War on Terror

This article is about the international military campaign.

For the board game, see War on Terror (game). For the
documentary lm, see War on Terror (lm).
The War on Terror (WoT), also known as the Global
War on Terrorism (GWOT), refers to the international
military campaign that started after the 11 September
2001 terrorist attacks on the United States.[41] The United
States led a coalition of other NATO and non-NATO nations in the campaign to destroy al-Qaeda and other militant extremist organizations.[42]
U.S. President George W. Bush rst used the term "War
on Terror" on 20 September 2001.[41] The Bush administration and the western media have since used the term to
argue a global military, political, legal, and conceptual
struggle against both organizations designated terrorist
and regimes accused of supporting them. It was originally used with a particular focus on Muslim countries
associated with Islamic terrorism organizations including Letter from Barack Obama indicating appropriation of Congressional funds for Overseas Contingency Operations/Global War
al-Qaeda and like-minded organizations.
on Terrorism

In 2013, President Barack Obama announced that the

United States was no longer pursuing a War on Terror,
as the military focus should be on specic enemies rather
The War Against al-Qaeda[50]
than a tactic. He stated, We must dene our eort not as
a boundless 'Global War on Terror', but rather as a series
of persistent, targeted eorts to dismantle specic net- 1.1 History of the name
works of violent extremists that threaten America.[43]
In 1984, the Reagan Administration used the term war
against terrorism as part of an eort to pass legislation
1 Etymology
that was designed to freeze assets of terrorist groups and
marshal the forces of government against them. Author
The phrase War on Terror has been used to specically Shane Harris asserts this was a reaction to the 1983 Beirut
refer to the ongoing military campaign led by the US, UK barracks bombing, which killed 241 U.S. and 58 French
and their allies against organizations and regimes identi- peacekeepers.[51]
ed by them as terrorist, and excludes other independent The concept of America at war with terrorism may have
counter-terrorist operations and campaigns such as those begun on 11 September 2001 when Tom Brokaw, having
by Russia and India. The conict has also been referred just witnessed the collapse of one of the towers of the
to by names other than the War on Terror. It has also World Trade Center, declared Terrorists have declared
been known as:
war on [America].[52]
On 16 September 2001, at Camp David, President
George W. Bush used the phrase war on terrorism in
World War IV[45] (assuming the Cold War was an unscripted and controversial comment when he said,
This crusade this war on terrorism is going to take
World War III)
a while, ... "[53] Bush later apologized for this remark
Bushs War on Terror[46]
due to the negative connotations the term crusade has to
people, e.g. of Muslim faith. The word crusade was not
[47][48]
The Long War
used again.[54] On 20 September 2001, during a televised
[49]
The Global War on Terror
address to a joint session of congress, Bush stated that,

World War III[44]

SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 ATTACKS

"(o)ur 'war on terror' begins with al-Qaeda, but it does used to justify unilateral preventive war, human rights
not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group of abuses and other violations of international law.[70][71]
global reach has been found, stopped, and defeated.[55]
In April 2007, the British government announced publicly that it was abandoning the use of the phrase War 2 Precursor to the September
on Terror as they found it to be less than helpful.[56] This
attacks
was explained more recently by Lady Eliza ManninghamBuller. In her 2011 Reith lecture, the former head of MI5
said that the 9/11 attacks were a crime, not an act of war. See also: Terrorism and List of terrorist incidents
So I never felt it helpful to refer to a war on terror.[57]
US President Barack Obama has rarely used the term,
but in his inaugural address on 20 January 2009, he
stated Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred.[58] In March 2009 the Defense Department ocially changed the name of operations from Global War on Terror to Overseas Contingency Operation (OCO).[59] In March 2009, the Obama
administration requested that Pentagon sta members
avoid use of the term, instead using Overseas Contingency Operation.[59] Basic objectives of the Bush administration war on terror, such as targeting al Qaeda
and building international counterterrorism alliances, remain in place.[60][61] In December 2012, Jeh Johnson, the
General Counsel of the Department of Defense, stated
that the military ght will be replaced by a law enforcement operation when speaking at Oxford University,[62] predicting that al Qaeda will be so weakened
to be ineective, and has been eectively destroyed,
and thus the conict will not be an armed conict under
international law.[63] In May 2013, Obama stated that the
goal is to dismantle specic networks of violent extremists that threaten America";[64] which coincided with the
US Oce of Management and Budget having changed
the wording from Overseas Contingency Operations to
Countering Violent Extremism in 2010.[65]

11

The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to the Soviet war

in Afghanistan (December 1979 February 1989). The
United States, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan,
and the Peoples Republic of China supported the Islamist
Afghan mujahadeen guerillas against the military forces
of the Soviet Union and the Democratic Republic of
Afghanistan. A small number of Afghan Arab volunteers joined the ght against the Soviets, including Osama
bin Laden, but there is no evidence they received any external assistance.[72] In May 1996 the group World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders (WIFJAJC), sponsored by bin Laden (and later re-formed as
al-Qaeda), started forming a large base of operations in
Afghanistan, where the Islamist extremist regime of the
Taliban had seized power earlier in the year.[73] In February 1998, Osama bin Laden signed a fatw, as head of
al-Qaeda, declaring war on the West and Israel,[74][75]
later in May of that same year al-Qaeda released a video
declaring war on the US and the West.[76][77]

On August 7, 1998, al-Qaeda struck the U.S. embassies

in Kenya and Tanzania, killing 224 people, including 12
Americans.[78] In retaliation, U.S. President Bill Clinton
launched Operation Innite Reach, a bombing campaign
in Sudan and Afghanistan against targets the U.S. asserted
were associated with WIFJAJC,[79][80] although others
have questioned whether a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan
was used as a chemical warfare plant. The plant produced
1.2 The rhetorical war on terror
much of the regions antimalarial drugs[81] and around
50% of Sudans pharmaceutical needs.[82] The strikes
Because the actions involved in the war on terrorism failed to kill any leaders of WIFJAJC or the Taliban.[81]
are diuse, and the criteria for inclusion are unclear,
Next came the 2000 millennium attack plots, which inpolitical theorist Richard Jackson has argued that the
cluded an attempted bombing of Los Angeles Interna'war on terrorism' therefore, is simultaneously a set of
tional Airport. On October 12, 2000, the USS Cole
actual practiceswars, covert operations, agencies, and
bombing occurred near the port of Yemen, and 17 U.S.
institutionsand an accompanying series of assumpNavy sailors were killed.[83]
tions, beliefs, justications, and narrativesit is an entire
language or discourse.[66] Jackson cites among many examples a statement by John Ashcroft that the attacks of
September 11 drew a bright line of demarcation between 3 September 11, 2001 attacks
the civil and the savage.[67] Administration ocials also
described terrorists as hateful, treacherous, barbarous, Main article: September 11 attacks
mad, twisted, perverted, without faith, parasitical, inhu- On the morning of 11 September 2001, 19 Islamic men
man, and, most commonly, evil.[68] Americans, in con- aliated with al-Qaeda hijacked four airliners all bound
trast, were described as brave, loving, generous, strong, for California. Once the hijackers assume control of the
resourceful, heroic, and respectful of human rights.[69]
airliners, they told the passengers that they had the bomb
Both the term and the policies it denotes have been a on board and would spare the lives of passengers and
source of ongoing controversy, as critics argue it has been crew once their demands were met no passenger and

Ground Zero in New York following the attacks of 11 September

2001

crew actually suspected that they would use the airliners as suicide weapons since it had never happened before in history.[84][85] The hijackers members of alQaedas Hamburg cell [86] intentionally crashed two airliners into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in
New York City, New York, killing 147 civilians and the
ten hijackers on board the airliners. Both buildings collapsed within two hours from re damage related to the
crashes, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others, and killing 2,192 civilians, 71 law enforcement ocers, and 343 reghters who were in the towers and on
the ground. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into
the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, just outside
Washington D.C., killing 70 civilians and 55 military personnel who were in the building, as well as 59 civilians and
the ve hijackers on board. 39 civilians, a law enforcement ocer, and four hijackers died when the fourth
plane crashed into a eld near Shanksville, Pennsylvania,
after some of its passengers and ight crew attempted
to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had
redirected toward Washington D.C., to target the White
House, or the U.S. Capitol. No ights had survivors.
A total of 2,977 victims and 19 hijackers perished in the
attacks, making it the worst terrorist attack to ever take
place on U.S. soil (and the worst act of international terrorism to take place on U.S. soil) and also the deadliest foreign attack on U.S. soil since the Japanese carried
out a surprise air raid on Pearl Harbor on December 7,
1941.[87]

NATO
Trans Sahara initiative
Major military operations (Afghanistan Pakistan Iraq
Somalia Yemen)
Other allies involved in major operations
Major terrorist attacks by al-Qaeda and aliated groups: 1.
1998 United States embassy bombings 2. 11 September attacks 2001 3. Bali bombings 2002 4. Madrid bombings 2004
5. London bombings 2005 6. Mumbai attacks 2008

or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September

11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in
order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism
against the United States by such nations, organizations
or persons. Congress declares this is intended to constitute specic statutory authorization within the meaning
of section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973.
The George W. Bush administration dened the following
objectives in the War on Terror:[88]
1. Defeat terrorists such as Osama bin Laden, Abu
Musab al-Zarqawi and demolish their organizations
2. Identify, locate and demolish terrorists along with
their organizations
3. Deny sponsorship, support and sanctuary to terrorists
(a) End the state sponsorship of terrorism
(b) Establish and maintain an international standard of accountability with regard to combating terrorism
(c) Strengthen and sustain the international eort
to combat terrorism
(d) Work with willing and able states
(e) Enable weak states

U.S. objectives

The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against

Terrorists or AUMF was made law on September 14,
2001, to authorize the use of United States Armed Forces
against those responsible for the attacks on September 11,
2001. It authorized the President to use all necessary and
appropriate force against those nations, organizations, or
persons he determines planned, authorized, committed,

(f) Persuade reluctant states

(g) Compel unwilling states
(h) Interdict and disorder material support for terrorists
(i) Abolish terrorist sanctuaries and havens
4. Diminish the underlying conditions that terrorists
seek to exploit

5 U.S. AND NATO-LED MILITARY OPERATIONS

(a) Partner with the international community to strengthen weak states and prevent
(re)emergence of terrorism
Campaign streamer awarded to units who have participated in
Operation Enduring Freedom.
(b) Win the war of ideals
5. Defend US citizens and interests at home and abroad

the Bush administration for the War in Afghanistan, to(a) Integrate the National Strategy for Homeland gether with three smaller military actions, under the umSecurity
brella of the Global War on Terror. These global operations are intended to seek out and destroy any al-Qaeda
(b) Attain domain awareness
ghters or aliates.
(c) Enhance measures to ensure the integrity, reliability, and availability of critical, physical,
and information-based infrastructures at home 5.2.1 Operation Enduring Freedom Afghanistan
and abroad
(d) Implement measures to protect US citizens Main article: War in Afghanistan (2001present)
See also: War in Afghanistan (2015present) and List of
abroad
military operations in the war in Afghanistan (200114)
(e) Ensure an integrated incident management caOn 20 September 2001, in the wake of the 11 September
pability

U.S. and NATO-led military operations

US Army soldier of the 10th Mountain Division in Nuristan

Province, June 2007

5.1

Campaign streamer awarded to units who have participated in

OEF-A.

US Army Chinook helicopter in Afghanistan

Operation Active Endeavour

Main article: Operation Active Endeavour

Operation Active Endeavour is a naval operation of
NATO started in October 2001 in response to the
September 11 attacks. It operates in the Mediterranean
and is designed to prevent the movement of militants or
weapons of mass destruction and to enhance the security
of shipping in general.[89]

5.2

Operation Enduring Freedom

US Marines return re on enemy forces in Marjeh, February

2010

attacks, George W. Bush delivered an ultimatum to the

Main article: Operation Enduring Freedom
Operation Enduring Freedom is the ocial name used by Taliban government of Afghanistan to turn over Osama

5.2

Operation Enduring Freedom

bin Laden and al-Qaeda leaders operating in the country or face attack.[55] The Taliban demanded evidence of
bin Ladens link to the 11 September attacks and, if such
evidence warranted a trial, they oered to handle such a
trial in an Islamic Court.[90] The US refused to provide
any evidence.
Subsequently, in October 2001, US forces (with UK
and coalition allies) invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime. On 7 October 2001, the ocial invasion
began with British and US forces conducting airstrike
campaigns over enemy targets. Kabul, the capital city
of Afghanistan, fell by mid-November. The remaining
al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged US Special Forces soldier and infantrymen of the Philippine
mountains of eastern Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora. In Army
December, Coalition forces (the US and its allies) fought
within that region. It is believed that Osama bin Laden
Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) from their stronghold on the isescaped into Pakistan during the battle.[91][92]
land of Basilan.[104] The second portion of the operation
In March 2002, the US and other NATO and non-NATO was conducted as a humanitarian program called Operforces launched Operation Anaconda with the goal of de- ation Smiles. The goal of the program was to provide
stroying any remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in the medical care and services to the region of Basilan as part
Shah-i-Kot Valley and Arma Mountains of Afghanistan. of a Hearts and Minds program.[105][106] Joint Special
The Taliban suered heavy casualties and evacuated the Operations Task Force Philippines disbanded in June
region.[93]
2014,[107] ending a 14-year mission.[108] After JSOTF-P
The Taliban regrouped in western Pakistan and began disbanded, as late as November 2014, American forces
to unleash an insurgent-style oensive against Coalition continued to operate in the Philippines under the name
[109]
forces in late 2002.[94] Throughout southern and eastern PACOM Augmentation Team.
Afghanistan, reghts broke out between the surging Taliban and Coalition forces. Coalition forces responded
with a series of military oensives and an increase in 5.2.3 Operation Enduring Freedom Horn of
Africa
the amount of troops in Afghanistan. In February 2010,
Coalition forces launched Operation Moshtarak in southern Afghanistan along with other military oensives in Main article: Operation Enduring Freedom Horn of
the hopes that they would destroy the Taliban insurgency Africa
once and for all.[95] Peace talks are also underway be- See also: War in Somalia (200609), War in Somalia
tween Taliban aliated ghters and Coalition forces.[96] (2009present) and Piracy in Somalia
This extension of Operation Enduring Freedom was tiIn September 2014, Afghanistan and the United States
signed a security agreement, which permits United States
and NATO forces to remain in Afghanistan until at least
2024.[97] The United States and other NATO and nonNATO forces are planning to withdraw;[98] with the
Taliban claiming it has defeated the United States and
NATO,[99] and the Obama Administration viewing it as
a victory.[100] In December 2014, ISAF encasing its colors, and Resolute Support began as the NATO operation
in Afghanistan.[101] Continued United States operations
within Afghanistan will continue under the name Operation Freedoms Sentinel.[102]

5.2.2

Operation Enduring Freedom Philippines

US soldiers and French Naval commandos in Djibouti.

Main article: Operation Enduring Freedom Philippines

In January 2002, the United States Special Operations
Command, Pacic deployed to the Philippines to advise
and assist the Armed Forces of the Philippines in combating Filipino Islamist groups.[103] The operations were
mainly focused on removing the Abu Sayyaf group and

tled OEF-HOA. Unlike other operations contained in Operation Enduring Freedom, OEF-HOA does not have a
specic organization as a target. OEF-HOA instead focuses its eorts to disrupt and detect militant activities in
the region and to work with willing governments to pre-

5 U.S. AND NATO-LED MILITARY OPERATIONS

The program expands as part of the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative as CJTF personnel also assist in
training the armed forces of Chad, Niger, Mauritania and
Mali. However, the War on Terror does not include Sudan, where over 400,000 have died in an ongoing civil
war.

Ships assigned to Combined Task Force One Five Zero (CTF150)

On 1 July 2006, a Web-posted message purportedly written by Osama bin Laden urged Somalis to build an Islamic
state in the country and warned western governments that
the al-Qaeda network would ght against them if they intervened there.[112]
Somalia has been considered a "failed state" because its
ocial central government was weak, dominated by warlords and unable to exert eective control over the country. Beginning in mid-2006, the Islamic Courts Union
(ICU), an Islamist faction campaigning on a restoration
of law and order through Sharia law, had rapidly taken
control of much of southern Somalia.
On 14 December 2006, the US Assistant Secretary of
State Jendayi Frazer claimed al-Qaeda cell operatives
were controlling the Islamic Courts Union, a claim denied by the ICU.[113]
By late 2006, the UN-backed Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia had seen its power eectively
limited to Baidoa, while the Islamic Courts Union controlled the majority of southern Somalia, including the
capital of Mogadishu. On 20 December 2006, the Islamic Courts Union launched an oensive on the government stronghold of Baidoa, and saw early gains before
Ethiopia intervened in favor of the government.

The Fall of Mogadishu in December 2006 and the withdrawal

of the ICU

vent the reemergence of militant cells and activities.[110]

In October 2002, the Combined Joint Task Force - Horn
of Africa (CJTF-HOA) was established in Djibouti at
Camp Lemonnier.[111] It contains approximately 2,000
personnel including US military and special operations
forces (SOF) and coalition force members, Combined
Task Force 150 (CTF-150).
Task Force 150 consists of ships from a shifting group of
nations, including Australia, Canada, France, Germany,
Italy, Netherlands, Pakistan, New Zealand and the United
Kingdom. The primary goal of the coalition forces is
to monitor, inspect, board and stop suspected shipments
from entering the Horn of Africa region and aecting the
US' Operation Iraqi Freedom.
Included in the operation is the training of selected armed
forces units of the countries of Djibouti, Kenya and
Ethiopia in counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency tactics. Humanitarian eorts conducted by CJTF-HOA include rebuilding of schools and medical clinics and providing medical services to those countries whose forces
are being trained.

By 26 December, the Islamic Courts Union retreated towards Mogadishu, before again retreating as
TFG/Ethiopian troops neared, leaving them to take Mogadishu with no resistance. The ICU then ed to
Kismayo, where they fought Ethiopian/TFG forces in the
Battle of Jilib.
The Prime Minister of Somalia claimed that three terror suspects from the 1998 United States embassy bombings are being sheltered in Kismayo.[114] On 30 December
2006, al-Qaeda deputy leader Ayman al-Zawahiri called
upon Muslims worldwide to ght against Ethiopia and the
TFG in Somalia.[115]
On 8 January 2007, the US launched the Battle of
Ras Kamboni by bombing Ras Kamboni using AC-130
gunships.[116]
On 14 September 2009, US Special Forces killed two
men and wounded and captured two others near the Somali village of Baarawe. Witnesses claim that helicopters
used for the operation launched from French-agged warships, but that could not be conrmed. A Somali-based
al-Qaida aliated group, the Al-Shabaab, has conrmed
the death of sheik commander Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan
along with an unspecied number of militants.[117] Nabhan, a Kenyan, was wanted in connection with the 2002
Mombasa attacks.[118]

5.3

Iraq

5.2.4

Operation Enduring Freedom Trans Sahara

Main article: Operation Enduring Freedom Trans Sahara

Operation Enduring Freedom Trans Sahara (OEF-TS)
0

Northern Mali
Conflict

Fullest extent of rebel territory

January 2013

100 km

500 km

A L G E R I A

Taoudenni

Area held by all

rebel groups
Held by Ansar Dine
Tinzaouaten

Tessalit

Held by MUJAO

Aguelhok

Held by AQIM

Tilems

TOMBOUCTOU

Held by MNLA

KIDAL

Kidal

A British C-130J Hercules aircraft launches are countermeasures prior to being the rst coalition aircraft to land on the newly
reopened military runway at Baghdad International Airport.

Anfis

Lr

Ouagadou
forest

Diabaly
Niono
Banamba

Niger

Gao

Dir

GAO

Talataye

Ansongo

Niafunk
Hombori
Douentza
Konna
Tessit
Mopti Sevar

Nampala

Kayes

Bourem

Mnaka

Andramboukane

Goundam

MAUR ITANIA

Rharous

Ouallam

(Timbuktu)

Az
ao
ua
gh

Tombouctou Gourma-

SENEGAL

the United States and its allies instituted and began patrolling Iraqi no-y zones, to protect Iraqs Kurdish and
BURKINA FASO
Shi'a Arab populationboth of which suered attacks
Sikasso
G U I N E A
from the Hussein regime before and after the Gulf War
BE NIN
GHANA
in Iraqs northern and southern regions, respectively. US
forces continued in combat zone deployments through
November 1995 and launched Operation Desert Fox
is the name of the military operation conducted by the US against Iraq in 1998 after it failed to meet US demands of
and partner nations in the Sahara/Sahel region of Africa, unconditional cooperation in weapons inspections.[121]
consisting of counter-terrorism eorts and policing of
In the aftermath of Operation Desert Fox, during Decemarms and drug tracking across central Africa.
ber 1998, Iraq announced that it would no longer respect
The conict in northern Mali began in January 2012 the no-y zones and resumed its attempts to shoot down
with radical Islamists (aliated to al-Qaeda) advancing US aircraft.
into northern Mali. The Malian government had a hard
time maintaining full control over their country. The
edgling government requested support from the interna- 5.3.2 Operation Iraqi Freedom
tional community on combating the Islamic militants. In
January 2013, France intervened on behalf of the Malian Main article: Iraq War
governments request and deployed troops into the reThe Iraq War began in March 2003 with an air camgion. They launched Operation Serval on 11 January
2013, with the hopes of dislodging the al-Qaeda aliated groups from northern Mali.[119]
I

Ouagadougou

Niamey

NIGE R IA

Sgou
Koulikoro

Bamako

Markala

TO

5.3

GO

CTE D'IVOIRE

Iraq

Campaign streamer awarded to units who have participated in

the Iraq War.

Further information: Iraq War and the War on Terror

Iraq had been listed as a State sponsor of terrorism by
the US since 1990,[120] when Saddam Hussein invaded
Kuwait. Iraq had also been on the list from 1979 to 1982;
it was removed so that the US could provide material support to Iraq in its war with Iran. Husseins regime had
proven to be a problem for the UN and Iraqs neighbors
due to its use of chemical weapons against Iranians and
Kurds in the 1980s.
5.3.1

Iraqi no-y zones

American soldiers take cover during a reght with guerrilla

Following the ceasere agreement that suspended hos- forces in the Al Doura section of Baghdad.
tilities (but not ocially ended) in the 1991 Gulf War,

5 U.S. AND NATO-LED MILITARY OPERATIONS

ing of Sunni groups it had previously sought to defeat, has
been credited with a widely recognized dramatic decrease
in violence by up to 80%.
5.3.3 Operation New Dawn
The war entered a new phase on 1 September 2010,[126]
with the ocial end of US combat operations. The last
U.S. troops exited Iraq on 18 December 2011.[127]

5.4 Operation Inherent Resolve

Map of the invasion routes and major operations/battles of the

Iraq War.

Main articles: 2014 military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, Timeline of the Iraqi
insurgency (2014), Spillover of the Syrian Civil War,
American-led intervention in Syria and 2014 Americanled intervention in Iraq
In a major split in the ranks of Al Qaedas organization,

paign, which was immediately followed by a U.S.-led

ground invasion. The Bush administration stated the invasion was the serious consequences spoken of in the
UNSC Resolution 1441, partially on the basis of Iraq possessing weapons of mass destruction. The Bush administration also stated the Iraq war was part of the War on
Terror, something later questioned or contested.
The rst ground attack came at the Battle of Umm Qasr
on March 21, 2003 when a combined force of British,
American and Polish forces seized control of the port
city of Umm Qasr.[122] Baghdad, Iraqs capital city, fell
to American forces in April 2003 and Saddam Husseins government quickly dissolved.[123] On 1 May 2003,
Bush announced that major combat operations in Iraq
had ended.[124] However, an insurgency arose against the
U.S.-led coalition and the newly developing Iraqi military
and post-Saddam government. The insurgency, which included al-Qaeda aliated groups, led to far more coalition casualties than the invasion. Other elements of the
insurgency were led by fugitive members of President
Husseins Ba'ath regime, which included Iraqi nationalists
and pan-Arabists. Many insurgency leaders are Islamists
and claim to be ghting a religious war to reestablish
the Islamic Caliphate of centuries past.[125] Iraqs former
president, Saddam Hussein was captured by U.S. forces
in December 2003. He was executed in 2006.

Tomahawk missiles being red from the USS Philippine Sea and
the USS Arleigh Burke at IS targets in Syria

the Iraqi franchise, known as Al Qaeda in Iraq covertly

invaded Syria and the Levant and began participating in
the ongoing Syrian Civil War, gaining enough support
and strength to re-invade Iraqs western provinces under the name of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS/ISIL), taking over much of the country in a
blitzkrieg-like action and combining the Iraq insurgency
and Syrian Civil War into a single conict.[128] Due to
their extreme brutality and a complete change in their
overall ideology, Al Qaedas core organization in Central
Asia eventually denounced ISIS and directed their aliates to cut o all ties with this organization.[129] Many
analysts believe that because of this schism, Al Qaeda
and ISIL are now in a competition to retain the title of
In 2004, the insurgent forces grew stronger. The US the worlds most powerful terrorist organization.[130]
conducted attacks on insurgent strongholds in cities like The Obama administration began to reengage in Iraq with
Najaf and Fallujah.
a series of airstrikes aimed at ISIS beginning on 10 AuIn January 2007, President Bush presented a new strategy for Operation Iraqi Freedom based upon counterinsurgency theories and tactics developed by General
David Petraeus. The Iraq War troop surge of 2007 was
part of this new way forward and, along with US back-

gust 2014.[131] On 9 September 2014 President Obama

said that he had the authority he needed to take action
to destroy the militant group known as the Islamic State
of Iraq and the Levant and thus did not require additional approval from Congress.[132] The following day on

6.1

Fighting in Pakistan

September 10, 2014 President Barack Obama made a

televised speech about ISIL, which he stated Our objective is clear: We will degrade, and ultimately destroy,
ISIL through a comprehensive and sustained counterterrorism strategy.[133] Obama has authorized the deployment of additional U.S. Forces into Iraq, as well as
authorizing direct military operations against ISIL within
Syria.[133] On the night of September 21/22 the United
States, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the UAE, Jordan and Qatar
started air attacks against ISIS in Syria.
In October 2014, it was reported that the U.S. Department of Defense considers military operations against
ISIL as being under Operation Enduring Freedom in reFormer President Musharraf with former President Bush
gards to campaign medal awarding.[134] On 15 October,
the military intervention became known as Operation
Inherent Resolve.[135]
7 feet high (privacy wall)

11 feet high

Opaque windows
(located on north
side of building)
12 feet high
Gate

Other military operations

10 feet high

Trash burning location

13 feet high

6.1

Fighting in Pakistan

Gate

18 feet high

12 feet high

Main article: Pakistan in the War on Terror

See also: United States-Pakistan relations, Pakistan and
state terrorism, War in North-West Pakistan, Drone atDiagram of Osama bin Ladens hideout in Abbottabad, Pakistan.
tacks in Pakistan and Death of Osama bin Laden
Following the 11 September 2001 attacks, former He was killed there on 2 May 2011.
the US, and revealed in his memoirs that he had wargamed the United States as an adversary and decided
that it would end in a loss for Pakistan.[136]

Map detailing the spread of the Taliban Insurgency into

Afghanistan from safe havens within Pakistan (20022006)

President of Pakistan Pervez Musharraf sided with the

US against the Taliban government in Afghanistan after an ultimatum by then US President George W. Bush.
Musharraf agreed to give the US the use of three airbases
for Operation Enduring Freedom. United States Secretary of State Colin Powell and other US administration
ocials met with Musharraf. On 19 September 2001,
Musharraf addressed the people of Pakistan and stated
that, while he opposed military tactics against the Taliban, Pakistan risked being endangered by an alliance of
India and the US if it did not cooperate. In 2006, Musharraf testied that this stance was pressured by threats from

On 12 January 2002, Musharraf gave a speech against Islamic extremism. He unequivocally condemned all acts
of terrorism and pledged to combat Islamic extremism
and lawlessness within Pakistan itself. He stated that his
government was committed to rooting out extremism and
made it clear that the banned militant organizations would
not be allowed to resurface under any new name. He said,
the recent decision to ban extremist groups promoting
militancy was taken in the national interest after thorough consultations. It was not taken under any foreign
inuence.[137]
In 2002, the Musharraf-led government took a rm stand
against the jihadi organizations and groups promoting extremism, and arrested Maulana Masood Azhar, head of
the Jaish-e-Mohammed, and Haz Muhammad Saeed,
chief of the Lashkar-e-Taiba, and took dozens of activists into custody. An ocial ban was imposed on the
groups on 12 January.[138] Later that year, the Saudi born
Zayn al-Abidn Muhammed Hasayn Abu Zubaydah was
arrested by Pakistani ocials during a series of joint USPakistan raids. Zubaydah is said to have been a highranking al-Qaeda ocial with the title of operations chief
and in charge of running al-Qaeda training camps.[139]
Other prominent al-Qaeda members were arrested in the
following two years, namely Ramzi bin al-Shibh, who is

10

OTHER MILITARY OPERATIONS

known to have been a nancial backer of al-Qaeda oper- development over the next three years.[145]
ations, and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who at the time
of his capture was the third highest-ranking ocial in alQaeda and had been directly in charge of the planning for 6.3 Fighting in Kashmir
the 11 September attacks.
Main article: Kashmir conict
In 2004, the Pakistan Army launched a campaign in In a 'Letter to American People' written by Osama bin
the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistans
Waziristan region, sending in 80,000 troops. The goal
of the conict was to remove the al-Qaeda and Taliban
forces in the region.
After the fall of the Taliban regime many members of
the Taliban resistance ed to the Northern border region
of Afghanistan and Pakistan where the Pakistani army
had previously little control. With the logistics and air
support of the United States, the Pakistani Army captured
or killed numerous al-Qaeda operatives such as Khalid
Sheikh Mohammed, wanted for his involvement in the
USS Cole bombing, the Bojinka plot, and the killing of
Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl.
The United States has carried out a campaign of Drone
attacks on targets all over the Federally Administered
Tribal Areas. However, the Pakistani Taliban still operates there. To this day its estimated that 15 US soldiers
were killed while ghting al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants
in Pakistan since the War on Terror began.[140]
Political Map: the Kashmir region districts

Osama bin Laden, the founder of al-Qaeda, was killed on

2 May 2011, during a raid conducted by the United States
Laden in 2002, he stated that one of the reasons he was
special operations forces in Abbottabad, Pakistan.[141]
ghting America is because of its support of India on the
The use of drones by the Central Intelligence Agency Kashmir issue.[146][147] While on a trip to Delhi in 2002,
in Pakistan to carry out operations associated with the U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld suggested
Global War on Terror sparks debate over sovereignty and that Al-Qaeda was active in Kashmir, though he did not
the laws of war. The U.S. Government uses the CIA have any hard evidence.[148][149] An investigation in 2002
rather than the U.S. Air Force for strikes in Pakistan in unearthed evidence that Al-Qaeda and its aliates were
order to avoid breaching sovereignty through military in- prospering in Pakistan-administered Kashmir with tacit
vasion. The United States was criticized by a report on approval of Pakistans National Intelligence agency Interdrone warfare and aerial sovereignty for abusing the term Services Intelligence.[150] A team of Special Air SerGlobal War on Terror to carry out military operations vice and Delta Force was sent into Indian-administered
through government agencies without formally declaring Kashmir in 2002 to hunt for Osama bin Laden after rewar.[142]
ports that he was being sheltered by the Kashmiri militant
group Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.[151] U.S. ocials believed
that Al-Qaeda was helping organize a campaign of terror in Kashmir in order to provoke conict between In6.2 Fighting in Yemen
dia and Pakistan. Fazlur Rehman Khalil, the leader of
the Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, signed al-Qaedas 1998 decMain article: Yemeni al-Qaeda crackdown
laration of holy war, which called on Muslims to attack
all Americans and their allies.[152] In 2006, Al-Qaeda
The United States has also conducted a series of military claimed they had established a wing in Kashmir; this worstrikes on al-Qaeda militants in Yemen since the War on ried the Indian government.[153] Al-Qaeda has strong ties
Terror began.[143] Yemen has a weak central government with the Kashmir militant groups Lashkar-e-Taiba and
and a powerful tribal system that leaves large lawless areas Jaish-e-Mohammed in Pakistan.[154] While on a visit to
open for militant training and operations. Al-Qaida has a Pakistan in January 2010, U.S. Defense secretary Robert
Gates stated that Al-Qaeda was seeking to destabilize the
strong presence in the country.[144]
to provoke a nuclear war between InThe US, in an eort to support Yemeni counter-terrorism region and planning
[155]
dia
and
Pakistan.
eorts, has increased their military aid package to Yemen
from less than $11 million in 2006 to more than $70 mil- In September 2009, a U.S. Drone strike reportedly killed
lion in 2009, as well as providing up to $121 million for Ilyas Kashmiri, who was the chief of Harkat-ul-Jihad al-

7.1

International Security Assistance Force

Islami, a Kashmiri militant group associated with AlQaeda.[156][157] Kashmiri was described by Bruce Riedel
as a 'prominent' Al-Qaeda member,[158] while others described him as the head of military operations for AlQaeda.[159] Waziristan had now become the new battleeld for Kashmiri militants, who were now ghting
NATO in support of Al-Qaeda.[160] On 8 July 2012,
Al-Badar Mujahideen, a breakaway faction of Kashmir centric terror group Hizbul Mujahideen, on conclusion of their two-day Shuhada Conference called for
mobilisation of resources for continuation of jihad in
Kashmir.[161]

11
EAPC States are committed to the protection and promotion of fundamental freedoms and human rights, as
well as the rule of law, in combating terrorism.[163]
NATO started naval operations in the Mediterranean
Sea designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or
weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the
security of shipping in general called Operation Active
Endeavour.

Support for the US cooled when America made clear

its determination to invade Iraq in late 2002. Even so,
many of the coalition of the willing countries that unconditionally supported the US-led military action have
sent troops to Afghanistan, particular neighboring Pakistan, which has disowned its earlier support for the Taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the
7 International military support
conict. Pakistan was also engaged in the War in NorthWest Pakistan (Waziristan War). Supported by US intelMain articles: Participants in Operation Enduring Freeligence, Pakistan was attempting to remove the Taliban
dom and Multi-National Force Iraq
insurgency and al-Qaeda element from the northern tribal
See also: Coalition combat operations in Afghanistan in
areas.[164]
2008 and Afghan War order of battle
The invasion of Afghanistan is seen to have been the

7.1 International
Force

Security

Assistance

Main article: International Security Assistance Force

December 2001 saw the creation of the NATO-led In-

The United Kingdom is the second largest contributor of troops

in Afghanistan.

rst action of this war, and initially involved forces from

the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Afghan
Northern Alliance. Since the initial invasion period,
these forces were augmented by troops and aircraft from
Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Italy, Netherlands,
New Zealand and Norway amongst others. In 2006, there
were about 33,000 troops in Afghanistan.

Map of countries contributing troops to ISAF as of 5 March 2010.

Major contributors (over 1000 troops) in dark green, other contributors in light green, and former contributors in magenta.

ternational Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to assist the

Afghan Transitional Administration and the rst postTaliban elected government. With a renewed Taliban insurgency, it was announced in 2006 that ISAF would replace the US troops in the province as part of Operation
On 12 September 2001, less than 24 hours after the 11 Enduring Freedom.
September attacks in New York City and Washington, The British 16th Air Assault Brigade (later reinforced by
D.C., NATO invoked Article 5 of the North Atlantic Royal Marines) formed the core of the force in southern
Treaty and declared the attacks to be an attack against all Afghanistan, along with troops and helicopters from Aus19 NATO member countries. Australian Prime Minister tralia, Canada and the Netherlands. The initial force conJohn Howard also declared that Australia would invoke sisted of roughly 3,300 British, 2,000 Canadian, 1,400
the ANZUS Treaty along similar lines.[162]
from the Netherlands and 240 from Australia, along
In the following months, NATO took a wide range of
measures to respond to the threat of terrorism. On 22
November 2002, the member states of the Euro-Atlantic
Partnership Council (EAPC) decided on a Partnership
Action Plan against Terrorism, which explicitly states,

with special forces from Denmark and Estonia and small

contingents from other nations. The monthly supply
of cargo containers through Pakistani route to ISAF in
Afghanistan is over 4,000 costing around 12 billion in
Pakistani Rupees.[165][166][167][168][169]

12

8 TERRORIST ATTACKS AND FAILED PLOTS SINCE 9/11

Terrorist attacks and failed plots

since 9/11

8.1

Al-Qaeda

Since 9/11, Al-Qaeda and other aliated radical Islamist

groups have executed attacks in several parts of the world
where conicts are not taking place. Whereas countries
like Pakistan have suered hundreds of attacks killing
tens of thousands and displacing many more.
The 2002 Bali bombings in Indonesia were committed by various members of Jemaah Islamiyah, an organization linked to Al-Qaeda.
The 2003 Casablanca bombings were carried out by
Salaa Jihadia, an Al-Qaeda aliate.
After the 2003 Istanbul bombings, Turkey charged
74 people with involvement, including Syrian AlQaeda member Loai al-Saqa.

2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting in Paris

There may also have been several additional planned attacks that were not successful.
2004 nancial buildings plot (United States and the
United Kingdom)
21 July 2005 London bombings (United Kingdom)
2006 Toronto terrorism plot (Canada)
2006 transatlantic aircraft plot involving liquid explosives carried onto commercial airplanes
2006 Hudson River bomb plot (United States)
2007 Fort Dix attack plot (United States)
2007 London car bombs (United Kingdom)
2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack
plot (United States)

The 2004 Madrid train bombings in Spain were inspired by Al-Qaeda, though no direct involvement
has been established.

2009 Bronx terrorism plot (United States)

The 7 July 2005 London bombings in the United

Kingdom were perpetrated by 4 homegrown terrorists, one of whom appeared in an edited video with a
known Al-Qaeda operative, though the British government denies Al-Qaeda involvement.

2009 Christmas Bomb Plot (United States)

Al Qaeda claimed responsibility for the 11 April

2007 Algiers bombings in Algeria.
The 2007 Glasgow International Airport attack in
the United Kingdom was carried out by a pair of
bombers whose laptops and suicide notes included
videos and speeches referencing Al-Qaeda, though
no direct involvement was established.

2009 New York Subway and United Kingdom Plot

(United States and the United Kingdom)

2010 Stockholm bombings (Sweden)

2010 Times Square car bombing attempt (United
States)
2010 cargo plane bomb plot (United States)
2010 Portland car bomb plot (United States)
2011 Manhattan terrorism plot (United States)
2013 VIA Rail Canada terrorism plot (Canada)

The 2009 Fort Hood shooting in the United States 8.2 Islamic State
was committed by Nidal Malik Hasan, who had
2013 Reyhanl bombings in Turkey that led to 52
been in communication with Anwar al-Awlaki,
deaths and the injury of 140 people.
though the Department of Defense classies the
shooting as an incidence of workplace violence.
Porte de Vincennes hostage crisis (9 January 2015)
Morocco blames Al-Qaeda for the 2011 Marrakech
perpetrated by Amedy Coulibaly in Paris.
bombing, though Al-Qaeda denies involvement.
2015 Corinthia Hotel attack on 27 January in Libya
2012 Toulouse and Montauban shootings in France
that led to 10 deaths.
were committed by Mohammed Merah, who report 2015 Sana'a mosque bombings on 20 March that led
edly had familial ties to Al-Qaeda, along with a histo the death of 142 and injury of 351 people.
tory of petty crime and psychological issues. Merah
claimed ties to Al-Qaeda, though French authorities
Curtis Culwell Center attack on 3 May 2015, that
deny any connection.
led to the injury of one security ocer.
To date, no one has been convicted for the 2012 U.S.
Consulate attack in Benghazi in Libya and no one So far, there has been only one failed plot by the Islamic
has claimed responsibility. Branches of Al-Qaeda, State:
Al-Qaeda aliates, and individuals sympathetic to
2014 mass-beheading plot in Australia
Al-Qaeda are blamed.

13

U.S. military aid to other countries

ber 11 attacks and Aftermath of the September 11 attacks

In addition to military eorts abroad, in the aftermath of

See also: United States military aid and United States 9/11 the Bush Administration increased domestic eorts
to prevent future attacks. Various government bureaucraForeign Military Financing
cies that handled security and military functions were reorganized. A new cabinet-level agency called the United
States Department of Homeland Security was created in
Pakistan
November 2002 to lead and coordinate the largest reorganization of the US federal government since the consolIn the three years before the attacks of 11 September, idation of the armed forces into the Department of DePakistan received approximately US$9 million in Amer- fense.
ican military aid. In the three years after, the number
increased to US$4.2 billion, making it the country with The Justice Department launched the National Security
Entry-Exit Registration System for certain male nonthe maximum funding post 9/11.
citizens in the US, requiring them to register in person
Such a huge inow of funds has raised concerns in the at oces of the Immigration and Naturalization Service.
Indian press that these funds were given without any accountability, as the end uses not being documented, and The USA PATRIOT Act of October 2001 dramatically
that large portions were used to suppress civilians human reduces restrictions on law enforcement agencies ability
rights and to purchase weapons to contain domestic prob- to search telephone, e-mail communications, medical, nancial, and other records; eases restrictions on foreign
lems like the Balochistan unrest.
intelligence gathering within the United States; expands
the Secretary of the Treasury's authority to regulate transactions, particularly those involving foreign
10 Post 9/11 events inside the nancial
individuals and entities; and broadens the discretion of
United States
law enforcement and immigration authorities in detaining and deporting immigrants suspected of terrorismrelated acts. The act also expanded the denition of
terrorism to include domestic terrorism, thus enlarging
the number of activities to which the USA PATRIOT
Acts expanded law enforcement powers could be applied.
A new Terrorist Finance Tracking Program monitored
the movements of terrorists nancial resources (discontinued after being revealed by The New York Times).
Global telecommunication usage, including those with no
links to terrorism,[170] is being collected and monitored
through the NSA electronic surveillance program. The
Patriot Act is still in eect.
Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority,
and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. On 30 July 2003, the American Civil Liberties
Union (ACLU) led the rst legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, claiming that it allows the
FBI to violate a citizens First Amendment rights, Fourth
Amendment rights, and right to due process, by granting
the government the right to search a persons business,
bookstore, and library records in a terrorist investigation,
without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched.[171] Also, governing bodies in a number
of communities have passed symbolic resolutions against
the act.
A US Immigration and Customs Enforcement helicopter patrols
the airspace over New York City.

Main article: USA PATRIOT Act

Further information: Detentions following the Septem-

In a speech on 9 June 2005, Bush said that the USA PATRIOT Act had been used to bring charges against more
than 400 suspects, more than half of whom had been
convicted. Meanwhile the ACLU quoted Justice Depart-

14

10

POST 9/11 EVENTS INSIDE THE UNITED STATES

On 9 January 2007, the House of Representatives passed

a bill, by a vote of 299128, enacting many of the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission The bill passed in
the US Senate,[174] by a vote of 6038, on 13 March 2007
and it was signed into law on 3 August 2007 by President
Bush. It became Public Law 110-53. In July 2012, US
Senate passed a resolution urging that the Haqqani Network be designated a foreign terrorist organisation.[175]
The Oce of Strategic Inuence was secretly created after 9/11 for the purpose of coordinating propaganda efforts, but was closed soon after being discovered. The
Bush administration implemented the Continuity of Operations Plan (or Continuity of Government) to ensure
that US government would be able to continue in catastrophic circumstances.
Since 9/11, extremists made various attempts to attack
the United States, with varying levels of organization and
skill. For example, vigilant passengers aboard a transatlantic ight prevented Richard Reid, in 2001, and Umar
Farouk Abdulmutallab, in 2009, from detonating an explosive device.
John Walker Lindh was captured as an enemy combatant during
the United States 2001 invasion of Afghanistan.

ment gures showing that 7,000 people have complained

of abuse of the Act.
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA) began an initiative in early 2002 with the creation of the Total Information Awareness program, designed to promote information technologies that could be
used in counter-terrorism. This program, facing criticism, has since been defunded by Congress.
By 2003, 12 major conventions and protocols were designed to combat terrorism. These were adopted and
ratied by a number of states. These conventions require states to co-operate on principal issues regarding
unlawful seizure of aircraft, the physical protection of
nuclear materials, and the freezing of assets of militant
networks.[172]
In 2005, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution
1624 concerning incitement to commit acts of terrorism
and the obligations of countries to comply with international human rights laws.[173] Although both resolutions
require mandatory annual reports on counter-terrorism
activities by adopting nations, the United States and Israel have both declined to submit reports. In the same
year, the United States Department of Defense and the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Sta issued a planning
document, by the name National Military Strategic Plan
for the War on Terrorism, which stated that it constituted the comprehensive military plan to prosecute the
Global War on Terror for the Armed Forces of the United
States...including the ndings and recommendations of
the 9/11 Commission and a rigorous examination with
the Department of Defense.

Other terrorist plots have been stopped by federal agencies using new legal powers and investigative tools, sometimes in cooperation with foreign governments.
Such thwarted attacks include:
The 2001 shoe bomb plot
A plan to crash airplanes into the US Bank Tower
(aka Library Tower) in Los Angeles
The 2003 plot by Iyman Faris to blow up the
Brooklyn Bridge in New York City
The 2004 Financial buildings plot, which targeted
the International Monetary Fund and World Bank
buildings in Washington, D.C., the New York Stock
Exchange and other nancial institutions
The 2004 Columbus Shopping Mall Bombing Plot
The 2006 Sears Tower plot
The 2007 Fort Dix attack plot
The 2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack plot
The New York Subway Bombing Plot and 2010
Times Square car bombing attempt
The Obama administration has promised the closing of
the Guantanamo Bay detention camp, increased the number of troops in Afghanistan, and promised the withdrawal of its troops from Iraq.

15

11

Casualties

According to Joshua Goldstein, an international relations

professor from the American University, The Global War
on Terror has seen fewer war deaths than any other decade
in the past century.[176]
There is no widely agreed on gure for the number of
people that have been killed so far in the War on Terror as
it has been dened by the Bush Administration to include
the war in Afghanistan, the war in Iraq, and operations
elsewhere. Some estimates include the following:
Dead bodies in Mosul, July 2007

151,000 deaths in total according to the

Iraq Family Health Survey.[181]

Child killed by a car bomb in Kirkuk, July 2011

Opinion Research Business (ORB) poll

conducted 1219 August 2007 estimated
1,033,000 violent deaths due to the Iraq
War. The range given was 946,000 to
1,120,000 deaths. A nationally representative sample of approximately 2,000
Iraqi adults answered whether any members of their household (living under their
roof) were killed due to the Iraq War.
22% of the respondents had lost one
or more household members. ORB reported that 48% died from a gunshot
wound, 20% from the impact of a car
bomb, 9% from aerial bombardment, 6%
as a result of an accident and 6% from another blast/ordnance.[182][183][184]
Between 392,979 and 942,636 estimated
Iraqi (655,000 with a condence interval
of 95%), civilian and combatant, according to the second Lancet survey of mortality.

Footage of leaked Apache gunship strike in Baghdad, July 2007.

Iraq: 62,570 to 1,124,000

Main article: Casualties of the Iraq War

Iraq Body Count project documented

110,937121,227 civilian deaths from
violence from March 2003 to December
2012.[177][178][179]
110,600 deaths in total according to the
Associated Press from March 2003 to
April 2009.[180]

A minimum of 62,570 civilian deaths

reported in the mass media up to 28
April 2007 according to Iraq Body Count
project.[185]
4,409 US military dead (929 non-hostile
deaths), and 31,926 wounded in action
during Operation Iraqi Freedom.[186] 66
US Military dead (28 non-hostile deaths),
and 295 wounded in action during Operation New Dawn.[186]
Afghanistan: between 10,960 and 249,000[187]
Main article: Civilian casualties of the War in
Afghanistan (2001present)

16,72519,013 civilians killed according

16

11 CASUALTIES
to Cost of War project from 2001 to
2013[188]
According to Marc W. Herolds extensive database,[189] between 3,100 and
3,600 civilians were directly killed by
US Operation Enduring Freedom bombing and Special Forces attacks between
7 October 2001 and 3 June 2003. This
estimate counts only impact deaths
deaths that occurred in the immediate aftermath of an explosion or shootingand
does not count deaths that occurred later
as a result of injuries sustained, or deaths
that occurred as an indirect consequence
of the US airstrikes and invasion.
In an opinion article published in August
2002 in the magazine The Weekly Standard, Joshua Muravchik of the American
Enterprise Institute,[190] questioned Professor Herolds study entirely on the basis
of one single incident that involved 25
93 deaths. He did not provide any estimate his own.[191]
In a pair of January 2002 studies, Carl
Conetta of the Project on Defense Alternatives estimates that at least 4,200
4,500 civilians were killed by midJanuary 2002 as a result of the war and
Coalition airstrikes, both directly as casualties of the aerial bombing campaign,
and indirectly in the resulting humanitarian crisis.
His rst study, Operation Enduring
Freedom: Why a Higher Rate of Civilian Bombing Casualties?",[192] released
18 January 2002, estimates that, at the
low end, at least 1,0001,300 civilians
were directly killed in the aerial bombing campaign in just the 3 months between 7 October 2001 to 1 January 2002.
The author found it impossible to provide an upper-end estimate to direct civilian casualties from the Operation Enduring Freedom bombing campaign that
he noted as having an increased use of
cluster bombs.[193] In this lower-end estimate, only Western press sources were
used for hard numbers, while heavy reduction factors were applied to Afghan
government reports so that their estimates were reduced by as much as
75%.[194]
In his companion study, Strange Victory: A critical appraisal of Operation

Enduring Freedom and the Afghanistan

war,[195] released 30 January 2002,
Conetta estimates that at least 3,200
more Afghans died by mid-January 2002,
of starvation, exposure, associated illnesses, or injury sustained while in ight
from war zones, as a result of the war
and Coalition airstrikes.
In similar numbers, a Los Angeles Times
review of US, British, and Pakistani
newspapers and international wire services found that between 1,067 and 1,201
direct civilian deaths were reported by
those news organizations during the ve
months from 7 October 2001 to 28
February 2002. This review excluded
all civilian deaths in Afghanistan that did
not get reported by US, British, or Pakistani news, excluded 497 deaths that did
get reported in US, British, and Pakistani news but that were not specically
identied as civilian or military, and excluded 754 civilian deaths that were reported by the Taliban but not independently conrmed.[196]
According to Jonathan Steele of The
Guardian between 20,000 and 49,600
people may have died of the consequences of the invasion by the spring of
2002.[197]
2,046 US military dead (339 nonhostile deaths), and 18,201 wounded in
action.[186]
A report titled Body Count put together
by Physicians for Social Responsibility, Physicians for Global Survival, and
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) concluded
that between 185,000-249,000 people
have been killed as a result of the ghting in Afghanistan.[187]
Pakistan: Between 1467 and 2334 people were
killed in U.S. drone attacks as of 6 May 2011. tens
of thousands have been killed by terrorist attacks,
millions displaced.
Main articles: Drone attacks in Pakistan and Terrorism
in Pakistan

Somalia: 7,000+

17
In December 2007, The Elman Peace
and Human Rights Organization said it
had veried 6,500 civilian deaths, 8,516
people wounded, and 1.5 million displaced from homes in Mogadishu alone
during the year 2007.[198]
USA
1 June 2009, Pvt. William Andrew
Long was shot and killed by Abdulhakim
Muhammad, while outside a recruiting
facility in Little Rock AR.[199][200]
On 5 November 2009, Nidal Malik
Hasan shot and killed 13 people and
wounded more than 30 others in Fort
Hood, Texas.[201]
Total American casualties from the War on Terror
(this includes ghting throughout the world):

Participants in a rally, dressed as hooded detainees.

appropriate in this context (as in War on Drugs), since

there is no identiable enemy, and that it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military
means.[215]

Other critics, such as Francis Fukuyama, note that

"terrorism" is not an enemy, but a tactic; calling it a war
The United States Department of Veterans Aairs has on terror, obscures dierences between conicts such as
diagnosed more than 200,000 American veterans with anti-occupation insurgents and international mujahideen.
PTSD since 2001.[207]
With a military presence in Iraq and Afghanistan and its
associated collateral damage Shirley Williams maintains
this increases resentment and terrorist threats against the
Yemen
West.[216] There is also perceived U.S. hypocrisy,[217] media induced hysteria,[218] and that dierences in foreign
Main article: Terrorism in Yemen
and security policy have damaged Americas image in
most of the world.[219]
[202][203][204][205][206]

12

Costs

A March 2011 Congressional report[208] estimated spending related to the war through scal year 2011 at $1.2 trillion, and that spending through 2021 assuming a reduction to 45,000 troops would be $1.8 trillion. A June 2011
academic report[208] covering additional areas of spending related to the war estimated it through 2011 at $2.7
trillion, and long term spending at $5.4 trillion including
interest.[note 4]

14 See also
AfPak
Attacks on U.S consulate in Karachi
Axis of evil
Bush Doctrine
Foreign policy of the United States
Iran and state-sponsored terrorism

13

Criticism

Main article: Criticism of the War on Terror

Criticism of the War on Terror addresses the issues,
morality, eciency, economics, and other questions surrounding the War on Terror and made against the phrase
itself, calling it a misnomer. The notion of a war
against terrorism has proven highly contentious, with
critics charging that it has been exploited by participating governments to pursue long-standing policy / military objectives,[213] reduce civil liberties,[214] and infringe
upon human rights. It is argued that the term war is not

List of military operations in the War in Afghanistan

(2001present)
Nuclear terrorism
PakistanUnited States relations
Saudi Arabia and terrorism
State Sponsors of Terrorism
Targeted killing
Timeline of the War on Terror

18

16

REFERENCES

Timeline of United States military operations

[14] Islamic State targets Yemen

United States and state terrorism

[15] Nigerias president vows to defeat Boko Haram Africa

Al Jazeera English

15

Notes

[1] Origins date back to the 1980s.

[2] Origins date back to the 1980s.
[3] Former army chief.
[4] Among costs not covered by these gures are o-DoD
spending beyond 2012, economic opportunity costs, state
and local expenses not reimbursed by the federal government, nor reimbursements made to foreign coalition allies
for their expenses.

16

References

[1] Obama vs ISIS: This time its personal. The Daily Beast.
22 August 2014. Retrieved 9 September 2014.
[2] US weighs direct military action against ISIS in Syria.
The New York Times. 22 August 2014. Retrieved 9
September 2014.
[3] French hostage beheading: France to boost Syria rebels.
BBC News. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
[4] Islamic State Allies In Egypt Say They Killed American
Oil Worker William Henderson. The Hungton Post.
Retrieved 6 December 2014.
[5] Islamic State Kassig murder: Western jihadists probed.
BBC.com. 17 November 2014. Retrieved 17 November
2014.
[6] Kayla Mueller, American ISIL hostage, is dead, Al
Jazeera America, February 10, 2015

[16] US Oers to Help Find Over 200 Nigerian Schoolgirls

Abducted by Boko Haram
[17] Osley, Richard (7 March 2015). Boko Haram pledges allegiance to Isis in video message. The Independent. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
[18] Nigerias Boko Haram pledges allegiance to Islamic
State. BBC News. BBC. 7 March 2015. Retrieved 7
March 2015.
[19] Schanzer, Jonathan (2011-05-02). The Hamas-al Qaeda
Alliance. The Weekly Standard. Retrieved 2014-09-27.
[20] Bush, George W. (2010). Decision Points. Crown Publishers. pp. 399400. Palestinian extremists, many afliated with the terrorist group Hamas, launched a wave
of terrorist attacks against innocent civilians in Israel...My
views [on Israel and Hamas] came into sharper focus after
9/11.
[21] Halevi, Jonathan D. (2014-08-04). The Hamas Threat
to the West Is No Dierent from ISIS. Jerusalem Center
for Public Aairs. Retrieved 2014-09-29.
[22] Thiessen, Marc A. (2011-12-08). Iran responsible for
1998 U.S. embassy bombings. The Washington Post. Retrieved 2014-09-26.
[23] U.S. District Court Rules Iran Behind 9/11 Attacks.
PRNewswire. 2011-12-23. Retrieved 2014-09-27.
[24] Bush, George W. (2010). Decision Points. Crown Publishers. pp. 413414. Israels war against Hezbollah in
Lebanon was another dening moment in the ideological
struggle.

[7] Egypt 'bombs IS in Libya' after beheadings video. BBC

News. 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.

[25] Levitt, Matthew (2013). Hezbollah: The Global Footprint

of Lebanons Party of God. Georgetown University Press.
p. 297. Hezbollah created Unit 3800, a unit dedicated
to supporting Iraq Shi'a terrorist groups targeting multinational forces in Iraq.

[8] Bangladesh. Coalition Contires. United States Central

Command. Retrieved 4 December 2014.

[26] Hassan Hassan. Political reform in Iraq will stem the rise
of Islamists. Retrieved 4 February 2015.

[9] Allies Express Support for U.S. War on Terror. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
[10] http://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/31/world/middleeast/
31cnd-prexy.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
[11] Williams, Dan (2014-09-08).
Israel provides intelligence on Islamic State:
Western diplomat.
Reuters/Yahoo! News. Retrieved 2014-09-27.
[12] Israel urges global spies to pool resources on IS.
AFP/Yahoo! News. 2014-09-09. Retrieved 2014-09-27.
[13] Mike Levine; James Gordon Meek; Pierre Thomas; Lee
Ferran (23 September 2014). What Is the Khorasan
Group, Targeted By US in Syria?". ABC News. Retrieved
18 October 2014.

[27] Penney, Joe (5 October 2011). The 'War on Terror' rages

in the Philippines. Al Jazeera (Qatar). Retrieved 6 May
2015.
Abuza, Zachary (September 2005). Balik-Terrorism:
The Return of the Abu Sayyag (PDF). Strategic Studies
Institute. United States Army. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
[28] Jemaah Islamiyah. Mapping Militant Organizations.
Stanford University. 14 February 2012. Retrieved 6 May
2015.
Prole: Jemaah Islamiah. BBC (United Kingdom). 2
February 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
[29] Pakistan Taliban splinter group vows allegiance to Islamic State. Reuters. 18 November 2014. Retrieved 19
November 2014.

19

[30] ISIS Now Has Military Allies in 11 Countries NYMag. Daily Intelligencer. Retrieved 25 November 2014.
[31]
[32]

[33]
[34]

[35]
[36]

[37]

[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]

[42]

Daily Telegraph (London). Retrieved 9 November 2009.

Elio A. Cohen (20 November 2001). World War IV.
The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 6
http://www.khaama.com/
April 2004. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
uzbek-militants-in-afghanistan-pledge-allegiance-to-isis-in-beheading-video-9962
[46] Thompson, Mark (26 December 2008). The $1 Trillion
Pakistani splinter group rejoins Taliban amid fears of isoBill for Bushs War on Terror. TIME. Retrieved 26 March
lation. Reuters. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 13 March
2011.
2015.
Priest, Dana (23 January 2009). Bushs 'War' On Terror
Comes to a Sudden End. The Washington Post. Retrieved
http://www.thetower.org/
26 March 2011.
1826-major-libyan-jihadist-group-declares-allegiance-to-isis/
Bushs War On Terror Shifting Targets. CBS News. 28
January 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
Has ISIS Lost Its Head? Power Struggle Erupts with AlBaghdadi Seriously Wounded. The Daily Beast. 10 May
[47] The Long War Against Terrorism. Web.archive.org.
2015. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
9 September 2005. Archived from the original on 9
September
2005. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
http://www.businessinsider.com/
report-a-former-physics-teacher-is-now-leading-isis-2015-4 Brownstein, Ronald (6 March 2015). The Long War.
National Journal (Atlantic Media). Retrieved 10 March
Blown to pieces: Iraqi military reveal the moment Islamic
2015.
States second-in-command was killed alongside dozens
[48] Abizaid Credited With Popularizing the Term 'Long
of his followers in coalition air strike on mosque
War'", 3 February 2006: Washington Post traces history
of the phrase Long War
Matt Bradley and Ghassan Adnan in Baghdad, and Felicia
Schwartz in Washington (10 November 2014). Coalition
Airstrikes Targeted Islamic State Leaders Near Mosul. [49] Joint Forces Intelligence Command.. Web.archive.org.
4 February 2005. Archived from the original on 4
WSJ.
February 2005. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
Eric
L.
Bradley,
Deputy
Commander.
http://www.ibtimes.com/
8tharmy.korea.army.mil. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
if-isis-leader-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-killed-who-caliph-islamic-state-group-1721638
Compensation Package for Bomb Blast Victims..
Militant commander Haz Saeed killed in Khyber blast.
Bisp.gov.pk. 1 January 1970. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
ARY NEWS. 17 April 2015.
[50] Lucas, Fred (7 January 2010). Obama Declares America
IMU announces death of emir, names new leader. The
'At War' with Al Qaeda, Oers New Security Initiatives.
Long War Journal. 4 August 2014.
CNSnews.com. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
Sulmasy, Glenn (20 February 2007). A new look for the
Eric Schmitt; Thom Shanker (26 July 2005). U.S. Ofwar on al Qaeda. The San Francisco Chronicle.
cials Retool Slogan for Terror War. New York Times.
Retrieved 8 January 2015.
[51] Silver, Alexandra (18 March 2010). How America BeWojtek Mackiewicz Wolfe (1 January 2008). Winning the
came a Surveillance State. Time Magazine. Retrieved 26
War of Words: Selling the War on Terror from Afghanistan
March 2011.
to Iraq. ABC-CLIO. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-313-34967-6.
[52] Matt Lauer; Katie Couric; Tom Brokaw (11 September
Retrieved 10 January 2015.
2001). Breaking News on September 11th. NBC Learn
Steve Schires (18 March 2003). U S Names Coalition
K-12. NBCUniversal Media. Retrieved 11 September
of the Willing. BBC News. Retrieved 2015-01-11.
2012.

[43] Shinkman, Paul D. Obama: 'Global War on Terror' Is

Over. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 23 March
2015.
[44] Bush likens 'war on terror' to WWIII. ABC News Online Abc.net.au. 6 May 2006. Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
Thomas L. Friedman (13 September 2009). Foreign Affairs; World War III. The New York Times. Retrieved 10
November 2009.
World War II Strikes Spain. Daily News (New York).
12 March 2004. Archived from the original on 2012-1026. Retrieved 10 November 2009.
[45] Charles Feldman and Stan Wilson (3 April 2003). ExCIA director: U.S. faces 'World War IV'". CNN. Archived
from the original on 27 July 2008.
Coman, Julian (13 April 2003). "'We want them to be
nervous (That means you Ali, Bashar and Kim)". The

[53] Kenneth R. Bazinet, A Fight Vs. Evil, Bush And Cabinet Tell U.S."". Daily News (New York). 17 September
2001. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
[54] Jonathan Lyons, Bush enters Mideasts rhetorical mineeld (Reuters: 21 September 2001). Greenspun.com
[55] Transcript of President Bushs address.
September 2001.

CNN. 20

[56] Reynolds, Paul (17 April 2007). Declining use of 'war

on terror'". BBC.
[57] Norton-Taylor, Richard (2 September 2011). MI5 former chief decries 'war on terror'". The Guardian.
[58] FULL TRANSCRIPT: President Barack Obamas Inaugural Address. ABC News. 20 January 2009. Retrieved
26 March 2011.

20

[59] Scott Wilson and Al Kamen (25 March 2009). "'Global

War On Terror' Is Given New Name. The Washington
Post. p. A04. Retrieved 14 September 2014.

16

REFERENCES

[80] U.S. retaliates for Africa bombings. CNN. 20 August

1998.

[60] Jai Singh and Ajay Singh, "The War on Terror Over?",
Small Wars Journal, 28 August 2012.

[81] Malcolm Clark (20 March 2000). Bad air and rank
hypocrisy. newstatesman.com. Archived from the original on 2007-12-27. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

[61] David Kravets, "Former CIA Chief: Obamas War on Terror Same as Bushs, But With More Killing", Wired, 10
September 2012.

[82] Stevel Lee Myers and Tim Weiner (27 August 1998).
Possible Benign Use Is Seen for Chemical at Factory in
Sudan. partners.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2 May 2010.

[62] Pentagon lawyer: War on terror not endless. Las Vegas

Sun (Greenspun Media Group). The Associated Press. 1
December 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012.

[83] What proof of bin Ladens involvement. CNN. 13

September 2001. Archived from the original on 24 January 2009.

[63] Julian E. Barnes (30 November 2012). Pentagon Lawyer

Looks Post-Terror. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
[64] Paul D. Shinkman (23 May 2013). Obama: 'Global War
on Terror' Is Over. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved
24 June 2013.
[65] Marc Ambinder (20 May 2010). The New Term for the
War on Terror. The Atlantic. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
[66] Jackson, Writing the War on Terrorism (2005), p. 8.
[67] Jackson, Writing the War on Terrorism (2005), p. 62.
[68] Jackson, Writing the War on Terrorism (2005), pp. 6275.
[69] Jackson, Writing the War on Terrorism (2005), pp. 7780.
[70] Borhan Uddin Khan and Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman,
Combating Terrorism under Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Regime, Mediterranean Journal of Human
Rights, Vol. 12 (Double Issue), 2008, pp.379397.
[71] Civil Rights and the War on Terror"". amnestyusa.org.
Retrieved 2 May 2010.
[72] Bergen, Peter (2006). The Osama Bin Laden I Know: An
Oral History of Al-Qaedas Leader. Free Press. pp. 60
61.
[73] The group was also responsible for the 1993 World Trade
Center bombing.Megan K. Stack (6 December 2001).
Fighters Hunt Former Ally. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
[74] Al Qaedas Fatwa. PBS Newshour. 23 February 1998.
Retrieved 10 September 2011.
[75] J. T. Caruso (8 December 2001). Al-Qaeda International. Federal Bureau of Investigation. United States
Department of Justice. Retrieved 10 September 2011.

[84] Holmes, Stephen (2006). Al Qaeda, 11 September

2001. In Diego Gambetta. Making sense of suicide missions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-9297979.
[85] Keppel, Gilles; Milelli, Jean-Pierre; Ghazaleh, Pascale
(2008). Al Qaeda in its own words. Harvard University
Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02804-3.
[86] "Chapter of the 9/11 Commission Report detailing the
history of the Hamburg Cell". 9/11 Commission.
[87] Matthew J. Morgan (August 4, 2009). The Impact of 9/11
on Politics and War: The Day that Changed Everything?.
Palgrave Macmillan. p. 222. ISBN 0-2306-07632.
[88] President Bush Releases National Strategy for Combating Terrorism. 14 February 2003. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
[89] Operation Active Endeavour. NATO. 10 November
2010. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
[90] Taliban rejects president Bushs demands. PBS. 21
September 2001.
[91] Shane, Scott (28 November 2009). Senate Report Explores 2001 Escape by bin Laden From Afghan Mountains. The New York Times. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
[92] Pilkington, Ed (29 November 2009). Rumsfeld let Bin
Laden escape in 2001, says Senate report. The Guardian
(London). Retrieved 19 January 2011.
[93] Shahzad, Syed Saleem (12 March 2002). Taliban nd
unlikely allies. Asia Times Online. Retrieved 19 January
2011.
[94] Al Qaeda, Taliban may be regrouping. CNN. 26 March
2002. Retrieved 19 January 2011.

[76] Nic Robertson (19 August 2002). Previously unseen tape

shows bin Ladens declaration of war. CNN. Retrieved 10
September 2011.

[95] Operation Moshtarak: At a glance. Al Jazeera English.

13 February 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2011.

[77] Lisa Myers (17 March 2004). Osama bin Laden: missed
opportunities. NBC. Retrieved 10 September 2011.

[96] Karzai: Afghan forces now in drivers seat, and we're

restarting peace talks with Taliban. CBS News. 18 June
2013. Retrieved 14 September 2014.

[78] Report of the Accountability Review Boards. US Department of State. 7 August 1998.
[79] U.S. strikes terrorist targets in Afghanistan, Sudan.
CNN. 20 August 1998.

[97] Ackerman, Spencer (30 September 2014).

New
Afghanistan pact means Americas longest war will last
until at least 2024. The Guardian (United Kingdom).
Retrieved 7 February 2015.

21

[98] DeYoung, Karen (26 February 2014). Defense minis- [111] DOD Needs to Determine the Future of Its Horn of
ters say NATO is prepared to withdraw all troops from
Africa Task Force (PDF). Government Accountability
Afghanistan. Washington Post. Retrieved 14 September
Oce. April 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
2014.
Graham-Harrison, Emma (4 September 2014). [112] Bin Laden releases Web message on Iraq, Somalia. USA
Today. 1 July 2006. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
Afghanistan security forces readiness for Nato
withdrawal still a hard sell. The Guardian (Kabul).
[113] US says al Qaeda behind Somali Islamists.
Retrieved 14 September 2014.
Web.archive.org. 4 February 2008. Archived from
[99] Ruble, Kayla (29 December 2014). Taliban Claims 'Dethe original on 2008-02-04. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
feat' of US and Allies in Afghanistan as NATO Withdraws
[114] Burke, Jason (13 June 2004). Secret world of US jails.
Troops. Vice. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
The Guardian (London). Retrieved 9 April 2010.
Sedghi, Sarah (30 December 2014). Taliban claims victory as NATO withdraws from Afghanistan. ABC (Aus[115] Stephanie Hanson (2 March 2009). Backgrounder: Altralia). Retrieved 7 February 2015.
Shabaab. The New York Times. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
Johnson, Kay; Mace, Nick (29 December 2015).

[100]

[101]

[102]

[103]

Taliban declare 'defeat' of U.S., allies in Afghanistan.

[116] U.S. Launches Attack on Suspected Al Qaeda Members
Reuters. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
in Somalia. Fox News. 9 January 2007. Retrieved 26
March 2011.
Makarechi, Kia (29 December 2014). Obama Has a Curious Denition for the End of War. Vanity Fair (Cond
[117] Youssef, Maamoun (16 September 2009). Somali alNast). Retrieved 8 February 2015.
Qaida group conrms death of leader. Associated Press.
NATO-led Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan.
Retrieved 17 September 2009.
NATO. 30 January 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
Smith, Josh (16 December 2014). NATO mission in [118] Mother demands to see Nabhans body. Al Jazerra. 16
Afghanistan unlikely to change much. Stars & Stripes.
September 2009. Retrieved 17 September 2009.
Retrieved 7 February 2015.
[119] Mali conict: militants killed as French air strikes pound
Lamothe, Dan (29 December 2014). Meet Operarebel camps. The Guardian. 14 January 2013.
tion Freedoms Sentinel, the Pentagons new mission in
Afghanistan. Washington Post. Retrieved 2 January [120] Iraq accuses US, Turkey of 'illegally' meeting with
2015.
Kurds. CNN. 9 March 2000. Archived from the original on 2008-05-16.
Guardians of the Pacic. Special Operations Command, Pacic. 3 January 2009. Retrieved 19 January [121] Clinton: Iraq has abused its nal chance. CNN. 16 De2011.
cember 1998.

[104] Joint Special Operations Task Force Philippines

[122] Parker, Nick; McCarthy, Rory (23 March 2003). Fierce
(JSOTF-P)". GlobalSecurity.org.
battle around port. The Guardian. Retrieved 17 March
2015.
[105] Improving Lives: Military Humanitarian and Assistance
Mike Ryan (4 December 2003). Baghdad or Bust. Pen
Programs (PDF). American Institute in Taiwan. Novemand Sword. pp. 136137. ISBN 978-1-84415-020-5.
ber 2004. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
Leigh Neville (1 January 2012). Special Operations Forces
[106] Operation Enduring Freedom Philippines. GlobalSein Iraq. Osprey Publishing. pp. 1011. ISBN 978-1curity.org. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
84908-826-8.
[107] US ends Philippines anti-terror force. The Hindu. As- [123] Mary Beth Norton; Carol Sheri; David M. Katzman;
sociated Press. 26 June 2014. Retrieved 3 December
David W. Blight, Howard Chudaco (30 December
2014.
2008). A People and a Nation: A History of the United
Gomez, Jim (26 June 2014). US disbanding Philippines
States, Brief Edition. Cengage Learning. p. 895. ISBN
elite anti-terror force. The Philippine Star. Associated
0-547-17558-2.
Press. Retrieved 3 December 2014.
John Ehrenberg (1 January 2010). The Iraq Papers. Oxford University Press. pp. 219225. ISBN 978-0-19[108] Gordon Arthur; James Hardy (6 October 2014). US,
539858-8.
Philippines start 'PHIBLEX' drills as special forces mission draws down. IHS Janes 360. Retrieved 3 December
[124] President Bush Announces Major Combat Operations in
2014.
Iraq Have Ended (Press release). The White House. 1
May 2003.
[109] Trevithick, Joseph (5 November 2014). Yes, American
Commandos Are Still in the Philippines. War is boring
[125] MICHAEL WARE (27 June 2004). Meet The New Ji(Medium.com). Retrieved 2 January 2015.
had. TIME. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
[110] COMBINED JOINT TASK FORCEHORN OF
AFRICA. United States Africa Command. Archived [126] Iraq war: Last US combat brigade crosses into Kuwait.
from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 19 January
CSMonitor.com. 19 August 2010. Retrieved 26 March
2011.
2011.

22

16

REFERENCES

[127] Shanker, Thom; Schmidt, Michael S.; Worth, Robert F. [142] Bradley, Martha (2013). Drones and the Chicago Con(15 December 2011). In Baghdad, Panetta Leads Uneasy
vention: An Examination of the Concepts of Aerial
Closure to Conict. The New York Times.
Sovereignty, The War on Terror and the Notion of Self
Defense in Relation to the Chicago Convention. Univer[128] Price, Bryan; Milton, Dan; al-`Ubaydi, Muhammad
sity of Pretoria.
(12 June 2014). CTC Perspectives: Al-Baghdadis
Blitzkrieg, ISILs Psychological Warfare, and What it [143] Yemen: new air-strikes target al-Qaeda. World War 4
Means for Syria and Iraq. Combating Terrorism Center.
Report. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
United States Military Academy. Retrieved 14 September
[144] Spencer, Richard (28 December 2009). Detroit terror
2014.
attack: Yemen is the true home of Al-Qaeda. The Daily
[129] Calamur, Krishnadev (13 June 2014). ISIS: An Islamist
Telegraph (London). Retrieved 26 December 2010.
Group Too Extreme Even For Al-Qaida. National Public
[145] MacLeod, Hugh (28 December 2009). Al-Qaida: US
Radio. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
support for Yemen crackdown led to attack. The
[130] The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of
Guardian (London). Retrieved 9 April 2010.
the Global Jihadist Movement The Washington Institute
[146] John Pike. Osama bin Laden letter to the American
for Near East Policy. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
people"". Retrieved 14 September 2014.
[131] Sedghi, Ami; Arnett, George (3 September 2014). US
military Isis air strikes in Iraq: day-by-day breakdown. [147] Full text: bin Ladens 'letter to America'". the Guardian.
The Guardian. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
Retrieved 14 September 2014.
[132] Lamarque, Kevin. Obama tells lawmakers he has au- [148] Analysis: Is al-Qaeda in Kashmir?". Retrieved 14
thorization for Islamic State ght. Reuters. Retrieved 9
September 2014.
September 2014.
Braun, Stephen (12 September 2014). Can Obama Wage [149] Rumsfeld oers US technology to guard Kashmir border. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
War Without Consent of Congress?". Associated Press.
Retrieved 14 September 2014. The White House said
again Friday that Bush-era congressional authorizations [150] Al Qaeda thriving in Pakistani Kashmir. The Christian
Science Monitor. 2 July 2002. Retrieved 14 September
for the war on al-Qaida and the Iraq invasion give Obama
2014.
authority to act without new approval by Congress under
the 1973 War Powers Act.
[151] SAS joins Kashmir hunt for bin Laden.
Telegraph.co.uk. 23 February 2002. Retrieved 14 September
[133] Shinkman, Paul D. (10 September 2014). Obama Un2014.
veils New Islamic State Strategy. U.S. News & World
Report. Retrieved 14 September 2014.

[152] Kashmir Militant Extremists. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
[134] Tilghman, Andrew (2 October 2014). Pentagon: Medals
for new Iraq mission to fall under Operation Enduring
Freedom. Army Times (Gannett). Retrieved 4 October [153] Al-Qaeda claim of Kashmir link worries India, The New
York Times, 13 July 2006
2014.
[135] Rhodan, Maya (15 October 2014). U.S. Military Ac- [154] No Al Qaeda presence in Kashmir: Army. The Hindu
(Chennai, India). 18 June 2007. Retrieved 2 February
tion Against ISIS Deemed 'Operation Inherent Resolve'".
2010.
TIME.com (TIME). Retrieved 16 October 2014.
[136] Musharrafs book says Pakistan faced US 'onslaught' if it [155] Al Qaeda could provoke new India-Pakistan war: Gates
at the Wayback Machine (archived January 23, 2010),
didn't back terror war. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
Dawn, 20 January 2010
[137] Ali, Rafaqat (5 December 2003). Musharraf vows to
root out extremism: Banned outts won't be allowed to [156] US drones killed two terrorist leaders in Pak at the
Wayback Machine (archived September 23, 2009),
resurface. Dawn.Com. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
Dawn, 17 September 2009
[138] Musharraf braced for jihadi backlash. Atimes.com. 20
[157] Chicago Man Pleads Not Guilty in Terror Cases, The New
August 2002. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
York Times, 25 January 2010
[139] Ocials: Captured man says hes al Qaeda brass. CNN.
1 April 2002. Archived from the original on 2006-12-16. [158] Bruce Riedel (15 December 2009). Al Qaedas American Mole. The Brookings Institution. Retrieved 14
Retrieved 9 April 2010.
September 2014.
[140] Operation Enduring Freedom | Afghanistan. iCasual[159] Ilyas Kashmiri alive, lays out future terror strategy, Daily
ties. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
Times (Pakistan), 15 October 2009
[141] Bin Laden 'shot in the head and chest'".
Dailynews.co.zw. 3 May 2011. Archived from the original [160] Ilyas Kashmiri had planned to attack COAS, The News
on 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
International, 18 September 2009

23

[161] "'Militants recruit in Rawalpindi for anti-India activities". [184] Greenspan Admits Iraq was About Oil, As Deaths Put at
10 July 2012.
1.2 Million. Common Dreams. Retrieved 14 September
2014.
[162] PM speaks on Ansett collapse, Anzus treaty. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 14 September 2001. [185] IraqBodyCount. IraqBodyCount. Retrieved 26 March
2011.
Retrieved 19 January 2011.
[163] Partnership Action Plan against Terrorism (PDF). [186] OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM (OIF) U.S. CASUALTY STATUS *" (PDF). American Forces Press Service.
NATO. 22 November 2002. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
United States Department of Defense. 18 January 2013.
Retrieved 19 January 2013.
[164] New frontline in the war on terror..
[165] Afghan war cost rise tests US taxpayers patience. The- [187] "Body Count - Casualty Figures after 10 Years of the
War on Terror - Iraq Afghanistan Pakistan" (PDF), by
newstribe.com. 29 January 2011. Retrieved 2 January
IPPNW, PGS and PSR, p. 78, First international edition
2012.
(March 2015)
Gabriela Motroc (7 April 2015). U.S. War on Terror has
[166] UK troops take over Afghan duties. BBC. 1 June 2006.
reportedly killed 1.3 million people in a decade. Aus[167] Canada set for longer Afghan stay. BBC. 16 June 2006.
tralian National Review.
220,000 killed in US war in Afghanistan 80,000 in Pak[168] Australia outlines Afghan force. BBC. 8 May 2006.
istan: report. Daily Times. 30 March 2015.
[169] More Dutch troops for Afghanistan. BBC. 3 February [188] Afghan Civilians. Costs of War. 27 February 2001.
2006.
Retrieved 17 July 2012.
[170] The double danger of the NSAs 'collect it all' policy [189] Dossier on Civilian Victims of United States Aerial
on surveillance | Rachel Levinson-Waldman | Comment
Bombing. Pubpages.unh.edu. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
is free. theguardian.com. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
[190] The FP Memo: Operation Comeback By Joshua Muravchik. Foreign Policy. 10 October 2006. Retrieved 26
[171] American Libraries First Patriot Act Challenge Filed
March 2011.
by ACLU. ALA. 4 August 2003. Retrieved 26 March
2011.
[191] The Prof Who Can't Count Straight. The Weekly Standard. 26 August 2002. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
[172] Cindy C Combs (2003), Terrorism in the Twenty First
Century, (3rd Edition, New Jersey: Pearsons Educ. Inc.)
[192] Operation Enduring Freedom: Why a Higher Rate of
Civilian Bombing Casualties?". Comw.org. Retrieved 26
[173] UN Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee.
March 2011.
United Nations. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
[193] Operation Enduring Freedom: Why a Higher Rate
of Civilian Bombing Casualties Bombers and cluster
bombs. Comw.org. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
[175] US Cong votes for designating Haqqani network as terror
group. 28 July 2012.
[194] Operation Enduring Freedom: Why a Higher Rate of
Civilian Bombing Casualties Appendix 1. Estimation
[176] Goldstein, Joshua S. Think Again: War. Foreign Policy
of Civilian Bombing Casualties: Method and Sources.
Magazine, 15 August 2011.
Comw.org. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
[177] Sta writer (October 23, 2010). Iraq War Logs: What
[195] Strange Victory: A critical appraisal of Operation Enthe Numbers Reveal. Iraq Body Count. Retrieved
during Freedom and the Afghanistan war. Comw.org.
November 20, 2010.
Retrieved 26 March 2011.
[174] US Senate: Legislation & Records

[178] Civilian deaths from violence in 20032011. Iraq Body [196] "'The Americans . . . They Just Drop Their Bombs and
Count. January 2, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-10.
Leave'". Los Angeles Times - Web.archive.org. Archived
from the original on 4 June 2002. Retrieved 26 March
[179] Civilian deaths from violence in 2012. Iraq Body Count.
2011.
January 1, 2013.
[197] "Guardian.co.uk" The Guardian
[180] Associated Press, 14 October 2009
[198] Mogadishu violence kills 6,500 in past year: rights
[181] Iraq Family Health Survey. Retrieved 14 September
group. Web.archive.org. 21 March 2008. Archived from
2014.
the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
[182] More than 1,000,000 Iraqis murdered at the Wayback [199] Gambrell, Jon (8 June 2009). Funeral held for soldier
Machine (archived October 2, 2007). September 2007.
killed in Ark. attack. Seattle Times.
Opinion Research Business. PDF report: Opinion.co.uk
[200] Recruitment Shooting Suspect Doesn't Think Killing
[183] Poll: Civilian Death Toll in Iraq May Top 1 Million.
Was Murder. Fox News. Associated Press. 9 June 2009.
Common Dreams. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
Retrieved 20 September 2009.

24

18

EXTERNAL LINKS

[201] Bill would give Purple Heart to Fort Hood shooting vic- [219] Americas Image in the World: Findings from the Pew
tims. Austin Statesman. 9 May 2012. Retrieved 29
Global Attitudes Project. Pew Research Center. 14
March 2013. Thirteen people were killed and more than
March 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
30 wounded in the rampage.
[202] Operation Iraqi Freedom | Iraq. iCasualties. 28 May
2010. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
[203] Forces: U.S. & Coalition/POW/MIA. CNN.
[204] Military Casualty Information. Siadapp.dmdc.osd.mil.
Retrieved 26 March 2011.
[205] OEF | Afghanistan | Fatalities By Year. iCasualties. 28
May 2010. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
[206] Operation Iraqi Freedom | Iraq | Fatalities By Nationality. iCasualties. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 26 March
2011.
[207] Aikins, Matthieu; Koehler, Chris (2013). Mental Combat. Popular Science (Bonnier Corporation) 282 (3): 40
45. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
[208] Daniel Trotta (29 June 2011). Cost of war at least $3.7
trillion and counting. Reuters. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
[209] Amy Belasco (16 July 2010). The Cost of Iraq,
Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations
Since 2011. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved
25 June 2012.
[210] K. Alan Kronstadt (6 February 2009). Pakistan-U.S. Relations. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 25
June 2012.
[211] Congressional Research Service (11 February 2011).
Long-Term Implications of the 2011 Future Years Defense Program. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
[212] Eisenhower Study Group (2011).
Cost of Iraq,
Afghanistan, and Anti-Terrorism Operations. Watson
Institute for International Studies, Brown University. Retrieved 24 June 2012.
[213] George Monbiot, A Wilful Blindness (Those who support the coming war with Iraq refuse to see that it has
anything to do with US global domination), monbiot.com
(authors website archives), reposted from The Guardian,
11 March 2003. Retrieved 28 May 2007.
[214] Singel, Ryan (13 March 2008). FBI Tried to Cover Patriot Act Abuses With Flawed, Retroactive Subpoenas,
Audit Finds. Wired. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
[215] Richissin, Todd (2 September 2004). ""War on terror
dicult to dene. The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
[216] Williams, Shirley. "The seeds of Iraqs future terror". The
Guardian, 28 October 2003.
[217] American Hegemony: How to Use It, How to Lose It by
Gen. William Odom (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-27.
[218] Lustick, Ian S. (2006) [1 September 2006]. Trapped in the
War on Terror. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN
0-8122-3983-0.

16.1 Bibliography
Jackson, Richard. Writing the War on Terrorism:
Language, Politics and Counter-Terrorism. Manchester & New York: Manchester University Press,
2005. ISBN 0719071216.

17 Further reading
Sergei Boeke, Transitioning from Military Interventions to a Long-Term Counter-Terrorism Policy
(International Centre for Counter-Terrorism The
Hague, 2014)

18 External links
White House FAQ about the WoT
CIA and the WoT
U.S. National Military Strategic Plan for the WoT
Early presidential perspectives on terror and terrorism
A New Strategy for Americas War on Terrorism,
Patrolling magazine, 75th Ranger Regiment Assoc.,
Winter 2011. at the Wayback Machine (archived
June 16, 2013)
Fifty Terror Plots Foiled Since 9/11: The Homegrown Threat and the Long War on Terrorism

25

19
19.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

War on Terror Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terror?oldid=663207766 Contributors: The Cunctator, Derek Ross, Brion
VIBBER, Eloquence, Mav, Bryan Derksen, Koyaanis Qatsi, Tim Chambers, Sjc, Ffaker, AlexWasFirst, DanKeshet, Mark, Ed Poor, Eclecticology, Fredbauder, Yooden, Rmhermen, The Ostrich, Fubar Obfusco, Deb, SimonP, Shii, Zoe, Graft, Heron, Comte0, Mintguy, Bignose,
Tzartzam, Hephaestos, Soulpatch, Olivier, Rickyrab, Chris Q, Bertrand, Leandrod, Lisiate, Elian, Stevertigo, Mrwojo, Nevilley, Edward,
Kchishol1970, JohnOwens, Michael Hardy, GABaker, Kwertii, Stormwriter, Fred Bauder, Lear~enwiki, Georgec, FluyTheLoveBunny,
Vera Cruz, Karl, Gabbe, Blacklite, Sam Francis, The Braxtonian, Wapcaplet, Ixfd64, 172, TakuyaMurata, Shoaler, GTBacchus, Delirium,
CruciedChrist, Georey~enwiki, Minesweeper, Tregoweth, Ronabop, Ams80, Ahoerstemeier, Jimfbleak, J'raxis, William M. Connolley,
Snoyes, Kingturtle, Erzengel, BigFatBuddha, DropDeadGorgias, Kevin Baas, Salsa Shark, Ugen64, Jll, Djmutex, Nikai, Netsnipe, Dpol,
Jiang, Evercat, JamesReyes, EdH, Ruhrjung, Eirik (usurped), Bob O'Bob, Technopilgrim, Jengod, Hauser, The Tom, Htaccess, RickK,
Reddi, Ike9898, Daniel Quinlan, Fuzheado, Tb, WhisperToMe, Wik, Timc, CBDunkerson, Tpbradbury, Tempshill, Mattworld, Omegatron, Topbanana, Kwantus, Raul654, Cuye, Pir, Jerzy, GPHemsley, Bwmodular, David.Monniaux, Finlay McWalter, Frazzydee, Slawojarek, Jeq, Owen, Lumos3, Dimadick, Phil Boswell, Nufy8, Robbot, DavidA, RichiH, Fredrik, PBS, RedWolf, Goethean, Romanm,
Naddy, Lowellian, Mirv, Academic Challenger, Rholton, Iosif~enwiki, Texture, Bkell, Saganaga, Hadal, JackofOz, Cco, Mushroom,
Pifactorial, Alphaxer0, PBP, Mattaschen, Davidcannon, Alan Liefting, Adhib, SimonMayer, Alexwcovington, Martinwguy, Connelly,
Noizy, Dominick, Gwalla, DocWatson42, Christopher Parham, Jyril, Barbara Shack, TOttenville8, Massysett, Wolfkeeper, Halda, Tom
harrison, MathKnight, Marcika, Bradeos Graphon, Gamaliel, Varlaam, Niteowlneils, Gilgamesh~enwiki, Xinoph, Mboverload, Get-backworld-respect, Matthead, Adam McMaster, Jackol, SWAdair, Bobblewik, Ragib, Golbez, Wmahan, Stevietheman, PhiloVivero, Gadum,
Utcursch, Andycjp, Dunk, Sohailstyle, Toytoy, CryptoDerk, SarekOfVulcan, Yath, Dvdriper, Sonjaaa, Zarvok, Blankfaze, Antandrus,
Beland, Onco p53, Doops, Scottperry, Loweeel, Jossi, Russell E, MacGyverMagic, Rdsmith4, Russell j, Spiralhighway, Husnock, Bodnotbod, Chrisn4255, Mysidia, Brian Mitchell, Barrettam, Sam Hocevar, Poukd, Cynical, Commodore Sloat, Sillydragon, Anirvan, Neutrality,
Herschelkrustofsky, Bbpen, Ukexpat, Aknorals, Jh51681, McCart42, Random account 47, Trevor MacInnis, Esperant, Gazpacho, Mike
Rosoft, D6, Blackjack@jolly-roger.com, Jayjg, Lode (Germany), Wikiti, DanielCD, Limeheadnyc, Random contributor, Felix Wiemann,
, Discospinster, ElTyrant, Solitude, Patricknoddy, Rich Farmbrough, Rhobite, Avriette, Guanabot, Vague Rant, FT2, Rama, Vsmith,
Florian Blaschke, Tomtom~enwiki, Kenwarren, Socrates999, Ross Uber, Kzzl, Xezbeth, Abelson, Number 0, LeeHunter, Dbachmann,
Chris Thompson, Trey Stone, Bender235, Thnr, Kelvinc, Slokunshialgo, Mr. Billion, Zscout370, Borofkin, MBisanz, El C, Mwanner,
Mlindstr, Cafzal, Aude, Shanes, RoyBoy, Prospero, Plauz, Amerika, Kaveh, Alxndr, Sole Soul, Bobo192, TomStar81, NetBot, Ypacara,
Sentience, Smalljim, Func, BrokenSegue, Spug, Kevin Myers, Adrian~enwiki, Maurreen, Palmiro, ParticleMan, Acjelen, TheProject,
NickSchweitzer, Idleguy, Silverback, Irishpunktom, Storm Rider, Alansohn, Anthony Appleyard, Mgaved, Duman~enwiki, Sherurcij,
Eric Kvaalen, Joolz, Philip Cross, Geo Swan, Mr Adequate, Homeless~enwiki, Ronline, Damburger, Primalchaos, Ejstarchuk, Jnothman,
AzaToth, SlimVirgin, Benefros, Mailer diablo, Sagan, Dierentgravy, CJ, Bart133, MattWade, Snowolf, Ombudsman, JK the unwise,
Dhartung, Mir~enwiki, Fourthords, DanGalligan, Pappa, Javidan, CloudNine, Sciurin, Mikeo, Kober, LFaraone, Henry W. Schmitt,
Sfacets, Redvers, Oystertoadsh, Bookandcoee, Richard Weil, Billfmsd, Kenyon, Smoth 007, Weyes, Paradiver, Tbsmith, Jgofborg, Angr,
GaelicWizard, Woohookitty, Maprovonsha172, Camw, John-1107, Tellkel, TomTheHand, Scjessey, Kosher Fan, Pol098, SP-KP, JeremyA, Magabund, Tabletop, Lapsed Pacist, Uris, Dah31, Hotshot977, Triddle, Striver, Winstonsmith, RememberMe, Meneth, Philbarker,
Kralizec!, Paullb,
, Prashanthns, Gimboid13, Rangeley, GraemeLeggett, Karam.Anthony.K, CronoDAS, Dysepsion, Mgreenwald, Ashmoo, Graham87, Somebenguy, NickF, Descendall, BD2412, BGordon, Bunchofgrapes, FreplySpang, Calicocat, Kane5187,
Edison, Rjwilmsi, Tim!, Jweiss11, Kinu, OneWeirdDude, Panoptical, Strait, Harry491, Bob A, Bill37212, Linuxbeak, Bruce1ee, Captain Disdain, MZMcBride, Himasaram, Nick R, Mitrebox, Equinox137, ElKevbo, Boccobrock, Oliverkeenan, DoubleBlue, Yamamoto
Ichiro, A Man In Black, SNIyer12, Titoxd, Drrngrvy, Wragge, Skyler, Ian Pitchford, SchuminWeb, RobertG, Ground Zero, CalJW, HJV,
KarlFrei, Nihiltres, JdforresterBot, Crazycomputers, Mr Flack-Hill, AI, RexNL, NeoFreak, Jordan Elder, Jeremygbyrne, ViriiK, Militaryace, Atrix20, Alphachimp, Shahram, Tedder, Noitall, Snailwalker, Theshibboleth, Valentinian, King of Hearts, Copperchair, Sbrools,
Theo Pardilla, Tene, RJSampson, VolatileChemical, Antiuser, Bgwhite, Chwyatt, Cactus.man, Sniperfox, Gwernol, Kralahome, Peter
Grey, Seth Terashima, Roboto de Ajvol, Borgx, Rajul, Dirigible, Jachin, Jimp, Kafziel, StuOfInterest, Erachima, Wfried, RussBot,
Snillet, Mikemaccana, Petiatil, John Quincy Adding Machine, Hauskalainen, Hede2000, Motmot, Kirill Lokshin, Polluxian, Gaius Cornelius, Sandpiper, CambridgeBayWeather, Izanbardprince, Irrevenant, Anomalocaris, Marcus Cyron, Luke8620, NawlinWiki, Msikma,
Nirvana2013, Robertvan1, Grafen, Tne80, Dforest, CJK, PoLaR, Agrimace, Howcheng, Neutron, Derex, Drivec, Lexicon, JDoorjam,
D. Wu, Brandon, Jpbowen, Blu Aardvark, Larsinio, Eugrus, Raven4x4x, Emilio oris, Moe Epsilon, Rudykog, AlbertR, Kenkoo1987,
Deckiller, RonCram, Mieciu K, Georgeslegloupier, Gadget850, DeadEyeArrow, Gamemaker, Happydrifter, FiggyBee, Nescio, Elkman,
Haemo, Jpeob, ThinkingInBinary, Thegreyanomaly, Black Falcon, Nlu, Slicing, Richardcavell, UW, Sandstein, Jessemckay, Alecmconroy,
David orlovic, Paul Magnussen, Phgao, Zzuuzz, Ryanbi, Rudrasharman, Pozole, Warfreak, Elistoughton, Ageekgal, Kgwo1972, Nikkimaria, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Closedmouth, Mike Selinker, Arthur Rubin, Toddgee, De Administrando Imperio, CharlesHBennett, BorgQueen, Luiscolorado, Belard, Getoar, Shtove, Philip Stevens, Auroranorth, Peeteeree, Nick-D, Wallie, Algae, Victor falk,
Quadpus, Luk, The Wookieepedian, JerryOrr, Veinor, SmackBot, Looper5920, Britannicus, MattieTK, WilliamThweatt, ILBobby, Meshach, Haza-w, Prodego, KnowledgeOfSelf, Hydrogen Iodide, Stev0, K-UNIT, Kimon, Pgk, Joaquin Murietta, IEdML, Ikip, Jfg284,
Petercorless, ArcticWind7, Btm, Esaborio, Midway, Dxco, Alksub, Delldot, PJM, Frymaster, ProveIt, Hbackman, Nil Einne, Nscheey,
HalfShadow, Rune X2, Tnkr111, Yamaguchi , Kudzu1, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Betacommand, Jackk, Kitrus, Andy M. Wang,
Rmosler2100, NorbertArthur, Wookipedian, BenAveling, The monkeyhate, Chris the speller, Kurykh, Bidgee, Vikramsingh, Jibbajabba,
Gonzalo84, Agstf, NCurse, MK8, Dr bab, Kaliz, Cattus, Whywhywhy, Rmt2m, Raymond arritt, Jack324, Miquonranger03, Hibernian,
Gutworth, Oni Ookami Alfador, Tripledot, Eer, Baronnet, Fromgermany, Methnor, Colonies Chris, Konstable, MTBradley, Jdthood,
William Allen Simpson, Darth Panda, Greygh0st, Yanksox, Drakew, Modest Genius, Xeryus, George Ho, Can't sleep, clown will eat me,
DHeyward, Mourn, Raoul-Duke, The Placebo Eect, Dev1n, OOODDD, Zagrebo, Georey Gibson, Yidisheryid, TrulyTory, Rrburke,
Zvar, Addshore, Greenshed, Bolivian Unicyclist, Grover cleveland, Maniacgeorge, Sidious1701, Khoikhoi, Jmlk17, Krich, Nakon, Savidan, Jonovision, VegaDark, Shamir1, Nosuch, RandomP, Trbdavies, Trieste, Akriasas, Ahijado, Weregerbil, Zero Gravity, Andrew c,
Farzanegan, Jlujan69, A gx7, Scooterman, Metamagician3000, Dave w74, Ericl, S@bre, Mystaker1, Terrasidius, Ligulembot, Stor stark7,
Monikahingorani, Z o l t a r, Zito ta xania, J. Donne~enwiki, Ace ETP, Ohconfucius, Catherine breillat, Synthe, FAH1223, CIS, ZScarpia,
The Ungovernable Force, FlyPanAma, Burgas00, Eurotrotter, Rklawton, Siva1979, Srikeit, Zahid Abdassabur, Mike7, Dahak, John, The
idiot, Ourai, Messatsu, Will 3rd, Acidburn24m, Scientizzle, Tazmaniacs, Loodog, Nkcs, Lazylaces, Robin hood 7000, Robosh, Demondogsofwar, Edwy, 2nd Piston Honda, Dumelow, NYCJosh, Stefan2, Tlesher, Kransky, Vanished user v8n3489h3tkjnsdkq30u3f, A.Z.,
Mr. Lefty, Mrhamilton, Nobunaga24, Fernando S. Aldado~enwiki, Anti-Flag, Bless sins, Terzett, Willy turner, Benjaminlobato, Goure-

26

19

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

vitch, Slakr, Hvn0413, Shangrilaista, Volker89, Tasc, MTN~enwiki, Utopianheaven, Thomasfauskanger, Publicus, Dicklyon, Nkreindl27,
Darz Mol~enwiki, PRRfan, InedibleHulk, Waggers, Mattabat, Northmeister, MAG1, Jackspinner, Ryulong, Bobrobon, Citicat, Zapvet,
Armon, Caiaa, Graldensblud, Newman9997, Hu12, Keith-264, Levineps, Bluefret, DouglasCalvert, MithraApollo, BananaFiend, Dreftymac, Notque, Joseph Solis in Australia, Pegasus1138, Mrdthree, Haroldandkumar, Aaron DT, W123, Courcelles, Bottesini, Samscribe,
Tawkerbot2, ROGNNTUDJUU!, Alegoo92, Dlohcierekim, Pudeo, Windon60, Raphael1, Lovelight, AbsolutDan, Mrmaroon25, De mortuis..., PurpleRain, Amniarix, ERAGON, Cyrusc, JForget, Bootleg42, Donut2, Stadler981, CmdrObot, Jodawi, Patchouli, Vanished user
sojweiorj34i4f, Ric36, Van helsing, The ed17, Eric, Picaroon, Dennisc24, Baiji, Dracos, Drinibot, R9tgokunks, Ruslik0, Neave, GHe,
NickW557, Mctaviix, ShelfSkewed, Requestion, Neelix, Chrisahn, Fletcher, MikeWren, Beh-nam, Ajkgordon, Shanoman, Pjh3000, Cydebot, Red4tribe, Kaldosh, Kslotte, Red Director, Khatru2, A Softer Answer, Chasingsol, Ryan darknight, JamesLucas, Benvogel, Quibik,
Luciusmichael, Steven Russell, Dougweller, DumbBOT, Chrislk02, Secular mind~enwiki, DBaba, JustFacts, Roger Roger, Kozuch, NorthernThunder, Zer0faults, Asiaticus, After Midnight, Anebalance, Corporal Punishment, The Lizard Wizard, OBrienMadHouse, Pustelnik, Jaxjesse1, MiguelNS, Gimmetrow, , CieloEstrellado, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Airwags22, Tommy23, Jobba, SchutteGod, Botmaru, Kohran, Durandus~enwiki, Gaijin42, Pajz, Kumiankka, Ultimus, Faigl.ladislav, Kablammo, Dz3zzz, 23prootie, Walterego, Pathbinder, Aleph-4, Sopranosmob781, Id447, Louis Waweru, Keithjgrant, Moulder, Vertium, Soviet Canuckistan, Bobblehead, Neil916,
NorwegianBlue, TFaNSPa, Doyley, Ctu2485, CPBnumber9, Steven Argue, Sinn, Hcobb, Nirvana77, Nick Number, Tocino, WhaleyTim,
MinnesotanConfederacy, Bulldogclip101, Haha169, Natalie Erin, Danielfolsom, Peashy, RUSMCUSA, KrakatoaKatie, AntiVandalBot,
RobotG, Davido, Fuk U, Luna Santin, Widefox, Heyfunboy, Mibs, Carolmooredc, Prolog, His excellency, Efyoo, DarkAudit, Amilsum, RapidR, Lingeron, Pconrad0, JohnHustings, North Shoreman, Barslori, Spencer, Yellowdesk, I am Ward Cunningham and I am
Mad!, Rtt71, Ephery, Killerman2, Falconleaf, Buy1get1free, Bka, Klow, Canadian-Bacon, Dreaded Walrus, Markthemac, Fennessy,
JAnDbot, Dogru144, Husond, Tony Myers, MER-C, Txomin, Epeeeche, Amoruso, Lifthrasir1, Instinct, Chanakyathegreat, Hello32020,
Andrew Swallow, Ribonucleic, Realismadder, Panarjedde, 0331marine, Hut 8.5, Leolaursen, PhilKnight, Ryan4314, Acroterion, SteveSims, Bencherlite, Alex389, Top Gun, Magioladitis, Jay942942, Jfulford, Varese Sarabande~enwiki, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, AuburnPilot,
Weser, Yandman, Keith Lind, JamesBWatson, Maheshkumaryadav, Flayer, Ling.Nut, SPECTRE, Harelx, Buckshot06, Menasim, Jancikotuc, ***Ria777, Tony Camonte, Rsi73, KevinJ, Iceberg007, Rich257, Avicennasis, PEAR, DXRAW, Tristan Horn, PureRumble,
Catgut, WhatamIdoing, Benzocane, Praddy06, Thernlund, Soccerpro592, Jeeh, Ali'i, MetsBot, BatteryIncluded, Stupid Ape, Loonymonkey, Allstarecho, A3nm, The end is near, Vannurden, MCG, Don't fear the Reaper, DavidMarciano, Bobanny, S Seagal, Guyanakoolaid,
DerHexer, Merat, JaGa, Edward321, Esanchez7587, Thiebault002, Yelir61, Kayau, Gun Powder Ma, Wikianon, Dcmi, RichMac, Fear
the hobbit, Trailcody, DMTayag, Aponah, FisherQueen, -Trebor-~enwiki, ArtRex1, MartinBot, AussieBoy, Knightskye, NuclearUmpf,
Click Here!, Signious, Teabag Yokel, Slopes78, CommonsDelinker, Dr Almost, Yuval a, MacAuslan, Wiki Raja, LedgendGamer, Bill
Williams, Artaxiad, J.delanoy, Pharaoh of the Wizards, Mange01, Frankroyce74, Jimmyhogg, Chernus, Pharos04, RatSkrew, Bogey97,
UBeR, Shimaspawn, Asurbanipal~enwiki, Battlecruiser, Koraman~enwiki, Jonpro, Athaenara, Mike.lifeguard, Cocoaguy, Mhansond2007,
NerdyNSK, Wongjeremy, Oppositesattract, Alex2706, Mehmetaergun, Andareed, It Is Me Here, Dss2mtm, Katalaveno, Bad Night, Natobxl, Iam4eversmart, Starnestommy, Novis-M, Crimson123, Skier Dude, Warrior on Terrorism, Wiki1609, GhostPirate, WHeimbigner,
Outofthebox, Bobber0001, Tgj1, Thesis4Eva, Cobi, MKoltnow, Whoblitzell, Doomsday28, Olegwiki, Osaboramirez, Sunderland06, Renvarian, KylieTastic, Juliancolton, Evb-wiki, Jondaris, Leladax, SBKT, Gliding, Pyrenees33, Criticism crisis, Nomi887, Andy Marchbanks, Wewelsburg, McFizzle, WLRoss, Haddyrikabi34, Tirk, Permafrost, Arrogant Papist, Sand Squid, RiseAgainst01, CardinalDan,
TakisV, Speciate, Trippz, Signalhead, ACSE, Hammersoft, VolkovBot, Cireshoe, Saad64, ABF, Hersfold, Je G., Holme053, Niceley,
BoogaLouie, Bovineboy2008, Paulscholesscoresgoals, MJFiorello, Sue H. Ping, Ryan032, Jedravent, UnfairlyImbalanced, JLSWiki, Philip
Trueman, The Electric Eel, SonnyCorleone, ESommers, XavierGreen, Cosmic Latte, SeanNovack, Paine, SilentOne17, Transformers666,
Pwnage8, Jonas Langaas~enwiki, Thycid, Dchall1, HelaBxtn, Ann Stouter, Puzik, IanR57, Norkus007, Kellym133, Maximo Decimo,
Raven Morris, Steven J. Anderson, Bass shing physicist, Bonneau14, Martin451, Oren neu dag, Leafyplant, Trillionaire, LeaveSleaves,
Manchurian candidate, AmorPatriae, PDFbot, Check80, UnitedStatesian, Harryc4848, Haplochromis, Washington87, David in DC, Onore
Baka Sama, Adam on a Airplane, Prof77, Chocolate Horlicks, C-M, Nikkul, Ubersuntzu, Kevingdavis, Spreefan, The dog2, AmbulanceHead, We have 6 heads, Jamesmarkhetterley, The Dragon of Bosnia, FatPatriot, Danrolo~enwiki, Clintville, Buddemeyer, Falcon8765,
@pple, Enviroboy, Turgan, AgentCDE, Kermanshahi, The Devils Advocate, Brianga, ASJ94, Edkollin, Tiquicia, GavinTing, Solicitr,
Sfmammamia, LesterFreamon, Signsolid, Uncle Scrooge, Michal herra, D. Recorder, Wsanders, HelpWikipedia911, Cam275, Ponyo,
KyZan, Chergles, Longterm, M.V.E.i., Koyne Farllis, 34738rbfyi67e6d, True Blue Brew Crew, Slatersteven, Sonicology, Ttony21, Calliopejen1, Philmart, Tiddly Tom, Scarian, Caggy27, PeterPredator, Hchrishicks, Nospam150, Dawn Bard, Alexakis826, Yintan, Geiseric
opr, Matty1471, MaesterTonberry, LookingYourBest, Amreatsf4620, CRock692, Atlanta622, Digwuren, Poyani, Toddst1, Flyer22, Langloisrg, FlirtyLHSgirl, Exert, KP-TheSpectre, Arbor to SJ, Lucky Mitch, Ms2150, Jc-S0CO, Yerpo, Wombatcat, Mimihitam, Kegpistol,
Clinton151, Oxymoron83, AndoverHighSchool, Wakamusha, Avnjay, Nuttycoconut, Roomshappy, Lightmouse, Legolas1987, Salex1093,
Poindexter Propellerhead, Kerryboy1, Joesr55, Celebau, Joshuashearn, Saypotatoes3, BABOON MAN, Rupert Horn, Kumioko (renamed),
SergeiXXX, Jmj713, Vice regent, Tylerjwm, Adam Cuerden, Will Hartley, William Saturn, Mygerardromance, Realm of Shadows, Flamgirlant, Nford24, Joelster, Verdadero, Flyboy121, Ratiuglink, 24bh3s, Angelo De La Paz, JonnyLate, Haberstr, Gr8opinionater, ImageRemovalBot, RobinHood70, Deavenger, Zer0431, Irgendwo, Kadoww, Democracyisborn, Kinkyturnip, SlackerMom, Martarius, Beeblebrox, LikeFunYouAre, Jngk2007, ClueBot, Emberstone878, Atletiker, RobertLunaIII, Binksternet, Artichoker, Gits (Neo), Snigbrook,
Fyyer, The Thing That Should Not Be, Viperes, Doc1978, Starkiller88, Metiscus, Halfhaggis, Wysprgr2005, Imheresoyeah, Gregcaletta,
CasualObserver'48, Drmies, Cp111, Mild Bill Hiccup, Uncle Milty, Lokanth, Vinxx, JTBX, Jwihbey, Blameoften, Ross78, Zl1vette,
Shovon76, Karrar-commando, The hoodlums, Neverquick, Beregorn~enwiki, Williebruciestewie, House1090, Blazik, Inertia Tensor,
Tomakos, Gakusha, Sir Anon, Sirius85, Ktr101, Excirial, MantisEars, Jaro7788, Roadcrusher3, John Nevard, Goon Noot, AprilHare,
Wndl42, Kiwibeca, Teeveegal, EBY3221, ParisianBlade, V7-sport, Legacypac, Lammet, Antodav2007, Reg25, Ratesreal1, Redthoreau,
USA92, Leroyinc, Chrono1084, KNVercingetorix, Bugeaud, Joe N, Ghanadar galpa, Thingg, 6600GT, Aitias, Sushilkumarmishra, Scalhotrod, Dance With The Devil, Roadahead, Electric Farmer, Wikimancer, MKWat, Polcal, Johnuniq, SoxBot III, DumZiBoT, ApocalypseNow115, Chris1834, XLinkBot, Stickee, Ismailmk, Hillaryforprez, Feinoha, CrunchyChewy, Kantawat, Ost316, Paulrota, Darkghterman, Rreagan007, IAMTrust, Skarebo, PhoenixMourning, Militaryboy, Doc9871, Wahrhaft, Nukebros, Plausible to deny, Ubbitz,
Vegas949, Loren1994, TomPointTwo, USA02, Good Olfactory, SelfQ, SJSA, Totlmstr, Hunter Kahn, Santasa99, Drlight11, Addbot, Z=
TERRORIST =Z, Beamathan, NorthG~enwiki, Colibri37, RonaldHoward, Trasman, Fgnievinski, Zellfaze, Chumba12345, Okhota, TutterMouse, Elchombo, Fieldday-sunday, Adrian 1001, Marvin Nash~enwiki, Davidedge91, Poxnar, Zarcadia, CanadianLinuxUser, USchick,
InTheRed, G0T0, Download, Passport90, Chamal N, Lihaas, Historiar, Chzz, Debresser, Roux, LinkFA-Bot, Emadd, HonorTheKing,
Bluemr145, Numbo3-bot, ConnorIBurnett, Intellibeing, F Notebook, Tide rolls, William S. Saturn, User0931, Lightbot, Krano, 1j1z2,
Crusademedia, Daniel-moosh, Jarble, Emperor Genius, Arbitrarily0, Delta 51, Shah 88, Kirwin94, LuK3, Fryed-peach, Swarm, Nototter,
Andre Toulon, O76923, Noneofyour, Drpickem, Luckas-bot, Uzimakiman2011, MarkDalit, Yobot, Granpu, Andreasmperu, TaBOTzerem, Morken, Legobot II, Kadrun, Jaxxon the Rabbit, Pectore, Jimderkaisser, Devashree0707, Nihilion, Re-reconquista, THEN WHO

19.2

Images

27

WAS PHONE?, Asa a1, Professortimithy, Peacekeep, Khaledattalla, Wikihad, Xnacional, Captain Spleen, Marshall Williams2, Lsagrad89,
Igorb2008, Orion11M87, AnomieBOT, Theshard, In two minutes, 1exec1, Dingobird, ThaddeusB, Rjanag, Grey Fox-9589, Killiondude,
Guyver85, Dinamic, AdjustShift, Kingpin13, Law, Flinders Petrie, Keverich1, ASMassoudPhotos, Kavas, Awayanode999, Youizafoolbudd, Typethekeygen, Citation bot, Pipeafcr, Embram, E2eamon, Indiansummermh, ArthurBot, B. Fairbairn, DarkForce16271, LilHelpa,
JSW15, Xqbot, Transity, Martin martin martin martin, Finlay McWalter 22:20, Conay, Capricorn42, Meowdon, CaliSEAL, The Magnicent Clean-keeper, Poetaris, Satanoid, Stars4change, Battymondead, Nikofeelan, Laurence Gilcrest, SpideyFan09, Inferno, Lord of
Penguins, Srich32977, Robertsonfoundation, Augustus Swordsman, J04n, Rromeroiii, GrouchoBot, Zendell, Paulus Gun, Cookiemohnsta,
TAway, Algebraic123, Ohmygod766, Anotherclown, Mark Schierbecker, BobaFett85, Hahauhmmno, Wikireader41, Travrsa, Tridonia, Bahahs, Ontopofcosts, Mathonius, Iqbalhussian29, Barracuda the song, Gui le Roi, Trenodyne, AlphaRed3, Sophus Bie, Cyfraw,
Dk5552, TarseeRota, Mtrevor123, Gighli, DITWIN GRIM, Corollo12, Wouglannin, 78Dendron, Fredy.00, Bounce78, Novem Linguae,
Mughalnz, Koreanj03, RightCowLeftCoast, Green Cardamom, Allventon, Legobot III, Edgars2007, Captain Cheeks, FrescoBot, CaptainFugu, Tobby72, KMFDM Fan, Annihilatron, GodivaCake, The Red Peacock, Theterrorjournal, Milos2009, Mitchb11994, Jawad
ahmed ch., John319, ElijahBosley, Rkr1991, Age Happens, Outback the koala, Ben76266, Terminator-800, Juno, Eagle4000, Punkrockford, Iqinn, Joker123192, , SkyHigher, Freebirds, HamburgerRadio, Diwas, Aogouguo, Henjeng55155, DrilBot,
Taeyebaar, Pinethicket, Yotna, Vicenarian, Elockid, Meros Felsenmaus, Beganlocal, Lablanka71, Blaggards22, CHawc, Bmclaughlin9,
CaptainEagle, SpaceFlight89, Jtmt88, NeoRetro, SaadMuhammad, Plasticspork, Full-date unlinking bot, Heifamily, The oklahoma city
bomber!, Reconsider the static, Ahsaninam, Zhonghuo~enwiki, IJBall, Borsanova, JokerXtreme, History of assymetry, Yunshui, Notmetal, BarrettWYWH, TheFix63, Lotje, GregKaye, Allamsha, MrX, TheMightyGeneral, Az81964444, Hxcrunner89, InvestigateIslam,
Jrod9393, Diannaa, Rambo2345, Suusion of Yellow, Reach Out to the Truth, Minimac, CuboneKing, Mikroblgeovn, MegaSloth, Splinter1044, RjwilmsiBot, Hammerhead111, TjBot, Wiki id2, NameIsRon, Hazemalsaadi, FetchcommsAWB, C0ur4g3 w01f, VernoWhitney,
Anongre, Hajatvrc, Sartre X, Sardis78, JB50000, Kiko4564, Cmo1242, Joachimus, EmausBot, John of Reading, Marlarkey, WikitanvirBot, JCRules, Solopiel, AbbaIkea2010, Dewritech, ArmordHawk 001, Baseball Fanatic, GoingBatty, RA0808, Uishaki, Seming2481,
Sparella, ZxxZxxZ, PersephoneTwo, Mazsa, K6ka, Yattum, Werieth, ZroBot, Illegitimate Barrister, AmazingAthiest, Farhan Zafar,
JohnCengiz77, Mar4d, Anir1uph, Krd, Fintelia, TheAmericanizator, Unreal7, Marcusliou5, PrivateMemoirs, Futureairman10, Jayderobb,
XxDestinyxX, Obama is worse than osama, Lexusuns, Bullmoosebell, FloydJoyMayweatherSR, Coasterlover1994, YnnusOiramo, Dzlife,
What was this guy eating?, CiriloMechas, Insommia, JohnLloydScharf, Afranelli, Eclectic Angel, TheTimesAreAChanging, Petrb, Nbaka
is a joke, ClueBot NG, Faizanalivarya, Derfel73, Obamapinoy1982, Catlemur, BarrelProof, Wibach, David O. Johnson, Ezuvian, Vulpesinculta51, Niriop, Quinsers, Suresh 5, Jim47nm, Zmaher, Groupuscule, Anupmehra, Jrobin08, Sutan alief, Popcorndu, Marshallstack380,
, Wbm1058, Gob Lofa, Carachi, Cherrybomb15, Festermunk, BG19bot, Zagurzem, Bernardini2011, Dred05m, Cyberpower678, Spiritofstgeorge, McZusatz, MusikAnimal, Kendall-K1, Mark Arsten, FutureTrillionaire, Riuken, Adriano.93, Yerevantsi, Supernerd11, Jozoisis, Nickzlapeor, Asdgdsgdgad, Emptyexistence, Oleg-ch, Lieutenant of Melkor, Mun Wizard, Jason from nyc, CA Jim,
BattyBot, HectorMoet, Grachifan, Dlv999, Kool777456, Miszatomic, Reader1987, Dodge801, Mrt3366, Green Beret 625, Gazkthul,
Cyberbot II, ChrisGualtieri, ZappaOMati, Khazar2, MohammedBinAbdullah, Stumink, DylanLacey, Kevin Levin 27452, BrightStarSky,
MrAustin390, Hockeysoccertennis, LightandDark2000, Pjburland, Mogism, Retrospector87, Jackninja5, MathieuDeem, XXzoonamiXX,
255.255.Z55.0, JasonMacker, Mihirh, Lugia2453, Jemappelleungarcon, GeorgeHouse19, Kuzey457, Crock8 (usurped), Nicholasemjohnson, Wolukas, Bulbajer, Epicgenius, Saneparth, Howicus, PraetorianFury, PhantomTech, Everymorning, Jakec, Wuerzele, EvergreenFir,
Icemanwcs, Dustin V. S., ElHef, Origamite, Thevideodrome, The Herald, Anniepresto, Hyphantes, Acalycine, Edgth, AddWittyNameHere, Blondeguynative, Narutzy, Meteor sandwich yum, N0n3up, Thomas0802, SpetsnazGru142, Barjimoa, Cutter1234, Ancholm, Arbutus the tree, WikiWinters, 22merlin, OJOM, Aurelius1776, Monkbot, Teaksmitty, Weegee12, Filedelinkerbot, SantiLak, Happy Attack
Dog, Lucasjohansson, Gdeblois19, Architect2014, Dlbkr2, Amortias, Panzerpampfpony, Gouncbeatduke, Ttrts, Cutest Penguin, 115ash,
DavidHeshWalker, CollegeOrNah, Muldoon Mulvaney, Atifabbasi8, StanTheMan87, Krishna39, Krish8, JhonsJoe, Cyrilus486, Voter
turnout252, FaiqRiz1, Shootdatrupee!..., Arise 345, EoRdE6, Mattramzzz, Embu wiki, PleaseConsider, DirkvVeldhuizen, TeaLover1996,
Star72, Ritsaiph, StanMan87, Hey170, ZakharZee, ToonLucas22, Box345, Moorrests, BadgerStateHistorian1967, Mathura-07, Kjamjamz, LoGicpreference, Prinsgezinde, Godallaholy, Tony290699, Thecorrector97, Chaseb12345, UnkownPerson123456789, Andy2016
and Anonymous: 2022

19.2

Images

File:2006_Musharaff_at_the_White_House.jpeg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/2006_Musharaff_

at_the_White_House.jpeg License: Public domain Contributors: President Bush and President Musharraf of Pakistan Participate in Press
Availability Original artist: White House photo by Eric Draper
File:AQMI_Flag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/AQMI_Flag.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Yo
File:Algeria_province.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Algeria_province.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-31064300 Original artist: Islamic State
File:Barqa_province.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Barqa_province.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-31064300 Original artist: Islamic State
File:Battlefields_in_The_Global_War_on_Terror.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Battlefields_in_
The_Global_War_on_Terror.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
BlankMap-World6.svg Original artist: User:Derfel73; User:Canuckguy
File:Bluetank.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Bluetank.png License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: LA2
File:BritishPatrolHelmand01.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/BritishPatrolHelmand01.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: Spc. Daniel Love
File:C-130J_Hercules,_Iraq,_2003.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/C-130J_Hercules%2C_Iraq%
2C_2003.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.navy.mil/management/photodb/photos/030701-F-7685H-036.jpg Original artist: Master Sergeant Robert R. Hargreaves Jr
File:CJTF-HOA_insignia.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/CJTF-HOA_insignia.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Looper5920 at en.wikipedia

28

19

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Car_bomb_victim_in_Iraq.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Car_bomb_victim_in_Iraq.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Flickr Original artist: James Gordon from Los Angeles, California, USA
File:Circle_Burgundy_Solid.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Circle_Burgundy_Solid.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Wgabrie
File:CollateralMurder.ogv Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/CollateralMurder.ogv License: Public domain Contributors: Wikileaks at http://collateralmurder.com/ Original artist: US Apache helicopter
File:Combined_Task_Force-150.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Combined_Task_Force-150.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.navy.mil/view_image.asp?id=13996 Original artist: U.S. Navy photo by Photographers
Mate 1st Class Bart Bauer.
File:Dead_bodies_in_Mosul.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Dead_bodies_in_Mosul.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia Original artist: Original uploader was Riverwood124 at en.wikipedia
File:Flag_of_AQIS.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Flag_of_AQIS.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Afghanistan.svg License: CC0
Contributors: http://openclipart.org/detail/24112/flag-of-afghanistan-by-anonymous-24112 Original artist:
User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Afghanistan_(1992-1996;_2001).svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_
Afghanistan_%281992-1996%3B_2001%29.svg License: GFDL Contributors: Own work Original artist: Saul ip
File:Flag_of_Albania.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: SVG implementation of the 63-145 Algerian law "on Characteristics of the Algerian national emblem" ("Caractristiques du
Drapeau Algrien", in English). Original artist: This graphic was originaly drawn by User:SKopp.
File:Flag_of_Armenia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Australia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Austria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work, http://www.bmlv.gv.at/abzeichen/dekorationen.shtml Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.elibrary.az/docs/remz/pdf/remz_bayraq.pdf and http://www.meclis.gov.az/?/az/topcontent/21 Original
artist: SKopp and others
File:Flag_of_Bahrain.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.moci.gov.bh/en/KingdomofBahrain/BahrainFlag/ Original artist: Source: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by
User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: http://www.dcaa.com.bd/Modules/CountryProfile/BangladeshFlag.aspx Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_
Herzegovina.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kseferovic
File:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: The ag of Bulgaria. The colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0034&n=
000005&g= as: Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Canada.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Chad.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Quelle Fonto: http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/td.html Original artist: SKopp & others (see upload log)
File:Flag_of_Colombia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Original artist: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman,
R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370,
<a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:MaGa' title='User:MaGa'>Ma</a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png'
class='image'><img
alt='Croatian
squares
Ljubicic.png'
src='//upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/15px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png'
width='15'
height='15'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/23px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png
1.5x,
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png/30px-Croatian_squares_Ljubicic.png
2x' data-le-width='202' data-le-height='202' /></a><a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MaGa' title='User
talk:MaGa'>Ga</a> (based on Decision of the Parliament)
File:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Madden

19.2

Images

29

File:Flag_of_Egypt.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg License: CC0 Contributors:

From the Open Clip Art website. Original artist: Open Clip Art
File:Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Flag_of_El_Salvador.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: user:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Original artist: Originally drawn by User:SKopp. Blue colour changed by User:PeepP
to match the image at [1].
File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.ethiopar.net/type/Amharic/hopre/bills/1998/654.ae..pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_France.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Georgia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work based on File:Brdzanebuleba 31.pdf Original artist: User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Germany.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Greece.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: own code Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi- (talk)
File:Flag_of_Hungary.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg License: Public domain
Contributors:
Flags of the World Hungary Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Iceland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Islandic National Flag Original artist: var Arnfjr Bjarmason, Zscout370 and others
File:Flag_of_India.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Law: s:id:Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 24 Tahun 2009 (http://badanbahasa.kemdiknas.go.id/
lamanbahasa/sites/default/files/UU_2009_24.pdf) Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
This image is based on the CIA Factbook, and the website of Oce of the President of Iraq, vectorized by User:Militaryace Original artist:
Unknown, published by Iraqi governemt, vectorized by User:Militaryace based on the work of User:Hoshie
File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Islamic_State_of_Iraq.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Flag_of_Islamic_State_
of_Iraq.svg License: Public domain Contributors: svg image based on press photographs (original 2007 upload apparently based on
a picture of the Ocial website of Islamic State of Iraq which can not now be traced; press photographs showing this ag rst
appear in early 2006). Original artist: <a href='http://validator.w3.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='W3C' src='//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg/88px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png'
width='88'
height='30' style='vertical-align: top' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%
29.svg/132px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Valid_SVG_1.
1_%28green%29.svg/176px-Valid_SVG_1.1_%28green%29.svg.png 2x' data-le-width='91' data-le-height='31' /></a>iThe source
code of this SVG is <a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='http://validator.w3.org/check?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.
wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSpecial%3AFilepath%2FFlag_of_Islamic_State_of_Iraq.svg,<span>,&,</span>,ss=1#source'>valid</a>.
File:Flag_of_Israel.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern%20History/Israel%20at%2050/The%20Flag%20and%20the%20Emblem Original artist: The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides
the ocial specication for the design of the Israeli ag.
File:Flag_of_Italy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Jabhat_al-Nusra.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Flag_of_Jabhat_al-Nusra.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist:
File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Jihad.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_Jordan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: own code, construction sheet Original artist: -x File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.kenyarchives.go.ke/flag_specifications.htm Original artist: User:Pumbaa80

30

19

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_Latvia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg License: Public domain

Contributors: Drawn by SKopp Original artist: Latvija
File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: Traced based on the CIA World Factbook with some modication done to the colours based on information
at Vexilla mundi.
File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: SuKopp
File:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work http://www.legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1972/0051/a051.pdf#page=2, colors from http://www.
legilux.public.lu/leg/a/archives/1993/0731609/0731609.pdf Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
File:Flag_of_Macedonia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Flag_of_Macedonia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe
File:Flag_of_Malaysia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg License:
domain Contributors: Create based on the Malaysian Government Website (archive version)
Original artist: SKopp, Zscout370 and Ranking Update

Public

File:Flag_of_Mali.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Flag_of_Mauritania.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Flag_of_Mauritania.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Moldova.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: vector coat of arms image traced by User:Nameneko from Image:Moldova gerb large.png. Construction sheet can be found
at http://flagspot.net/flags/md.html#const Original artist: Nameneko and others
File:Flag_of_Mongolia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Current version is SVG implementation of the Mongolian ag as described by Mongolian National Standard MNS
6262:2011 (Mongolian State Flag. General requirements [1]
Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Montenegro.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg License: Public
domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: B1mbo, Froztbyte
File:Flag_of_Morocco.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: adala.justice.gov.ma (Ar) Original artist: Denelson83, Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Multi-National_Force__Iraq.png
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Flag_of_
Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq.png License: Public domain Contributors: https://www.flagspot.net/ Original artist: USAIOH
File:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.mch.govt.nz/files/NZ%20Flag%20-%20proportions.JPG Original artist: Zscout370, Hugh Jass
and many others

File:Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Flag_of_Nicaragua.svg
License:
Public domain Contributors:
Own work based on:
<a data-x-rel='nofollow' class='external text' href='https:
//docs.google.com/viewer?a=v,<span>,&,</span>,q=cache:tRiqYRg_YJ4J:www.casc.gob.ni/index.php?option%3Dcom_
docman%26task%3Ddoc_download%26gid%3D704%26Itemid%3D4+ley+sobre+los+simbolo+patrios+nicaragua+
2002,<span>,&,</span>,hl=es,<span>,&,</span>,gl=ni,<span>,&,</span>,pid=bl,<span>,&,</span>,srcid=ADGEEShaqFptSDRqZyUoeWlWgMGTvcFvWOs
About Characteristics And Use Of Patriotic Symbols of Nicaragua</a> Original artist: C records (talk contribs)
File:Flag_of_Niger.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Flag_of_Niger.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
The burnt orange color in the top band and circle is Pantone(166), i.e. RGB(224,82,6) = #E05206 on sRGB CRT screen, or
CMYK(0,65%,100%,0) for process coated print, BUT NOT light orange #FF7000 which is somewhere between Pantone(130C) and Pantone(151), and is even lighter than X11 orange! See http://www.seoconsultants.com/css/colors/conversion/100/ The central white band is
plain D65 reference white = RGB(255,255,255) = #FFFFFF.
Original artist: Made by: Philippe Verdy User:verdy_p, see also fr:Utilisateur:verdy_p.
File:Flag_of_Nigeria.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Norway.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dbenbenn
File:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: The drawing and the colors were based from agspot.net. Original artist: User:Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Poland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Original artist: Columbano
Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vtor Lus Rodrigues; Antnio Martins-Tuvlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources)
File:Flag_of_Qatar.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp Original artist: (of code) cs:User:-xfi File:Flag_of_Romania.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: AdiJapan

19.2

Images

31

File:Flag_of_Russia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Flag_of_Rwanda.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.primature.gov.rw/component/option,com_docman/task,doc_download/gid,859/Itemid,95/ Original artist: This
vector image was created with Inkscape by Zscout370, and then manually edited.
File:Flag_of_Senegal.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Flag_of_Senegal.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Original upload from Openclipart : Senegal. However, the current source code for this SVG le has almost nothing in
common with the original upload. Original artist: Original upload by Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_Singapore.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The drawing was based from http://app.www.sg/who/42/National-Flag.aspx. Colors from the book: (2001). The
National Symbols Kit. Singapore: Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts. pp. 5. ISBN 8880968010 Pantone 032 shade from
http://www.pantone.com/pages/pantone/colorfinder.aspx?c_id=13050 Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work; here, colors Original artist: SKopp
File:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa Original artist: User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Ordinance Act of the Law concerning the National Flag of the Republic of Korea, Construction and color guidelines
(Russian/English) This site is not exist now.(2012.06.05) Original artist: Various
File:Flag_of_Spain.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Taliban.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Flag_of_Taliban.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: The text is the Shahadah; compare Image:Flag of Jihad.svg, Image:Hamas ag2.png, Image:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Original
artist: Based on Taliban ag (Flag of Afghanistan 1997-2001) at FOTW (instead of direct copy of text from Saudi Arabian ag).
File:Flag_of_Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Flag_of_Tehrik-i-Taliban.svg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work, based on this image Original artist: ArnoldPlaton
File:Flag_of_Thailand.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_Tonga.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.w3.org/ Original artist: entraneur: BEN KHALIFA WISSAM
File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Turkish Flag Law (Trk Bayra Kanunu), Law nr. 2893 of 22 September 1983. Text (in Turkish) at the website of the
Turkish Historical Society (Trk Tarih Kurumu) Original artist: David Benbennick (original author)
File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: 4512:2006 - .
SVG: 2010
Original artist:
File:Flag_of_Yemen.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
Open Clip Art website Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_al-Qaeda.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Flag_of_Jihad.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Unknown
File:Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq_(2004-2005).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Flag_of_al-Qaeda_
in_Iraq_%282004-2005%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Axiom292
File:Flag_of_the_Ba'ath_Party.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Flag_of_the_Ba%27ath_Party.svg
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.
svg License: Public domain Contributors:
-x-'s le
-x-'s code
Zirlands codes of colors
Original artist:
(of code): SVG version by cs:-x-.
File:Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_
Republic.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Nightstallion
File:Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/
Flag_of_the_International_Security_Assistance_Force.svg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.crwflags.com/ Original
artist: Eugene Ipavec (PNG)

32

19

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Flag_of_the_Islamic_Courts_Union.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Islamic_

Courts_Union.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Renamed version of Image:Icu ag.svg Original artist: originally uploaded
User:Ingoman
File:Flag_of_the_Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Flag_of_the_
Moro_Islamic_Liberation_Front.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, vectorised from MILFag.jpg Original artist: Mun
Wizard
File:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Zscout370
File:Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Flag_of_the_Pakistani_Army.
svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Self-published work by Himasaram Original artist: Himasaram
File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: The design was taken from [1] and the colors were also taken from a Government website Original artist:
User:Achim1999
File:Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_
Arab_Emirates.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg License:
PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Great_Seal_of_
the_United_States_%28obverse%29.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Extracted from PDF version of Our Flag, available here
(direct PDF URL here.) Original artist: U.S. Government
File:ISAF_map.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/ISAF_map.svg License: Public domain Contributors:
BlankMap-FlatWorld6.svg Original artist: BlankMap-FlatWorld6.svg: Frank Bennett
File:Inbound_Choppers_in_Afghanistan_2008.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Inbound_
Choppers_in_Afghanistan_2008.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.army.mil/-images/2008/11/10/25229/ Original
artist: Photo by Spc. Mary L. Gonzalez, CJTF-101 Public Aairs
File:Inherent_Resolve.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Inherent_Resolve.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: U.S. government Original artist: Us government
File:Iraq-War-Map.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Iraq-War-Map.png License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: self-made, based on [1] with colors added in Photoshop o of widely-available maps of the region Original artist: ADuran
File:John_Walker_Lindh_Custody.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/John_Walker_Lindh_Custody.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: English Wikipedia en:Image:John Walker Lindh Custody.jpg Original artist: American military
personnel
File:Kashmir_region_2004.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Kashmir_region_2004.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Khorasan_province_logo.jpeg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/Khorasan_province_logo.jpeg License: Public domain Contributors: ISIL media wing in afghanistan Original artist: Shahid Ullah
File:Liberty.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Liberty.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http:
//www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/multimedia/photo_gallery/archives/2003_newsphotos/liberty.xml Original artist: Gerald L. Nino
File:Logo_of_the_Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order.png Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/
Logo_of_the_Army_of_the_Men_of_the_Naqshbandi_Order.png License: ? Contributors:
http://www.alnakshabandia.net/army/ Original artist:
Logo of the Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order
File:Lower-juba-12292006-1627.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Lower-juba-12292006-1627.svg
License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Peter Corless
File:M249_with_Mk46_stock.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/M249_with_Mk46_stock.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.defenselink.mil/photos/newsphoto.aspx?newsphotoid=9338 Original artist: DoD photo
by Sgt. Brandon Aird, U.S. Army.
File:Marines_securing_the_city_of_Marjeh_Feb_22_2010.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/
Marines_securing_the_city_of_Marjeh_Feb_22_2010.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: U.S. Marine Corps
photo by Lance Cpl Andres J. Lugo
File:NATO_flag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg License: Public domain Contributors: www.nato.int Original artist:
Vectorized by Mysid and uploaded to Flag of NATO.svg
File:National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/f/fd/National_Park_Service_9-11_Statue_of_Liberty_and_WTC_fire.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors:
https://web.archive.org/web/20021019052836/http://www.nps.gov/remembrance/statue/index.html Original artist:
National Park
Service
File:Neotaliban_insurgency_2002-2006_en.png
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Neotaliban_
insurgency_2002-2006_en.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors:

19.3

Content license

33

Antonio Giustozzi: Koran, Kalashnikov, and Laptop: The Neo-Taliban Insurgency in Afghanistan. Columbia University Press, New York
2009, ISBN 978-0-231-70010-8, S.2-4 Original artist: Sommerkom
File:Northern_Mali_conflict.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Northern_Mali_conflict.svg License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this: <a href='//commons.
wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mali_relief_location_map.jpg' class='image'><img alt='Mali relief location map.jpg' src='//upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mali_relief_location_map.jpg/21px-Mali_relief_location_map.jpg'
width='21'
height='20'
srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mali_relief_location_map.jpg/31px-Mali_relief_location_map.jpg
1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mali_relief_location_map.jpg/42px-Mali_relief_location_map.jpg 2x'
data-le-width='1900' data-le-height='1812' /></a> Mali relief location map.jpg (by Carport). Original artist: Orionist
File:OCO_GWOT.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/OCO_GWOT.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/budget_amendments/oco_designation_09282012.pdf Original artist:
Oce of the White House (United States President)
File:Operation_Enduring_Freedom_-_djibouti2.jpg Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Operation_
Enduring_Freedom_-_djibouti2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www4.army.mil/ Original artist: U.S. Marine Corporal
Adam C. Schnell
File:Osama_bin_Laden_hideout-en.svg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Osama_bin_Laden_
hideout-en.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Based on http://www.defense.gov/news/briefingslide.aspx?briefingslideid=359
Original artist: United States Department of Defense
Mysid (SVG)
File:Ph_mnlf-tripoli.gif Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Ph_mnlf-tripoli.gif License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jaume Oll
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:SF_Soldier_in_Philippines.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/SF_Soldier_in_Philippines.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://news.soc.mil/imagery/USASFC/030320-N-6501M-16.jpg
Original artist: Edward G. Martens
File:Samsung_Galaxy_S5_Vector.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Samsung_Galaxy_S5_Vector.
svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rafael Fernandez
File:ShababFlag.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/ShababFlag.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Streamer_AFGCS.PNG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Streamer_AFGCS.PNG License: Public
domain Contributors: USMC Historical Division website: http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Customes_Traditions/Streamers_02.htm Original artist: USMC Historical Division.
File:Streamer_IQCS.PNG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Streamer_IQCS.PNG License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/ Original artist: United States Army Institute of Heraldry
File:Streamer_gwotE.PNG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/81/Streamer_gwotE.PNG License: PD Contributors:
USMC Historical Division website: http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/Customes_Traditions/Streamers_02.htm Original artist:
USMC Historical Division
File:Tomahawk_Missile_fired_from_US_Destroyers.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Tomahawk_
Missile_fired_from_US_Destroyers.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: United States Department of Defense Original artist: U.S.
Navy photo
File:US_Army_soldiers_in_a_firefight_near_Al_Doura,_Baghdad.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/
f0/US_Army_soldiers_in_a_firefight_near_Al_Doura%2C_Baghdad.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: [1] Original artist: Sean
A. Foley
File:WTCgroundzero.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/WTCgroundzero.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: NOAA: (http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories/images/groundzero.jpg Original artist: ?
File:War_on_Terror_montage1.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/War_on_Terror_montage1.png License: Public domain Contributors:
September 17 2001.jpg
Original artist:
Derivative work: Poxnar
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Wilayat_Sinai_logo.jpeg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e6/Wilayat_Sinai_logo.jpeg License: PD Contributors:
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-31064300 Original artist:
Wilayat Sinai
File:World_Can't_Wait_J4_Demo.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/World_Can%27t_Wait_J4_
Demo.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

19.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0