Mine Detection Using Rahjdar Bullets

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets
Seminar Report
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Now a day in places like Afghanistan and Iraq we know that land
mines are causing serious threat to the lives of civilians. The mines that are
implanted during the wartime may remain undetected for several decades
and may suddenly be activated after that. Also during wartime mines
implanted by our enemy countries are to be detected and diffused properly
in order to save the lives of our soldiers. So we should say that detecting
landmines is important for every country today.
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CHAPTER 2
MINE AFFECTED COUNTRIES
The countries known to have severe landmine problems are

Afghanistan, Bosnia, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Vietnam, Iraq, Kuwait, Laos,
Egypt, Eritrea, Chevalier, China. Unfortunately India, Pakistan, Srilanka,
Myanmar are in the list of less mine affected countries besides other 100
countries.

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CHAPTER 3
WHAT IS A LAND MINE?
The purpose of a landmine is to disable, immobilize or kill. It is an
explosive device activated either by a person or vehicle or by command
detonated by electric wire or radio signals. Most land mines are laid on just
below the surface of ground and are activated by pressure or trip-wire.
Usually most of the land mines will contain many metallic parts, which can
be made use of in their detection.

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Anti-personal mines claims 70 new victims every day. This weapon
is particularly cruel on children whose bodies being smaller and closer to
the blast are more likely to sustain serious injury. The severe disabilities
and psychological traumas that follow the blast- means these children will
have to be looked after for many years.
A child injured at the age of 10 will need about 25 critical limbs

during there life time. This cost in 3000 Dollars a huge
sum to pay in
countries where people earn as little as 10 dollar a month. . Between 1979

of 1996 the red crores fitted over 70,000 amputees with critical limbs and
the land mine problem in still growing. There for considering these factors
the discovery of radar bullet is really a big boost to our world as we
launches to 21st century.

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CHAPTER 4
HOW IS MINE DETECTION CURRENTLY BEING
CONDUCTED?
PRINCIPLES USED
1. Metal detection
2. Explosive detection
4.1. METAL DETECTION
Essentially the two most common components of landmines are
metals and explosives. Manufactured mines have casting made from a
variety of materials including wood, metals, Plastic metal
or other
synthetic materials. From the detection standpoint, metal is the easier

component to detect.

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Metal detectors (commonly referred to as mine detectors) are now

capable of signaling the presence of minute piece of metal. However some
mines are metal free on certain virtually non-metal. These non-metals
challenge the capacity of current metal detectors.
4.2. EXPLOSIVE DETECTION
The explosives are one common ingredient that is found in all mines.
Detecting explosives however is a complicated process. Modem airports
have explosive detecters, which can detect small traces of explosives in
suitcases and other containers.
Locating traces or the order of explosives is an open field demands
technology that can operate in an unlimited variety of environmental

Seminar Report
conditions that are subjected to wind, water and soil changes and
variations.
Explosive detection under field conditions has recently become the
preview of mine detection dogs. A dogs nose has proven to be a very
sophisticated and reliable sensor, however handling maid detection dog
teams and ensuring consistent behaviour in varied hazard scenarios is a
complicated and demanding tasks.
In all the above said methods mine detection in conducted in close

proximity. That is detection is conducted after going very near to the mine.
This method can prove to be dangerous in many occations. So it is not
considered to be the safest method. A preferred method is to use detection
devices that locate land mines at a safe distance from the deminer. Using

Seminar Report
detection devices that pinpoint land mines exploded from a distance either
overhead on at ground level in the best possible way to determine the actual
location of individual land mines. Ones the threat is located, that is mines
are pin pointed, we can deactivate it safely. This is where the importance of
mine detection using radar bullet comes.
CHAPTER 5
WHAT IS A RADAR BULLET?
The radar bullet is a special type of bullet. The main use of radar
bullet is to find landmines without setting foot on the ground. This consists
of firing a special bullet in to the ground from a helicopter, which could pin
point buried land mines.
The bullet units a radar pulse as it grounds to a halt. This pulse
strikes the mine and its image gets available on the computer in the
helicopter, offering a safe and efficient way of finding land mines.

Seminar Report
CHAPTER 6
RADAR PRINCIPLE
Radar is Radio detection and ranging. Radar is a sensor. Radar
makes use of radio waves to detect and locate objects. The purpose is to
provide estimates of certain characteristics of its surroundings most
commonly the presence, position and motion of aircrafts, ships and other
vehicles.
Radar operates by transmitting electro magnetic energy into the

surroundings and detecting energy reflected by object. If a narrow beam of
this energy is transmitted by the directive antenna, the direction from which
reflections come and hence the bearing of object may be estimated. .The

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distance to the reflecting object in estimated by measuring the period
between the transmission of radar pulse and reception of echo. In radar
bullet principle the change of medium by the waves must be taken into
consideration.
OBJECT
TRANSMITTER
RECEIVER
DISPLAY
Radars have generally from principal parts, the transmitter antenna

receiver, and display.
The transmitter will transmit an electro magnetic signal through the
antenna, which will hit the target and reflects back. The same antenna and
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the time difference between the signal transmission and reception is
calculated, which will help up to measure the distance of the target from the
radar.
CALCULATIONS
R
OBJECT
RADAR
=time b/w signal transmission and reception .
2R
= Total distance traveled.
= Velocity of electromagnetic signals = 3*108 m/sec.
Velocity = distance / time

i.e.; C
= 2R / T
or, R
=CT /2
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So in the screen an obstacle will be shown at a distance R from the
radar.
CHAPTER 7
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
First of all a special bullet in fired downward into the ground , from
a gun mounted on a helicopter flying about 100 m above the ground. The
bullet in designed in such a way that it gives out powerful blast of radio
waves from under the ground. The bullet will produce a pulse of radio
waves as it pierces the ground and signal is reflected from any landmines
within about a 15 meter radius will be detected by an antenna on the
helicopter.
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Once the mines are located they can be destroyed at once or there
exact position are noted so they can be destroyed at once on their exact
positions are noted so that can be diploid later. And if the bullet hits it, it
would explode.
The Radar pulse is generated from the bullets kinetic energy by a
process known as, Magnetic flux compression.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
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CHAPTER 8
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MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION
Inside the bullet is a metal cylinder, surrounded by a tightly wounded

coin of wire. As the bullet leaves the gun, there is a battery generating a
magnetic field in the cylinder. When the bullet smashes into the ground ,the
sudden deceleration forces the cylinder out from inside the coil. The sudden
movement of the metal cylinder through the magnetic field induces a large
pulse of current in the coil. The coil thus acts like an antenna converting the
pulse into a short burst of high frequency radiation.
MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION
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CHAPTER 9
FIELD TESTS
After the laboratory tests, tests where conducted at the Arizona
desert. Using the same experiment set up, the radar bullet as able to detect
35 cm anti tank mines and Val Mara 69 anti personal mines, which are a
particular problem in northern Iraq, where the mines have been laid by
Saddam Husseins forces in their confrontation with the Kurds .
9.1. ADVANTAGES
The light weight system can be fitted to any helicopter ie; gun,
computer controls etc.
Extremely small bullets can be used for detection A 30 mm bullet

gives out a 4 kW radar pulse. Almost 10 times move power than a
standard ground penetrating radar from 20cm down.
Also since the bullet is beneath the surface of the ground, it transmits
more radio wave into the ground. For ordinary penetrating radar, little
radiation penetrates the soil, most is reflected by the ground because of
the sudden change in density between the air and the soil. Here the
radiation has to change the medium twice. First from air to ground, and
then after reflection, from ground into air. Therefore weak signals are
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obtained. But in radar bullet principle the radiation has to change the
medium only once i.e.; from the ground into the air and hence stronger
signals are obtained.
9.2. DISADVANTAGES
It cannot detect plastic land mines, but researches are working hard
to overcome this.
Since the equipment is to be mounted on a helicopter, the cost of

operation is higher. But considering its future prospects and the statics
released by red Cross, cost can never be considered as a disadvantage.
9.3. APPLICATIONS
It can be used for detecting land mines.
It can be used for detecting buried pipelines .For example: - Recently

an illegal pipeline carrying drugs between Afghanistan and Turkmistan
has been discovered. Such type of illegal pipelines can be detected out
by using radar bullet.
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CHAPTER 10
FUTURE PROSPECTS
As
the UN has already
implemented a worldwide ban on anti-
personal mines. The invention of radar bullet helps to speed up the

destruction of mines.
Ten thousands
of anti - personal mines
lied buried in the hilly
regions of Cambodia / north - Korea / Afghanistan etc. And according

to UN it would
these,
take
if worked
more
than 100 years
out manually. Mine
to detect and destroy
clearance
normally broken into three stages. Detection, Removal
or demining is
and Disposal.
Current detection methods range from high tech electronic [ground

penetrating radar infrared, magnetic resonance imaging] to biological
detection schemes (dog snuffers and insect or bacteria ) to simple brute
forces detection methods (Rails, Rollers and plows) and use of hand-held
mechanical plodders .Most of these methods are very slow and/or
expensive and suffer from a high false alarm rate. So with helicopter and
radar bullet, the mines can be cleared easily.
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Mass graveyards which result from internal civil wars as in

Combodia, Kosoro and in same African nations can be detected using radar
bullets.
This can be applied is future space travels, when we go to a different
planet, in that case we can shoot this bullet in to the ground and detect
mineral deposits and other deposits.
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CHAPTER 11
CONCLUSION
Mines are major cause of concern in many countries. Detection and

removal of mines is very important as it is hazardous to both man and
animals alike.
The conventional methods that are being used right now for mine
detection involves working in close proximity for the mines. So overall
mine detection using radar bullets is a cutting edge technology that is safe
and effective.
With all its advantages it may be hoped that mine detection using
radar bullets will be more used in detection of mine there by making the
world safer place to live in.
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Seminar Report
REFERENCES
BOOKS
S.VITEBSKIY AND L.CARIN Late time resonant frequencies
buried bodies of revolution
L.CARIN, R KAPOOR, C.E BAVAM. Polarimatic SAR imaging of
buried land mines
MERILL .1. SKOLNIK. Tata MC Grawhill
WEBSITES
www.sew_lexicon.com
www.altavista.com
www.google.com
www.nationalgeography.com
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Seminar Report
ABSTRACT
Land mines are a case of serious threats to the life of civilians,
especially in mine-affected countries like Afghanistan and Iraq .The mines
which are implanted during the war time may remain undetected for several
decades and may suddenly be activated after that. There are several
methods for detection of land mines, such as metal detection and explosive
detection. These ways of detection are dangerous because they are done
very close to the mine.
A safe method for detecting land mines is mine detection using
radar bullets. As the name suggests detection is done using Radar Bullets
and hence can be done further away from the mine. Detection is usually
done from helicopters. Researchers are being conducted to overcome
certain inefficiencies of this method.
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CONTENTS
CHAPTERS
Page No.
1. INTRODUCTION
2. MINE AFFECTED COUNTRIES
3. WHAT IS A LAND MINE?
4. HOW IS METAL DETECTION

CURRENTLY BEING CONDUCTED?
4.1 METAL DETECTION
4.2 EXPLOSIVE DETECTION
5. WHAT IS A RADAR BULLET?
6. RADAR PRINCIPLE
7. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
12
8. MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION
14
9. FIELD TEST
15
9.1 ADVANTAGES
15
9.2 DISADVANTAGES
16
9.3 APPLICATIONS
16
10. FUTURE PROSPECTS
17
11. CONCLUSION
19
12. REFERENCES
20
23

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Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

The countries known to have severe landmine problems are

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

A child injured at the age of 10 will need about 25 critical limbs

countries where people earn as little as 10 dollar a month. . Between 1979

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

synthetic materials. From the detection standpoint, metal is the easier

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

Metal detectors (commonly referred to as mine detectors) are now

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

In all the above said methods mine detection in conducted in close

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

Radar operates by transmitting electro magnetic energy into the

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

Radars have generally from principal parts, the transmitter antenna

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

=time b/w signal transmission and reception .

= Total distance traveled.

= Velocity of electromagnetic signals = 3*108 m/sec.

Velocity = distance / time

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION

Inside the bullet is a metal cylinder, surrounded by a tightly wounded

MAGNETIC FLUX COMPRESSION

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

Extremely small bullets can be used for detection A 30 mm bullet

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

Since the equipment is to be mounted on a helicopter, the cost of

It can be used for detecting land mines.

It can be used for detecting buried pipelines .For example: - Recently

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

the UN has already

implemented a worldwide ban on anti-

personal mines. The invention of radar bullet helps to speed up the

of anti - personal mines

lied buried in the hilly

regions of Cambodia / north - Korea / Afghanistan etc. And according

than 100 years

out manually. Mine

to detect and destroy

normally broken into three stages. Detection, Removal

Current detection methods range from high tech electronic [ground

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

Mass graveyards which result from internal civil wars as in

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

Mines are major cause of concern in many countries. Detection and

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

S.VITEBSKIY AND L.CARIN Late time resonant frequencies

buried bodies of revolution

L.CARIN, R KAPOOR, C.E BAVAM. Polarimatic SAR imaging of

buried land mines

MERILL .1. SKOLNIK. Tata MC Grawhill

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

Mine Detection Using Radar Bullets

2. MINE AFFECTED COUNTRIES

3. WHAT IS A LAND MINE?

4. HOW IS METAL DETECTION

4.1 METAL DETECTION