Kinematics and Kinetics of a Particle

Kinematics is the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, bodies
(objects) and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without consideration of the causes of
motion
The velocity of a particle is a vector that tells about the direction and magnitude of the rate of
change of the position vector, that is, how the position of a point changes with each instant of
time. Consider the ratio of the difference of two positions of a particle divided by the time
interval, which is called the average velocity over that time interval
The acceleration of a particle is the vector defined by the rate of change of the velocity vector
Q1. (a)

Prove that for a particle moving along a straight line, with constant
acceleration, a, the displacement, s, and velocity, V, at any general time, t, are
given by:
and
. S is measured from the position at t = 0 and
is the velocity at t = 0 .

Ans)
We know that acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time,
Therefore,
a

-Eqn 1

using Eqn 1cross-multiplying dt and integrating dv and dt under the appropriate limits:

We get,
-Eqn 2

Using Eqn 2Putting

We get,

, cross multiplying and integrating under proper limits:

(b) A vehicle moving along a straight level road is brought to rest by sudden
application of brakes on all the four wheels. This locks the wheels and the car
slides for 2 sec covering a distance of 10m before coming to a stop. Determine
the between the car tyres and the road surface.
Ans)

According to the laws of motion:

Here,
S = 10m,
T = 10sec
Therefore,
-Eqn 1)
From first eqn of motion,

Also, The frictional force is given by,

The acceleration on the car is therefore equal to

Putting all the values in Eqn 1) and solving:

Q2.

A ball is projected vertically upward with a velocity of 25 m/s. Two seconds

later another ball is projected vertically upwards from the same point with a
velocity of 18 m/s. at what eight above the point of projection will they meet?
Represent the above
by a V-t graph and solve the above problem by using this v-t graph.
( Ans: 14.908 )

Ans)

We must remember that if an object is thrown up into the air it leaves your
hand at a certain velocity = u then it reduces velocity in the air (negative
acceleration) as it goes up. until it has zero velocity = v = 0. Then it comes
down. When it comes down the initial velocity u is now zero. u=0 and as it
goes down it accelerated at 9,8m/s^2 to reach the same velocity that it left you
hand.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q3.

A rapid transit tube system is proposed for connecting the center of a

metropolitan area with its airport. The passenger capsule is designed to
accelerate it at the rate of 5 m/s2 and to decelerate it at 4 m/s2 .If the total run
is 15.75 km, and the top design speed is 360 kmph, determine the minimum
time t for the trip. ( Ans: 3 min )

Ans)
Given :
Acceleration= 5 m/s
Deceleration= 4 m/s
Total Distance= 15.75 km
Max. Speed = 360 kmph =
Now the Time taken When the body is accelerating is calculated by using equation

-(1)
Distance travelled when the body is accelerating is calculated by using the equation

Now the distance travelled while decelerating is calculated by

Time taken by the body while decelerating is calculated by

as (a= -4m/s)

- (2)
Now the distance travelled by the body when it is at its maximum velocity i.e. 100m/s

Time taken by the body to travel 13.5 km at its maximum speed is

- (3)
Total minimum time taken to complete the whole path is the summation of equation (1),(2)
and (3)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q4.

In Fig.1, determine the velocity and acceleration of block 2 at the instant .

Block1 has an upward velocity of 6 m/s and a downward acceleration of
, while block 3 has an upward velocity of 3 m/s and a downward
acceleration of 4 m/ .

Considering pulley B

Since, the pulley is massless, m=0

Given,
.. (1)
. (2)
From 1 the downward velocity of pulley
(since the mass is double on pulley B)
.. (3)

From (2)
..(4)

Therefore the upward acceleration of block 2 with respect to pulley

Therefore,

Q5.

Show the slider crank Mechanism of a reciprocating engine in which AB is

the crank, BC the connecting rod and C, the cross head. If the crank rotates at
a constant angular speed as shown , the crank length AB= r and the
connecting rod BC = l = nr, prove that the piston velocity and the piston
acceleration are given by :

The
kinematic
drawing
of
slider-crank
mechanism is
shown in Fig .1 (a). This planar mechanism is represented by a vector equation as shown in
Fig. 1 (b) for
any phase diagram as

Expressing the above vectors in complex rectangular

notation,

Where,
r1 = Linear Displacement of the Slider, cm.
r2 = Radius of the crank, cm
r3 = Length of the connecting rod, cm
= Angular displacement of the crank, deg.
= Angular displacement of connecting rod, deg
Therefore

As the mobility of the mechanism is one and the rotational speed of the crankshaft is
constant, input parameters are r2, r3, 2 and . Differentiation of Eqn. 3 and 4 gives the
expressions of displacement, velocity and acceleration of the driven members, connecting rod
(link 3) and the slider (link 4).

Where,

Q6.

A point moves along a straight line according to the equation :

Where s is in metre and t in second.

(a)Determine the displacement, velocity and acceleration when t=3 sec.
(b)A particle moves along a straight line such that its displacement is

Where s is in metre and t is in second. Plot the s-t, v-t and a-t graphs from t=0 to t=6sec and
determine
(i)the time during which it moves forward.

(ii)the time during which it moves backward.

(iii)the maximum backward velocity.
(iv)the distance moved by the particle during t=0 to t=1sec.
(v)the distance moved by the particle during t=0 to t=4sec.
(vi)the displacement at t=2.31sec.
(vii)the displacement at t=5.19sec.
Ans) (a)

Now, displacement at t=3

(b)

For checking direction of motion

(i)time for which it moves forward

T=0 to 1 and t>4
____________________________________
0

(ii)
time for backward motion
T=1 to 4
(iii)
for max velocity

(v)distance in t=1 to t=4sec

For s=0

Or

(vi)displacement at t=2.31sec is = 0
(vii)displacement at t=5.19sec is = 0