Only for internal use!

BRITISH STANDARD

BS 434-2 :
1984

Reprinted,

incorporating

Amendment No . I

Bitumen road
emulsions (anionic and
cationic)
Part 2: Code of practice for use of
bitumen road emulsions

.063 .5
i
.775
110f ' 625.8,56:665

NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

Only for internal use!

BS 434-2:1984

ornmittees responsible for this

ritish Standard
ation of this British Standard was entrusted by the Road
ering Standards Committee ( RDB/-)
Technical Coni inittee RDB/14
iipoli which thefollowing bodies w, ~- ,,
'n

P,

sh Aggregate Construction Mater.-'~ i

4ustries

Surveyors' Society

.-ation of Civil Engineering Corr~ i ~ ~ -,

f ireater .LondoD Council

stitute of Petroleum

itution of Civil Engineers

itution of Highway Engineers

of Municipal Engineers

sion Association Ltd.

emical Industry

rd member

ThI British Mandwd, hx%

been
prepared under the
direction ofthe Road
Engineering Standards
Committee, was publisb , !
under the authority (d ~ ~i~
Board of BSI anii come~
into effect on
29 Febraary I

(o 138101-1999
Cu

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First published as
December 1954
First revision as BS 25!2
December 1960
Second revision as 1' S I
October 1973
Third revision Februar,

r
In

The following BSI referencerelate to the work on thi,

standard :
CL Cornmittoo reference
0 Draft for comment 80/1

0
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ISBN 0 580 12839 3

dments issued since publica

icated 1

1%

Y.,Aine in tbeniargin

Only for internal use!

BS 434-2 :1984

Contents

This document may be used in part

only for the internal use!

0
1 ~13Si1 01-1999

GKFy-f6f~inifiifrfial-bse!

BS 434-2 :1984

eword
revision of this Part of this British Standard, prepared Lander the direction
.~,Road Engineering Standards Committee, contains recommendations for
of anionic and cationic emulsOns We rwd and otF ,, - - ~ -, It supersedes
dition which is withdrawn.
inor alterations have been made !,) the previous edition of this standar
rosult of users' experience and a mj w Maration has been made to the
mendations for the target rates -F ~,~~Ai -ition of emutsions for surface,
ulsions are normally sold by mass~ but as gauging by mass undersite conditions is
the rates of application are given throvql7wv this tandard wz litres per square metre
'Ailograrn of cold emulsion is normally 0 'W~ i, to i M 1, depending upon the composition,
re, etc. and one kilogram of Kl-70 at ~ 1~v ~- u~ i, -, i ;oe temjoratur .~ ~ ~, ~ 'k ~ to 85 'Q is 1.02 L
litre~ ~ nd 1, : , i ~g-rams to 0.1 can be
~) that within the limits shown Mr var - k ,
-is synonymou".".

provisions of a
A*hh Standard does not purport to include all the
ract- Users of British Standards are res-ponsiblefor th( ~r Lorrect application.
ce with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
legal obligations.

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iment comprises a front cover, an inside front coven, pages i and ii,
o 16, an inside back cover and i 'nack cov
rd has been updated (see copyright date) and wtay have had
,iondments incorporated. This will be indic,ated in the amentiment table on
~ieinside front cover,

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Only for internal use!

BS 434-2: 1.984

I Scope

This Part of BS 434 provides guidance on the

general usage of anionic and cationic bitumen
u1sions on roads and other surfaces which are
specified in Part I of this standard.

NOTE The titles of the publications referred to in this standard

are. listed on the inside back cover.

2 Information to be supplied by the

purchaser

2.1 The guidance given in this clause is intended to

assist the purchaser in clearly indicating his
requirements to the supplier for the purpose of
either a quotation or an order.
2.2 When the purchaser is in no doubt as to the type
of treatment required, the emulsion supplier need
only be provided with the following information :
a) the class and binder content of emulsion ;
b) quantity and type of container,
c) the date and place of delivery .
2.3 When the purchaser requires advice as to the
most suitable treatment, the following general
information should be given to the emulsion
supplier :
he location and area to be treated;
b) the type of treatment;
c) the condition and nature of existing surfacing
and the type of traffic carried;
d) the approximate date (time of year) when the
work is to be carried out.

Use

.9
(n

cn

00
0
"a

12
15
9
8
13
6

Retreading
Sealing formation and sub-base
Slurry sealing
Surface dressing and sealing
Tack coating
Miscellaneous

10
8
16
7
14
17

'c') fils 10 1 -1999

3 Materials

3.1 Emulsion. The class or classes of emulsion for

normal uses are given in Table 1 for convenience,
but reference should be made to the detailed
recommendations given in the remainder of this
standard.
3.2 Aggregate. Unless otherwise stated, the
aggregate should comply with BS 63 or BS 1984 . In
cases where the purpose of the aggregate is also to
provide a skid resistant wearing surface, the
minimum polished stone value of the aggregate
(determined in accordance with BS 812) appropriate
to the intensity and speed oftraffic carried should be
specified.

4 Design

4.1 General. Except for class K1-70, bitumen

emulsions are fluid enough to be apphed at
atmospheric temperatures without heating and
their viscosities are not materially affected by
changes oftemperature. Unlike hot-applied binders,
they remain fluid immediately after application.
The viscosity of emulsion used on a steep gradient
should therefore be as high as is compatible with the
conditions and method of application, in order to
prevent undue flow of emulsion down the gradient.

Table I - Classes of emulsion for normal uses

Coated stone
Concrete curing
Grouting
Lean mix sealing
Mist spraying
Patching
Premixing

2.4 When the roadwork is to be carried out by the

contractor, the highway engineer should provide a
full specification .
2.5 The time schedule should include dates for:
a) the completion of preliminary work, if any;
b) the delivery of materials;
c) the start of various sections of the roadwork,
d) the completion of various sections of the
roadwork .

11

Clause

Emulsion class anionic

Emulsion class cationic

A2-57

K2, K3

A140, Al-55

K140, Kl-60

Al-60, Al-55

K1-60, Kl-70

A140, Al-55

K140, KI-60

Al-40

Kl-40

At-60 1, Al-55

KI-60

A2-50, A3

K2

Al-60, Al-55

K1-60, KI-70

A4

K3

Al-60, Al-55

K1-60, KI-70

A2-50, A2-57, A3

Ai-40
KI-40
By agreement between the highway
engineer and the supplier

0-in'Fy-F&inte~rnar6se!

BS 434-2 :1984

Bitumen emulsions c,~~ -,--rmallybe applied to

results but, since
damp surfaces with
they contain water, fl,. a r~~ liable to be adversely
affected by frost
! .~ring or directly after
not be carried
application. Work sh-,u!
out in frosty or wet w( , .
i% However, cationic
~-.re rapidly than anionic
emulsions tend to bren
TO, are less susceptible to
and, particularly class
rain . In surface dressin -id premixing, abnormally
hot weather may also cause difficulty and traffic
should, if possible, be kept off the road for a few
hours after the work ~ ~ ~ , ~pleted .
Special altention is do ;" n to the fact that anionic
-, e mutual coagulation if
and cationic emulsio,-, :equipment which
mixed together . Them i
has or may have been
for cationic
cleaned before A is
emulsions should be i
again used for anioni . . ,
- vice versa.
4.2 Breaking of eniul--~ons. Breaking is indicated
emulsion from brown to
by a change in colour w
black. The rate of breal,
of emulsionis dependent
upon the following faw
a) the compositico,
water, which in
b) the rate of eva
turn is dependent
itions, relative
ure, rate and
humidity, atmosplic .,
method of applicai
c) the porosity o "
emulsion A being " N J o nd the consequent
removal of water by
Ilary attraction;
d) the chemical and pl r, - ic,0. influences of the
aggregate with which
emulsion comes in
contact;
ce of the
e) the mechanical
emulsion/aggrego .
ing laying and
ffic.
rolling or by the ~
When the breaking of
n is likely to be
poration
delayed, for instance
off is slow, it is
traffic
d
be
kept
the work for
desirable that
as long as possible a
rolling, or at least until it is
D
broken, if the treated,
:5- clear that the emulsio, ,
(n section cannot be clo-- , ~~
then the speed of
low as possible and
the traffic should ~r
should not exceed 30 1; - ~i '20 in.p.h) until the
emulsion has broken,
C: Lightly coated chippingssed with. the
M
breaking,
emulsion but, as this ca n,
U)
be
by suitable traffic
allowance
should
C
. 5 control. .
L

I-

5 Work on site

5.1 Heahh and safety when handfing

5.1.1 Gen.eral. principles. Bitumen em ulsions are
safe and without risk to health when properly used .
This does not obviate the need for working methods
that avoid dired skin contact with the emulsions
and adequate protective clothing (overalls, gloves,
etc.) should be worn. Protective clothing should be
maintained in a sound condition and cleaned or
washed regularly. Drums of emul~, ion should not be
heated without reference to the manufacturer.
5.1 .2 Cleaning rnethods. Unbroken emulsion may be
removed from any surface by washing with cold
water but this method is ineffective for the removal.
of residual bitumen adhering to tools or appliances
or to the person . In such cases, kerosine will assist
the removal, of the bitumen and protective gloves
should be worn to minimize skin contact.
If kerosine is used on the skin, it is essential that it
is subsequently removed by thorough washing with
soap and w9on The use before work of a barrier
substance on the skin will usually dispense with the
need for L, r- ~ne or other skin cleaners, other than
soap a
5.2 Protection and storage of materials. Drums,
or other conuJners should bestored under clean
conditions . Emulsions can be damaged by the
freezing of the water contained within them and
therefore the druims should be protected from
freezing . If the storage period exceeds 1 month, the
drumsshould he turned or inverted at least once a
month.
Containers should be well rolled to agitate the
contents before use. This applies particularly to
emulsions in classes A] -40 and K 1 -40.
Care should be taken to prevent damage to the
containers, when handling tbetnand removing the
bungs.
Immediately after use, returnable containers should
be completely emptied and the bungs and vent
plugs rep
5.3 Preparation of surface. All mud, dust, leaves,
etc. should be removed from the surface to be
treated by brtwhbg with band brooms or with
mechanical brooms. In very hot weather, it may be
advisable to dampen the road surface with water in
order to retard the loss ofwater from the emulsion,
to reduce the rate of break and to encourage wetting
of the surfin- by the emulsior .
It is essenti ; il that the road ~i i ~ 6~ce is free from
standing wo i Kle the en, 00 a is applied .

CL
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Only for internal use!

BS 434-2:1984

5.4 Application
5.4.1 Hand application
5.4.1A Buckets and brooms . The emulsions may be
applied from lipped buckets or cans fitted with
duckbill spreaders or baffles and then evenly spread
with medium-long bristled brooms or with
squeegees. It is advisable to spread the emulsion in
one direction only so as to avoid any scrubbing
action.

NOTE Pitch-set brooms cannot be cleaned with solvent without

the risk of damage . Wire-set brooms are therefore preferred.

5.4.1. 2 Barrel trucks . Many different kinds of barrel

trucks are available from which the emulsion is
discharged directly from the barrel on to an apron,
which aids even distribution .
5.4.2 Machine application
5.4.2.1 Small machines for pressure spraying by
hand. These may be oftwo types, either tl~ose where
the pressure is applied to the emulsion indirectly by
means ofcompressed air, or those where the
emulsion itself is pumped. Both types of machine
should comply with BS 3136 . All hoses and seals
should be manufactured of materials resistant to
the effects of emulsion and kerosene .
5.4.2.2 Bulk spraying distributors . Where the
surface to be covered is of any considerable extent,
specially designed bulk spraying distributors should
be used for the application ofthe material. These are
generally operated by the manufacturer ofthe
emulsion or by specialist contractors . Distributors
for cold applied emulsions should comply with
BS 3136 and distributors for class KI-70 emulsions
should comply with BS 1707 .

NOTE It is not possible to lay down a precise viscosityrange for

emulsion for spraying as this is partly dependent upon the
characteristics of the spraying machine. As a general guide
however, a maximum viscosity of 9 degrees Engler ('E) at the
temperature of spraying is suggested. If difficulty is experienced,
reference should be made to the manufacturer of the emulsion
and/or spraying equipment.

5.5 Maintenance of equipment. All mechanical

spraying plant should be kept in a clean and sound
condition, or inefficient spraying may result.

6 Repair of potholes and depressions

The emulsion should be class Al-60, Al-55 or K1-60.

Potholes and deep depressions should first be
cleaned of all loose material and the area should be
cut out to a regular shape with all the sides vertical
or slightly undercut. If the exposed surfaces are very
dry, they should be moistened with water in order to
ensure better penetration of the emulsion. The
bottom and sides ofthe hole or depression should be
thoroughly coated with emulsion. Clean aggregate
of the appropriate size (no larger than about
two-thirds ofthe depth ofthe hole or complying with
nominal size 28 mm of BS 63-2, whichever is the
lesser) should. be placed in the hole to a thickness
slightly greater than its depth and well rammed or
rolled in. The minimum amount of emulsion
required to coat the stone should then be poured on.
The patch should then be covered with clean 10 mm
or 6 mm chippings and again rolled or rammed.
Shallow depressions should first be brushed clean
and then levelled by the application of a coating of
emulsion . Clean chippings of a size approximating
to the depth of the depression should be placed in
the hole and well rolled in.
NOTE 1 It is strongly emphasized that the minimum quaritity
of emulsion necessary should be used, for both potholes and
depressions, so as to avoid a "fat" spot in the road.
NOTE 2 If repairs are to be made using asphalt or macadam.
emulsion should be used to coat the bottom and sides of the
prepared hole before infilling.

7 Surface dressing

NOTE The general principles of surface dressing given in this

clause are in accordance with Road Note 39 (second edition) .1
~

7.1 General
7.1 .1 Preparation of the surface. Preparation of the
surface should be carried out in accordance with 5.3.
All potholes and depressions should be made good
and allowed to settle down thoroughly under traffic
before surface dressing . Some surfaces will require
special treatment and attention is drawn to 7.4.
7.1 .2 Rate of application of emulsion . The rate of
application of emulsion will depend upon the
following:
a) the density of traffic;
b) the nature of the surface to be dressed,
e.g. roughness, porosity and hardness;
c) the type and size of chipping to be used .

CL

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) Road Note 39 (second edition) . Recommendations for road surface dressing (TRRL/DTp) . Available from HMSO .
(e) BSI 01-1999

O-nTy-fo
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BS 434-2:1984

The rateis of application of chippings should be as

The density of traffic i~~idered in terms ofthe
given in. 'Pable 2.
number of commercii I
a day in the lane
cial
vehicle
being
under consideration, ,
Excess chippings should be swept up and taken
den mass greater
defined as any vehich o
away as soon as possible . Further sweeping to
than 1.5 t. Traffic in ene!- irection may be assumed remove chippings disturbed by traffic should be
tobehalfthesuminbowdi etions where the latter carried out as required .
on"is known. Lane 0%~- ~,, ategories areas follows .
Table 2 - Rates application of chippings
Category
Category
Category
Category

a)

C
CO

U)

C:
CO

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5,
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'a
(1)
U)
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2
3
4
5

1000 to 2
200 to I

commercial
vehicles per day
per lane in one
direction

The hardness of the roa6 - -~rface is defined as

ulows.
a) VeTy har& surfaces such as concrete or
exceptionally lean bituminous mixtures .
Negligible penetration of chippings will occur
even under the heav
b) Hard: surfaces con Jning some hard
which chippings will
bituminous mort
penetrate only slig.10 inder heavy traffic.
c) Normal: surfaces f~ which chippings will
penetrate moderat uader medium and heavy
traffic .
d) Soft: surfaces into which chippings will
penetrate considerablyunder medium and heavy
traffic .
e) Very soft: surfac~ irito which even the largest
chippings will be so nerged under heavy traffic.
Usually rich in bin ~
rate of
Det"ed recommendat ,
in 7.2 to 7.4.
application of emulsi,.-!-,,,
7.1.3 .ilpplication, of ch ip ~.,%,,gs. An even layer of
clan singlosize chippingt, complying with BS 63 or
over the film of emulsion
BS 1984 should be s
and before
as soon as possible aft(.
preferably be
The
cbipping~
)uld
breaking occurs .
nsure uniformity
spread by a mechanical -r~tt
g
of distribution .
Lightly coated chippings. inay be used 15 the
emulsion but, as this eni, delay the breaking,
allowance should be
~'ortbis by suitable traffic
control.
Rubber-tyred
The surface should. then ,~- rolled, for
rollers are strongly reewnmended compaction of
surface dressings. When.~ steel-pyred rollers are to
be used, they should be c lie lightest type to ensure
that the chippings an , p -i~ed into the binder film
and. initial com.pactic r- , wnLxedin two or three
te chippings. In no case
passes without crus
lighter roller should
should their mass
ebippings.
be used for 6 min an(.,'

Rate of application

Norninal size
of chippings

kW ,2

1312
14
---10
1011
6

-1

7.2 Cold application

7.2.1 Type of enudsion. The ern u Ision should be
class Al-60, A 1 -55 or K 1-60 a nd should be applied
by spraying using a distributor complying with
BS 3136. Classes Al-60 or KI-60 are more suitable
for use on open textured surfiaces and where
chippings larger than 10 mmare specified.
7.2.2 Rate ol'application ofemulsion. and sizze of
chipping. The rates of application of emulsion for
the chipping sizes recommendedfor various types of
surface and traffic densities should be as given
in Table ~3.
7.3 Hot application
7.3.1 Typeof einulsion. The emulsion should be class
Kl-70 and should be applied by spraying at a
temperature of 75 'C to 85 "C using a hot binder
distributor complying with BS 1707 .
13.2 MQ of Wyhca4on ofemulsion and size of
chipping

7.3.2 .1 Traffic lanes. The rates of application of

emulsion for the chipping sizes recommended for
various types ofsurface and traffic densities should
be as given in Table 4.
7.3.2.2 11ard shoulders. Where bitumen emulsion is
to be used on the surface dressing ofimpervious
hard shoulders, class KI-70 should be used. Where
the dressing is expected merely to carry isolated
vehicles in emergencies, rates of application should
be as given in'Pable 5.

idea new skid-resistant

NOTE lftliedr(~~.,;ingi~, ,~iee ,dedtoI
surfacing for use by beavy traffic duv gniotorway maintenance
ication of KI-70 emulsion
work, the chipping sizean
ablei. Where delays are expected
should be in ac(xirdance k-,
d the passage of traffic, the
betweenappMag the dr,.-~sin
appropria~-~it ,',given in'rable,l should beincreased
byk2M !WLMWM-4"nQnofch$pKgsduhngthe
untraffick~ I

Q BSI 01-1999

Only for internal use!

BS 434-2:1984

Table 3 -- Target rates of application for lane traffic categories 4 and 5 (cold emulsion)

Very hard
Hard
Normal

Soft
Very soft

NOTEI When bulk spraying distributors are used, rates of spread

Figure . When band spraying, a wider variation can be expected.
NOTE 2 Target rates of emulsion application should be increased in the following circumstances :
a) when using gravel aggregate: by 0. 1 L/m2 ;
h)on porous or rough surfacings : by 0.2 IjM2~
When both conditions apply, the increase should be 0.3 L/m2 . The use of gravel. aggregates larger than 10 min is not recommended.
NoTE3 Pedestrian and slow moving traffic areas such as paths, drives, car-parks, etc., should be dressed with 6 mm or smaller
chippings as normal surfaces, lane traffic category 5.
7.4 .2 .

C
0

CL.

7.4 Treatment of surfaces requiring

pre-treatment
7.4.1 Sealing open textured coated macadain . When
surface dressing open textured macadam, it is
ntial that excessive penetration of the emulsion
is prevented by first brushing in clean chippings
(6 mm maximum), sand or fine coated macadam
used in just sufficient quantity to fill the surface
interstices . The chippings or fine coated macadam
should be rolled in and emulsion applied, followed
by 10 min or 6 mm chippings but using
approximately 0.2 L/M2 more emulsion than the
appropriate recommendation given in Table 3 (cold)
or Table 4 (hot) (0.3 UM2 when gravel chippings are
used). It is usually desirable to give a second surface
dressing, using 14 mm or 10 min chippings and
emulsion applied according to the recommendations
given in Table 3 (cold) or Table 4 (hot) for the
appropriate lane traffic category. The second
surface dressing should not be applied until the first
has had sufficient time to settle down to become a
stable wearing surface.
7.4.2 Concrete and other very hard surfaces . Because
of the! nature of these surfaces, it is necessary to
treat them in two stages . First, the surface should
be cleaned and emulsion applied either at the rate
of 1 .4 L/m 2 and then covered with 6 mm chippings
or at the rate of 1 .0 L/m2 and then covered
with 3 min chippings.
Secondly, the normal surface dressing treatment
should be carried out using 10 mm or 6 min
chippings as appropriate.

s recommended that chippings known to have

good adhesion to bitumen should be used.
7.4.3 Stone sett paving . Joints between loose setts
should be thoroughly cleaned out to a depth of
about 25 min and then filled with chippings; suitable
to the size of the joints (generally 6 mm nominal or
less in size). Emulsion should then be poured into
the joints and chippings lightly scattered over the
joints . As with a concrete surface, a preliminary
treatment should be given (see 7.4.2). After a few
days, depressions should be made good and a
normal emulsion surface dressing should be
applied.
7.4.4 Other surfaces . Recommendations for surface
treatment of other surfaces should be obtained from
the manufacturers of the emulsion.

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MM"ai use!
BS 434-2:1984

Table 4 - Tar
Type of surface

of application for lane traffic categories

(M-70 emulsion applied hot)

2 . 3,

4 and 5

Lane traffic category

4
5
3
No"~e
E"Ision
No"alsize
Emulsion
,_
ize
Emulsion
Nominalshe
Emulsion
_
RominWl
of chippings
rate
rate
of chtpings
rue
of eltippings
rate
of chippings
fji,1 2

MM
T

Very hard

r - co in n ended

Mm

L/M2

W~ al

1.3

6
6

Hard

14

1 .5 1'

10

1.3

Normal

14

1, 4"'

10

1.3

to

2W

L3

14

1.2

14

Nots~o~~
surf~)-~

f,ir

Very soft

20a

12

L/m

1 .5

jjM2

mm

1.6

_
6
1 .3

_T"
12
.
_

i 0to
10

1 .4
1 .3

ViN
1 .3

i __-

NOTE I Whenbull: qjt- :~ 7~7A"rs are used, rates of spread of binder shcvild not vory by more than 1 10 % of the tuget
figure .
NOTE2 Targetrutrsd :_~
ippRaHonsbould be increased in the
jjo,2 ;
a) when using grt,
1_'/1112'
orrough
:~~;,;AyO
.2
b) on porous
larger than 10 min is not recommended.
increase should be M3 jjm2 . The use of graN~When both conditions api~
izineer
20 to in chippings may be used
' Surface dressing in the.- ndj tions, is not recommended but at the discretion
where traffic speeds are lov,
h'Further evidence is being sowgbt for successful use of KI-70 emulsion in these,~i~i,gori", .

suitable in conditions of low temperatures and high

humidity .

Table 5 - Target ra
emulsion for impervious

8.3 Treatment of non-cement bound sub-bases

and bases
8.3 .1 Tbne of application. Fresh formations,
granular sub-base and base materials such as
wet-mix inacadam should be sprayed as directed by
the engineer .

Crushed rock and

Wag aggregate
Crushed gravel

8 Formation: sul
sealingy

CD
Co

cz
. =
.4
Co

CL
0

e and base

.,ow
e surface
8.1 General. This
application of em uls ii ; ;-; - ! ~ reshly cut or placed
id smb-bases, with the
brinations and/or fi'~ne
and strength by
object of retaining t 4
ibrium or curing of
maintaining the m oi ~~'
The dual role of the
cement bound materi
wation in dry weather
emulsion is to prevent
eather .
and the ingress of w, ~
,-~~
-,,
bound
sub-bases and
8.2 Treatment of cc in
as
cement
andl
;,,~
itch
bases. Sub-bases
others which
stabilized soil, lean w
dtbin I h of
contain cement shott' ~
140 or K1&O
laying, using class A'
j~.t on the class of
emulsion at a rate de~_~ :
surface being
emulBion and the natu~ ~
~o c, particularly
treated. The cationic ,

8.3 .2 Einulsion.. The emulsion used for this work

should be class AI-60, AI-55, K.1-60 or K1-70,
I,/M2 directly on to the
applied at 0.9 Um 2 to 1 .4
formation and a Rowed to break. When a period of
wet weather is encountered or in the situation
where there is little or no evap,,)ration, it is advisable
to use class K 1-60 or KI -70. Where the surface is not
being surface dressed, the rate of emulsion
for
application should be increased by 0.4 L/M2
2
class A1-60, A 1-55 or KI-60 and by 0.2 Um for
class KI-70,
M Surface dressing. If the sealed surface,
sub-base or base is required to be surface dressed, it
a
k old be given second application of emulsion
within 2 to 3 days of the first spray and at the same
rate of spread . This second spray should be covered
2
kg/M2
with 6 mm chippings at 6 kghn to 8
(see clause

CD

lc) BIS101_1999

Only for internal use!

BS 434-2:1984

9 Grouting

9.1 General. This clause covers the preparation of

a surfacing from 50 mm to 75 mm thick in one
course or up to 100 min thick in two courses, as may
be specified, by the application of emulsion into the
interstices of mineral aggregates after the latter
have been spread on the foundation .
The emulsion should be class Al-60, Al-55 or K1-60.
Class Al-60 or KI-60 is preferable when the
compacted stone layer is unusually open or wet. By
agreement between the purchaser and the supplier
class K1-70 may be used .
9.2 Preparation of base . Clean sand or quarry
fines should normally be laid upon the prepared
foundation to a depth not exceeding 13 min. For
scarified surfaces this preparation may be omitted .
Satisfactory foundations and drainage are
presupposed.

9.3 Aggregates . Any clean, angular, but not

necessarily dry, aggregate can be used, provided
that it has sufficiently high crushing strength with
regard to the traffic to be carried. The grading
should be selected with reference to the character of
the aggregate to be used and the depth of the
compacted layer or layers ; for example, suitable
gradings would be :
a) for a 50 mm compacted thickness:

60 % of 40 min nominal single-sized material ;

30 % of 28 mm nominal single-sized material;

10 % of 14 mm to 20 mm nominal single-sized
material-,

b) for a 65 min to 75 min compacted . thickness:

60 % of 50 mm nominal single-sized material;

30 % of 40 min nominal single-sized material;

10 % of 14 min to 20 mm nominal single-sized

material .

It is important to ensure that the various sizes are

thoroughly mixed. Alternatively, the 14 mm
to 20 min material may be spread over the larger
material after the latter has been placed in position
and vibrated into the interstices .
9.4 Spreading and compacting the aggregate
9.4 .1 General. For a finished thickness up to '15 mm,
the aggregate should be spread to the required
contour and to such a thickness that, after being
compacted by rolling, its minimum thickness is not
less than specified,

0
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BISI 01-1999

9.4 .2 Hand spreading. Preferably, each load of

aggregate should be unloaded outside the area upon
which it is to be spread and every precaution should
be taken to prevent the aggregate becoming
all
contaminated with dust or foreign matter during
of the operations . The spreading should be carried
out with shovels and not forks, care being taken to
avoid segregation of the different sizes of aggregate.
9.4 .3 Mechanical spreading. Alternatively, the
aggregate may be spread by mechanical means such
as, a spreader box. It is advisable to spread the
coarse aggregate first and to superimpose 14 min
to 20 mm material as a separate operation.

9.4 .4 Rolling. The rolling should be carried out with

a roller of mass 6 t to 10 t or such other mass as may
be approved by the purchaser or his representative .
Longitudinal rolling should progress from the sides
towards the centre of the road . The rolling should be
continued until there is no appreciable movement of
the aggregate under the roller . If necessary, to
achieve this result further 14 min to 20 mm
chippings may be applied to the surface as required.
In the case of semi-grouted work, the minimum
quantity of water should be applied during rolling to
bring up a slurry evenly in the aggregate within
such a depth of the surface of the road as may be
specified. It is preferable that the lower or slurried
layer, which is thus waterbound, should not exceed
two-thirds of the total thickness of the compacted
thickness of the surfacing.
9.5 Application of emulsion
9.5 .1 Rate of application. For a full grout, the
quantity of emulsion should be sufficient to coat the
aggregate to the full depth of the course ; it is an
advantage to apply the emulsion in two stages . For
semi-grouted work, the quantity of emulsion used
should be sufficient to coat the aggregate to the full
depth of the layer above the slurried or waterbound
iayer ksee j ame t)).
Table 6 - Typical rates of application for
grouting
Thickness of
course
MM

Full grout

Semi-grout

LJM 2

UM2

50

5.5 to 7.0

_3~
.to
5.5

65

7.0 to 9.5

4.0 to 7.0

75

---I9.5to 11

5.5 to 8.0

t6rna1 use!
0_
n_
1y_FoFin
_

BS 434-2 :1.984

9.5.2 Procedure. As sooti as the emulsion has been

applied, clean 6 mm or 10 mm ebippings should be
spread uniformly over tf. ~urface in sufficient
quantity to fill up all tb ,. , ~face interstices, but not
in excess of this. Th~_-!.
-hould then be rolled
again.
75 min be
Should a finished thi( n
specified, the aggrega!
old be spread,
compacted and grout~
emulsion in two
st, layer should
separate layers . The
not have a thickness
ian the top, or secon
layer and the size of 0- aggregate should be
appropriate to the thicknc-,~,,s of each layer. The first
layer of aggregates shouid be compacted and
grouted as in the case of single course work, except
that, after grouting, chippings; should not be applied
The secon d layer of
to tillh
t e sur faceinter ~t
aggregate should be sp--ediately grouting of
leted and, after
the first course has b, ,
grouting, should have 0
gs applied and be
irse work.
rolled as in the case of,
day's work should be
9.6 Joints . The en
finished by laying and
a feathered edge not
in
wid
is should be cut back
Is than 300 mm
well
compacted
mat.(
~,~a
J
a
ould have a clean
to
vertical face before fiui i~ ,. , r`aying-up to it proceeds .
Similarly, when surfi . ~; ~ -i lialf-widths
i and
longitudinal joints sbou~ 1 be feathered off
subsequently cut WA 1 , a clan vertical face
immediately before la ~, ;ni the second half-width .
Areas inaccessible to tl-,~ j! ~~ t,~houldbe thoroughly
compacted by tamperl
reed interval, the
9.7 Surface dressing .
rface dressing of
surface should be swe
chippings applied
emulsion and 14 mm
ndations
according to previous
(see clause 7); the pui-j
h is surface dressing is
to seal the surface .
iulsion and chippings
A second surface dressin
may be required two -- t
months after the first
rovide a
application on some i
skid-resistant surface.
lb-

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10 Retreading
10 .1 General. This clause covers a method of
reconstituting old, waterbound macadam, coated
macadam and arouted . and surface dressed roads
which invob - t7! ,, minimum quantity of new
matehals .
The emulsion should be class A2-50, A3 or K2, the
degree of stability required depends upon the
grading and type of surface to be treated. The
manufacturer of the emulsion should be consulted
before undertaking any retread work so that the
correct class or emulsion may be supplied .
10 .2 Preparation of surface. The existing surface
should be scarified, for example by tines fitted to an
ordinary road roller of mass 8 t to 10 t, to a depth of
approximately 75 mm.
It is essential that the material to be used should be
broken down to less than ', 5 mm in size . If it has not
been reduced to the desired size by the initial
scarifying, this can often be effected by harrowing.
Any larger lumps of coated macadam or stone
should be broken down by other in ea ns or rejected .
It is also necessary to make up depressions or places
deficient in aggregate with fresh stone
graded 40 nim to 14 min. Any fresh aggregate
required should be added at this Rage and mid
with existing materials bymeans of cultivators,
harrows or odwr WE ' '
Any necessary reshaping should then be carried out
either by hand or mechanically with a blade grader .
10 .3 Application of emulsion . The total rate of
application, should usually be 5.5 1,/m2 to 8 .0 L/m2 .
It is generally necessary to apply the emulsion in
two or more applications and to mix it with the
aggregate by harrows oi- other means after each
application except the last . If there is any doubt
regarding the number of applications which should
be applied the emulsion supplier should be
consulted. Mixing should . be not more than
necessary to distribute the emulsion; excessive
mixing may cause premature breakdown and bring
to the surface too high a proportion of the larger
sized stones

-0
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Only for internal use!

BS 434-2 :1984

10.4 Reshaping and sealing. After any reshaping

necessary to restore any loss ofprofile caused by the
mixing operations, the surface should be rolled
immediately, preferably with a roller of mass 8 t
to 10 t; one passage with the roller, followed by
back-rolling next day, is normally adequate. If
desired, chippings may be lightly scattered on the
surface prior to rolling to he, fill any voids and to
prevent the binder from sticking to the roller ;
watering ofthe roller for this purpose should be kept
to a minimum. Chippings ranging from 14 mm
to 3 min may be used according to the texture of the
surface. If the surface is still too open textured after
the first passage of the roller, further chippings,
preferably 10 min or 6 min, may be applied after
spraying the surface lightly with class Al-60, Al-55,
KI-60 or KI-70 emulsion at a rate of application
of 0.7L/m 2 to 0.9 L/m2
10 .5 Surface dressing. After a period which me
vary from a few days to a few weeks, depending on
weather conditions, traffic, etc., the retreaded
surface should be surface dressed with class At-60,
Al-55, KI-60 or K470 emulsion and covered
with 6 mm or 10 min chippings (see clause 7). The
rate of application of the emulsion, should be
increased by approximately 0.2 L/M2 over the
appropriate recommendation for hard surfaces
given. in Table 3 and Table 4.

11 Mixing

11 . 1. Genera.l. This covers the production of

bitumen coated. macadams which are laid
immediately after mixing and while the emulsion is
still substantially in an unbroken state. Emulsions
of sufficient stability for mixing with the particular
graded aggregate should be used .
Satisfactory foundations and drainage are
presupposed.
11 .2 Materials
11 .2.1 Emulsion . The emulsion used for this work
sbould be class A2-57 or A2-50, though under some
circumstances, e.g. for 6 mm nominal size wearing
course and especially for fine coated macadam,
class A3 may be necessary. The degree of stability
required depends upon the grading and type of
aggregate to be treated.
For mixing coarse graded aggregate, it is necessary
for the viscosity of the emulsion to be sufficiently
high to ensure that no undue draining away of the
emulsion occurs during and after mixing, and that
an adequate film ofbitumen is deposited on the
stone. For fine graded aggregate, an emulsion of
lower viscosity is required in order to ensure an
adequate coating with bitumen of the fine particles
of the aggregate, and for this purpose it may be
nece,ssary to add a suitable proportion of water.
C; 131sl 01-1999

The manufacturer of the emulsion should be

consulted so that the correct grade ofemulsion may
be supplied.
11 .2.2 Aggregate. Any normal, clean, but not
necessarily dry, aggregate can be used, provided
that it has a sufficiently high crushing strength with
regard to the traffic to be carried. Typical gradings
for coarse and fine aggregates are given in
Table 7(a) to Table 7(e) .
11.3 Mixing. Mixers may be either:
a) rotary drum type concrete mixers ; or
b) single or twin shaft concrete or macadam
mixers .
The appropriate emulsion should be added to the
mixer in the approximate amounts shown in
Table 7(a) to Table 7(e) .
If additional water is required with fine graded
aggregates, it should be added either to the
aggregate or preferably to the emulsion prior to
mixing .
It is essential that the time of mixing be carefully
controlled. and over-mixing avoided because this will
result in stripping of the bitumen film.
11.4 Laying. The mixed material should be spread
to the required contour immediately after
preparation and lightly rolled. It should then be
allowed to set for a few hours depending upon the
drying conditions, after which final compaction may
be effected . A suitable roller for this purpose would
be of mass 6 t to 8 t.
Table 7 - Typical mixtures
(a) Nominal size 40 mm, single course macadam
Test sieve complying
with BS 410

50 min
37 .5 min
28 min
14 mm
6.3 min
315 mm
300 Jim
75 gm

Aggregate: crushed rock or slag.

Percentage by mass passing

100
90 to 100
55 to 90
35 to 55
20 to 30
10 to 20
2 to 10
-

NOTE For 40 mm nominal size single course macadam,

use 55 L to 70 L of emulsion per tonne of aggregate,

0nFy-F& inter -

use .

BS 434-2 :1984

(b) Nominal size 40 inin

course macadam

textured base

i gate : crushed rock or slag.

Test sieve complyi
whhBS4A ~g ~n,nwgebytuasspa"%g

50 mm
37.5 mm

Teo "c rnplyingTAg~gregate: crushed rock or slag.

-ith BS 4. 10
Percentage by inass passing

U"
136 mm
600 gm

1 75 to 100

red wearing
Nominal size 1-4 inin
course macadam
--

NOTE For 14 mm nomina I -~Jzv oven textured wearing course

acadam, use 70 1, to 90 1, of ~, mulsion per tonne of aggregate.

12 Coated stone

NOTE For40mmnomi7i
macadam, use 45 -1, to (j;-) i -

open textured base course

; 1~ion per tonne of aggregate.

(c)

(d) Nominal size 6 m

course macadam

textured wearing
ggregate: crushed rock or slag.
Percentage by nnass passing

0
c:

Fine coated macadam

,
NOTE T~or fine coated macadam, 100 L to 120 L of emulsion
pertonneof aggregate is normally used, with coarser gradings,
the emulsion maysometimes be reduced to 80 Ut and with
finer gradings or more rugous aggregates . e.g. blast-furnace
slag, the eniukion may be increased up to 135 1A .
For fine coated macadam, use 0 L to 70 1, of water per tonne of
aggregate depending on the type, gr,,Aing and natural water
f Ow ag'gre~atc%
.
L!!n!f1---

325 mm

Co

(e)

75 gin

NOTE For6mmnon , i
course macadam, use 851
aggregate.

C
Co
+1

Co
r_
.W

-lium textured wearing

- of en-mlsion per tonne of

11 .5 Surface dressing. After a few weeks,

open-texture surfaces should be sealed by surface
dressing with class Al-60, A 1-55, KI-60 or K 1-70
emulsion and covered with 10 mm chippings
(see clause 7). The rate of application of the
emulsion should be that normalLy used for 14 mm
chipping,s (see Table 3 and Table 4). Finer graded
materials, such as the 6 mm wearing counes or fine
coated macadam, do not normally require surface
dressing .
12 .1 General. This clause covers the production of
coated macadam having a sbiny coating ofbitumen
similar to hot coated material, it differs from
premixed materials (see clause 1I)whieb are laid
immediately after mixing and while the emulsion is
still substantially in an unbroken state. The coated
stone my be stockpiled for a period before laying
and is par6cularly suitable for such work as trench
reinstatemetit and remedial. pawhing.
12 .2 Materials
12 .2.1 Eiaulsioii . The emulsion used for this work
should be class K2, K3 or modified A2-57, depending
on the activity of the aggregate to be coated and the
amount offines present. It is not normalIN necessary
to add water to the mix. The manufacturer should
be fully consulted so that the correct grade of
emulsion to produce a coating on the particular
stone may bc,-. , supptied,

0
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Only for internal use!

BS 434-2 :1984

12.2.2 Aggregate. A large range of aggregates can be

used but not all stone is suitable for coating by this
process. Aggregates need not be dry but excessive
moisture andJor fines may prevent coating or cause
stripping. Gradings given in Table 7(a) to Table 7(e)
are normally suitable, provided that the fraction
passing 75 gin is below 5 % in all cases.
12.3 Mixing. Mixing should be carried out as
described in 11 .3, except that addition of water to
the eniulsion is normally unnecessary. Mixing time
should be kept to a minimum; coating is usually
achieved in 15 s to 25 s. Longer mixing may lead to
stripping.
12 .4 Laying. Freshly prepared coated material or
that obtained from a stockpile should be spread to
contour and compacted. A suitable roller would be of
in ass 6 t to 8 t. For reinstatement work, coated
stone should be laid as required and compacted by
any suitable means.

13 Mist spraying

(0

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4111

1.3.1 General. This clause covers the treatment of

road surfaces showing signs of fretting or incipient
disintegration . The life of such a surface may often
be prolonged without detriment to the non-skid and
riding qualities of the road by the application of a
light dressing of low viscosity emulsion.
13.2 Emulsion . The emulsion used for this work
should be either class Al-40 or K1-40.
Because ofthe low viscosity of these emulsions, it is
important that they should be used as soon as
possf,ble after delivery. If this has not been possible,
the drums should be very thoroughly rolled before
use .
The emulsion should be sprayed at the rate
of 0.40 L/m 2 to 0.45 L/m 2 . It is essential that the
emulsion should be evenly sprayed so as to avoid
ponding in the hollows, since this may lead to local
fatting-up of any subsequently applied carpet .
The emulsion should be allowed to set before
blinding (see 13 .3).
13.3 Blinding. After the emulsion has started to
break, it is recommended that there should be a
light dressing of bitumen coated grit, 3 mm to dust
aggregate, with not more than 10 % passing a 75 gm
sieve complying with BS 410 and binder content not
exceeding 3.5 %. The rate of application should
be 2.5 k /M2 to 5 kg/m 2 according to the texture of
the surface . Richly coated grit should be avoided
since it cannot be spread uniformly by mechanical
gritter and may not work into the carpet
satisfactorilv .
n the rate of application of bitumen coated grit is
at 5 kglm', it is advisable to increase the rate ofapplication ofthe
emulsion to 0.55 UM2 to O~7 T,/M2, preferably employing
cla.9s H,140 emulsion .

C:
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11114101-1999

14 Tack coating

14 .1 General. This clause covers the provision ofan

adhesive film between a coated macadam or other
carpet and the surface on which it is laid.
14 .2 Emulsion . The emulsion used for this work
should be either class Al-40 or K140 .
ecause ofthe low viscosity ofthese emulsions, it is
important that they should be used as soon as
possible after delivery . If this has not been possible,
the drums should be very thoroughly rolled before
use.
The emulsion should be evenly sprayed so as to
avoid ponding in the hollows, since this may lead to
local fatting-up of the subsequently applied carpet .
The rate of application should generally be
between 0.3 L/M2 and 0.5 L/M2 but the actual rate of
application should be decided for each job after
consideration ofthe individual circumstances ofuse.
For example, the lower rate is appropriate for a
dense substrate and the higher rate for a rugous
substrate. A lower rate of application than 0.3 L/M2
will possibly be necessary for a tack coat applied
prior to slurry sealing, whilst a heavier rate of
spread than 0.5 L/M2 might be considered necessary
for some concrete substrates .
The emulsion should be allowed to break completely
before starting to lay the carpet .
14 .3 Gritting. The emulsion applied as in 14.2 may
be covered with a very light scattering of bitumen
coated grit as in 13 .3, or fine coated macadam, to
prevent picking up.

15 Curing of pavement quality

concrete

15 .1 General. This clause covers the use of

emulsion as a convenient and effective method for
curing concrete.
15 .2 Emulsion . The emulsion should normally be
class Al-40 or KI-40.
Within I h of being laid, the concrete should be
given a coating of emulsion at the rate of 0.5 L/in 2
to 0.9 L/m2 followed soon afterwards by the
application of sand or other small grit . The road may
be opened to traffic as soon as the concrete has
attained the required strength .

16 Slurry sealing

16 .1 General. This clause covers a process for

treating airfield and road surfaces by applying a
slurry composed of fine aggregate and bitumen
emulsion which seals cracks, arrests fretting and
fills voids and minor depressions to provide a more
even riding surface or a base for further treatment,
e.g. surface dressing, thin carpet coat or friction

Only for internal use!

BS 434-2:1984

courses. It does riot cov~material and advice ov

should be obtained fy, ~y
16.2 Materials
16.2.1 Emulsion . For the
on laying, develops e
the
rain,
emulsion s
or class K3.
For less rapid setting,-!
class A4 slow setting.
16.2.2 Additives. It is LPortland, hydrated liw~~
consistency, mix segro,, .-,
advisable to consult Cie
advise on this point.

ary premixed
;9e of such material
lier.
~oduction of slurry which,
sistance to traffic and
ss A4 rapid setting
u1sion should be
i I to use ordinary
other additives to control
~ a and setting rate . It is
.tnufacturer, who can

that aggregates
to
determine
their
should be laboratory tes
suitability for the proces,.
regards
the
compatibility with
emulin and compliance
with the wet track abrasion test in appendix A.
When tested in accordance with appendix A, the loss
in mass on the specinieli J-tould not
exceed. 500 g/m2 .
given
Requirements for aL, ~~
Table
8.
in
1413 Aggregate. It i;-

Test sieve
mm"Ing
"h BS A0

5 .0 mm
3A5
236
1 .18 mm'

Nomin
Percentage by rnsass
Pa" ap

a) 600 Pin
=1 moo gin
Cn
C 1150 gin
75 gm
Cn
'0
'as ~ NOTE Slurry seals with,) ~~
-0 are in use and evideni.v
Details
C:
of the aggregab : gi
.I5 future revision
or amendu
4

U)

FI0 -to 30
,

5 to 15

il finished thickness of G nim

o'niance is being obtained .
~red may be inchided in a

113 Mixing and laying, Techniques var

used, as follows.
accordinv to the type of emif
ulsion, mixing may
a) For class A4 slow se
:3
effective
be by band, coner
mixer.
0-

For large areas, a bulk transit concrete mixer

may be used into which the ingredients
(including water) are measured and mixed as the
mixer
travels to the area to be treated. A screed
box fitted with an adjustable rubber screed
should. he towed by the mixer which feed-s it
during laying .
Alternativ, ely, a special mobile mixing machine
as described in b) mav be used,
setting and K3 emulsions,
b) For cla.~F, A4 rapid
only speci! ,I mobile mixing machines should be
used. Tb~.-~--, ~ ;iry supplies of aggregate,
emulsion, , ater and filler (e.g. ordinary Portland
cement or hydrated lime) and are fitted with
metering devices to feed the ingredients in their
correct proportions to a mixer fitted to the rear of
the machine. From the mixer the slurry is fed into
the screed box towed by the machine.
c)
The appropriate dosage ofemulsion, water and
filler
should. be determined by laboratory
examination. of the aggregate. In the case of class
K3 emulsion, the necessary dosage ofprewetting
solution, if used, should. also be determined and
this dosage should be sprayed on the aggregate
feed in its passage through the machine to the
mixing compartment .
Site variations, in particular temperature
variations me require adjustment to the dosage
of water or prewetting agent.
The amount of emulsion used should be 180 Ut
to 250 Ut of dry aggregate.
d) In some cases the use of a cationic tack coat,
class KI-40, is recommended before laying the
slurry . The inachines should be equipped to give
a light spray of water on to the tack coat film just
before the slurry is spread .
e) The manufacturer of the emulsion should be
consulted on the desirability of rolling and also of
tack coating . Where rolling is required, a
pneumatic-t,,,-ri- d roller shou Id be used after the
material
ufficiently,
17 Miscellaneous uses
This clause covers uses of emulsions which may be
of interest to the road engineer in connection with
road construction and similar work but not
necessarily appertaining to the trafficked surface.
In most cases. the emulsions used are those specified
in Part I of this standard but, in some cases they
may be modified by additions such as rubberlatex or
they may incorporate harder bitumens,

0
'a

.2 12
-1

a BSI 01-1999

Only for internal use!

BS 434-2:1984

As conditions vary considerably from site to site, it

the user consult the emulsion
is recommended that
will
manufacturer who
advise on the mostsuitable
method and grade of emulsion for carrying out work
on a particular site .

Miscellaneous uses include the following.

a) Grass growing. The use of emulsion . usually in
conjunction with a layer of sand, to assist
germination of seed, and particularly on slopes to
protect the surface from erosion and denudation
until a sufficient grass root system to stabilize the
surface has been established.
b) Blowing sand stab ilization. The use of
emulsion to give 25 mra to 50 mm depth of lightly
stabilized surface on dunes and other areas
where blowing sand creates problems. The
treatment may be carried out in conjunction with
the establishment of trees and other vegetation.

The use of emulsion for the

protection of exposed or buried concrete and iron
work, chiefly against sulphate attack and
corrosion . Emulsion incorporating rubber latex is
normally used.
e),Protection.

0 Crack filling. The use of emulsion containing

rubber latex for penetrating cracks in asphalt
and concrete surfaces and filling with an elastic
resilient sealant.

g) Water seepage sealing . The use of emulsion to

reduce or eliminate seepage of water through
hair cracks in concrete "lakes" and to reduce
seepage loss on concrete irrigation or drainage
ditches, etc., passing over porous soil .

c) Slip-coat. The use of emulsion to create a

embrane of bitumen between layers of concrete .
is retains the strength of the upper layer by
reventing water seepage into the lower layer,
and avoids rigid adhesion between layers of
different ages and strengths so that they mature
without setting up internal stresses .
Q Buttjoint prim ing. The use of emulsion to
prime the surface of butt joints between
bituminous or other materials.

M
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13

Only for internal use!

BS 434-2:1984

Appendix A Wet

abrasion test

A.1 Apparatus
A. 1 . 1 Mechanical
equipped, with an ab,
strip holding devico v
tical in ovement a,
loaded, so that apprc
exerted on the sp~ cir ,

The speed Sb of the 1,.',

abrasion bead is att:
planetary arm in rhr
arm diameter dp (i .,
such that:
a) Sb
' and Sp are
(i.e . one clockwiv
'

planetary type,
which has a rubber
to 15 mni free
s of 2 200 g when
g per MM 2 is
rubberstrip.

H-1,

ich the
the speed S of the
r with the planetary
radius), should be
inotions
_nticlockwise) ;

b) dp is less than
c) 7c 125 x Sb + it
and 9 x 10"

een 7 x 104

A.1 .2 Strips of rubbe,ess

of 66 IRHD to 75 IRHPj
accordance
with BS 903-A26. Tli, 125 min
long, 12 .5 min wide i~,
deep . The
depth should be su f'i
~, ~low the strip to be
clamped (along tb o ft
h of 125 mm) in the
abrasion head and to .i
~ distance of 10 nim
uncontained
I
rubber,~
125 min x 12 .5 inin
asion face .
-1

.1 .3 Balance, of 2 0
accurate to 0.5 g~

readable and

A.1 .4 Flat bottorn sj.)c~

diameter with 80 w ~f
st 1 mm tbick, I i~,
specimens to the bof ~'
A.1.5 Forced draugT .;
thermostatically cot~'
I

'I)

4-

:3
U)
U)

Cri

-a

C
Cz

Co
C:

<

A.1 .6 4ater bath, ti ,

at 25 I 'C .

A.1 .7 Roofing felt, cor

cut either into appro)
circles or into octo ~-,c
from the corners of a ,
of felt. so that the
opposite sides

C)
CD

9)
_j

~efnjoerature oien,
60 3 'C .
Ily controlled

,
B of BS 747
-i diameter
y cutting triangles
ly 300 mm squares
~ach pair of

A. 1.8 Iffetal sheets,

and I mm thick.
A.1 .9 Squeegee blad.

A.1 .10 Mask of imp,-approximately 300

circular opening 280

5, A.1 .11 Suitable tni.! CL

0

300 mm to 330 min

ical side wall
ans of securing

high and 120 mni

14

aterial,
im thick with a
in the centre .

A.1 .12 S~~ ,

in diapi i . , ~, ~

~,

-,

th

approximately 10 mm

a lian.d lo .

A.2 Preparat. ;o)i of test spee-imens . Prepare

specimens M ~,-,~,Aicnte with each of the slurry
mixturosse~-~Ier laying trial strips . If no trial
strips are to 1
-1 . make, a serie-s of duplicate
specimems e,
11 . range of 180 L to 250 L of
emulsion pcc
~!J dry aggregate, include the
amount of fi"
id any additive recommended by
the em ulsio n
uiacturer in these mixes. Find the
water additio!,
trial as that amount necessary to
producel, ~ ~ 0 , 1 ! i,7'ring for at least 30 s, a fluid slurry
which spre~w' s- idily without, segregation .
To make th,:- opucimen, lay a metal sheet on a level,
firm surface, place centrally on top of this a sheet of
roofing felt, and complete the assembly by placing
the mask c, ~ i ~ ~ 4-~, Uy on the felt. Weigh 675 g of the
aggregat- in
~n ixing can followed by the filler,
water and ~i~jJ i
(ifrecominended) . Stir for 20 s,
add the einu, ~', ~~ i and immediately stir vigorously
for betw ee 11 30 s and 60 s before pouring into the
mask assembly while still stirring . Spread the
slurry immediately to provide an even surfiace with
minimu i , ~ ; ~
of ~~ lie is.queegee .
NOTE' v,
)in a continuou.- Aurry mixer are to be
examined .
to place th~- ~i_-'-mbly or the metal
sheet, Coll
o;
i ii, , roadah! ,;4 Jthe machine, to take
from
~ -. '~ ' . ! - a, arnpk! ~; : ~i, miingean and to
keep it, i i!
it is ~,i,
Remove ti~
Timi ,n as soon as this
can be di,
then allow
the sped
till on the metal
plate, irt
i c(
t ~i nt mass. Drying
overnigh, ~ ',
ufficieifl f,o complete drying .
Weigh t1i ~p.eeinim with the ~~- j 4 plate.

A.3
metal p.,',~
than 60 ~

Remove!
securely to Ci
rigid platfw- :~
in positirr,
movemel
sufficient
into the 1, n
abrade I
the form

Remove
-from loose
dry i
Number
beident; h
after th(

p,

t-

1.11 - e the speeirm-n, without the

it,- ., bath for not less
-,e than 75 min.

i from the bath and fit it

of the pan. Fix the pan to a
~Ie rubber Arip abrasion head
t of its free vertical
dnien. Pour
-00 mL) at 25 11 'C
onipletely . Then
iii, w ' mi notes from
e n ~jk

the p~ ; ; -,, wash it free

ce j,,
ietal plate and
,-,o that they can
specimens on them
ied OLIL
S101-1999

Only for internal use!

BS 434-2:1984

NOTE [n some cases, the roofing felt sticks to the metal plate
during drying . This can be prevented by inserting sheets of
shicone treated paper between the Mt and tbe mad sheets
before placing the specimens in the oven . This applies, both to the
initial drying and to the drying after abrading . When silicone
paper is used, it should be treated as part of the metal sheet and
weighed as such, but it should be removed from the base of the
sample before placing it in the water bath .

A.5 Reporting of results . Report the loss in mass

as the mass lost per square metre of abraded area to
the nearest 1. g.

A.4 Calculation.

Note the texture, setting time, cohesion and particle

segregation of the specimen during formation.

Loss in g/m
where

4 (VV2 - ~
X(

-P -

125)

1)

X -

Note the proportions of aggregate, filler, bitumen

water
emulsion and
used to form each specimen .
Express the amount of emulsion used as the number
of litres per tonne of dry aggregate.

isthe
IV2.
mass of steel sheet + felt + specimen
before abrasion (in g) ;
isthe
VVI
mass of steel sheet + felt + specimen
after abrasion (in g) ;
is the planetary arm diameter

CL

(D
cre

BISI 01 -3, 999

15

Copy Austrian Standards Institute

Licensed

~~K~~^

Only for internal use!.

BS 434-2:1984
~~
.m uPublications

~~'
~ ,~
referred
~w~
wo

B8( 3 ' Single-sized mod to ,m and chipp ngs.

0S G3 - 2 ,&letric units.
BG 410, Specification for test sieves.

8404, Bitutrien, road emulsions (anionic and cationic).

BS 434- 1. Specification for bitumen road emulsions.

BS 747, Specification, for roofing felts.

BS 812, Methods for sampling and testing of mineral aggregates, sands and fillers.
BS 903, Methods of testing vulcanized rubber.
BS 903-A26,

Determination of hardness .

BS 1707, Hot binder distributors for road surface dressing .

BS 1984, Gravel aggregates for surface treatment (including surface dressings) on roads.
BS 3136, Cold emulsion. sprqying machines for roads.

o
Doud No to 39(eucondeditioo).8ucoouzneu8atio nafbrroadaor&*oodroee ing ( r8RIJ9]Ip) ) .

C:

A:aflable froi
k) BSI 01-1999

HMS 0

Only for internal use!

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