AerodynamicsandFlow L9

Turbulent Reacting Multiphase Flows (5 lectures)

Chungen Yin
chy@et.aau.dk; 30622577

Spring 2015
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L9:TurbulentNonreactingMultiphaseFlows
Turbulent particle dispersion
Turbulence modulation
Particle-wall interaction

Turbulentparticledispersion(1)

Small particle
A particle is referred to as small, if its diameter is smaller than the Kolmogorov
length scale;
as medium, if its diameter is between the Kolmogorov scale and the integral
scale;
In dilute, particle-laden flows of interest, the majority of particles are small,
based on this definition.

For small, heavy particles/droplets in dilute two-phase flow,

dv 1
2 C D f Ap u v (u v )
mp
dt

dx
v
dt
The particle trajectory & velocity can be determined at each time, provided the
3 knowledge of the flow field at that moment
3

Turbulentparticledispersion(2)

The interaction between turbulent eddies and immersed small particles is

referred to as turbulent particle dispersion.

inertia dominated

viscosity dominated

Number density
Position

Observation: dispersive effect on particles released from the same location;

Key parameters: (1) particle size, with respect to eddy size; (2) fluid and
particle properties, e.g., fluid viscosity & density and particle density; (3) flow
4 properties, e.g., distribution of turbulent kinetic energy.
4

Stochastictracking(1). Randomvel.fluctuation

A Gaussian distributed random velocity fluctuation is used: also known

as discrete random walk (DRW) model or eddy lifetime model.

dv 1
mp
2 C D f Ap u v (u v )
dt

u U u
In DRW model, each eddy is characterized by
A Gaussian distributed random velocity fluctuation, u, v, w;
A time scale

Random velocity fluctuations for k- and k-

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: normally distributed random number

u ' v' w' 2k / 3

Stochastictracking(2).Interactiontime

A time scale, accounting for the Characteristic eddy lifetime and

Crossing trajectory effect, is used as the integral time.

tinteraction min ( e , tc )

Le

For small particle (moving with fluid

zero drift velocity): the integral time
becomes fluid Lagrangian integral time

fL A

e 2 fL or e fL ln(r )
r : a uniform random number [0, 1]
The time for particle to cross an eddy: estimated from eddy size/drift velocity

Le
tc v ln1
u v
v
6

with

p d 2p
Le B
, v

18
k2/3

Stochastictracking(3)

Over the interaction time, tinteraction , the particle is assumed to interact

with the fluid phase eddy with a given instantaneous velocity. When
this time is reached, a NEW value of will be applied to generate
new random velocity fluctuations ( new instantaneous velocity).

DRW model constants (A & B)

For assumptions of isotropic turbulence and that the characteristic size of the
eddy is the Kolmogorov scale, the constants A and B can be approximated by

3 3/ 4
C ; B C 3 / 4
2

(C 0.09)

In literature, a range of values have been suggested for A and B:

0.135 A 0.41 with the constraint

3
A

2
B

7 (FLUENT: A=0.15 by default, 0.3 recommended for RSM)

Particlecloudtracking(1)
Track the statistical evolution of a cloud of particles about a mean
trajectory: the concentration of particles about a mean trajectory is
represented by a Gaussian PDF whose variance is based on the degree
of particle dispersion due to turbulent fluctuations.

Number density

Position

Particlecloudtracking(2)
The PDF used is derived from Taylors analysis:

P( x, y, z , t ) f xi (t ) , i (t )

Its possible to define a normalized Lagranian autocorrelation function:

R pL (t1 , t 2 )

ui (t1 )ui (t 2 )
ui2 (t 2 )

This can be assumed to exhibit an exponential decay.

Example
8
4

Particle Stokes
number: St=0.01

St=1

St=10

St=100

0
-4
-8
8

Instantaneous
particle
dispersion from
simulation of
plane wake

4
0
-4
-8 10
0

12

16

20 0

12

16

20

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Example(cont.)
1. Large-scale vortex structures are important controlling mechanisms for
the particle dispersion process.
2. Particle dispersion levels tend to maximize at intermediate values of
Stokes numbers, 0(1)0(10).
3. Particles of intermediate-St tend to concentrate preferentially near the
outer boundaries of large-scale vortex structures.

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Turbulentmodulation:Whatisit
Turbulence properties: characterized by, such as, turbulent kinetic
energy, Reynolds stresses, spectra, or two-point correlations.
Turbulence modulation: one or more of the statistical properties of the
carrier phase turbulence is changed by the presence of particles.
Most frequently, refers to changes in the carrier-phase turbulent kinetic
energy (either enhanced or decayed).
However, TKE changes do not fully describe the changes to the
turbulence.

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Turbulentmodulation:Whyisitimportant
p 5.510-5; a
mean inter-particle
distance of 20dp.
Dilute flow
Such a reduction (by
a factor >7) in TKE
may completely
change the
characters of the
turbulence and the
behavior of a reactor.

Attenuation of TKE as a function of mass loading ratio on the center-plane of fully

developed channel flow for glass beads (150 m) and copper beads (70 m).

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Turbulencemodulation:Keyparameters
Mass loading ratio, Particle volume fraction, Density ratio
If 2nd phase: one size, spheres. Additional dimensionless parameters

St

v
f

Re p

dp
lf

u v dp

f
(A lot of turbulence length scales!)

If 2nd phase: polydisperse, non-spherical

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Then even more parameters are important!

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Turbulencemodulation:Mechanisms
The exact mechanisms: not very well understood; the available
theories often can NOT predict the level or even sign of the change in
TKE.
Some basic mechanisms: all them require the particles be large
enough that they can not follow the flow and there is a substantial
instantaneous relative velocity between two phases.

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Turbulencemodulation:Mechanism1
Through the carrier-phase mean velocity

( ui )
( ui )
p

uj

t
x j
xi x j

ui

x j

F p ,i

If the mean carrier-phase velocity field is changed by the addition of particles,

the mean strain field and the turbulence production rate will also be changed.
The effects of carrier mean flow distortions on the carrier turbulence can be
predicted by single-phase turbulence models.

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Turbulencemodulation:Mechanism2
Unsteady particle wakes behind relatively large particles.
Important when p is not small and Rep is in the vortex shedding regime.

(Experimental) Dye streaklines produced by dye introduced at cylinder surface (Rep=140)

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Turbulencemodulation:Mechanism3
Extra dissipation of turbulence by particles.

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Turbulencemodulation:Mechanism3(cont.)
A particle that cannot respond to fluctuations exerts a force on the fluid
that opposes the relative motion. When the particles are heavy, the
relative motion is produced mostly by the carrier-phase fluctuations.

Some

The cloud of dispersed particles produces a non-uniform force field that

instantaneously opposes the carrier-phase velocity fluctuations, extracting
energy from the turbulence.

Fluctuating
kinetic energy
of the particles

Producing local flow

distortions around
each particle

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Turbulencemodulation:Mechanism4
Preferential concentration & sweeping of particles.
Preferential concentration occurs when
particles (with particle time constants
comparable to eddy time scales) are swept
out of vortex cores and concentrated in
convergence zones.
Particles apply an angular impulse opposing
the vortex rotation as they are spun out of a
simple vortex.
For St1, the ratio of the angular impulse
to the initial angular momentum of the
vortex is 1.3 MLR / St. This would act to
suppress vortices (whose time scales are
close to the particle time constant).

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Turbulencemodulation:Mechanism5
Eddy distortion.
Particles are expected to produce significant local distortion of the small-scale
motions.
The fact that the average particle spacing (Lbetween-p) is so large means the force
applied is not continuous. This is likely to produce a significant distortion of the
energy-containing eddies and could lead to a higher turbulent dissipation rate.

The fact that the particle diameter is comparable to the Kolmogorov scale (dp/)
indicates that the particles experience significant velocity gradients rather than
the locally uniform flow assumed in most models. This means that the particles
experience forces transverse to the relative velocity.

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Howtostudymodulation:Analytical(1)
A common approach to modeling the effects of particles on turbulence
is to treat the particles as applying a continuous force field onto the
fluid phase where the force is the reaction force (to the particle drag).

(1) Write down the modified N-S equations, by including fluid-particle inter-phase
forces
(2) Apply Reynolds decomposition; subtract the mean flow component; square
& average the fluctuating component to obtain the transport equation for k.

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Howtostudymodulation:Analytical(2)
Start with instantaneous NS equations

u1

Fp ,1
x1-momentum:
x j

1 p
u2
u2
u2
u

Fp,2

x2-momentum:
j
x2 x j x j
t
x j
u3
u3
1 p
u3

F p ,3
uj

x3-momentum:
x3 x j x j
t
x j
u1
u

1 p
uj 1

t
x j
x1 x j

Operations

(1)

(2)

(3)

Eq(1) u ' Eq(2) u 2 ' Eq(3) u3 ' (RANS Eqns)

1

Use similar operations as those in derivation of RANS

The remaining is a transport equation for u1 ' 2 u 2 ' 2 u3 ' 2 , i.e., k.

23

k
k
uj
T'( ) S p ,k
t
x j

23

Howtostudymodulation:Analytical(3)
o The 1st main deficiency: The assumption that the force applied onto
the fluid is linearly proportional to the fluid/particle velocity difference.

Most cases in which turbulence attenuation is significant involve Rep>1.

The instantaneous force on a particle is affected by the local straining field.

When dp Kolmogorov scale, the flow around particle is highly non-uniform.

The force applied by the particle onto the fluid is almost never aligned with the
instantaneous velocity difference.

o The 2nd main deficiency: The analysis assumes that energy transferred
to the particle is eliminated from consideration.
When a force is applied to a particle, that particle accelerates and creates local
flow distortion. The assumption is that these fluid motions are at very small
scale and are quickly dissipated by viscosity. However, the particles are often
larger than the smallest scales of turbulence. In this case, it is more
appropriate to assume the particleturbulence interaction as energy transfer
24 between different scales of velocity fluctuation.
24

Howtostudymodulation:Experimental(1)
Heavily rely on laser-based instrumentation
LDA (Laser Doppler anemometry)
The challenge is to discriminate between signals from carrier-phase tracer
particles and the generally stronger signals from the dispersed particles.

PDA (Phase Doppler anemometry)

Measure particle size and velocity simultaneously;
More robust but more difficult and expensive; Generally work well for phase
separation if there is a significant difference between the tracer and the smallest
dispersed particles.

PIV (Particle image velocimetry)

Used extensively for multiphase flow research in recent years;
As with LDA, the challenge is to measure the fluid phase using tracer particles

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Howtostudymodulation:Experimental(2)
Compilation of
experimental data on
turbulence modulation
Data cover:
Jets
Pipe flows
Gas-particle
Gas-liquid

D : particle diameter

26

3
2

: Turbulent length
scale

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Howtostudymodulation:Numerical
Difficult: due to an extremely large range of length scales
Earlier efforts: Point-force coupling scheme
Adapt single-phase DNS codes for isotropic flows by using simple drag laws to
compute the force applied onto each particle by the flow, and applying the
reaction force back onto the fluid as a variable body force.
Not valid unless the particles are significantly smaller than both the turbulence
Kolmogorov scale and the grid spacing.

Recent efforts: Fully resolve the flow around a single particle in a small
region of turbulent flow

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Turbulencemodulation:Asummary
Dispersed particles in the dilute regime can cause very large changes in
the turbulence levels in typical shear flows.
In gas flows, very small particles do not affect the flow. Particles with
sizes of the order of Kolmogorov scale can cause significant attenuation.
The attenuation reaches a maximum for Stk50 & Rep~the order of 10.
As particle size increases, particle wake effect plays an increasing role,
first decreasing turbulence attenuation and eventually causing large
turbulence augmentation.
Turbulence modulation is much weaker in flows such as free shear flows.
In liquid flows laden with solid particles, turbulence attenuation is
rarely observed. Small particles very low Stokes numbers little
effect on the flow. Large particles increase turbulence (wake effects).
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Models: very poor, inconclusive; significant further research needed.

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Particlewallinteraction
Hydrodynamic interaction
Lift force
Lubrication

Mechanical interaction
(in the absence of a fluid)
Collision (massive particle)

rebounds but loses kinetic energy due

to friction & inelasticity effects

van der Waals force (very small particles)

captured by wall

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Sphericalparticlesmoothwallcollision

ASSUMPTIONS:
Hard sphere;
Particle deformation is neglected (i.e., throughout the collision process, the
distance between the particle center of mass and the contact point is constant
and equal to the particle radius);
Coulombs friction law applies to particles sliding along a wall;
30Once a particle stops sliding, there is no further sliding.

30

Sphericalparticlesmoothwallcollision(cont.)
Four periods
Pre-collision

Post-collision

t2

F dt

Pre-collision

31

Compression period (1)

Recovery period (2)

(from the contact with wall

to the moment when Vy=0)

(from the moment with an

upward Vy to the moment
no contact with wall)

Post-collision

31

Sphericalparticlesmoothwallcollision(cont.)
Coefficient of restitution (e): Four definitions

V ( 2)
e
V ( 0)

ey

32

VY( 2)
VY(0)

J Y( 2)
J Y(1)

VY( 2)
VY(0)

ex

V X( 2)
V X(0)

32

Sphericalparticlesmoothwallcollision(cont.)
Three cases: Depending on the period in which the particle slides
along the wall.

v x , v z 0 : no sliding

Case1:Theparticlestopsslidinginthecompressionperiod.
Case2:Theparticlestopsslidingintherecoveryperiod.

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Case3:Theparticlecontinuestoslidethroughoutthecompressionand
recoveryperiods.
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In the table: 9*3=27 unknowns

Sphericalparticlesmoothwallcollision:Case1

34

Impulsion equations (6*3=18 eqns)

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Sphericalparticlesmoothwallcollision:Case1
Conditions at the end of different periods (2+3+2=7 eqns)
Particle surface velocity:

U v r (v X a Z ) i vY j (vZ a X ) k

(1) At the end of sliding period: tangential components of surface velocity are 0

(v (Xs ) aZ( s ) ) i (vZ( s ) a X( s ) ) k 0

(2 Equations)

(2) At the end of compression period: all components of surface velocity are 0

(v (X1) a Z(1) ) i vY(1) j (vZ(1) a X(1) ) k 0

(3 Equations)

(3) At the end of recovery period: also no sliding.

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(v (X2) a Z( 2) ) i (vZ( 2) a X( 2) ) k 0

(2 Equations)
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Sphericalparticlesmoothwallcollision:Case1
Coefficient of restitution, e
J Y( 2) e J Y(1) e ( J Y( s ) J Y( r ) )

(1 eqn)
(1 Equation)

Coulombs law: (friction F)= (normal F)*(friction coefficient)

(2 eqns + 2 unknowns)

J X( s ) i J Z( s ) k X f J Y( s ) i Z f J Y( s ) k
(2 Equations)

( X , Z ) : direction cosines of the approach velocity in X-Z plan

X2 Z2 1 (1 eqn)
Totally 18+7+1+2+1=29 eqns for 27+2=29 unknowns: closed!
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36

Sphericalparticlesmoothwallcollision:Case2

Impulsion equations

37

37

Sphericalparticlesmoothwallcollision:Case3

Impulsion equations

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Sphericalparticlesmoothwallcollision:Solution
Condition

Translational
velocity

Angular
velocity

vY( 0)
2

v
7 f (e 1)

v ( 0)
2
Y 0
7 f (e 1)
v

v (X2) 5 (v (X0) 2 a Z( 0) )
5
7

( 2)
( 0)
vY e vY

v ( 2 ) 5 (v ( 0 ) 2 a ( 0 ) )
X
7 Z
5
Z

v (X2) v (X0) X f (e 1) vY( 0)

( 2)
(0)
vY e vY

v ( 2) v ( 0) f (e 1) v (0)
Z
Z
Y
Z

( 2) vZ( 2)
X
a

( 2)
( 0)
Y Y

( 2)
v (X2)

X( 2) X( 0) 5 Z f (e 1) vY( 0)
2a

( 2)
( 0)
Y Y

( 2) ( 0) 5 X f (e 1) v ( 0)
Z
Y
2a
Z

a:sphereradius;e:coefficientofrestitution;f:frictioncoefficient;X,Z:direction
39
v
cosinesoftheapproachvelocityinXZplane;:translationalvelocitymagnitude.

39

Exercises/Practices

Calculation: A 100-micron nylon particle bounces off a flat, steel wall. The
particle speed is 10 m/s and the angle of incidence is 30. The particle has
no initial rotation and moves in the x-y plane. The coefficient of friction is
0.2 and the coefficient of restitution is 0.8. Find the rebound speed, the
angle of rebound and spin rate (with correct sign). Here, X=1.0.

(Optional) Repeat Tut. 19 Modeling evaporating liquid spray

Follow the tutorial (Fluent15.0_Tutorial-19.pdf) step-by-step from
section 19.4.2, & reproduce the results as given in the tutorial.
The mesh (sector.msh) and the guide are available in the folder Files
for lecture 9. Practice earlier for this non-reacting flow! More
practices to come, for, e.g., reacting multiphase flows.
To install, license and use FLUENT on your PC, please visit
\\Et-fs1.aau.dk\Fileshares\software_students\FLUENT
40and follow the guides there!

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