved due to the compressive strength of lightweight concrete produced does
not meet the standards of lightweight concrete that is 15-17kN / mm2. Comparison
between all concrete light that has been generated, the maximum compressive
strength reaches only 0.10N / mm2 at 7 days of curing of the mix first, third sample.
The second objective is to produce pontoon that can float on the water surface using
Styrofoam and fiber glass. The second objective can be achieved in this study
because the buoyancy of lightweight concrete is high.
Overall conclusion of the study is; the lower the density of each concrete mix,
the higher buoyancy of concrete cubes. But the higher the density of the concrete,
the higher the compressive strength can be obtained on the concrete compression
test.
REFERENCE
1. British Standard Institution (1983 a), Testing Concrete Part 116: Method for
Determination of Compressive Strength of Concrete Cubes (BS1881) Ltd:
London
2. Buku Sifat Konkrit by A.M. Neville (Penterjemah oleh: Abd Ghafar Abd Rahman
dan ZuberHj. Din). A.M. Neville (1994) Sifat Konkrit Dewan Bahasa dan
Pustaka, Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
3. American Concrete Institute, Detroit (1992), Specifications of Masonry
Structures ACI 530.1-92/ASCE 6-92/TMS 602-92, Reference manual
4. C.H. Whitney, E.M. Robert (1981) Building Construction; Materials and Types
of Construction Fifth Edition Short, W. Kinniburgh (1963) Lightweight
Concrete C.R. Books
5. J. Aspdin(1918) Cement from Rock Quarrying for Cement Manufacture
6. D.J. Cook, Surrey University (1983) Expanded Polystyrene Concrete,
Concrete Technology and Design, New Concrete Materials, Vol. 1, pp. 41-69
7. Surrey University (1983) FIP Manual of Lightweight of Lightweight Aggregate
Concrete: Second Edition
8. BK. Marsh (1997) Design of Normal Concrete Mixes Second Edition,
Construction Research Communications Ltd: UK
9. Shan Somayaji (2000) Civil Engineering MaterialSecond Edition, ISBN13:
9780130839060
10. M. Sidney, J.F Young, D. Darwid (1990) Concrete Second Edition.
11. Abdullah A. Siam (2007,634) Properties of Concrete Mixes with Waste Glass
12. Yuan Li (2008) Standardized Physical Property Testing of Self-consolidating
Concrete (SCC).
13. Sika Concrete Handbook (2013), Dipl.-Ing. HTL Jrg Schlumpf, Sika Services
AG, Dipl.-Ing. Bastian Bicher, Sika Services AG, Dipl.-Ing. Oliver Schwoon, Sika
Services AG.