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Abstract
Ferrous slags (blast furnace slag, steel slag, ferro-alloy, etc.) are the industrial byproducts from a greatest interest to the pavement construction industry, given their wide availability and scope of uses. Above that, the production of aggregate from slag instead from rock
would decrease the amount of raw material extraction and enable further environmental benefit
since less industrial by-products would be disposed in landfills.
Until the regulations for construction products according to EU Directives didnt get in
force in Croatia, there were no technical requirements or specifications for the evaluation of
possible use of the slag aggregates in road construction. Therefore there is no much experience
in Croatia in the application of the slag aggregate in bituminous mixtures and the practical
application is rather in the research phase.
In this paper testing results of one type of steel slag aggregate produced in Croatia are
presented, as well as results of the asphalt produced from 75 % of steel slag aggregate and 25 %
of limestone rock aggregate. Analysis of results showed that the asphalt produced with the steel
slag aggregate has good resistance to permanent deformation, high stability with good flow
properties and high stiffness modulus.
Povzetek
elezne lindre (plavna lindra, jeklarska lindra, elezova zlitina itd.) so industrijski
stranski proizvodi, ki so zelo zanimivi za gradnjo zgornjega ustroja, ker so zelo dostopni in imajo
iroko podro je uporabe. Poleg tega bi proizvodnja agregata iz lindre namesto iz kamna zmanjala obseg pridobivanja surovin in omogo ila dodatne okoljske koristi, ker bi se na odlagali ih
zmanjala koli ina industrijskih stranskih proizvodov.
Do uveljavitve predpisov o gradbenih proizvodih v skladu z direktivami EU na Hrvakem
ni bilo tehni nih zahtev ali specifikacij za oceno morebitne uporabe agregatov iz lindre pri
gradnji cest. Zato na Hrvakem ni veliko izkuenj pri uporabi agregata iz lindre v bitumenskih
zmeseh, prakti na uporaba pa je e v fazi raziskav.
V tem prispevku so predstavljeni rezultati preskuanja vrste agregata iz jeklarske lindre,
proizvedenega na Hrvakem, in rezultati asfalta, izdelanega iz 75 odstotkov agregata iz jeklarske
lindre in 25 odstotkov agregata iz apnenca. Analiza rezultatov je pokazala, da ima asfalt, izdelan iz agregata jeklarske lindre, dobro odpornost na stalne deformacije, visoko stabilnost z
dobrimi prometnimi lastnostmi in modulom visoke togosti.
Fistri , M., Strineka, A., Roskovic, R.: Lastnosti agregata iz jeklarske lindre in asfaltnega betona iz jeklarske lindre
ers).
1 Introduction
Ferrous slags are the industrial byproducts coming from metallurgical process
of iron production (blast furnace slag) or steel
production (steel slag) which is, because of its
favourable physical and mechanical properties, almost fully used in various branches of
industry. If slag is used as raw material, it is
no longer necessary to store it on industrial
waste landfill sites, and lesser quantities of
mineral raw materials need to be extracted.
Slags are mostly used in the manufacture
of building materials, such as the road construction aggregate, concrete, railway ballast,
cement, mineral wool, etc. It is interesting to
note that even the old Romans used slag from
furnaces in the construction of Roman roads
in the Sussex District in England [1]. In the
USA slag is used from the first half of the 19th
century as road construction material, from
the second half of the 19th century as railway
ballast and in cement industry, and from the
beginning of the 20th century as aggregate for
bituminous mixtures [2].
Nowadays, according to the US Geological Survey data [3], 11.6 million tons of blast
furnace slag was manufactured in the US in
2006. 35.7 % of this quantity was used in
cement industry, and 34.3 % in road construction. In the same year, out of the total of 8.7
million tons of steel slag produced, 8.2 % was
used in cement industry, and as many as 63.1
% in the production of road construction
materials.
As per data [4] provided by the European
slag association (EUROSLAG), about 25
million tons of blast furnace slag was produced in Europe in 2004. Out of this quantity
64.0 % was used in cement industry, and 32.6
% in the production of road construction
materials. In the same year 15 million tons of
steel slag was produced. Only 1 % of that
quantity was used in cement industry, while
45 % was used in road construction (embankments, loose base courses, asphalt lay-
2 Test results
2.1 Test results of steel slag
aggregate
To assess whether slag is suitable for use
as aggregate in asphalt mixes, the laboratory
conducted slag testing in accordance with
HRN EN 13043, Aggregates for bituminous
mixtures and surface treatments for roads,
airfields and other trafficked areas [5].
This standard defines requirements for
aggregate, and hence for slag, with categories
according to individual aggregate properties.
Test results for slag as aggregate, and
relevant categories for individual properties,
are presented in Tables 1 to 10. Tests shown
in Tables 1 to 9 were conducted in the Stone
& Aggregate Laboratory of Institute IGH,
while the testing shown in Table 10 was made
in the Stone & Aggregate Laboratory of
Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute.
Table 1. Particle shape of aggregates flakiness index, EN 933-3 [5] and shape index, EN 933-4 [6]
Overall flakiness
index
Category
Shape index
Category
FI
FI
SI
SI
4/8
FI10
SI15
8/16
FI10
SI15
Aggregate size
(mm)
10. SLOVENSKI KONGRES O CESTAH IN PROMETU, Portoro, 20. 22. oktobra 2010
Category
Ecs
Ecs38
Particle size
fractions
8/16 mm/
/wet
10/11,2 mm:
30-40 %
11,2/14 mm:
70-30 %
Micro-Deval
koeficijent
Mean
value
Category
MDE
M DE
M DE
M DE 10
7,8
7,3
Table 4. Resistance to fragmentation by the Los Angeles test method, EN 1097-2 [9]
Aggregate size (mm)
Los Angeles
coefficient
Category
LA
LA
13
LA15
10/11,2 mm: 30 %
8/16
11,2/14 mm:70 %
Table 5. Particle density and water absorption, EN 1097-6 (Pyknometer method) [10]
Aggregate size
(mm)
0/4
4/8
8/16
Particle density
(Mg/m3)
Water absorption
(%)
ssd
rd
WA24
3,49
3,65
3,73
3,41
3,59
3,68
3,69
3,82
3,88
2,2
1,7
1,5
Category
PSV
PSV68
MS18
Category
(%)
0,4
F1
10. SLOVENSKI KONGRES O CESTAH IN PROMETU, Portoro, 20. 22. oktobra 2010
Particle size
fraction (mm)
Mass loss
10-14 mm
0,4 %
Loss in strength
(VLA= LA2-LA1)
1,3
Table 9. Determination of the affinity between aggregate (slag) and bitumen, EN 12697-11 [21]
Degree of bitumen coverage
(%)
after 6 h
after 24 h
95
90
Expansion
(% v/v)
2,2
Fraction
JAPRA
TOUNJ
TROSKA
TROSKA
TROSKA
filler
0-4
0-4
4-8
8 - 11
Quantity in mix
[% (m/m)]
3,1
25,5
25,5
26,4
19,5
10. SLOVENSKI KONGRES O CESTAH IN PROMETU, Portoro, 20. 22. oktobra 2010
"
#$
[% (m/m)]
[kg/m]
[kg/m]
[% (v/v)]
[% (v/v)]
[% (v/v)]
5,1
2723
2894
5,9
19,5
69,7
1,6
1,3
10. SLOVENSKI KONGRES O CESTAH IN PROMETU, Portoro, 20. 22. oktobra 2010
Stiffness modulus
[MPa]
[MPa]
[MPa]
4,0
1,8
7128
Determination of the stability, flow and the Marshall Quotient of Marshall specimens, was
performed according to EN 12697-34.
Table 15. Marshall test
Property
Unit
AB 11 (slag)
Stability
kN
15,2
Flow
mm
2,5
Marshall quotient
kN/mm
6,1
10. SLOVENSKI KONGRES O CESTAH IN PROMETU, Portoro, 20. 22. oktobra 2010
AB 11 (SLAG)
mm/1000 cycles
%
mm
0,09
5,7
2,7
4
3,5
3
2,5
2
1,5
1
0,5
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000 10000 11000 12000 13000 14000 15000 16000 17000 18000 19000 20000
Number of passes
Table 17. Results obtained by testing compaction degree and thickness of the placed asphalt layer
PROPERTY
Bulk density
Compaction degree
Layer thickness
(kg/m )
(%)
(mm)
AC 11 (SLAG)
2676
98,2
45,4
10. SLOVENSKI KONGRES O CESTAH IN PROMETU, Portoro, 20. 22. oktobra 2010
3 Analysis of results
3.1 Results obtained by steel
slag aggregate testing
After analysis of laboratory test results
for the pre-crushed water cooled steel slag, it
was established that:
geometrical properties with respect to
shape index and flatness index meet
criteria for highest categories (FI10 ; SI
15),
resistance of slag to wear in wet state
complies with requirements for the
highest category (MDE10),
crushing resistance by Los Angeles
method meet requirements for the
highest category (LA15) and, after the
heat shock, the decrease in strength is
low, i.e. 1.3 (the value determined during the testing is 14.1 and is suitable for
the highest category),
polishing stone value is also adequate
for the highest category (PSV68),
density values are high, which was to
be expected considering the origin of
the aggregate,
Category
ITSR80
2 of 5
Stiffness
Smin7000
6 of 14
WTSAIR 0,10
4 of 12
PRDAIR 5,0
5 of 8
4 Conclusion
The results obtained by aggregate testing
shows that the aggregate produced from
water-cooled steel slag meets criteria for the
use in asphalt mixes. When compared with
aggregates produced from igneous rocks of
silicate composition that are used in asphalt
mixes on motorways and roads belonging to
highest traffic load categories, it can be
concluded that most properties of the slag
submitted to this testing are equally good. The
resistance to polishing is even much better
when compared to silicate rocks. Only the
water absorption value is somewhat higher
10. SLOVENSKI KONGRES O CESTAH IN PROMETU, Portoro, 20. 22. oktobra 2010
References
[1] Emery, J.: Steel Slag Utilization in Asphalt
Mixes, National Slag Association, MF 186-1,
www.nationalslagassoc.org
[2] Lewis, D.W.: Properties and Uses of Iron and
Steel Slags. National Slag Association, MF
182-6, www.nationalslagassoc.org
[3] van Oss, H. G.: Slag Iron and Steel, U.S.
Geological Survey 2007 Minerals Yearbook,
minerals.usgs.gov
[4] The European Slag Association: Legal Status
of Slags, EUROSLAG, Position paper,
www.euroslag.org
[5] EN 13043
Aggregates for bituminous
mixtures and surface treatments for roads, airfields and other trafficked areas
[6] EN 933-4:2008 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates -- Part 4: Determination of
particle shape -- Shape index
[7] EN 933-6:2006 Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates -- Part 6: Assessment of surface characteristics -- Flow coefficient of aggregates
[8] EN 1097-1:2004 Tests for mechanical and
physical properties of aggregates -- Part 1: Determination of the resistance to wear (microDeval)
[9] EN 1097-2:2007 Tests for mechanical and
physical properties of aggregates -- Part 2:
Methods for the determination of resistance to
fragmentation
[10] EN 1097-6:2007
Tests for mechanical
and physical properties of aggregates -- Part 6:
Determination of particle density and water
absorption
[11] EN 1097-8:2009
Tests for mechanical
and physical properties of aggregates -- Part 8:
Determination of the polished stone value
[12] EN 1367-1:2008
Tests for thermal and
weathering properties of aggregates -- Part 1:
Determination of resistance to freezing and
thawing
[13] EN 1367-2:2004
Tests for thermal and
weathering properties of aggregates -- Part 2:
Magnesium sulfate test
[14] EN 1367-5:2004
Tests for thermal and
weathering properties of aggregates -- Part 5:
Determination of resistance to thermal shock
[15] EN 1744-1:2004
Tests for chemical
properties of aggregates -- Part 1: Chemical
analysis
[16] EN 12697-1:2007
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt -- Part 1:
Soluble binder content
[17] EN 12697-2:2008
Bituminous mixtures - Test method for hot mix asphalt -- Part 2: Determination of particle size distribution
[18] EN 12697-5:2009
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt -- Part 5:
Determination of the maximum density
[19] EN 12697-6:2008
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt -- Part 6:
Determination of bulk density of bituminous
specimens
[20] EN 12697-8:2003
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt -- Part 8:
Determination of void characteristics of bituminous specimens
[21] EN 12697-11:2008
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt -- Part 11:
Determination of the affinity between aggregate and bitumen
[22] EN 12697-12:2008
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt -- Part 12:
Determination of the water sensitivity of bituminous specimens
[23] EN 12697-22:2008
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt -- Part 22:
Wheel tracking
[24] EN 12697-23:2004
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt -- Part 23:
Determination of the indirect tensile strength
of bituminous specimens
[25] EN 12697-26:2008
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt -- Part 26:
Stiffness
[26] EN 12697-30:2008
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt -- Part 30:
Specimen preparation by impact compactor
[27] EN 12697-34:2008
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt -- Part 34:
Marshall test
[28] EN 12697-36:2003
Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt -- Part 36:
Determination of the thickness of a bituminous
pavement
10. SLOVENSKI KONGRES O CESTAH IN PROMETU, Portoro, 20. 22. oktobra 2010