AND

WORDS

H.
AttuUmt

S.

V.

JONES,

Ph.D.

PrcfeuoT of Engtith, Vnrnrtitit aj lUhuu

NEW

HENEY

SENTENCES

HOLT

YOHK

AND

COMPANY

597063

COPTBIGBT,

1919,

BT

HENRY

HOLT

AND

COMPANY

PREFACE

Although

English

correct

appeals irresistiblyto
tendency
book

be

must

definition
immense

ennui

that

the

Kittredge
Advanced
lisch

and

have

it is here

Farley's

Poutsma's

found

from

Advanced
Wendt's

Grammar

general

nurture.

it oflFers for

of rhetorical
in the

section

of thelsort.

profit I should
of Wieioric,
Onions'

English Grammar^

Late

the

the

specificdifference

with

Syntax,

this

relieve

Foundations

of

useful

particularly

the

others

Hill's

of

may

possibly

and

consulted

S.

book

system

that

minimum,

concepts,

from

I have
A.

subject
the

opportunity

will find

this manual

English Syntax^

and

in the

inseparable

which

to

"

teacher

particularly

mention

rules

of

although

of rules,

words,

rate

distinguishes
books

is

any

that

Among

At

grammar

book

on

that

and

reduce

discrimination

and

discipline.
on

in part

section

the

Perhaps

traditionallynot

students,
is to

now-a-days

is

des

heviigen Eng-

Modem

collectanea

English.
in

the

last

books.

two

Professor
now

of

for many
rhetoric

in the

book

to

my

Dr.

Scott, whose

directed

years

criticism; and
the

W.

Franklin

country,
H.

L.

one

has

Cre^

of the

given
has

instinct

happy

me

read

has

largest departments
the
the

benefit

of

his

manuscript

of

advantage.
H.

S.

V.

J.

CONTENTS

WORDS

Chapter
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

Page
Derivationb

The

Meanings

The

Standing

of

op

Words

18

Words

SSt

Spelling

52

Pronunciation

59

SENTENCES

One.

Section
VI.

The

Noun

VII.

The

Adjective

Grammar

83
66
72
^

VIII.

The

IX.

Adverb

76

Pronouns

85

The

Verb

90

XI.

The

Preposition

99

XII.

The

Conjunction

X.

Two.

Section

101

The

Rhetoric

of

the

Sentence

106

XIII.

Clearness

108

XIV.

Emphasis

114

Ease

122

XV.

APPENDIX

A.

The

B.

Punctuation

138

C.

Capitalization

147

Conjugation

of

the

Verb

133

WORDS

CHAPTER

DERIVATIONS

It is of the

first
of

knowledge
clauses

if

is

sure

art,

an

As

in

arts

other

use

too

shows

convenience

as

forces,

something

history

and

human

thought.

of

before

But

not

As

we

that

paper

of

but

product

What
that

of

or

living

enterprise

human

Chaucer,

of

for

of

long perspective

is the

English

as

utility

mere

knowledge

in

grow

the

the

to

story

models

suflScient.

as

is important,

It

step.

is not

be

like

linguistic knowledge

word

points

is to

by walking;

good

us

this
of

sort

tell

can

thankful

morning

the

have

one's

means

learned

be
walk

to

watch

that

that

learns

best

Writing

cannot

living thing,

is the

clear

so

and
efifec-

expression

vocabularies.

one

is the

of

rate
accu-

an

phrases

our

units

should
to

but

increasingly

quite

individual

the

us

not

arts

one

further

need

we

larger

inspiration.

and

make

art, which

fine

very

moreover,

imitation

the

have

should

we

that

refining our

in other

science.

words

perhaps

and

enriching

the

to

are

What

tively.
of

we

that

Importance

become

we

language

and

only

not

and

Shakespeare,

Milton.
It is worth
of

language
about

apt and

while
in
the

growth

use

of

or

student

for the

Our

of words.

because

as

we

use
use

meanings.

its earlier

aggravating

to

have

development,

historical

discriminating

of its derivation

slovenly

its

then

and
8

provohing

to

of
it

glimpse

some

we

For

should

learn
word

thing
some-

is often
conscious

are

example,
be

the

checked

WORDS

knowledge of their derivations;and no one who knew

its originwould
employ the word endorse as in the following
have endorsed the document
at the bottom
You alpovld
sentence:
knowledge of etymology,
Purthennore, some
of the first
page.
leading to an association of words of similar origin,should
by

enlarge our vocabularies.

the largestcontributions
The languages which have made
The
French.
planation
exEnglish are Latin and its descendant
for this fact will be found in the historyof Europe.

help
to

For

to

us

language.

It

Ages

much

very

It

alive

of the
the

was

of the

illiterate. With
called

the

the

as

language
To

the revival of

Renaissance

of

language

formal

more

of law.

courts

Latin

era

the

The

literatures

two

student

Latin

now

was

Uterature

dead

of the

ignorant of it
classical learningin
be

claimed

not

handmaid

so

to

much

of

course.
inter-

church, of the schools,

(fifteenthand

Latin

large body

of human

sixteenth

when

the

the

the

Latin

wider

interested

theology as

be

period

centuries),

scholars
and

to

was

of the ancient

use

new

Of

modes

impetus was given to the study and

that
Every school-boy knows
tongue.
captured Constantinople in 1453, many
Italywith preciousmanuscripts of Greek
a

not

was

the contrary, throughout the Middle

on

was,

literature and

and

of the modem

centuries

many

Turks

went

to

authors.
attention.

in making

in reading it

as

Cicero
might have been read by those who Uved when
and
He
approached the great classics not
Vergil wrote.
with a priestat his elbow to tell him what
they meant, but
thing
might go directlyto another to learn someas
one
person
it

of the troubled

new

lives of

men.

Because

the interest

call him
a
largely human, we
to the classical authors
humanist, and he turned particularly
heart
read the human
he believed that they had
because
than the writers of
with more
understanding and wisdom
other period.
any
of

such

student

was

so

DERIVATIONS

The

immediate

influence of Latin

English is^ol tbft

it has affected our
language
greatest importance. Otherwise
of French.
of
The significance
chieflythrough the medium
the Norman
Conquest (1066) in this connection, though of
course

great, has

French

was

soi)ietimes been

indeed spoken at court;

of court

upon

Ufe, such

as

exaggerated. Norman
so

that many

castle^court, emperor,

terms

gestive
sug-

inevitably

found

their way
into the native speech. There was
at fiirst,
It is
however, no real effort to supplantEnglish with French.

interestingto
was

not

note

issued

of William
been

even

if the

of

that the fiirst

oflScialdocument

until

century and

Normandy.

strong French
Normans

half after the

Undoubtedly

influence upon
had never
come

in French

there

coming

would

have

the English language,

to

England.

During

the Middle

Ages France was

preeminent in both literature
and learning. Scholars from every
quarter of the civilized
world repairedto the University of Paris, and the effect of
French
felt throughout Europe.
was
poetry and romance
Chaucer
(1340-1400),the author of the
Canterbury Tales
and
the greatest English poet before Shakespeare, came
early under the influence of French literature and felt its
appeal to the end of his life. In his vocabulary we find a
largeproportionof French words, by far the greater number
of which have continued
to form
a part of the language. It
is not that Chaucer
made
the language, but that the distinction
of his work
ary
gave prestigeand influence to the literof his day. At a later time political
and literary
medium
circumstances
favored
again the importation of French
into English. During the sixteenth century much
words
Italian and
other literature came
to
England in French
translations;and when in 1660 Charles II returned as king
of England from his exile on
the Continent, foreignwords
and phrases,such as cravat, baUet,coquette,were
brought in
with foreignpoetry and foreignfashions.
"

"

WORDS

the

Of

here mention

may

be

not

Latin

besides
to

the

French
lary
vocabu-

English

has

Greek, which

and

been

used

tensively
ex-

terminology of science, Italian,and Spanish.

in the
It should

languages

their contribution

made

that have
we

other

many

understood

that

these

contributions

were

of Italian and
directly. A very large number
into EngUsh by way
of
Spanish words, for example, came
Italian words
that may
be mentioned
French.
particularly
musical terms, such as piano, sopranoy
are
concerto^ aUegro^
andante, etc.
Belonging to other arts are cameOy campanile^
Other
from
words
the same
torso.
language are dilettante
and extravaganza. As examples of Spanish words in EngUsh

always

we

made

upon

that

to

phasized
mosquitOypunctilio,
flotilla.It should be emthat neither Greek, ItaUan, nor
Spanish has exerted
our
language an influence in any way comparable

cite

may

of Latin

Scattered

mentioned
the

Or

of French.

borrowings
be

may

from

noted

as

languages

other

than

illustrative of the

those

variety of

from Hebrew;
English vocabulary: cherub and seraph come
hawk
algebra,
cipherfrom Arabic; bazaar from Persian; tomafrom the speech of North
American
Indians; knapsack

from

Dutch; and

tea from

Chinese.

The

deals in
study of words like the study of sentences
we
distinguishroots,
part with analysis. By this means
stems,

prefixes,and

suffixes.

into stem-suffixes, derivative

Hypothetically the
word, and
whole
may

are

suffixes,and
is the

of

inflectional suffixes.

earliest form

analysisit is the source

languages. English words,

be carried back

of the
being a member
family. Cognate with

to

Indo-Germanic

Germanic
the

group

Germanic

(Sanskrit, etc.), Iranian

divided

further

in the last

family

Indian

root

Suffixes

of the

of words

roots,

for
our

in

example,
language

of the Indo-Germanic
group

are

the

ing:
follow-

(Old Persian, etc.).

DERIVATIONS

Armenian,

Italic

Greek,

From
Latin are
scended
de(Latin,etc.
the so-called Romance
French,
languages, ^Italian,
Welsh, etc.),Slavonic (Russian,
Spanish, etc.),Celtic (Irish,
etc.),Baltic (Lithuanian, etc.).
"

Roots
of

in the

of time

course

simple elements, called

endings, such
of

as

words.

new

ness^

These

by accretion
freelyemployed

were

by

to form
suffixes,

stem

suffixes, having grown

stem

extended

were

to

processes,

which

may

the addition

The

stems.

into

derivative

in the

making

be added

the

comparatively late addition of prefixes,

are
stages in word
composition. A further stage is what is called inflection.
Words
inflected to bring out their syntactical
relations
are
another.
to one
By inflections we distinguishcase, number,
For example, the o of fceZto,
the
mood, voice, gender, etc.
dative of hellurriy
inflectional ending; as is en in oxen^
is an
and eth in loveth. This phenomenon of inflection appears
in
the oldest records of the Indo-Germanic
fanuly of languages.
The tendency of a civilized language is in the main
plify
to simrather than to complicate its inflectional system.
The
stages in the growth of a word as described above
be

may

illustrated

1. Root:
2.

"

^steig pricking,stinging,
sticking.
=

"

Root

follows:

as

Derivative

Suffix:

stigma;(extended)stimulus,stim--

"

ulaie; (extended further) stimulation,

S. Prefix

Root

Derivative

Suffix:^
"

(extended)winstigate;

stigator,
instigation.
4. Prefix

Root

Derivative

LATIN

A-, ab-, abs-.

away

from

"Off, away,
his

Suffix -{"Inflection:

instigating.

PREFIXES

from."

regularbusiness.

Avocation
Abstain

is that which

calls one

is to hold oneself away

ful.
being usuallyconsidered as harmwith something completely,literally

from, the objectof avoidance

Abolish
80

that it can

is to do away
grow

or

flourish

no

longer. Abnegate is to deny"

"

WORDS

in the

sense

of

to
oflF,

wear

away

Ad-|

tion to."
to

is to rub

Abrade

by friction.

Advocate

support
of

laying aside.

away,

af-, ag-, id-,an-,

a-| ac-|

is

putting

advocate, that is
the

Compare

cause.

''To, in addi-

as-, at-.

ar-,

(vb.) {Cf.advocacy and the

an

as

ap-,

as

of the

use

called

one

advocate)

noun

the

to

in the

noun

port
sup-

of

sense

counselor.

The

verb, then, implies open

Advert is

turn

the mind

to

attention

or

and

public support.

Compare

to.

adversary,

"turning to'*

adversoHve, adverse, adversity,in which

means

''turningagainst"; adversitytherefore meaning that which

opposed to one's happiifess
well-being. Advertise means
or
give notice,t.

e,, to

Allot is to
lot.

"Around,

am-.

one

to cut

add

in

to
a

to, that

same

Announce:

sense.

to

Ambiguous: wandering about,

the

Compare

of the

messenger.

about."

in meaning; what

sense.

is,to distribute by

the noiin

hostile

to

sion.
See, too, animadver-

to.

Compare

to.

of

manner

that is,uncertain
than

or

shares

or

Aggression:going

relate to in the

Amb-,

give lots

Affix:to fasten

form.

the attention

turn

is

can

be understood

in

more

ambiguity. Amputate:

noun

around, that is,to lop off. Note

the

correspondingGreek

prefixampki- in amphibious and amphitheater.

"Before."

Ante-, anti-.

to
Anticipate:

Be careful to

Antecedent:

take hold

that

of before, i,

distinguishanti-

as

which

e., to

form

before.

goes

of with.

get ahead

of the

from

prefixante-

anti'

meaning against.
"Well."
Beneficent:that which

Bene-.

does

well to, that which

accomplishes good.
"

Bi-.

"Two,

Bisect: to cut
is

some

in two.

confusion

in the

being employed in the

meaning twice in one.
twice

week

is best avoided
former

Circum-,

Compare the prefixbis- in biscuit.

Compare bisection and bisector. There

twice, doubly."

of

sense

For
or

of this

once

once

prefix,which
in two, and

is due

again with

example, biweekly may

in every

two

weeks.

by using the prefixsemi-

to

mean

This

to express

its
the
curring
oc-

fusion
con-

the

semiweehty and semiannual.

"Around, about."
Circumspect:looking about;

meaning;
drcu-.

use

e.

g.,

that is,careful,cautious.

Circuitous:

that which

goes

around.

DERIVATIONS

Com-,

col-,cor-,

cog-,

con-,

"With,

co-.

together." The

prefix

only mtensifies the meaning of the word to which

it is attached.
Compose: to form by placing together,and so
fashion a piece of music, a piece of literature,
to construct
or
oneself b to settle one's feelings.CorrekUe:
To compose
etc.
sometunes

to

bring into connection

Coeval: of the

in

birth,that is,derived from the

of the

sense,

led:

same

or

Cognate: united

Contra-, contro-,

contrary to and
trovert:

to

avail

French

to

so

transgress. Compare

of the

to

assemble.

to

proceed

contravention.

Con-

Countervail:

oppose.

counterbalance.

against, to

form

to

"Against.** Contravene:

against in debate,

turn

weakened

with.

compact

counter-,

by

Compare cognaHon, Ccl-^

then
to bind together,Latin coUigere;
literally
a

relationship.

stock, and, in

same

similar nature.

Confederate(adj.): in

to

mutual

to show

way

contemporary.

age,

same

Compare

as in contre4emps,
preposition,

contre

the

untoward

an

occurrence.

De-.

"Down,
to

off, away."
the

remove

head.

Descend:

t. "., to
frightenaway,
intensively,
e. g., denuded.

or

down.

come

Decapitate:

decapitation.Deter: literally
De- b also used
discourage from.

Compare

to

Demi-.

to

Literally"half"; then, vaguely, fallingshort of the usual

normal.
of divine nature
but less than a
Demigod, one

god.
asunder, off,free from."

Dis-i di-, dif- (beforef). "Away,

Dw-

erally
qffed: to alienate, to estrange the feelingsof. Distract: litto draw
asunder, i. e., to agitate. Compare distraction,

prefixis equivalent to a negative^

dence.
confiwithout
without
dispassionate,
feeling,diffident,

distractive. Sometimes
e.

g.f

the

Again it is intensive,e.

g., dissever

as

compared with

sever.

"z-,

e-, ef-.

from.

"Out, away

Educe:

to

from, off." Exctdpate: to take the blame

bring from

out

of,to elicit. E^ffusive:

pouring

pare
forth, "gushing," that b, expressingfeelingtoo freely. Comthe
outside of
Extra-.

corresponding Greek
or

prefix ec-,

as

in ecstasy, being

beside oneself.

"Beyond,

outside

of."

Extravagant: to wander

beyond

10

WORDS

bounds.

proper

Note

to the excessive

In-, il-,im-, ir-,

"In, into,
to

"Not"

within."

on,

press,

Inspire: literallyto

prefixem^,

en-,

lUuminate:

with.

to

ing
Irruption:a burst-

to fix upon.

Compare

into, a violent inroad.

French

money.

infuse, to animate

enlighten. Impress: to

In-.

adjectivedoes not pertain only

expenditure of

into, then

breathe

tliat the

irruptive. See the

in endue

as

and

responding
cor-

emhody.

Inactive,etc.

Inter-,Intel-.

Interaction: action back and

among."
another.
erally
Compare interact. Intellect: lit-

"Between,

forth from

to

one

faculty of choosing

the

number

among

of

objects of

choice.
Intra-.

"Within."

Intro-.

selfIntrospection:
looking within; that is, self-analysis,

Intramural:

within

the walls.

examination.
"Near."

Juxta-.

Juxtaposition:placing

being placed

or

near

together.
Mai-, male-,
and

"Bl, badly."

noun).

Non-.

"Not."

Ob-,

Malediction:

in

proclamation of evil,a

(adjective
curse.

swearing allegianceto.
vance
"Against, toward, facing." Object(vb.);to ad-

Nonjuring:

of-,op-.

0C-,

discontented

Malcontent:

not

Occur:

opposition to.

to

present itself,that

b,

to

happen. Offend: to dash against;then, to transgress. Oppose:

in obdurate.
to set against. Ob- is abo used intensively,
as
Per-.
Pervasive: that which
through, which
"Through."
goes
prefixin pellucid,
corresponding French prefix

passes

into all parts of. Note

the form

where

it has intensive force.

The

of the

intensivelyin parboil;confusion has arisen here,

however, with part, so that parboilhas taken the meaning to

is par, used

boil

partly. Compare, purblind.

"After, behind."

Post-.

such Latin
Pre-.

"Before."

Postpone: to place at

phrases as post-mortem,

Premonition:

that which

ex

later time.

pare
Com'

post facto.
beforehand

comes

as

warning.
Prater-.

"Beyond."

pass

Pro-.

Pretermit:

to send beyond,
literally

t.

e., to

by, to disregard.

"Before, forward."

Protest:

to
literally

come

forward

as

11

DERIVATIONS

witness, t.
The

to

e.,

French

form

"Back,

Re-, red-.

bear witness

against,to affirm openly against.

prefixis por

of the

again.*' Recommit;

to buy back, that is,to

literally

Retro-.

"Backward."

in portray.

as

again. Redeem:

to commit

Retroactive: that

deliver.

to

recover,

which

acts

what

upon

is

behind; for example, something in past time.

Se-.

aside."

"Away,
the form

Semi-.

Semivowel:

suf-, sug-,

sue-,

Subterranean:
to

suffice,
sug-

Super-.

the earth.

below.

Compare

union.

between

"Under,

sus-.

and

sonant.
con-

down, near."

subterraneous.

Compare

Similarly,support.
as

in

cumb:
Suc-

Sustain:

in

Note

in
stiff"
as

surreptitious.

Subterfuge:a, acheme

prefixsur-

As in the

to eacsLpe.

case

subter- here impliessecrecy.

surreptitious,

"Over, above, in addition to."

as

vowel

Compare sustainable,sustainer^sustenance,

in suggest, sur-

as

"Under."

is sur-,

Trans^.

sur-,

sup-,

under

usual

specifiedor

sound

sustentation, sustention.

of the

from

withdraw

put oneself under, i. e., to yield,to give way.

to hold from

Subter-.

to

aed in sedition,literally
a going apart.

"Half."

Sub-,

Secede:

The

number.

Supernumerary: exceeding
form

French

of the

prefix

in surmmmt.

"Across,

alphabet to
tranr- when

Notice

another.
the

Transliterate: to

over."

followingstem

transubstantiaHon.

In

have

territory,
we

that

the

transfer

one

prefixusually becomes

begins with
trespass, to

an

pass

form

French

from

s, e. g.,
across

of the

tion,
transudainto forbidden

prefix;as

in

etc.
traverse, travesty,

Ultra-.

"Beyond."

GREEK

Ampbi-.

"Around,

is,livingon
form.

An-,

a-.

PREFIXES

double."

land

and

Compare

Amphibious: having

lives,that

cular
Amphitheater: a theater of cirthe cognate Latin prefixamb, am.

Negative prefix,equivalent

anomalousness.

two

water.

irregular,literallyuneven.
Ana-.

unduly conservative.

UUraconservative:

Atheist:

to

Compare
one

"Up, back, again,anew."

who

Latin

un-.

Anomalous:

anomaly, anomalistic,

believes that there is no

God.

Afui/;yM:making free again,that

12

WORDS

is, resolvinginto its elements.

Compare
who

analyst,analytic. Anabaptist:one
Anti-.

believes in

re-baptism.

''Against." Antipodes: regions diametricallyopposite

our

to

own.

''Out, forth, away."

Apo-.

AposUe: one

"Twice, two, double."

of two

Dia-, di".
the

letters but

Digraph:

Diameter:

the

written

symbol consisting

singlesound.

line that,
from

the distance

measures

forth.

overthrowing,a disaster,ruin.

an

representingonly

"Through."

center,

sent

wrongly, entirely." Catastrophe:

Cata-, cat-, cath-. "Down, away,

literally
a turning downward,
Di-.

oiuil{/se,
anct^lffKiftb

one

passing through

point

the circumferen

on

to another.

"n-,

"In."

el-.

em-|

Endemic:

prevailing among

specified

people.
"Within."

"ndo-.

Endoganums:

pertaining to marriage within

the limits of the tribe.

"pi-,

ep-,

tomb

"z-,

ec-.
means

Epitaph: that

"Upon."

eph-.

in commemoration

"Away,

out

of invocation.

"Outside."

is written

upon

of the dead.

of."

Exorcise:

Ecstasy:a

beyond the realm of normal

"zo-.

which

to

state

expel an
of

evil

spiritby

being beside oneself,

experience.

Exopathic:of

disease

originatingoutside of the

body.
Hyper-.

"Over,

excessive."

Hypertrophy: enlargement

due

to

ovemutrition.

Hypo-, h3rp-,hsrph-. "Under."

body beneath the skin.

Hypodermic: pertaining to the

"With, after," often implying change.

Meta-, met-, meth-.
Metamorphosis: a change of form.
pression
Para-, par-, parti-. "Beside, beyond, wrong." Paradox: an ex-

thought contrary to what is generallyheld to be

true; a seeming absurdity.
"Before."
Pro-.
Prologue:a preliminaryspeech; particularlythe
of

speech thai precedesthe opening of the play proper.

Pros-.
to
"Toward, in addition."
Proselyte:to cause
creed.
to a new
to; that is,to convert, particularly

Syn-,

ay-,

ByU*

to
Synckroniae:

occur

at

the

same

come

time.

over

CHAPTER

THE

MEANINGS

Complementary
meanings.^

Here

words

have

been

understood,

have

altered

their

meanings,

in

this way

The

the

classify

may

Latin

by which

words

Shifting

painting.

star,

modem

On

Shakespeare's
German

the

*'rats

and

mice

is retained

in

of

course

delivering; by
the

of horses

Apart

view

The

far

first

the
word

the

means

original
will

signified the

horses; then

to

hiring

more

at

and

and

from

flcienoe is called

semantics
IS

of

act

general

specialization,singly

less chance

or

the

in

the
care

them.

removed

meanings
^

by

and

longer

spirit world;

in

compare

deer"

specializations it developed

generalization

from

alternation, words,
assume

to

sense,

specialized

no

use

lamity.
ca-

alternately generalized

example,

of food

small

the

or

animal;

Sometimes

be

of several

one

delivery
with

for

the

Ghost.

history

its

ordinary

from

Holy

specialized. Livery^

sense,

in

such

from

original

been

has

general meaning,

Ghoet

we

tion,
Deteriora-

misfortune
its

to

the

and

gone.
under-

meanings

derived

general

deer

which

Radiation.

Meaning,

from

apparition

an

their

Specialization,

hand,

which

they

languages have

longer limited

no

other

Thier.

spirit,but
sense

is

in

typical changes

change

in

word

influences

what

many

means

now

the

usage

of

of

senses

special astrologicalterm

Picture

different

the

Generalization,

as

once

osier

and

science

the

under

of

Exaltation,
DtsoHefy

the

study

we

vocabularies

processes

is

etymology

to

WORDS

OF

those
or

associations,
which

semasiology.

or

in

may

originally

14

WORDS

attached

writes
A

small

"A

them.

to

Xittredge, "is

Professor
of

piece

of the

capitalexample

cloth

to

shiftingprocess,"

in

handkerchief,
the head
was
naturally
couvre-chief;
cheftrom Latin

cover

seen

(O. Fr.
enough called a coverchief
fashion decreed
that
caput) or kerchief(cf curfew). When
be carried in the hand,
similar piece should
somewhat
a
handkerchiefwas coined with no thought of the literalsense
of kerchief. The
next
pocket-handkerchiefwhich
step was
the head, to
is literally,
it will be observed, a thing to cover
be carried in the hand, to be put in the pocket."
The unwillingnessto call a spade a spade, which has led
to unpleasant realities
to give neutral or pleasant names
us
(Euphemism), or the less excusable dispositionto cast a
slur upon
into bad repute,
what is good by bringingits name
y

in the

resulted

has

deterioration

of many

words.

this

In

knave, which

manner

German

word,

examination

An

sense.
once

was

at

keeps
have
meant

originallymeant
boy (compare the
Knabe), developed its current
derogatory
of the word

tm?) wiU

show

that it was

dignifiedterm, meaning offspringor scion; and

first equivalent to house-wife, or the woman
house.

the

other

the

hand,

terms

of

who

reproach

praise. Nice, which once

(Latin ne+sdus), is now
a
laudatoiy word of

developed
foolish

On

hussy

into

of

words

all work.
from
has been said above
It will appear
what
that the
cation;
etymology of a word often fails to explain its current signifito

with

the

processes

meanings.
us

to

word
need

understand

not

one

which

an

dictionaries

in present use,

may

familiarize

words

have

mark

various

for

several

senses

in which

development,

new

old one;

give

ourselves

changed their
meanings, moreover,
helps

the

another

with

should

of word

present used.

do away

we

which

by

science

The

relate to
is at

this

so

of course,

that the many

tions
defini-

singleterm, though all

stages in its history. Let
a

THE

example, to the

turn, for

us

dictionaries.

We

OF

MEANINGS

word

find

shall

facuUy in

listed

15

WORDS

any

there

of the

such

larger
particular

teristic
"characor
(a) "a specialmental endowment"
knack," as, He had the facultyof conversingin a toay
thai was
both instructive and entertaining;
(b) the psychological
will,etc.) recognizedby the
(such as reason,
powers
older psychologists;(c) a power,
prerogative,or authority,
conferred
(e) a
by law; (d) a department in a university;
enjoying certain professionalprivileges(e.g.y
body of men

meanings

as

famihar in the United States,

and, a sense
legalfaculty);
of whom
in a collegeor university,
(f)a body of men
some
in addition to their teaching certain administrative
assume
less general and
functions.
If one
thinks of these more
or
specialmeanings as occupying points on a circle of thought
of which
is the concept of action (Latin,facere)^
the center
one
might designate the process described as Radiation.
associations, ^psychological,
l^gal, and
Through varied
has assumed
educational
word
a
variety of meanings,
our
the

"

"

specializationhaving
farther
To

might

than

been

sense
original

in

some

cases

much

in others.

development of word meanings

of the adjectivesharp with
uses

illustrate further the

note

carried

the current
of

we

its

"having a keen edge or point." (Compare

of keen.) The
word
be applied
the various
senses
may
faculties as in the phrases sharp of wit^
to mental
now
it suffered in certain
In this sense
a sharp youngster^ etc.
deterioration;for example, He is a sharp one; and compare
cases
sharperin the sense of trickster. Again, it has reference
of sight and
to the
senses
hearing as well as to that of
touch; as. His sight (or hearing) is sharp^ He has sharp
It may
be applied to some
getically
activitycarried on enerears.
and eagerly,as, a sharp argument a sharp run.
It
position
describe the weather, a sharp morning; a person'sdismay
a
or
sharp temper, a sharp look, a sharp
manner,

16

WORDS

(compare sharp punishment). Furthermore, it may

denote
or
intensityof feeling,pungency
acidity of taste:
sharp on one*s tongue. It is also the name
sharp sufferingy
for a note of music of relatively
high pitch.
Similarlythe originalsense of the word capitalhas radiated
and
been
generalized into many
meanings. At first the
word meant
pertainingto the head; then, as in capitalcrime^
concerning or affectinglife. A capitalletter,at first one
standing at the head of a page or at the beginningof a line
rebuke

letter of the form

used in those
means
a
chapter, now
Then
it may
a
capUal is a chief
pkces, wherever
appear.
city (note that chiefis also derived, through the French,
from Latin caput); or the head of a pillar;
or, in the financial
or

sense,

principal
or chief

the
of

of

resources

man

or

ization
organ-

an

men.

The

Synonyms.
from

writer

careful

the

and

science

of

he

word

meanings,
with regard to their suggestiveness. For
chooses his words
like places have
words
atmosphere, and like people they
have individuality.They have or they lack dignity;they
weak
are
or
strong, intellectual or emotional, playful or
can

serious.

etymology

aid

deriving what

One

should
of

undertones

or

impressivehe
easy

try

be sensitive to the

to

language. Otherwise,

will be

his

stilted;when

informal, it will be trivial;or

and

when

implications
he

manner

he

would

be

should

be

will impair the

dignifiedpassage by the unhappy use

Good
cultivated sense
of a weak
word.
writing demands
a
similar to that which guides us in social intercourse
of propriety,

effect of

strong and

with

our

It is sometimes
that
for
and

one

fellow-men.
of its stronger emotional

account

on

word

example, suggests

is differentiated from
more

of trust and
the feelifig

less the idea of the mind's

adverse to has

more

to

another.

do with

assent

one's

than

does

judgment

and

notation
con-

Faiih^

assurance

and
beliif;
less with

MEANINGS

THE

pne's emotions
the

of

score

Sometimes

should

from
A
more

carries

word

from

similar distinction

between

and

avoid and

on

ahutiy

brag
atpiraiion^

weight than

more

exalted.
formal, dignified,
or

more

distinguishedfrom

be

command

be made

17

and

solicUude.

one

it is

WORDS

io.

averae

aversion^ ambition
and

concern

because

has

emphasis may

and

anHpaihy
taurdi

than

OF

live in,

order, acknowledgeor

commence

from

avow

another

So reside in

from

begin,

entertain

own,

from building,
from tranquil,
etc.
serene
edifice
difference in the emphasis of words
is further due to
less suggestion of action.
Malice, for instance,
or
amtufe,

illwill that seeks realization in deeds, whereas

means

is only

reserd'

aroused

feelingof opposition. Similarly

suggests less than rage and fury the expression of
anger
intense indignation. Accede carries more
the idea of positive
than ojcquiesce,
with amicaand friendlyas contrasted
ble
assent
active good-will. Bad frequentlymeans
means
no
more
wicked or evil applying
than the absence of good qualities,
rather to what is positively
So, too, we
or
activelywrong.
admiration
and approbation. Stop,
distinguishbetween
may
it might be added, appliesto what has been in action, whereas
ment

may

cease

We

may

mean

an

the discontinuance

compare

the

of

distinction

state.

between

active

and

passive,positiveand negativewords with that which holds

for terms
relatmg respectivelyto mind and body. Here,
however, it is usuallypossibleto shift the connotation of a
word
than its primaiy application.
to give it other
so
as
Deft ordinarilydenotes skill of hand; cleverness,readiness
of mind.
Active is used indifferently
of mental
or
physical
and ungainly,havingprimary
like awkward
movements,
agile,
of the body. With
reference to movements
these pairsof
words
hand
we

are

we

may

associate those

the material, on

which

connote

the other the abstract.

bereaved of friends,but

benft of hope.

on

For

the

one

example,

18

WORDS

Besides distinctions of the kinds

recognizemore

or

less favorable

contrasted
is in this way
dieted^ and blunt with bluff.

and

does not

forsake may
ascribe with

desert
or

may

with

lure^ devoted with

Careful,unlike

an

unwelcome

cauiious

adand

or

untoward

impute.
EXERCISE

I. Define

should

possibility;
implies action contrary to obligation,
this implication. Compare
not
carry

suggest

whereas

we

derogatory connotations.

or

Allure

wary,

already noted"

the

their prefixes:
"

following words

with

specialreference

to

19

so

WORDS

n.

Use

your

knowledge

distinctions in the

of

of the

case

prefixesto make
followingpairsof

the

proper

words:

"

apprehend, comprehend

imputation,deputation

intrusive, obtrusive

aggregate, segregate

allocution,circumlocution

confusion, transfusion

imprecate,deprecate

induction, seduction

absolve, dissolve

recede, secede

adjacent,circumjacent

conversion, retroversion

deponent, component

revision,prevision

aifiuent,confluent

seclude, include

abstract,distract

respiration,
inspiration

extravagance, divagation

vocation, avocation

dismiss, remiss

negation,abnegation

deflection,reflection

adhere, cohere

monologue, dialogue

apathy, sympathy

impress
postscript,
transcript

relate,correlate

express,

ni.
case

Show
of each

how

the

pair of

prefixesmake
words:

symxMtthy,antifMithy

clear the contrast

in the

"

euphony, cacophony

disprove
proceed, recede

benevolent, malevolent

accord, discord

analysis,synthesis
homogeneous, heterogeneous

discredit,credit (accredit)
affected,disaffected

associate,dissociate

gusto, disgust

allow, disallow

merit, demerit

disparity,
parity

arrange,

persuade,dissuade

insist,desist

prove,

disarrange

MEANINGS

THE

OF

21

WORDS

confidence, diffidence

prospect, retrospect

ingress,egress

magnanimous, pusillanimous

disavow

avow,

adroit, maladroit
benediction, malediction

diveige

converge,

trust, distrust

emerge

merge,

objective,subjective

implicit,
explicit
eject,inject
emigrate,immigrate

simulation, dissimulation

establish,disestablish

uniform, multiform

dyspeptic,eupeptic

segregation,congregation

inflated,deflated

compose,

exculpate,inculpate

service,disservice

extensive,intensive

orthodox, heterodox

IV.

Supply

gettingwhat
1. He

the

from

8. I took

occasion

argument.

4. A

true

to

my

2.

Each

the

one

his

wish.

6.

of you

is requested

as
efficiency

student.

conspicuous fallacies in his

more

5. I did not

every

of athletics

stoic will accept without

him.

he

following sentences,

while he makes

mere

likelyto

to

has

he wished

is

decompose

the prefixes
explainedabove:

collegelife.

whatever

the

in

from

can

studyinga

of his

the real business

fortune

omissions

help you

considers

to

philanthropy,misanthropy

have

to

complaint whatever
ask for

Although

cause
anything, be-

absolute

an

monarch

his

be described as a
people well; his government
may
despotism. 7. The successful diplomat knows when to keep
this point we
reach
8. From
sflent,and he is always
can
home
with the period of the Norman
9.
route.
only by a
"

of poetry written
kings there appeared in England a large amount
in French.
Knabe
10. The English knave and the Grerman
are
11. The

terms.

several

12. Senator

"

by the

voters

criminal

admitted
Brown's

The
not

way

noise of the
a

person

to

about

confidence.

had

result

been

helped by

well received

not
to

was

IS. It is strange that he

which

matters

city streets

he

speech was

of his state; its immediate

proportion of his constituency.

in such

that

me

him

concern

beyond endurance.

1(6.It appears

to

me

can

large

wijite

deeply.
15. He

that b^

14.

is

gives

22

WORDS

to dress.

attention

he had

17. After

greater part of the evening he made

conducted

discourse.

it hard

pUice any

to

to

forgivebut

not

Did

18.

confidence

to

hear such

in such

an

who

person

into

an

ever

you

held his tongue

for the

smoothly

our

19. It is

I find

"gush"?

possible

has acted like that.

In

20.

from him.
questions,I failed to
any information
the habit of
too much
given to self-analysis;
times
some-

spiteof all my
You

21.

are

paralyzes action.
athletics.

23.

Put

classes before

attend

it puts both
Oriental
26.

To

make

and

you

34.

speech.

made; its report

lost reputation. 33.

it

that

to

than

avoid

course

25.

of the West.

you

The

88.

York.

the

30.

It

was

published

What

It is hard

32.

to

be

of the quarto
.

36.

I should

37. Malaria

to

we

use

35.

Ii^

published
editions of

rather die

is

recently an
spellcan

and

placesof burial.

are

for books

was

31.

weight of the house.

common

39.

escape

by resorting
.

catacombs

There

may

justcensure

called

are

to disease.

to

parts of the South.

paralysisin New

Of

28.

of the author; many

the consent

death

fees;

your

situation.

an

accordingly

was

they

was

Shakespeare'splays were
sudden

you

reconsider several recommendations

will not

foundation

Shakespeare's time
without

not

should

strictly
consonants;

This

their

note

paid

post jojdo law is by definition

Ex

29.

of

thought that the committee

not

in

more

irregularfor

registeredand

ways

but let us

detection in that way,

are

and

It is

24.

instructor

your

in matters

puristis

it had

objects in

have

you

and
intercollegiate

knowledge of the Greek alphabet,our teacher would

from Xenophon's Anabasis.
27. A
a long passage

our

us

less

difference.

civilization is in many
test

to

need

these two

points of similarityand
to

We

22.

in many
of infantile
the evil

to

is now
of which the body politic
possessed? 40. In their
spirits
the mystics seemed
41. She had
to experiencea union with God.

nourished

her sensibilitiesfor

and sentimental
the heart.
that the
of its own.

given a

so

long a time with sentimental

experiencethat she suffered chronicallywith

There

42.

group

were
was

so

not

many

our

small

of

college

largeenough to organize a social life

surgicaloperation,the patientis often

Preceding a
injectionof morphine.

43.

fraternities at

reading

44.

The

gods of ten experienced

MEANINGS

THE

him

example, Jupiter became

for

contend

to

talent.

following words

how

the

sense

derivative:
alius

46.

of the

you

45.

only

His love of

sympathies and

narrow

unions

led

had

planned that the

that of the trainmen.

find which

can

are

derived from

either directlyor

foreignword

indirectlyand show
is preserved in its English

"

(alter,
alienus)
(amicus, amare-amatum,

amor

French

amour,

ami)

(perennis,biennalis,etc.)

annus

(antiquus,French
animus
(anima)
ante

ancien)

artus:
limb,
(artifex-artificis,
shoulder, Greek armenos:
fitted)

ars-artis

arma:

arms,

Qreek

armos:

(capitulum, capitolium, capitellum, prseceps-prsecipitis

caput
French

28

WORDS

bull.

The

with

list all the words

V.

Shakespeare had

strike should

teamsters'

the

that

littledramatic

very

OF

chef)

casus

cadere-casum, accidere,occidere,French
(occasio-occasionis,

chance)
corpus-corporis
(cavere-cautum)
cura
finis

grex-gregis(Greek agora:
gravis{French grief)
levis (levare-levatum)
lux-lucis

assembly)

(lumen-luminis,luna, lucidus,French lustre)

pater-patris
modus

(meditari,metior)

sors-sortis
terra

(terrena,terrestris)

testis
unus

(ager,Qreek agein,agros, axios)

Greek schizein)
csedere-csesum
(scindere-scissum,
agere-actum

creare-creatum

French accrue)
(crescere-cretum,

S4

WORDS

tice)
(indicare,judicare,etc., dictare, Chreek dike: jus-

dicere-dictum

dux-ducis

(ducere-ductum)
(divus:a hill,Qreek kline:

inclmare-inclinatum

recline,klimax:

bed, klindn:

to

ladder, klima: climate)

fundere-fusum

(futis:
a

docere-doctum

vessel,futilis,
refutare-refutatum)

water

decor, Qreek
(decet: it is fitting,

dogma, Oreek

didaskein)
dare-datum

(reddere,tradere,donum, dos-dotis,French douaire)

(purus,putus, Greek pur: fire)

rez-regis(regere-rectum,French roi)

putare-putatum
tendere
tensum

VI.
from

tentum

or

List
the

as

(tenere,tenuis,Greek teinein,tonos)
words

many

following Greek

polls:a city
a

onyma:
nemos:

cosmos:

chief

to

straight

anthropos: man

pasture

distribute)

self

chronos:

derived

"

orthos:

Greek nemein:
autos:

words:

are

hydros: water

name

(alsonomos:

find which

can

you

archos:

law

as

ode: song
ops:

eye

polus:many

time
the universe

morphe: form

theos:

god

ergon:

work
"

Vn.

Show

how

followingsynonyms.'

etymology helps

us

to

differentiate the

"

address, dexterity

conclude, finish

acquire,attain
acrimony, asperity

conscientious,scrupulous

addicted, devoted

discern,perceive

blemish, defect

place,dispose

cautious, provident

remark, observation

captious,caveling

affix,subjoin

social,convivial

THE

MEANINGS

allude, refer

25

WORDS

conjecture,supposition

proclaim

announce,

OF

execute, achieve

celebrate,commemorate

affable,courteous

circumstantial,particular

averse,

eradicate,extirpate

allure,inveigle

animosity,hostility

ambiguous, enigmatic

ecstacy, transport
distress,perplexity

imprecation,malediction

reluctant

gift,gratuity
turgid,bombastic

expeditious,prompt
diffuse,prolix

decry,dq"recate

unnatural, factitious

deny,

conduce, contribute

embarrassment, confusion

consider, reflect

facsimile
transcript,
deceit,duplicity

satisfaction

contentment,

controvert

contumacious, rebellious

cursory,

debate, deliberate

slow, dilatory

definite,positive

dispel,disperse

dejection,melancholy

dissolute,reprobate

derive, deduce

assign,apportion
reveal,divulge

desultory

design,purpose
disparity,inequality

docile,tractable

ecclesiastical,
theological

vapid, insipid

ebullition,effervescence

idiosyncrasy
eccentricity,

eulogy,panegyric

engage,

exigency,emergency

appreciate,value

explain,elucidate

extort
elicit,

extenuate,

palliate

factious,seditious
severe,

austere

promise

abundant
plentiful,

finally,
eventually
fluctuate,oscillate

comply, conform
VIII.

Explain the force of the suffix (in some

properly called the combining element) in each
words.

cases

more

ing
of the follow-

"

Regicide, theocracy, monogamous,

cosmogony,

kilogram,

cdith, electrolysis^
anthropophagy, Anglophobe, microphone,

mon*

pro-

26

WORDS

tozoa,

animalcule, aureole.,gosling,manikin,

punster,

poetaster,

appendicitis,prudery, seamstress, Johnsonese, bookish^ manhood,

godhead, scholarship,contrariwise, piecemeal,baggage, particle,
chatter, obsolescent, decisive.

EXERCISE

I. Look

the

historyof each of the followingwords

development of its several meanings:

up

explain the

and

"

Draught, passion, buxom,

ambition, simple, silly,treacle, extravagant,

bachelor, investment, loyal.

II. Differentiate
to

or

one

above:

of the

to adorn

imprecations

formal, ceremonious
to

following synonyms

with

reference

principlesof distinction explained

"

to ornament,
curses,

more

the

dean,

to cleanse

visitor,visitant
enough, sufficient
to

let,to permit

choice, election

competition,emulation

arrival,advent

intrigue,
conspiracy
fight,conflict

trick,artifice

nonchalant, cool

expensive,costly

saying (asin "an old saying"),

apothegm

dainty,exquisite

to

to

to

dedicate, to devote

ask, to requiest

stand

(as in

pain"), to endure

deference, reverence

under, below

pious,devout

to

squabble,quarrel

building,edifice

elated,elate

busy, assiduous

elocution,eloquence

calm,

emblem, symbol

care,

celebrated,eminent

to

wages,

salary

visit,visitation

'

brag, to

vaunt

serene

anxiety

stop, to

blame,

cease

censure

dear, lucid

"to

stand

THE

dose,

MEANINGS

near

OF

'

27

WORDS

different,disparate

color,hue

dirty,squalid

business,profession

disaster,calamity

to

to guess,

conjecture

death, demise
to

dismay,

envy,

declare,to proclaim
to desire

to want,

to

to

efface,to obliterate

mistake, blunder

wayward,

notch, indentation

to

disperse

appall

covet

excursus
digression,

scatter,

to

perverse

attest, to vouch

visionary,diimerical

earthly,terrestrial

vexation, chagrin

praise(noun),eulogize

to

alleviate,to assuage

to

repd,

enemy,

foe

to

oppose

enterprise,
emprise

to agree,

attack, assail

to

ascend,

audacity,effrontery

to

attach, to append

to

expel,to banish

mean,

base

to

concur

to climb

dull,blunt

beautiful,comely

flourish,brandish

barbarian

bright,brilliant

beneficial,
advantageous

can^ jargon
whim, caprice

bent

to

charm,

to

cheat,

to
to

captivate
swindle

barbaric
(adjective),

bias
(inclination),

benediction
blessing,

bodily,corporeal
trait
characteristic,

paltry,despicable

circumstantial,minute

contention, strife

comparison, simile

continual, continuous

agreement,

corrupt, depraved

courage,

cowardly, dastardly

malediction, execration

crude, crass

desultory,cursory

cynical
pessimistic,

to

decay, to decompose

danger, peril
deface, disfigure

to

defer,to postpone

contract

intrepidity

illusion,haUudnation

destroy,to demolish
difficulty,
impediment

destiny,doom

doctrine,dogma

deterioration,degeneration

dry, arid

devoid

of, destitute of

to

isopy, facsimile

S8

WORDS

duty, obligation
education, breeding

connivance, collusion

exertion,effort

cordial,hearty

engage

mortal, deadly

to

whiten,

to bleach

to

protect,

concurrent

to defend

definite,definitive

weak, feeble
to warn,

concomitant,

to caution

to

deplore,to lament

watchful, vigilant

despondency, desperation

useless,ineffectual

to

usefulness
utility,

traitorous
disloyal,

to

try, to essay

vigorous,energetic

to

to dally
trifle,

to

disengage,to extricate

arrogate,

to usurp

fastidious,finical

adverse, averse

affectation,mannerism

to

timorous, fearful

presentiment,apprehension

dilettante,amateur

to assent, to consent

apology, excuse
liable,likely

repentance, penitence

spurious,artificial

wit, humor

loot,booty

attainment
acquisition,

bravado, bravery

adhesion, adherence

cautious, careful

admittance, admission

to

to

chatter, to chat

affirm,to

asseverate

disturb,to perturb

base

(noun),basis

faction,party

brittle,
fragile

adulation, compliment

cohesion, coherence

curt, concise

element
ingredient,

clique,coterie

temperament, disposition
exultant, elated

greed,avidity

stimulant, stimulus

prjdng,curious
tyrannical,despotic

ability,
capacity

theatrical,dramatic

accident, casualty

puerile,
juvenile

accomplish,effect,

antipathy,repugnance
haughty, insolent

advantage, benefit

bloody, sanguinary

frugality^
economy

cheerfulness,mirth

leave, quit

to

proselyte,to

convert

absolve, acquit

cogent, forcible

MEANINGS

THE

OF

29

WOBDS

qpinion,sentiment

encroach, infringe

pardpnable, venial

dally,dawdle

resign,relinquish

vexation, chagrin

supersede,supplant
loquacious,garrulous

visionary,quixotic
wayward,

perverse

hypothesis,theory
in.

Find

rV.

From

the

choose

differ in

words

By

Hand

their

have

so

many

synonyms

you

no

seems

in the

to be

for

can

each

of

tences
following sen-

suitable to the

most

preference,point

out

how

the

meanings-

]
far

that

have

as

bracketed

synonyms

the word

If you

context.

1.

as

[methods,

the members

of the Black

escaped detection.
I occAsioned

2. A

wreck

just ahead

of

our

train has

^^
^a

aed

delay.

sa

WORDS

3. In the conduct
1

be

complicated undertaking, you

should

Icircumspect

..11

particularly
'^

of such

"^

TT-

cautious

1-

4. His

5. Inherent

in

[theresult!
j^
ff 1 1

"

!_"

negrophobia

is

President's

our

natural
^

character

fprejudice1

iT-

'

^^

is the

'

patience.

y.

j^

questions

6. Children's

often confound

the wisest

queries

men.

forgive
7. Please

'

if I have

me

pardon

written

the children

prohibited

you

long a letter.

too

playing on

from

the street

after dark,

8. I have

the children
forbidden

the street

to

play on

as

President

after

dark.
9. Roosevelt

10. I

'

1,
followed

McKinley

growing somewhat

was

I have

'

accident

of

not

kept

myself.
"^

waiting.

you

\^^,^l

13. Pleasant

[suspiciousJ

hope
!"" The

'

11. I

of the U. S.

''

was

meadow

due

lands

to cardess

are

driving.

,.

to

fine old

the

[ adjacent J

house.
14. More

than

[
accomplishinggood.

benevolence

r we

need

now

the

power
^

of

openness

15. There

is

nothing

so

delightfulas

the

candor

of

child's

sincerity
mind.
16.

She bore

up*^

under

her affliction with great

"*

\
[courage J

OF

WORDS

hypothesis

and

MEANINGS

THE

81

examine

17.

first

will

the

explain

its

then
discuss

claims

to

generally

be

{d

ISA

vo^i^ed

j -Po-biUty

denied

bring

19.

truly

great

be

always

will

There

becomes

man

before

lu"i

had

time

in

many

president

until

Mexico

..

of

that

republic.

unhappy

facetious
20.

There

is

no

one

so

engagingly

funny
jocular

of

the

Breakfast

Table.

to

him.

against

charge

my

accepted.

as

the

Autocrat

CHAPTER

STANDING

THE

derivation

The

of

its

frequently

fortuitous

of fashion,

we

section

words

caste,

neutral

technical

and
many

in

and

reasons

the

many

phrase

always possible

frontier

of

loses

reproach,

or

all

their

from

come
be-

they

use,

win

For

men.

drift

to

in the

dignity

praise
of

well

as

ized,
particular-

of

current

failed

to

eminent

that

good
of

sanction

the

await

the

in

letters;and,

In

failed

English

the
to

the

insure

prose,

for

the
them

of

of

critics

place
would

indeed

and

in

such

if

they

the

most

established

often

have

approval

example,
S2

standing

whose

majority

they

or

the

on

are

adopted

be

opposition

contrary,

that

general agreement

of

fact

to

word

will always

impossible

seldom

approval

spite of

on

be

would

literary men.

There

respect
It is

given

expressions

should

words

whether

usage.

disagree.

there

New

themselves

sometimes

of

Uteraiy English, with

undesirable
matters.

decide

to

number

dictionaries

the

even

Modem

sanction

the

has

considerable

had

of

changes

learned

word

words

out

the

time

is

literary language.

It is not

be

in

property

obsolete; again, they have

of the

are

of

ways

passing

Sometimes,

sources.

have

re-

usage

caprices

we

term

become

terms

as

generalized, a

becomes

in

human

of Words,

are

word

language
As

have

we

should

We

of

with

as

us,

meaning.

words,

Meanings

particular

help

matters

reckon

to

often

inconsistent.

General

The

on

in

and

have

needs.

human

as

will

present

that

however,

melnber,

WORDS

OF

word

understand

to

seen,

and

men

of
has

of the

latter

in

language.

the

have

suffered

if

STANDING

THE

certain

writers of the

idiom
colloquial

enrich

to

of the
Of

was

far from

our

not

the

pleasingto

vocabularies

every

word

used

the

purists

for most

course

from

of

approved

technical

terms

dictionaryis

in the

good standing. One will find

provincialisms,and
those

had

us
sources
re-

language.

not

course

also

centuiy

Nevertheless, the safest

of the time.

to-day is

which

sixteenth

3"

WORDS

OF

in

equally

there

and

quialisms,
suitablylabeled, colloslang. There we shall find
foreign expressionsthat a

ordinarilyavoid. We should remember, then"

that it is not sufficient justification
of word or phrase to say,
"I found
it in the dictionary.**
To be acceptable in literary
English a word should be in
in which it is employed. If it is out
present use in tl^esense
itself or its meaning is said to be
of date, either the word
obsolete.
Whilom^ for example, is obsolete,and nice can no
of foolish. To be sure,
longer be used in the earlier sense
of vocabulary that is
poetry has a license in the matter
denied to prose; and in certain kinds of prose, for example
writer should

the

essays

of

Lamb,

obsolete

or

obsolescent

words

have

agreeable flavor to an author's style. Ordinarily,

however, to use an antiquated vocabulary is to indulge an
given

an

affection at the cost

of clear and

natural

expression.

employment of words not

in national use.
Persons
who
have a smattering of French
sometimes
their writing with such
are
tempted to season
gratuitousborrowings as de Irop or recherchS. It would not
all foreign words
in
do of course
of hand
out
to condemn
English composition. This would imply a condemnation
Affectation

of much

appears

also in the

excellent prose.
We
may
might have been the fashion

say,

of

an

ever
however, that whatearlier

day, foreign

used sparingly. We
should draw
phrases are now
the native speech is
the foreignlanguages only when
upon
inadequate to our needs.
words

and

34

WORDS

be classed dialect words

Along with foreign words may
and provincialisms. In what are called stories of local color
of our
this element
vocabulary is indispensable;and in the
be
unintelligentpurist would
spoken* language only an
offended

such

by

in the

there

moimtaineers,

speech

racy

idiom

of the
its

with

as

is to

Tennessee

be

found

and

here

North

and

Carolina

interestingreminiscences

of

the

EngUsh Bible and Shakespeare. And yet, however expressive

is the speech of peasant and mountaineer, it is not literary
English. To study it and enjoy it is one thing; to use it
inappropriatelyis another.
There
expressionsbesides provincialismsand
are
many
dialect
and

words

in the

which

pass

less formal

in the

current

sorts

of

spoken language

writing,but

which

are

not

those that we
them
Among
are
good literary usage.
objectionableslang
ordinarilyclassifyas slang. However
in common
that it has much
might be, it is well to remember
with reputable,idiomatic English. It is often expressively
compact and piquant. Many an English idiom is indeed no
than accredited slang. Nor is all slang equally objecmore
tionable.
what
holds in this respect for slang holds
And
with greater force for colloquialisms.Many
of these are
waiting with reasonably good credentials at the portals of

in

literaryEnglish,
threshold.

In

some

and

some

cases

of them
there

is

are
room

all but

across

for doubt

the

whether

phrase in question is literaryor colloquial.

However
difficult might be a decision in particularcases,
should, then, in generalavoid words that are not in good
we
In the second
use.
place, we should draw fullyupon the
accredited
of the language. Remembering
that
resources
words
are
long and short, abstract and concrete, literal and
let us intelligently
vocabularies so that
figurative,
our
vary
childish,
our
nor
compositions shall be neither pompous
nor
unduly particularized,
unimaginative nor "fine/*
vague

the word

or

THE

One

STANDING

should choose

OF

his words, of

35

WORDS

with

course,

reference

to his

subject: an abstract theme needs particularlyan abstract

vocabulary,and the imaginationneeds figuresof speech. The
problem is,however,
In most

of

one

considerable

compositions a
is needed.

emphasis, not

of exclusive
of each

number

choice.
class of

ject,
dealing with an abstract subdiscussion
need the concrete
word
to bring your
you
down
If you
to earth.
are
handling many
specificdetails,
need the general term
to further the organizationand
you
unification of your material.
A composition which
izes
generalto the neglect of particularsis Uke
spacious house
a
words

without

If you

furniture; it is full of cheerless

thought.

On

should

composed

be

be

synonyms

make

cannot

Walter

tiates the

several

arts:

art, therefore,

degree in which
to
mere

note

in

work

a
a

of

result of communicable

other; to define in

descriptivenor

of art fulfilsits

poem

nor

true

to

estimate

to its
responsibilities

charm, which
pictorial

sentiment

that true

cable
incommuni-

of the functions

One

on

the

one

technical skill in colour

meditative

diflferen-

reaching the imagination,

define these limitations;

picturethat

poeticalthought

Take

of abstract

peculiarand

own

specialmode
to

only

the prose of a writer hke

that his thought is given

to its material.
specialresponsibilities

own

we

"

having its

own

words

distinctions.

by the discriminatinguse
following quotation in this manner

of aesthetic criticism is

from

these

of

study

expressionis vague

Our

it will be found

charm, has its

its

be vague.
From
our
abstract
that without

employ

random

tions;
controllinggeneraliza-

definition

The

"Each

at

Pater, and

fullness and
terms.

learned

recognizeand

almost

passage

to

aid of

kind

pattern of ideas.

fine distinctions.

if it fails to
a

the

is not

have

we

with

be set in

abstract

of

compartments

hand, particularsof whatever

the other

should

they
To

are

hand,
or

merely,

but

comes

from

rial;
mate-

is neither
nor

design, on

poeticalquality,which
an

the

mere

the

is neither

inventive

86

WORDS

handling of rhythmical language

the element

"

to

which

in music

note

the

words,

musical

charm

"

of song in the singing;

that essential music,

of sentiment

matter

presents

no

from the

specialform in which it is conveyed

no

in the

Even

development
safe, however, to neglectthe
is the

of this sort

word

of

that

an

abstract

concrete

tenn.

or

thought,separable

to iis."

theme

it is not

In the main

it

best

give realityand suggestivenessto a passage of analyticalthought, by bringing

with it the associations that cluster about
familiar objects.
In his essay on Milton, Macaulay says of Milton's work
on
Christian Doctrine: "A
few more
days and this essay will
foUow
the Defensio Popidi to the dust and silence of the
shelf." To emphasize the efiFectiveness of the concrete
upper
with Macaulay's senvocabulary here we might compare
tence
such lifelessparaphrase as the foUowing: **This
some
be forgotten.**A
like the Defensio Populi will soon
essay
be found
in
word
similarlytellinguse of the concrete
may
can

aU the great prose writers.

"Some
who
would
sooner
creep
into a scabbard than draw a sword, boast of their robberies,'*
Thomas

writes

Jeremy Taylor in an efiFectively

"Death
meets
everywhere and is
us

Puller; and

detailed passage

says,

instrument

procured by

every

in at

door; by violence

every

aspect of

star

and

and
and

the stink of

in all chances, and

secret

enters

influence,by the

mist, by the emissaries of

melting of a vapour, by the fall of a chariot

and the stumbling at a stone, by a full meal or an
empty
stomach, by watching at the wine or by watching at prayers,
by the sun or the moon;
by a heat or a cold, by sleepless
nights or sleepingdays; by water frozen into the sharpness
of a dagger; or water
thawed into the floods of a river;by a
hair or a raisin;by violent motion
or
by sittingstill;by
God's anger; by
or
severityor dissolution; by God's mercy
by
everything in providence and everything in manners;
everythingin nature and everything in chance."
a

cloud

and

the

THE

STANDING

It is to the concrete
of

speech

writes Sir T^^am

efifectiveness. "In

Temple,

"he

said Swift
remarked

in

machines

and

in

very

different

that

mood

it

stick!'*
Broom-

Emerson

and

"we

wine,"

good, must

is

man

amusing meditation;

an

in

life as

that will drink

it to the dregs.'* "Surely mortal

draw

not

37

word, generallyspeaking,that figures

their

owe

WORDS

OF

delicate

are

the
to get from
us
require nice treatment
sail" is a
maximum
of power
and pleasure." "A
hundred
more
suggestive and picturesque phrase than a hundred
"a lying tongue hateth those that are
ships;and Solomon's
afflicted by it" is more
expressivethan "a liar hateth those
who

afflicted by him."

are

of

ordinarilythinks of figurativelanguage
artificial. He forgetsto what
extent
an
figuresof speech
in everyday English. How
at home
readilyone speaks
horn"; not
"working in harness," of "blowing one's own

to

mention

The
as
are

"at

young

writer

less obvious

rate," or the musical

any

effective

most

as

the commercial

figure,"harmonious

however,

should

figuresare

often

Figurative passages,
The

such

cases,

not

those

figure

relations."

stilted.

be set and

which

are

trusively
unob-

novel
phrase or in some
association
is large opportunity for ori^of words.
Here
nalityand imagination. But one must ever be on his guard
cessful
against associatingthe incongruous or incompatible. Suc-

suggested in

employment
the constant
The
remind

exercise

the turn

of

that

figurativelanguage depends
judgment and taste.

of

quotation above
us

of

from

the

figuresof speech

are

Book
often

of

Proverbs

used

in

upon

will

proverbs

epigrams. The student would do well to add to his

stock of such expressionsby glancing occasionallythrough
collection of proverbs and by noting the unfamiliar ones
a
that he encounters
in his reading. Consider the suggestive
and
concrete
figurativewords in the following proverbial
and

and

idiomatic locutions:

"

38

WORDS

within

of

ace

an

well one's

act

advise

with

pillow

to fish in troubled
to

to

part

one's

waters

to

to

bring to book

to

put one's best leg foremost

to

one

different

as

eye

open

chalk

as

before the ink is

dry

of Peter

to borrow

to

to

teeth

to pay

one

look

Paul

to take

poke
how

see

the

one's

cat

leaf

oars

out

of another's

(kick) one's heels

keep the pot boiling

to

put in

an

oar

march

to lace one's

pole

dance

gift horse

foot in the grave

one

to

to steal

the skirts of

on

the needle to the

lead

to

on

to cool
eye

cut

as

wait

to have

breath

same

one's

true

pig in

all the fat in the fire

pretty kettle of fish

hang

tucker

to kick the beam

to have

to

in the wind

book

to retire into the shade

in the

sin

to rest

from

cheese

one's

jumps

in the face

danger

sleepwith

to

buy

side

is buttered

in best bib and

scores

to

to look

hug

at

which

on

three sheets

the ball at one's feet

to clear off old

know
bread

get the whip hand

to have

one's cap

to set

in

the

jacket

to

lay one's head

to

pick a hole in one's

at one's

to be

to look black

mouth

COMMON

IN

ERRORS

on

THE

USE

OF

on

the block
coat

post
as

thunder

WORDS

Accept: Do not confuse this word with except.

Act: Distinguishbetween
act, the thing which is done, and action,
the process

or

state.

Affect, effect: The

manner;

the

former

to influence

means

or

impress in

some

latter,to bring about.

Wrong:

Your

Wrong:

His

story has
cure

has

effected

been

me

affected

greatly.
only by the

most

carieful

treatment.
to make
worse.
Aggravate, annoy, vex, irritate: Aggravate means
disease or an offense.
Such senOne may
a
speak of aggra/oaiing
tences
He aggravatedme illustrate an improper use of the word.
as

THE

Agreeable

Do

not

agreeablein the

use

S9

WORDS

OF

of willing.

sense

literaryEnglish prefer versatile or generallycap'

In

All-round:

STANDING

to all-round.

ahU

Alternative

between

not

is properlyused with

word

reference to

choice

things.

two

Attitude:
Do

This

Attitude

confuse

the word

view.

point of

consciouslyassumed

with

spiritov feeling.
good fellowshipattitude of the student

The

Wrong:

means

body is

largelyresponsiblefor Home-Coming.
Balance, remainder:
is

properly
Our

Wrong:

is left after

What

remainder.

Do

not

been

has

something

this

in

balance

use

ducted
de-

is

of the year

subscriptionprice for the balance

$1.50.
Bank

Prefer

on:

relyon,

or

(with a change of construction,

toager

if necessary).
Best

this incorrect

(verb): For

get the better of. Compare

Blank:

Do

Giants

The

not

blank

use

Distinguish between

Can:

it is used

as

in the

in the second

preferbleed

not

best

of toorst

use

as

the Cubs

blanked

Do

Bleed:

the

of

use

phrase

the

employ
verb.

followingsentence:

inning.

from.
denoting ability,and

to extort money
can,

noting
de-

may,

permission.
JAke

Canine:
for

or

Do

not

The

verb

as

Do

You

Wrong:
Claim:

not

charter,meaning

One

claims

equivalent to contend
Combine

Combine

followingas

Commence

"Things

nouns:

Use

never

if you

go

may

of take chances

sense

what

sense

rent

for one's

him.

Chicago.

to

or

desire.

of toish

Do

specialuse,

us

choose

to; but I do not

care

is due

to

train to take

choose in the

use

in the

verb

it.

colloquialism,
e. g,,l chartered

Choose

the

chance

use

risk; as, I'llchance

Charter:
is a

equivalent

feeblyhumorous

dog.

Chance
on

is

felinefor cat, canine

not

use

the

to go.

verb

as

maintain.

or

is
"

verb

not

noun.

Avoid

also the

use

of

disappoint,invite,raise, electric.

formal context.
begin except in the more
they albegan with Mr. Borthrop Trumbull:

WORDS

40

commenced^ both in privatelifeand

ways

his handbills."

on

"

Middlemarch.

Complected: CompUded is a vulgarism for complexioned.

Consist of, last,be: Consist qf should have for its object what
be recognizedas constituent parts of its subject. Do not say.
may
Christmas

The

Christmas

cdebration

consist

cf

lasts two

qf

weeks;

officers
cf the Society

The

or.

The

of

of. The

secretary,instead

etc.

careful not

Be

weeks^ instead

two

president,vice^esident^ and

qf the Societyare,
officers
Credit:

consists

cdebration

latter

credit with accredit. The

to confuse

is the

specialand

more

word, meaning

to

appoint with suitable credentials.

Deal is a colloquialismwhen
used in the

invest with

thority
au-

to

or

Deal:

formal

deal,e. g., a deal qf trouble. Deal in the

of

sense

of

sense

great

transaction should

be avoided.
Decided:

and

is decided.

finalis decisive. Compare

makes

or

is determined

What

That

concludes

which

d^nite and d^nitive;distinctly

distinctively.
The

Demean:

word

of the word;

derivation

to

means

it has

Look

conduct, to behave.

nothing

do

to

with

mean

the

up
or

low.

Confer, demeanor.
Destined:
mind

the

This

is

solemn

word.

destiny. Wrong:

noun

When

you

day he

That

was

it, have

use

in

destined to lose

his dinner.
Do:

in the

Do

of

sense

or
suffice

serve

is

e.
colloquialism,

g..

That will do.

Doctor:

As
it

verb doctor is either

to

means

apply remedies

loquially
colloquialismor slang. Col-

to.

It is

it

slang when

means

falsify.
Wrong:
been
Donate:
sense

of

evidence

The

had

clearly

doctored.
This

is

formal

word.

Do

not

it

use

looselyin the

give.

Eliminate, remove
as

presented by the defense

to eliminate

equivalentto

To

eliminate

factor in

an

means

to

by some

remove

equation:it should

not

be

process,

used

as

take atoay.

Elegant: Use

this word

with

discrimination.

Its derivation

will

help

to

you

vaguely

THE

STANDING

understand

its

had

eleganthouse; We
Enthuse:

meaning. It should not

nice, heautifvl^
etc.; as. He

with

synonymous

This

41

WORDS

OF

elegantHme.
is a vulgarism for become

an

verb

used

be

as

lived in

an

enthiuiaeHe

or

enthusiasm.

arouse

Essential

is

it to trivial

uses.

Essential, necessary:
Do

essential but

not

are

turn

not

indispensableor

word
For

of

dignity and

phasis.
em-

example. High boots

in

necessary

camper's outfit.

from accept.
Except: Distinguish
Expect: Distinguishfrom suspect.

Factor, meaning that which

Factor, part, element:
effectinga given result,implies a process, and should not
in the

of aspect, division,or

sense

'Fewer

Fewer

less:

Wrong: There

were

Fix, mend,
the

in

some

punctured tire. I

Fixings: Do

not

to $600

etc.:

arrange,
way

word

or

phrase is

cheap

reckon; for example, / fibred that

or

amount

prepare,

which

senses

be used

impliesnumber; less,quantity.
less people in town
than usual.

colloquialismfor calculate
collegeexpenses

in

constituent pari.

Figure (sometimes,figure out): This

vxndd

aids

my

year.

Fix

should

be

used

imply maJcingfirm. Wrong:

only in.
He fixed

fijsthe table for supper.

this word to mean
trimmings, arrangements,

must

use

etc.

Folk, the older uninflected plural,is stillused

Folks:

homogeneous conditions
of one's

members

memorable.

more

plural in

ing
s, mean-

word

carefullyfrom

historical. The

simply related to history;the former suggests something

CompsLve economic a,nd economical.

means

Idea:

life. The

family,is a colloquialism.

Distinguishthis

Historic:
latter

of communal

to describe

This

word

is often used

when

purpose

or

reason

would

be

explicit.
idea in

Example: My
at

once

Illusive:

Distinguishcarefullyfrom elusive.

associated with what

Do

matter

before you.

Imply, suggest: That

Infer:

saying this is to bring the whole

not

use

which

has been

is

implied is involved in, not

expressed.

inferin the

sense

of guess.

simply

42

WORDS

Inspired: Tliis dignifiedword

of

state

be used

not

joyous feelingor
Distinguishinvolve from include.

to

describe

livelyinterest.

mere

Involve

should

The

former

impliesa

connection.

necessary

This

Join:

word

should

be used

equivalent to adjoin.
of exactlyor certainly
is a colloquialism.
Just: Just in the sense
Locate:
Locate, a transitive verb meaning to find the placeof,to
determine
in the

the location

ascertain

or

of to setUe,or

sense

not

as

of,should

make

be used

not

one*s residence

reflexively

in; as, / located in

Chicago.
Liable:
Do

Liable to

implies an

undesirable, untoward

contingency.

the word

interchangeablywith likely.
in the sense
Mad:
Mad
is a puerility.
of angry
Majority^ plurality:A candidate is given a majority of votes
when he pollsmore
than the total given to all the other candidates;
a

not

use

he

plurality,when

gets

than

more

the

candidate

just below

him.

Manufacture,

manufactory: The
qf making or the
process
product made, not the place of making, is correctlydesignated
mxinufacture.
Use

Materialize:

meaning. Avoid
this

g..

sentence

the

Mortal:
a

in the

Minus

Afterour

minus

Ifs

such

with
as.

regard

some

to

its

primary

She did not materialize at the party

evening.

Minus:
e.

this word

sense

of

lacking,deprivedof,is a vulgarism,

parly had taken the train, someone

noticed

that

we

were

picnicbasket.
Do

not

use

mortal

indiscriminately
as

an

intensive,e.

g.,

mortal shame.

Most, almost: Distinguishthese words carefully.

kind of business transaction.
Negotiate : This word impliessome
Do not employ it looselyas in. He can
a comer
negotiate
very neatly
in

drivinghis

Nervy: Do
is slang when
Notice

car.

not

used

prefer nervy
in the

(verb): Note

sense

to

courageous,

of brazen

implies

more

The
spirited.

word

-assurance.
self

careful

observation

than

notice.

Part, aspect, stage: Distinguishthese words

carefully,
using part

THE

when

"f

in mind

have

you

is

process

Party: Do

OF

division

write

not

beside

party when

'part

step.

or

mean

you

that

remembering

person,

g,, A

e,

stout

me.

in

Perfect

43

WORDS

of and

particularly a stage

more

party sat down

Perfect:

STANDING

the

of vttery

sense

doumright is

literaiy

not

English.
Prefer

Post:

(he

inform

post in such

to

sentences

Post

as.

yourself on

topicsof the day.

Plumb:

Plumb

is

but

emphatic

an

quial
generally undesirably collo-

equivalent for downright.

Prescribe

Prescribe, proscribe:

proscribe is to outlaw

remedy;

Preventative

Remember

Propose:
tempted
pose

to

to

is

There

it in the

use

answer

the

such

avoided

Provoke

in

even

rule

to

or

offer

of
or

preventive.
when

propose,

purpose;

as,

you

/ donH

are

pro-

question.

your

vex:

Use

of intend

for

Proposition: Loosely used

Provoke,

word.

derivation

sense

give

to interdict.

or

no

is to

suggestion,business,

in the

of annoy

sense

colloquial English.

Keep

should

vex

or

in mind

etc.

be

derivation

the

of the word.
Railroad

Railroad:

great and

word

sewage,

that
A

to

which

with

Stop: Stop (in or

have

body:

at

Do

clearly in mind

Transpire:

The

word

remark,
a

verb

plying
im-

the

dignity of the

the latter.
sewerage,

the

system

of

sewers,

disposed of by the system.

is

statement

be confused

Student

is

overlook

not

Distinguish between

Statement:
not

Do

with

as

haste.

improper

compared

as

Sewerage:
and

often

used

colloquialism when

disclosures:

Revelations,
former

is

more

less

or

or

formal

utterance,

observation, assertion.

place) for stay is

student

not

use

the

students

means

set

an

undesirable

body for students

as

to become

group

known,

rather

not

to

ism.
colloquialunless
than

as

happen.

you

dividual
in-

44

WORDS

EXERCISES

suggested that

1. When

said she

lived somewhere

banking

all

you

of the

abroad

now

seems

mA:^, but I

very

suitable memorial.

18.

During

my

chum.

20.

My

21.

Each

amount

to

When

$300

I reached
our

He

in

22.

year.

to take

23.

is not

about

this matter,

32.

address

so

It
soon

of

deal of trouble.

disastrous

likes him

iaform for the

at

that Wilson

our

to

or

house.

infer that
will

great ^.
next

game

not.

28.
you

27.

shot.

33.

fortunate
Un-

Saturday.

Although I don't
are

right.

surelybe elected.
what

25.

This sociable

they have

After you

30.

29.

one
a

have

It

These

done.

nothing in collegelife but

to make
pretty grittyfor Roosevelt
been

would

first^ate. 24.

found

after he had

deal with

that, I think, will do.

folks in

all Hie

alwajrsgabbing about

was

I don't

to, but

collegeexpenses

my

Everybody

he wishes

know

grind.

University

real

figured that

happened ia

Well, thus far I have

15. If all

pleasurein doctoringus
of the Bible class donated fiftycents

often

are
freshfellotos

may

13. Our

14. If cheek

to the

care

littleperson

Miy" in this newspaper

if you

Going

12.

agent.

to donate

collegeI made

home, I found
half-back

11. Mr.

graduate.

to

sure

go

may

10. All

room.

picnic.

the firstthree pages;

has got to go whether

much

for the

sure

member

picnic fund.

same

be

grandmother seemed

the

26.

first year

my

dead

confer favors

willingto cAanoe it.

am

launch

do go, you

19. Translate

children.
to

16. You

If you

17.

this year.

ca52e from his London

chip in, the class will be able

choose to go.

army

be

may

7. To

crop

in the

through college,he is

him

its members
a

bumper

fraternitybunked

Sunday School has chartered

will take

Federal

6. One

large.

at

Everybody

4.

5. The

Gettysburg.

have

justreceived

has

capital.

politicalboss has to bleed the people.

have* a man
like that bossing and bulldozing

9. We

day long.

Williams

at

George

3.

man.

the

botheration to

the members

the

in the world

as

his henchmen
a

all-round

an

around

hoUow

collegeas well

8. It's

is

swimming, John's mother

go

plucky littlehalf-back.

the

on

beat the Confederates

upon

should

we

agreeable, 2. He

was

Washington

beat in

tences
followingsen-

"

was

in the

italicized words

I. Criticise the

31.

long
public
caught

THE

OF

STANDING

45

WORDS

thing to do is to heca)e him out of the window.

extensive orchard joined the playground. S5, Oh, hd, we

the

burglar,the

84.

An

next

had last

36. To A^i^fts
a candidate
nightju^ the biggestio2^(/2cafum.
in American
to be a kind of diversion
politics. 37. You

seems

can't get rrvad with

the

such

to lick him.

time

lump

After the

38.

police station she confessed

for

Think

39.

Shakespeare.

40.

that

had

woman

she

had

been

taken

spare
to the

chiefs.
liftedseveral handker-

I reached

tired when

mortal

was

certainlycan't

you

of the Elizabethan

moment

he;

as

drama
home.

minua
It's

41.

is a plumb failure. 43. Let me

42. He
advise
perfectnonsense.
to post yourselfon
current
topics. 44. It was only by a shave
you
that I passed the course.
45. Here is the outside limit of the property.

it down

planked

making

Buying

49.

or

push?

51.

You

this afternoon
in front of

the convalescent.
the United

pileof

do with such

one

stillseems

to

to succeed

it comes

Committee

"You

are

Hundreds

my

65.

The

devotes

made

has

sational
sen-

of

Japanese have

to

emigrated into

portant
im56. Dances
are
an
during the past month.
the lifeof our littlecollege. 57. The unruly member

great deal of time

most

brother

were

took

all the novels

59.

am

ingly
exceed-

Every conscientious

fixingher children.
all else is power.

61. The
62.

The

misery into the world.

give too much

divided

Pacifists' Club.

between
and

time
my

63.

to mathematics.

brother

I received

the

and

self;
.my-

balance.

truly
was
throughout the game
when
inspiredto cheer lustily,
Everybody was

attitude of the
66.

not

60.

go.

to

desire above

men

father's books

sportsmanlike.
the

railroadinga

States

rather thinks he should

My

puU

well, now," the doctor said

mx"st

tendency to drink has brought much

64.

either

was

glad that I, too, neglectedto

He

to

of Ten

unceremoniously eliminated from the

is essential.
In rainy weather, an
umbrella

thing which

without

was

mother

me

precious
pretty stiff
a

at the conparticularlya{fgravated
cert
by the conversation of two people sittingjust

55.

/actorin
58.

Well,

money.

plug and poke along without

can

expect

The

52.
53.

54.

me.

me

regularshark when

propositionthrough.
revelations,

What

do you

are

47.

automobile

an

proposition.50. How

to

seems

nevertheless.

lieadway.48.

much

dunce?

That

Only $3,000?

46.

rooters

champions of the gridirontrotted

out

on

the field. 67. There

is

46

WORDS

vital to

nothing more

During

68.
much

admire

to

father

stopped for
secured

be

three

weeks

copies of the morning

feeding came
his

spite of

first

which

two

by

80.

His

hahii

implied that he

I will first consider

provoking.

is very

of

program

79.

two.

The

the

to

of the father,
poet's
75.

prisoner'sanswers

is its humor.

The

76.

77.

student

In
on

part of his

frettingchild

the

into
body came
will speak plainlyto all of you, men
78.

seemed

Club,

Mothers*

guilty.

was

First of all

question of infant

The

the

protestationsof innocence,

cross-examination
poem

the

on

York,

The idea of the

73.

74.

there

consisted

three witnesses

boy,

mere

New

to

71.

for which

papers,

perfectlyclear.

me

still a

was

first visit

my

the sister of the accused.

to

seems

The

72.

On

of the best hotels.

one

tion.
concentra-

I found
University of Illinois,

While

69.

70.

at

acquire habits of

to

the

at

in the school,

the mother, and

words

firstyear

my

great demand.

no

than

located in Kansas.

my

we

student

auditorium

and otherwise,

81. This
capacityto get work done was simply wonderful.
of risingevery
morning at five, I find it very difficult to

maintain.

II. Comment

the

upon

vocabulary

of the

followingspecimens:

"

A.

She

be

must

brings a charge
three

the
have

can't
of

paddock, and

imbecile

prudent
to

"

of

kicks up

can

win

fault

was

he had

expect his whipping, with

Finchley had

no

or

solid foundation

to

last!

woman
or

rightto insist that

her

dealing with a woman,

put aside chivalry,justice,and the
he can't prove.
without
ornament.

at

her, husbanded

In

disbelieve what

over

abroad

name

charge before he smacked

world.

all

the grass

to com
shyest filly
hotch-potch of a dish the

his,and

He

by taking

the

at

the

to hurt

husband.

cuckoo, barking his

comes

of his

the

nothing

support her; she punishes him

digestsruefullythe

sure

it before

Lawrence

^I say

Only the world spiesa sidehead

be

bind himself

"

independence, and

then

though the main

he should

against her

again. You

her home

brings him.

with

he

years' lease

She goes, and he

not,

her

I back

woman;

poor

blinking mole-owl.

in the face
a

man

rest

"

monly
com-

should

Otherwise, let him

for his

My

opinion is,

charge, except

STANDmG

THE

his
to

being

imbecile.

an

the bars

jump

OF

wasn't

She

the gate had

"

of the

one

be

to

47

WORDS

pushed

adventurous
and

open,

women

he did it.
"

Meredith.

B. The

future is,as

the past.

always build

We

the past go

the best

as

This

second

rule,much

It is

semester.

but like all prospectors

ready

to

the second

C.

"What

"I

want

"

with

one

Idol

he

He

train for Los

Initials

dust

the

Next

time

I will
ifhe

Room

D.

I get

simply

runs

and

away

Much

one
*

say

I had

in

had

to

On'

does it matter

now

portlybodies

upon

the dead
that

on

House

can

for two

time

there

and

will be

people made

lot of

jnud; the large estate

adroit

or

powerful vice,

and

in very

miles and

caught a
Nights picking the

planked
A

Girl

in

came

him

seen

in

one

immediate

to

since.

doings.
And

"

then

George

advantages.

Ade.

What

! Here

be trodden

the

they all lie to

small, sounding

virtue

and

in the

nourished

lain in state

cream

instead of

beds and

they have

cakes

Car

Weight."

of their

I sent

legalizeour

flash the Document.

to carry

Chances.
ago

would

I haven't

so

move,

it in

use

take

to

Green

two

Another

Chancery

You're

get

that

after the Permit.

he will have

have

Prey already

your

Eighteen Years

sit up

to

I went
he

to

Court

the

Trousseau.

while

have

you

Parchment

happened

Angeles.

Waiting-Room

that this

know

"

missed

of my

out

that the

course,

Theme.

Space left blank, so that

replied. I can't afford

for the

out

Undying Love, but

one.

she

ambition, and

taking chemistry and the

to hope for the best;
nature

late in the Afternoon.

It is getting too
Heart's

our

is coming,

what

we

Student's

"

ditions.
con-

the Official.

asked

quick Emergency,"

Yellow

prospect.

good is a License unless

in the Stockade?

my

it is human

is

semester

freshmen

poor

requirements. But

other
so

impossible for

know

time

same

the

let

looking upon

hope, of

We

and

under

be full of life and

come.

may

do not

We

be all pleasure,but at the

future may
would
be

is to come,

in

take

might

we

should

we

whatever

meet

one

prospect.

what

upon

could do at the time, and

we

is the

view

hopes

our

pleasant to think of than

more

much

the

same

and

condition; and

48

WORDS

bishop

not

to

be

distinguishedfrom

spectacles. Such

strongest

lamplighter with

Villon's

was

the

even

cynical philosophy.
"

Stevenson.

that

To

gaudy tangle of what

gardens, after all,are

meant

to

think at first sight,the

produce, in the decay of time, as we may
hands and straightsystematic,logicalgardener put his meddlesome
way

all ran

to

classes,under

they used
And

nineteenth

they

The

interest toward

us,

to the visible

or

the
essentially

in

short life,we

that
to

mind

such

as

E.
has

may

done

sandstone
vanian

that

class and

happen

even

and

as

or

yet
be

to

visible
in fineness,

compass,

of which

process,

of

these acts

generic type, have

livelything,reallyworth

or

do,

may

tainly
cer-

our

while

generalizationand

defensible

are

doing, just for

as

"

most

"

^Pater.

notable

feature, worthy of observation, when

and

Rock, is the massiveness

The

limestone, whose

rock

at work

for thousands

consists

origindates

cycle in the development of

of natural

it may

and

which

masks

recognizesincerelywhat

of that historic remnant.

been

to

those

in richness

by the

vital and

first glance at Starved

the

ever;

particulargem or flower what its proper service is

of a concrete and intuitive knowledge
in search, precisely,

that.

The

flower-garden and
the other hand) what

our

whatever

for the

"

have

one

physic

holding stillto the concrete, the particular,

if you will,last as first,
thinking of that

sensuous,

as

abstraction

And

part.

or

interestingthan

more

concrete,

of reduction
generalization,
been

botanic

"

on

behind

persons

thing, has gained immeasurably

and

of

be confessed

flowers, or

touch.

or

instead

say,

^yes!with written labels

"

with Plato's days

compared with the first,

the

much,

carry

as

with

of blossoms

hear, is

faces, the

the

so

express

and

see

century

Homer's;

to

yet (itmust

actually see,

we

into formal
speciesand differentia,

the stalks, instead

as

orchard.

and

gentts

general notions, and

flutteringon
garden,

seed; to

of years,

back

grandeur

to

the

PennsyU

Erosion

shaping that wonderful

ledge. Starved

crevices

Rock

may

of

combination

continent.

our

architecture,forming ledges and

probably smooth-faced

of

and

one

over

be

this

has

piece
once

considered

THE

STANDING

OF

Lorelei of the Illinois River.

the

looking the fertile valleywhich

be

can

facts of

express

appeal

to

under

reader.

or

from

meaning of
which

the call of social

with

Student's

"

should

be

birds

H.

It

These

its

edge
knowl-

attempts
ideal,offer an

an

tions
considera-

to

this artificial coat

for peace

nature

and

spent in the woods, far from

be

spent in becoming
the

the dawn

of each

wild

and

trees

quainted
ac-

day brings,

glowing departure leaves in the heart

"

Theme.

dawn

was

beauty of
arrival

which

analysis

Such

conscientious

animals, with

and

the

possesses

used.

shake

go

activity,they should

the

the wonder

Student's

person

Theme.

Theme.

should

we

flowers,with the great beauty which

and

word

any

it was

shoulders, and

our

Vacations

contentment.

Student's

"

when

guardian, over*

experience*observation, or of

I claim, therefore, that

of existence

as

it.

thoughts,sympathies, and

the

of the hearer

G.

surrounds

accuratelydetermined

more

of the circumstances
to

It stands

determining the intended

F. In

49

WORDS

bom

new

the

and

day.

whole
The

world

to

the

announcing his joyful

was

sun

awakening

was

by sending out dancing, shimmering rays of pink and gold.

of lightdarted here and there happy in
playful messengers

doing their Master's

bidding. They fell thru the

open

window

of

the hard

working peasant'scottage and caUed him to another day

of toil. They fell thru the richlydraped window
of the idle prince
of the business world
which

and

confronted

I. None

who

him.

him

met

able to believe that he

few

friends

when

the

Student's

vainly to the day's problems

Theme.

was

the

same

who

man

laughing round

would
had

have

often

table, from

play ended, tillthe clock of St. Paul's in Covent

"

boy

"

him

only in great assemblies

listeningand

struck four.

J. How

summoned

been

kept

the

time

Garden

^Macaulay.

much

in the poem

more
"

genuine
poem

an

whether

education
in

is that

conception or

of the poor
in ezecutiout

60

WORDS

of the most

one

touching in

"

world, but ranging day by day around

'*a dexterous

gleaner" in

^who,

language

our

mother's

his widowed

field and

narrow

in the wide

not

with

home,

only such slender

outfit
'

contrived
the

and

shepherd's walk, and

the

for himself

right over,

and

his

An
into

won't

last

largeparty bearing the

Chicago yesterday and spent

the two

things he will do
into

climb

and

the mossy
fashion

to

waves,

^Newman.

"

As

me.

shop,

soon

as

I get

heavyweight champion

Fulton."

extra

various

with

world's

new

the tradesman's

smuggler'shut,

the

forty minutes

there will be
will be Fred

name

and

screaming gulls,and the restless

philosophy and a poetry of his own.

K.' "Willard
the

few supplied

the quay,

the beach, and

from

and

moor,

books

As the villageschool and

mentioned

name

of the

most

Orleans

ring

on

breezed

day describingthe

to the aforementioned

New

above

Jess Willard
March

4.

when

^American

"

Newspaper.
"'Ready, No.
out

your

Fritz

was

Why,

Bayonet
at

'em.

'Ead

1.

neck

to

up.

Now

Tickle

try to get

life. Clean

Comment

English of

casus

'em.

'is gizzard! Not

'ole. You

side of the trench.

De

no

sticking

use

see

you

each

That's
and

see,

Quick down

when

fatal.

Keep

of the

you

point and

wakened

'is

bayonet out
againstthe opposite

gun

in mind

quiet killin' is the word.'

upon

the

pulled your

you

for
you're fightin'
"

^American

paper.
News-

the

standing in colloquialor literary

followingwords and phrases:
"

tropy ad libitum,h la mode, argumevdum

belli,
comme

with

bad, but I bet

so

'it the butt of your

of this littleMary, you

in.

It's

up.

sightof Fritz in his 'ole. Why, if old

there 'e'd just down
point, and where'd you be?
your
blinkin' casualty,and don't you forget it. Ready again.

nibs in the next

your

down, bayonet

il favt,con

am/ore,

de

ad hominem,

au

faU,

rigueur,dolce far niente,en

STANDING

THE

dSshabilUf
cordiale,
in

entre

le

tdo,

(think

lift
of

as

that

dumpy

low

is

an

station),
aim

(in

(dress),
down

calaboose,

insect

of

pesky,
(very

kind),

any

dumps),
coon's

mean),

tuckered

you

bulldoze,

bob-sled,
funk,

slip

(to

vbit

age,
one

over.

have

drawers,

tram,

skedaddle,

depot

jell, faze,

cracker

talk

(noun),
with),

carry

applied

(as

complected,

jigger

gumption,

aroint,

out,

cinch,

tucker,

and

all, bib

place

some

(good-natured),

clever

carpet-bagger,

mugwump,

reckon

bonanza,
of

re,

pro

se,

per

adverb),

an

chest

finished),

in

extenso,

(overshoes),

chunk,

chump,

has

blatherskite,
the

as

booking-clerk,
(he

in

oblige,

gums

used

{smart

smart

through

(intend),

person),

right

vest,

erUente

passant,

en

noblesse

dicta,

pants,

goods-train,

(meaning

(escort),

noire,

adverb),

an

ilk, he

(railroad

rig

expect),

or

mirabUe

masse,

en

gemvUichkeit,

KvUur,

lihris,

ex

bUe

rosa,

terrible,

enfant

ensemble,

(elevator),

bug

to

rums,

tout

sub

Jomva,

(used

famille,

en

51

WORDS

OF

dinky,
rubbers,
get

to

go,

CHAPTER

IV

SPELLING

Words

1.

in

single

double
e.

that

the

other

in

As

8.

ing,

i^ent

retained
the

sound.
4.

both
with
6.
to

guttural
have

2^.

E.

g.,

On

die, dying

double

(compare

plural, whenever
when

the

it is

in
y

the

with
y

is

guttural

sufilxes

odd,

adding;
and

(k)

retain

begin

oddly.

changes

the

t^ before

the

dyeing).

change

the

preceded

by

preceded

ample,
ex-

coming

ordinarily

the

drops

If, for

outrageous.

the

add,

g.,

suggest

consonant

consonant,

usually

ending

nouns

word

in the

ever,
is, how-

g.

vowel;

might
and

sufilxes, whether

ie

The

have

to

appear

E,

with

its omission
as

with

beginning

moving.

in noticeable, the

case

frolic, frolicking;

beginning

consonants
c

ing
end-

forms

by

^
a

to

The

consonant

vowel.

Compare

ladies

mmikeys.
7.

ei

and

ie.

When

spelling is ordinarily
in

in

derivative

sufilxes

and

when

consonant

before

would

similar

ing, final

is retained

and

vowel

before
or

Singular

of the

after

ending

Before

6.
a

vowel

vowel,

traffic, trafficking.

movement

such

of

omitted

were

consonants
a

rule

begins beginning.

words:

sufilxes

vowel

the

in

following

before

lovable,

before

Words

the

omitted

We

after

is retained

mispronunciation

before

of

haUfvl and

compare

ing
end-

as

with

beginning

jdane, planed)

physic, physicking;

and

consonant

-ed

or

rule

(compare,

syllable and

single vowel

sufilxes

k is inserted

panic, panicky;

before

by

final

traveling,inference (but inferred).

that

-2^,

the

upon

preceded

consonant

hand,

Note

2.

accent

consonant

plaritplanned

g.y

the

bearing

the

list of

words

the
ie

except

commonly

sound
after

is
c.

that

the

Exceptions

misspelled.
52

of

When

vowel

e,

will

be

the

sound

the

found
is

63

SPELLING
not

that of the vowel

will be found

in

spellingis ordinarilyei. Exceptioiis

the Ust of words commonly misspelled.
e,

the

EXERCISES

I.

Spell the present participleof each of the following

words:

"

Prefer* interfere,lie,shoe, take, flee,dye.

the suffix ly to each

II. Add

of the followingwords:"

Willful,day, possible,full,gay, chaste, whole, due, dull,true.

of the followingverbs:
Spell the past participles

III.

Huzza,

sway,

play,lay,stay.

Spellthe pluralsof the following:

IV.

"

Hindu, canto, potato, gas,

WORDS

elf,pity,colloquy,8, it.

money,

MISSPELLED

COMMONLY

abundance

aggravate

arc

abstinence

agreeable

ark

accept 1

altar 1

arctic

except 1

alter J

artistically

accessible
accommodate

aisle
isle

assent

assistance
all

adherence

ascent

achievement

acquaintance
acquiesce

together 1

altogether
all

ready

attendance

j
auger

augur

advice

already

advise

alley 1

balance

adviser

aUy

beach

affect

angel 1

beech

angle J

believe

effect J

autumn

"

WORDS

54

beneficent

cemetery

beneficial

censor

berth

birth J

counsel

censure

consul

chiffonier

countenance

boar

choir 1

bore

quire J

bom

circuit

borne

cite

counterfeit

currant
current

cylinder
dealt

bough 1

site

bow

council

decent

sight,

brake

clothes

break

cloths

descent

dissent

definite
breadth

coalesce

dependence
breath
breathe
bridal
bridle

1
1

coarse

descendant

course

despicable

collar
colonel

Britain

color

buoy

column

business

conunittee

busy

comparison

desert

dessert

deterred

calendar

compliment

calender

complement

dew

due

die

dye J
diphtheria

concede

diphthong

conceive

disappoint

condenm

disapprove

confectionery

discernible

conferred

dissipate

capitalI
capitoli

conscientious

divisible

contagious

dose

carat

convalescent

doze

cord

drought

candidate
canon
cannon
canvass
canvas

carrot

carburetor

chord

carriage

cordially

dud

ceiling

corps

eighth

celebrate

corpse

eligible

duall

55

SPELLING

eliminate

gnevance

lead

embarrass

guarantee

led

especiaUy

guilt1

leisure

exaggerate

gilt

exceed

lessen \

lesson

gypsy

exhilaratioa

harass

liar

existence

haul

lyre I

height

lightning

feint J

heinous

liquefy

fallacy

hindrance

loose 1

faint

falUble
farcical
fascinate
feasible

February
fiend
forcible

four

lose

hoard

horde

hole

whole

'

forehead
foretell

maintenance
maneuver

mantel

homily
homogeneous

hypocrisy

mantle

hymn

fore 1

idle

marriage
marshal

martial

meant

val)
{or mediae-

medieval

idol

idyl

metal

illegible

mettle

incidentally

millionaire

independent

mischief

indict 1

missal

indite 1

missile

indictment

monastery
movable

frantically

ingenious
ingenuous
intelligence

friend

irresistible

fulfillor fulfil

its 1

naphtha

gallery

it's/

naught

goddess

jealousy

nought

government

jeopardy

naval

granmiar

languor

niece

forfeit

formally \
formerly J
fort
forte

forty
fourteen
forth

fourth

muscle

{or

mustache

tache)
mous-

B6

WORDS

ninety

nymph
oar

ore

obstacle

occasionally
occurred
occurrence

omission
onmiscient
onerous

optimist
ordinance
ostensible
oxidize
oxygen

parallel
parliament
participial
passable
pastime
peace

piece

pealing 1
peeling J
perceive
perform
perhaps
permissible
persistence
persuade
phosphorus
physical
plain 1
plane

pneumatic
pneumonia

67

58

WORDS

Cincinnati
Disraeli
Eliot

(George)

Eurydice
Gettysburg
Hague
Hawaii
Hazlitt
Honolulu

Huguenots
Johnson

Jonson

Maoaulay
Manila

CHAPTER

PRONUNCIATION

Correct
careless
of

his

speech;

omits,

familiar

The

of this

effect

distinctions.

Three

On

sound.

should

bring

voice

the

careful

to

is

one

speaker

of

apparatus

The

Accent.

French,

tends

guide

to

This

rule

rather
while

protect

the

or

the

in other
is the

for such

us

accent

than

general

to

the

as

times
some-

do

not

help

to

The

word.
the

use

cal
physi-

skilful

workman

unlike

that

away

from

what

is known

is not,

so

from

widely

the

that

frequent
one

the

In

error.

certain

is sometimes

penult (the

last

Uke
More

in

maiisoleum
than

accentuation;
59

one

but

or

in many

words

syllable but

may

tion
atten-

tempted

the

the

miiseumy

reason

of

accent

only unremitting

be
cases

cessive
re-

suflS-

antepenult (the third syllablefrom

words,

the

as

the

of

of the

end

however,

Indeed

accentuation.

mischievous
on

reverse.

errors

accent

by

varies

climacteric

place

single

or

is

with

they

of

end

effort

an

characterized

correct

English words
will

the

draw

to

accent.

Uke

he

away
to

where

he

articulate.

do

to

^English pronunciation,

"

it is thus

cient

which

transition
the

at

deftly

as

with

leveled

are

easy

makes

speech

pronounce

it easier to

of sounds
an

who

to

line of least resistance

of rest

state

those

sounds
the

make

his untrained

his hands.

employs

word;

four

hand,

these

habits

is in part

introduction

the

to

slovenly

to

effort

finds

he

laziness

or

other

the

leads

belong,

vocal

The

betrayed by

them

for
which

those

or

is

require special

that

pronunciation.

expressiveness

substitutes

he

or

correct

undisciplined mind

Sounds

more

sacrifices

speaker

voice.

includes

English

to

one),
end);

tion
tempta-

suggested
it will be

60

WORDS

found

that

wrong

one.

Furthermore,

pronunciation of

the

but different accent,

bears

hand,
have

the

verb
e.

and

that have

noun

and

annex

g.

of

care

itself.

One

Substitution.

sounds

vowel

moment's

letter

or

with

and
for

The

9.

with

have

appear

is

ew

in but.

sound
e.

words

as

Omitted
in

to

to

vowels

Double

our

relativelylittle

that your

tion
pronunciathis

with
first o in

sound,

preposition,
lead

English spellingsometimes
For
example, bear, though
with

a-sound

our

e-sound; and

the

spelled
whereas

of stew

ew

to

and

of drew.

ew

m,

vowel

various

This, sometimes

the

that of

impediment.

our

level

marked
some

n,

there is

sounds
with

persons

tendency

to that which

the

inverted

the

inverted

pains to give an accurate

preceding liquids and nasals in

student, yellow,figure,poem.
Sounds.

-ing,the ^sound

g., lovin' for

12.

See

it for the

pronounced

with

that

word

in the

with

sound

conclude

not

of few, not like the

speech

pronunciation
11.

not

change the

to

final sound

this

(V) approximates in the speech of

Take
0-sound
above.
(9), described
such

to

substitutions

conunon

before
I,r, and particularly

Before

have

of

is

pronounced

in careless
we

for i in

or

appear

is like the
10.

words
it does

where

will show

substituted

not

pronunciation.

like

ea

do

to-morrow

inconsistencies

of

errors

ordinarilytake

tendency is

for its articulation.

in instrument,

new

comparison of

fellow and

that you

most

syllables to the

that of the letter

effort is needed
of

^The

"

syllables. The

of such

China.

if this is

several

accent

We

noun.

accent;

in

needs, however,

in unaccented

appear

the other

^., interest.

e.

Sound

8.

or

will

stress

guard against using the secondary

belong,

verb

consideringthe primary

correctlyplaced, the secondary

identical form

affix.Ally,on

whether

accent,

same

far been

so

requires greater effort than the

is necessary
to distinguish
care

right stress

the

"

Sounds
in final

frequently omitted
pt

or

st, and

are

the

g-

the (2-sound in nd,

loving:slep*for slept;les* for lest;han* for hand.

consonants
not always pronounced as such;
are

61

PRONUNCIATION

for

country the

pronounced

r-sound
like

Intrusive

18.

from
or

one

is

often

In

omitted.

certain
Farther

sections

of

the

should

not

be

father.
Sounds.

at the

him,

aUitude.

example, in the word

end

sound

I put my

particularlywhen
WORDS

of

"

word,

to

^The

liquid r
or

where

another.

We

umbrella-r-up;and
a

vowel

COMMONLY

it facilitates the transition

sometimes

stillmore

follows,e.

troduced
infrequently in-

is not

g,^ the

MISPRONOUNCED

hear

common

idea-r-of it

I
is

saw-r-

idea-r,

62

WORDS

SENTENCES

SECTION

ONE

GRAMMAR

Students

of
is much

grammar

tions.
no

It

should

conventions

will

commend

than

hard

that

able

to

ease

of

uses

precision.

is not
and

units

The

words,
in

of

phrases,

having,

whether
word

And

to

with

he

nominative
certain
these

may

lute,
abso-

kinds

of

constantly
contribute

they

remember

that

explicit logic;

often

hkely

though

wherever

should

we

knowledge

is

even

the

more

of

writer

practise

them

use

what

mar
gram-

its natural

logical relations

leave

inferred.

be

to

should

the

not

resourcefulness

infinitive, or

the

expressions

spontaneous

and

example,

people

composition

rule, will be

variety

all,we

at

Nevertheless,
of

it

were

everywhere

as

of civilized

respect.

concerned

always

Here

students

for

arbitrary regula-

language

unpractised

We

might readily

or

ways

that

attention,

our

constructions,

explain them;

we

the

of the
The

participial phrases.
that

rules.

young

less obvious

to

the

our

us

English.

particular

so

to

of

the

use

grammatical

gives

grammar

neglect the
be

fast

to

are

demand

itself to
and

idiomatic

we

regulate

but

require

reminded

be

to

system

sure,

according

which

deserve

only

If

this.

it

use

be

to

need

than

more

would,

than

more

often

English

we

group,

like
are
or

expression which
and
a

clauses.
sentence,

dealing
with

the

clause

subject
this

with

simpler
63

into

enter

differs
and

sentence

from

of

phrase

predicate.

comparatively

units

are

expression

But

complex
that

we

64

SENTENCES

have

in word

and

should

phrase,we

remember

that all three

A phrase or a clause as well as

dischargesimilar functions.
single word might be the subject or the object of a verb.
a
clauses.
And
There
accordinglynoun
phrases and noun
are
holds for the function of the noun
what
appliesas well to
of

that

of adverb; that

adjective and

clauses.

Of

it is

course

say

phrases and adjectiveand

adverbial

adjectiveand

is to

impossibleto

there

are

adverbial

write without

ing
employ-

these; but unhappily it is quite possibleto neglecttheir

usefulness.

varied
We

amplify

coordinate

Coordinate

phrases,or clauses.
which

those

be

the

of the

structure

adjectiveclause

an

who, which, etc.;

or

an

of

words,
are

equal rank in the sentence,

conjunctions,and, but, for,
occupies a subsidiaryposition

of

as

element

sentence

be

may

words, phrases,or clauses

by the coordinate

subordinate
in

presented

are

being united
A

elements, which

subordinate

and

then, by the introduction

sentences,

our

it may,
for instance,
by the relative pronouns

sentence;

introduced
adverbial

clause, introduced

such

by

If the sentence
tains
conconjunctionsas because, if,when, etc.
clause it is a simple sentence
but one
(e.g,, God is good
or
more

declare the

heavens

The

coordinate clauses, it is a compound

heavens

declare the

handiwork); and
clauses, it is
Thou

gloryof God);
and

if it contains

complex

art with

gloryof God
sentence

if it contains
sentence

two

(e,g.. The

the firmament showeth

one

or

more

or

his

subordinate

{e.g., I shall fear no

evil for

me). In the speech of children and in the

positions
com-

cess,
unpractised writers, coordination is used to exthat give
resultingin a stringof unqualifiedstatements
equal prominence to principaland subsidiarydetails. It is to

of

be remembered,

that

in earlier stages of the

guage
lan-

juxtapositionof words, phrases,and clauses,

mon
comlogicalrelations impliedor ignored,was much more
than it is to-day; and that modem
English idiom in
the

with

however,

mere

65

GRAMMAR

proverbial expressions and in certain constructions

noted later on, preserves
something of the freedom
earlier parataxis. Take
such an expressionas Come
If you

make

to

try

employ

which

relation

(e.g.. Come

logicalcategory
you

the

verbs

in order thai you

which

sentence

of the

is not

only less

here

be

to

of this
me.

see

fit

some

might see mc),

expressivebut

meaning different from that of the simple

sentence.
Neglect such constructions as the one illustrated
above
and you will find that your
English loses much of its
idiomatic
Nevertheless
it is necessary
to
flexibility.
member
rethat the secret of effective writingis in part intelligent
subordination, as the secret of real thinkingis the careful
the habit
of thought. The mind that has formed
qualification
of comparing, restricting,
discriminating,
ceding
excepting,and conconveys

will

inevitablybe

subordination.
should

And

recognizeat

English idiom
The

and

driven

to master

the varied

all of this amounts

one

the

means

of

saying that we
time the flexibility
of
and the same
necessity of clear thought.

relativelyunfamiliar

act

of writing

to

seems

often

to

crease
in-

expression. A great many

people
than they write. Ajid yet the writer
effectively
speak more
has an opportunity for reconsideration
and revision that the
to be that the
speaker usuallymisses. The trouble seems
the

diflSculties of

former, expressinghimself
conscious
His

with

the embarrassment

that

effort,loses the spontaneity of natural

tends
at-

course.
dis-

coming singlyrather than in groups, the

diflSculties in the way
of employing English idioms are correspondingly
increased.
Many phrases and clauses he should
they are
not stop to analyze; to all Intents and purposes
singlewords; and being read as they are written they contribute animation
and rapidityto his style. It is important
not
pression
only that we should recognize these larger units of exourselves to thinking
should accustom
but that we
in terms

words

of them.

CHAPTER

VI

THE

The

be

may

noun

NOUN

defined

the

as

of

name

place,

person,

thing.

or

Common

and

used

name

individual,

g.^ John.

e.

classes

Other

of

abstract

Proper

object

condiLct

on

adoption

of

conceived

be

the

do

except
The

object
to

as

an

of

express

compouna

verb

and

with

of

name

form,

to

reference

concrete

an

pound
com-

to

ing,
mean-

(martyr),

nouns

infinitive

is the

object

best

see

preposition,

policy
be

For

e.

is to

the

87.

verbal

g..

an

labor

is to

moral

put

participialphrase,

possession,
p.

without

or

effectuallychecked

was

of

with

is to be lost. To

It may

System.

my

Phrase

hesitate

plane.

going home,
of

the

examinations

at

compounding
of the

reference

Noun

be

honesty

the Honor

of

The

g., To

e.

low

very

about, my

spoke

thai

say

Cheating

g.y

may

modifiers,

or

To

pray.

e.

phrase

noun

in

have

(electorate).

noims

(a)
The

capitaUzed.

are

with

are,

class

is the

nouns

is

noun

of

noun

(martyrdom)^

nouns

collective

proper

nouns

common

members

(e. g., basebaH); and

nouns

and

The

boy.

g.,

^The

"

what

designate

to
e,

common,

Nouns.

Proper

e.

in

noun

gr..

The

the

-ing
dean

phrase might

noun

There

by

is

nothing

can

regrets.

is of course
one
process
of
kinds.
being
many
terrify of noun
pronoun;

of great

antiquity, the
Lmfest, for example, is
and

verb,

etc.

Note

ments
elepounded
com-

the

between
the elements
of the
variety of relations
following compounds:
drawbridge, sleeping-car, fishing-rod, baseball, laughing-gas, bookworm,
bookmark,
drawing-room.
sea-anemone,
"

66

THE

(6)
A clause is often the
That
without

Darwin's

67

Noun

The

Clause

objectof

the

subjector

theory is

saying. I

NOUN

commonly

very

clauses

InterrogativeAdverb

subject is
introduced

him

What

tell you

not

can

mistaken.

was

I wonder

when

who

I wonder

if he is

he is.

he is coming.

clause is the

noun

This

objectivecase.

to

My

go.

ready for

its
infinitive,

construction

is often

I say

can

could

standing we

plan is for him

to go

ahead

and

make

us.

be the object of

clause may

noun

study of

our

by for.

I wished
the camp

of the

in the

goes

by subordinate conjunctions,
interrogativeadverbs.

and

coming.
InterrogativePronoun:

verb

"

introduced

are

Conjunction: I told him that he

the

of

am

interrogativepronouns,

When

verb:

misunderstood,

disposed to think that much

English composition is utterlyfutile.
Noun

except that
see

am

sorry.

clearly the whole

preposition.
From

system

where

of French

we

and

were

man
Ger-

trenches.

noun

complement

is

noun

that

completes the meaning

of the verb.
Wilson

was

elected President.

EXERCISES

I. Analyze each

of the

followingcompound

Greengrocer, cupful, drawback,

overalls,passers-by,goings-on.

nouns:

"

pickpocket, merry-go-rounds,

68

SENTENCES

II. Give
An

infinitive

object of

the

as

phrase

verb;

object of

the

as

preposition;a clause
of

clause

verb;

the

as

verb;

the

in each

that

1. If I work
we

could

If you

4.

we

in

which

pattern of

time.

"

nation

^Lyly.

the

turn

to

clause.

noun

sentence

have

we

right.

5.

When

6.

While

diflSculties. 7. Before

many

what
definitely

dose

hesitated.

love her.

your

going

are

you

of the patent medicine, I felt

he is such

right but

fellow;it's

young

privilege. 11. Standing

surrounding country.

phrases and

noun

IS.

Please go

in the

clauses

noun

"

doing their best with the miserable

from

places they receive.

some

did

not

like

nothing else
and

3. Lords

it is whereof

praying whenever

are

would

you

and

of the

princelymind,

their progresses

or

lost because

know

one

We

2.

sure

war

disheartened

are

provide for

to

as

other request of you.

no

out

to

is not

fine view

Point

They

reward

am

taken

going

following sentences:
1.

often

should

you

Freedom

10.

get

is

home; I will make

IV.

have

8. After I had

pity.

here

We

3.

only see her, I

ill. 9. He

"

write,

to

object of

of the revised

effectiveness

will encounter

begin

so

phrase

noun

doing this,you

you

followingsentences
a

the

as

infinitive

possessivepronoun.

cross-roads,

are

very

infinitive clause

the

you

to say.

preposition;an

ject
the ob-

as

original:

reached

have

you

of

clause

object of

the

as

the object of

hard, I shall succeed.

working.

are

verb;

of them

of the

subject of

the rhetorical

Compare
with

as

object of a preposition;
verb; a participial

the

as

subject of

the

"

infinitive phrase

an

participial
phrase

subjectof a verb; an
phrase preceded by

noun

use

the

as

verb;

verb;

infinitive phrase

an

as

clause

III. Rewrite
the

subject of

the

as

participial
phrase

phrase

followingconstructions:

of the

examples

are.

ye

Supreme authority of

"

but

to

the

^Milton.

nation

of
4.

^Fuller.

2. O

noble

kings of Persia, who

sticks to drive

cut

Commons

"

away

England, consider

There

is no

has in itself a power,

in
the

what

doubt

but the

and

right to

that

governs.

Defoe.

"

Swift.

letters.
"

the laws

execute

to

power,

I can*t

5.

upon

part of that nation

any

tell whether

impossiblefor

It is

6.

69

NOUN

THE

to want

me

them, having besides the force of my

divination.
so

Steele.

"

was

journal
to entertain

means

parts the power

own

of

Irishman, fell into

an

he heard, that he drew

at what

great rage

valet, who

My

7.

like these

you

it

his sword.

"

^Addison.

being unconfined to modes and forms, makes him but the

readier and more
capable to pleaseand obligeall who know him.
wonder
that they excelled so much
in the
Addison.
9. Nor
can
we
8.

His

"

of diction, when

graces

in search of
us

to

interest to

rarelythey

thoughts. Johnson.
by the war
expense

new

persuade us that

have

we

The

10.

"

enormous

an

how

consider

we

were

employed

Ministry have put

in America

and

got something for

our

it is their
money.

"

Boswell.

Write

V.

will appear

in which

sentences

followingnoun
objects:

subjects,(b) as

(a) as

phrases

"

worked

to have

work, going home,

To

the

one*s way

through college,

studying at night.
Write

VI.
be used

in which

sentences

the

following clauses

will

(a) as subjects,(b) as objects:

"

disappointed,he had been overworked, he had

contradictoryrepliesto the questionsof the state's attorney.

I had
made

failed,I

was

Special Rules
14.

Do

omit

not

the

for the Noun

apostrophe where

it is needed

as

take

the

the

sign of the possessive.

A.
the
or

Singular nouns

ending

only where
possessive
Dickens's; conscience'

Empedodes's;
B.
other

Plural

Essex*

nouns

or

in

euphony
not

the s-sound

or

does not

forbid.

of

Dickens*

conscience's;Empedodes*

not

Essex^s.

ending

in

take

pluralstake 's,except certain

the

nouns

apostrophe only;
uninflected

in the

70

SENTENCES

g,y

plural,which add s'

sheeps'instead of sheep's.

C.

The

nominative
e,

titles of books, the

in which

two

or

more

BrowrCs

Shoe

there

When

D.

Store not
are

nouns

the end

sign of the possessive,at

Smith's
two

the

possessiveplural,

of business

names

proper

in

appear,

firms, etc.,

take

of the phrase.

and

Brown's

Shoe

only
Smith

one

and

Store.

in the

possessivecase, one
signof the possessive.

nouns

appositionto the other, use only one

For example. Here is my friendJack's house; not, Here is my
When
an
appositionalphrase is so
friend'sJack's house.
the
the
recast
possessive awkward,
long as to make
For example. Here is where our
old college
sentence.
friend
is Jack, our
old collegefriend's^
Jack
lives; not. Here
in

house.
E.

Do

not

use

hers not

pronouns;

F. The

the

sign

of the

her's;theirs

not

possessivewith

personal

its not it's.

their's;

so-called

possessivecase has a varietyof idomatic

it is employed in each of the following
how
Note
uses.
phrases: {he law's delay the children's hour, for goodness'
Lincoln's Statue^
sakey last year'sreport^cl moment's hesitationy
Thackeray's novels, my Redeemer's praise. These examples
it clear that our
make
possessivecase has preserved many
of the older genitive. Apart from such specialidioms
uses
those cited, one
should use
the possessivecase
only to
as
indicate possession. Otherwise, as usually with inanimate
of this soobjects,employ the prepositionof. The uses
the
Note
called sign of the genitiveare of course
many.
followingtypicalexamples: a friendof my husband's (partitive);
the State of Illinois (appositive;
the poetic,
compare
Britain's isle)
ofmightydelayof a Tnoment (descriptive;
; a mxin
a mxmteni's
delay).
compare
"

"

16.

Many

foreign words

that have

become

lish
part of the Eng-

There
ever,
is,howlanguage retain their foreign plural forms.
words
in the usual way;
a strong tendency to inflect these

in

some

data;

16.

certain

bacilli;

formulae

formula,

memorandums;

or

alumnae;

bacillus,

axes;

alumnus,

alumni;

inflection

is

missible.
per-

analysis, analyses;

cherubim

cherubs;

or

memorandum,

formulas;

or

datum,

memoranda

trousseaux.

without

clause

be

cases

English

or

cherub,

trousseau,

quoted

an

foreign

alumna,

Examples:
axis,

either

cases

71

NOUN

THE

regularly

the

used

introductory
subject,

as

that

object,

in

may

predicate

or

substantive.

'He

spoke

steals

Who
favorite

of

King

trash,"

steals

purse

said,

is

there

sentence

Arthur.
was

the

in

sentence

I have

of

thai

following

the

perfectly

been

without

of informality.

tone

privilege

no

omission

justifiable

The

of

my

said

was

of

one

father's

my

quotations.

I have

your

slander,"

no

candid

responsibility.

in

other

with

the

Compare

examples:

gives

cases

two

to

forms

"

you,

is the

with

you

you;

that

best

can

say

for

myself.
I have

That
for
or

for

candid

perfectly

been

is the

best

can

say

is the

best

can

say

myself.
I have

perfectly

been

candid

with

myself.
My

idea

is

we

should

My

idea

is that

we

go

should

at

once.

go

at

once.

CHAPTER

THE

"pencils.

two

Adjectives

the soldiers^ weary

(he hat

predicate,
a

of

The

Believing

finished the
the task

will ^eem

that
Note

vary

to

the

the

the

Do

or

participial.

the church.

Having

Once

neglect

not

It

example.
transition

finished,
the

struction
con-

for

makes

from

the

tence
sen-

been

written,
church.

the

clause.
Since

"

What

I believe
we

participialadjective phrase
of

structure

and

animated

our

but

sentences,
than

the

first

The

as

modifier

example
I do, I

classify conventionally
not

is

only helps
an

(6)

or

adjective
relative

The

clause

Adjective

is introduced

explicitlylogical

more

adverb.
72

Clause

by

us

expression

construction.

The

for

opportunity

participialadjective

adverbial

an

have

the

rapid

more

easy

cases

honestly join
as

an

for

in many

that

might

cannot

last

factory.
unsatis-

precedes.

equivalent

above

the

as

serves

of mighty

man

class-room.

to you.

or

Phrase

honestly join

in

often

and

appositive,

ansv"er

this construction);

nothing

as

this

find

(note

occurrence

illustrated
conciseness

g,, I

assigned, he leftthe

task

blue housey

sometimes

prepositional, A

I do, I cannot

as

g.,

red hai;

adjective

Adjective

are

rare

e.

emphasis oflfered by

added

to

An

object,

Adjective phrases

e.

noun;

attributive,

are

is red.

(a)

circumstance

limits

or

disheartened, began the long retreat;

and

complementary

is

ADJECTIVE

adjective describes

An

Vn

relative

pronoun

whom

The

person

The

spot where

you

have

house

my

73

ADJECTIVE

THE

mentioned

is an

old friend of mine.

is situated commands

fine view of the

surrounding country.
The
The

relative clause

non-restrictive
above

examples
which
the
of

each

sentence.

not

clause is set oflFby

contain

to

necessary

The

an

Both

commas.

to

understanding of the

sentence:

is situated north

of the

restriction

understanding of
presents an example
the

of the oldest

is one

of the

an

relative clause; what

President's house, which

campus,

non-restrictive.

restrictive clauses, the

imposes being necessary

The
followingsentence

non-restrictive

is either restrictive or

clause

is

adds

"

the

buildingson

library.

"

EXERCISES

I. Point out

the attributive and

in the followingpassage
also

predicate adjectives,and
adjectiveclauses.

the

adjective phrases

and

"

These

boys congregated

fisher-village,
where
The
of youog
many

certain

easterly

ence.
they tasted in a high degree the glory of existfor the diversion
created seemingly on purpose

place was
gentlemen.

of them

about

autumn

every

street

tiled;a number

or

two

of houses,

mostly red

of fine trees clustered about

the

and

manse

turning the chief street into a shady alley;

little gardens more
than usually bright with flowers; nets
many
a-drying,and fisher-wives scoldingin the backward
parts; a smell

and

the

kirkyard, and

genial smell of sea-weed; whiffs of blowing sand at the

another
and bottled lollipops;
street-comers; shops with golf-balls
of fish,a

shop with

pickwicks (that remarkable

penny

Journal^ dear

to

me

for its

startlingpictures,and

dear for their

were

cigar)and the London

such, as well
suggestivenames:
Stevenson.
the ingredientsof the town.

as

memory

few

novels,

serves

me"

"

II. For
substitute

adjective clauses in the following sentences

or
appositive)or adjective
adjectives(attributive
the

74

SENTENCES

phrases, and
of the

sentence:

1. The

is

until to-morrow,

themselves.
soon

power.

7. The

student

who

had

likelyto fail.

is situated

on

who

runner,

reached

the

who

man

loves

his

hotel which

much

faint and
is

will

ease

finds it difficult to remember

disturbed

about

breathless,fell as
who

man

Hke

we

4. Youth

Avenue.

very

6. He

goal.

putting off to-day's

3. The

Wabash

was

time, is likelyto

on

is in the habit of

people generallyare

5, The

he had

as

is

other

any

period when

altered effect

the

upon

regularlydoes his work

student, who

2. The

better than

case

"

student, who

succeed.
work

in each

comment

has great will

never

succeed.

what

he has

8. The

been

told

better take careful notes.

III. Substitute

adjectivesin
followingphrases, (a) adjectivephrases, (b) adjective

the

clauses:

book,

simple or

modified

"

influential

An

for the

an

man,

uninterested

worthy undertaking, a

spectator,

Special Rules

an

honorable

for the

very

interesting

peace.

Adjective

The

when

comparative degree of the adjective should be used

the reference
is to two persons
or things; the superlative^

when

the reference

17.

Brown's

Mr.
Mr.
explanations,
Do

is to

Brown's

than

more
seems

to

seem"s

to

me
me

Wrong: Of the
the best. Right: Of

two.

tvjo

planations,
ex-

the two

the better.

in the

comparative or superlative degree an

to be more
adjectivethat is absolute in meaning. Wrong : He seems
omniscient than his brother. It is the m/ost unique spectacle
you have
18.

eper

not

use

seen.

19.

Do

not

omit

other when

Wrong: / like her better than

than any
20.

words

any

the

requires its use.

cf the girls.Right: / like her better
sense

cf the other girls.

Avoid

jectives:
particularlythe use of the following words as adThem, plenty,near-by. Note, however, that certain
be used
as
ordinarilyused as adverbs
adjectives:
may

THE

above

{The

Above

the

Other

cry),

afar

assodaiion),

the

preferred

be

idiom

permits

the

(an

extempore

of

use

state

looked

She

this

pretty

very

than

rather

condition

or

to

adjective

predicate

the

the

reference

Right:

degree.

or

manner

Cook

evening.

extempore

adjective.

an

as

(e, g,, after feel, taste, smell, look, etc.) whenever

is to

pare
com-

(oidside influence), then

otherwise

to

East;

(the near

near

riot), outside

near

should

English

21.

president of

speech).

(the

colloquial,

(the then

train), hither

(the dawn

down

quotation)

side), far (thefar East,

hither

75

ADJECTIVE

beef

He

rare.

stands

high in his doss.

which

noun

the

himself
It

1.

was

St. For

Bible
3.

4.

In

brief

fight and
the

church

this

The

student

of

omission
should

the

iarize
famil-

"

fierce.

religious effect of the

Johnson

than

greater

the

translation

of

the

its social.

less than

was

permits

following examples:

the

moment

cases

modifies.

adjective

with
a

the

in many

idiom

English

22.

donned

social

the

the

has

suppliant's
into

come

robe.

conflict

with

the

ligious
re-

life.
Modem
and

man
a

English frequently

true

is not

true

adjectives that
dead,

pure,

left,etc.

was

list of
a

and

phrases:

"

is the

noun?

as

a
on

teacher

of the

noun

and

logical relation

the

sick

after

Eliot).

good
the

man

good
and

possessive
the

Remember

old, rich, poor,

thin, big and

Utile, right and

past

participle with

taught, employer and

of the

parting kiss,

as

noun;

independently:

of the

uses

sick leave,

English

and

coupling

idiomatic

asylum,

What
the

pairs

place of the

life (George

low, thick

the

the

omission

frequently used

high and

Note

in Modern

troublous

Compare

lunatic

van.

the

are

in such
23.

easy

Compare

one.

Maggie's

case:

as

in

one

uses

adjectives in the

retired list,a
a

room,

in each

case

the

stantive
sub-

employed.
following

retiring aJlowanee,

return

between

ticket, a moving
the

adjective

CHAPTER

Vm

THE

is

adverb

An

adverb.

another

or

of manner,

of
the

Note
sentences:

degree,
of

uses

We

adverbial

adverbs

adverbs

as

in

the

following

the

following

The

Adverbial

sentences:

use.

the

near

remained

at

adverbial

assigned task.

time

and

place,
in

phrases

the

"

I have

He

is unselfish

felt tired since

the

to take

To

care

of

judge from

thousand

people

infinitive

of

on

condition

the

my

athletic

often

to my

am

I should
field.

too

us

to

I have

fneans.

able
say

^Note

"

helps

am

beginning qf the month.

mother.

the noise

afauU.

to

postoffice. I give in proportion

home

adjectives,

result, condition.

purpose,

italicized

the

verbs,

degree,

manner,

denote

may

of

uses

any

qften

am

Phrase

phrases modify

speak in all seriousness.

/or

ha^ seriously. I

that

meant

Besides

phrases

Note

several

classified

place.

italicized

adverbial

adverbs.

other

I live

of

adjective,

an

nearly home.

are

adverbs,

Like

the

of time,

the

(a)

tired

be

may

verb,

"

weary.

modifies

Adverbs

speaking seriously. I

am

and

which

word

ADVERB

make

to

perform

there
that
a

the

were

verbial
ad-

sentence

compact.

more

(b)
Adverbial
and

other

The

Adverbial

clauses, like adverbs,

adverbs.
70

Clause

modify

verbs, adjectives,

THE

Note

the

of the

uses

followingsentences:
arrived

He

as

italicized adverbial

clauses

in the

"

soon

I did.

as

There, where

study

77

ADVERB

When

he is inclined to taUe,he is delightful

have both books and

you

teachers,you

may

heart's content.

to your

Adverbial

clauses

relative

conjunctions,by

introduced

be

may

by

subordinate

interrogativepronouns,

or

by

or

relative adverbs.

Examples: I
who

uncertain

We

make

may

clauses:

I should

course

There, where

are.

you

the last years

to pass

which

uncertain

am

his father

of his life. Let

us

was

go,

take.

am

cided
bom, he deif you

following classification of

the

say

so.

adverbial

"

ResultBut

that: I

So that:

Manner
As:

As
As

Speak

and
Do

so:

"

even

As

me

thus:

^Iwant

"

As:
and

As

how

I have

for life,even
cry

that

so

tired but that I

so

Concession

littlemore.

you.

do it.

you

done;

As the

so

thus in the

ascended

do.

you

night keeps hidden

thee, only thee.

we

may

"

depth of

in its gloom the

consciousness

my

tion
peti-

rings the

^Tagore.

the mountain,

our

breathing became

more

"

Although, though: Although

were,

do

difficult.

more

As:

understand

can

we

can

"

as

"

never

Degree
please.
you

Show

How:

am

we

were

tired,we

(unitingthe ideas of concession

we

While:

continued
But

while

continued

and

degree): Tired

is

universal, it has

ing.
study-

as

we

studying.
the

habit

of

slang

been

SENTENCES

78

with

practised nowhere

greater

assiduity and

in

than

success

England.
Albeit:
the

should

You

try to do your

best, albeit you

It should be used

goal. (Albeitsuggests affectation.

(uniting the ideas of

However

might scheme

you

If: Let

him, if n^erelyto

Only that: Let them

trees

of the

get that position,it will go to Brown.

to

contradict

us

stand

side

test his courage.

by side, like

stock, only that the husband

same

sparingly.)

ever
concession): How-

and

manner

reach

never

couple of good

ward
has to take the wind-

side.

(even though) : Even if you fail to take your

the satisfaction of having done your duty.

Even

degree, you

if

will have

Purpose

"

give these directions

what is expected of you.

That:

at the outstart

that you

stand
under-

may

(Compare with this

of lest,its use
after verbs of fearingwhere it is equivalent to
use
that
thai. I feared lest the toorst should happen. In such sentences
(negative):Take

Lest

should
Cause

heed

lest you

fall.

ordinarilypreferred.)

be
"

As:

As

it

twelve

was

o'clock,I decided

stopped studying because

Because:

We

For:

closed

to.bed.

to go
we

were

too

tired to go

need

of further

on.

We

the

debate, for there

was

no

argument.
Since:
continue

Since

you

are

registeredin the

I advise

course,

you

to

in it.

Seeing (that),considering(that):Seeing that

think the meeting had better begin.
Inasmuch

as:

I regret this the

more,

we

inasmuch

are

as

all here, I

I may

not

liegelady'sbeauty. ^Bulwer.
A number
of prepositional
phrases containing the
participial
or
words the fad that,e. g., because cf the fad that,consideringthe fad
yieldto

any

dame

that,etc., introduce

the

palm of

causal

my

clauses.

"

In many

cases

these may

be

that {instead
cf considering
to advantage, e. g., considering
simplified
the fad that),because of my failure(insteadof, because of the fad
In some
sentences
that I failed),
that,followingsuch words as
etc.

THE

sorry

surprised^ashamed, has something of the force of

conjunction: I

am

"

should

America

the crime

But

it did not

fall within

Condition
If: It

other

any

cams.

causal

surprisedthai

am

you

thing.

honor, in that he has done

gladly do him

than

That:

thai you

sorry

speak of such

In that: I

to go

79

ADVERB

for

more

livingman.
of Strafford

was

the less

none

of the Statute

the scope

crime

of Treason.

that

Green.

"

"

sensible for you

was

stop studying if you

to

tired

too

were

on.

Provided

(that):You

follow

may

solvingthis problem, provided you

So:

So the Work

Unless:

is done, I

need

You

shall have

In

(that),in the

case

the event
On

that

war

leave the

event

cityat
their

had

tendency that

that

I should

would

less
Un-

to.

Unless

all

this country

condition

fine, on

the

in the

answer

signs
do in

that you

(negation):
been

way.

But

negativewas

sufficient to have

Scrooge,supposing they had

Mr.

thoughts from

have

wish

once.

diverted

But

do it.

declared?

were

Supposing [that]
: An

any

please in

night.

that: What

that: I shall omit

condition

you

unless you

course

before

snowstorm

you

answer.

littlehow

very

this

method

improbable conditions:

frequentlyintroduces
fail,we

get the

care

take

not

what

ever

^Dickens.

"

that I had

promised George beforehand,

the dance.

glad to give you

Provided
of

(that)differs from if in suggestinga stipulationinstead

simple condition, the construction with provided (that)being

been made.
that.

As

phrase equivalent to this provisionhaving

the same
is used with much
implicationas provided

absolute

originallyan
So

if and

also clauses of

as

though introduce

has
more

the

speak

followingidioms

introductory word,

no
or

less in solution.

listed below

clauses

that

are

manner.

As if (asthough) : You

Note

conditional

are

by

no

means

as

though

in which
the

were

offended.

the conditional

clause

logicalrelationshipbeing

Paratactic
to

you

sentences

be avoided.

of the

kind

80

SENTENCES

Were

going alone, I should be glad to

you

wind, and

the

Sow

the whirlwind.

will reap

you

with you.

go

Pay attention in class, prepare

your
keep yourselfwell, and you will have

lessons from

day to day,
in passing the
difficulty

no

course.

Mind

I say,

what

conscience

Let your

will be

Did

she

bound

to

Was

to

sure

the

forget your

grief.

will not

you

preacher try

see

to

come

direct you,

Let the fashionable

you

will

you

or

to reform

far wrong.

go

his

wordly flock,then

congregationdwindling.
existence,

very

were

failed

never

to

cheer

me

closelythe conditional clause

approaches a causal clause:

how

sentence

honor

protect her?

discouraged,she

Note

in

not

you

up.

of the

following

"

"

Our

classical writers

had

already extended

through

longer

did not
period than those of Greece or of Rome, and Newman
classical period were
think we ought to be disappointed if our
own

its termination.

close upon
Time-

for many

seen

As:
had

As

not

I had

After

After:

friend whom

I had

not

years.

walking down

was

for many

seen

Before:

left the house, I met

the street, I met

friend

whom

years.

forgotto

lightbefore I went to bed.

president,the societyhas rapidly

the

out

turn

became

Since: Since Johnson

deteriorated.

Till,until: Please stay until

When:

Be

to

sure

If

at any

out

the

introduces

(When sometimes
to.

turn

timey e.

lightwhen

Whenever

comes.

go

you

to bed.

temporal condition, being equivalent

g.y When

the finedexaminations^ he should he

Whenever:

brother

your

student

j^acedon

I go to the

Jailsin two courses

probation.)

library,I

see

Professor

at

Smith

busilyworking there.
While:

the

While

hallway.

was

talking,there occurred

great disturbance

in

number

of adverbs

easilydischarge the
that the worst

Now

81

ADVERB

THE

with

without

or

function

of

conjunctions:
"

happened, I hope

has

following thai

you

have

learned

your

lesson.

Everybody declared that,

the ice had

now

broken, the old

would

constraint

disappear.
Once you have gained confidence
learninghow to swim.
difficulty
similar

Compare
Note
the

been

of

uses

function

of

adverb:

an

yourself,you

immediately and
in which

followingidioms

the

in

the

little

will have

directly.
conjunction has

"

While

waiting for a street-car, I entered into conversation with

a newsboy.
Surely a phrase which is clear when written as well as when
spoken is better than a phrase which is clear only when spoken.
PlaceI met

Where:
Whither:

him

justwhere

Whither

expected to find him.

goest^ I will go.

thou

EXERCISE

I. Point
clauses

out

in the

of each:

the adverbs, adverbial

phrases, and adverbial

and

followingpassage

describe

function

the

"

properlyenjoyed, a walking tour should be gone upon

in pairs,it is no
alone. If you
longer a
or
even
go in company,
is
else
but
and more
in
it
something
walking tour in anything
name;
of a picnic. A walking tour should be gone
the nature
alone,
upon
Now

to

be

freedom

because

stop and go
and

because
a

you

on,

you

is of the
and

follow this way

have

must

champion walker,

must

color from

be open
what you

because

essence;

to

nor

all

see.

your

or

own

mince

pace,

and

in time with

should

should

be able to

that, as the freak takes

be

neither trot
a

let your

impressions and
You

you

as

you;

side
along-

girl. And then

thoughts take

pipe for

any

wind

to

82

SENTENCES

play

"I cannot

upon.

talking at the

see

time.

same

the wit/' says Hazlitt, ''of walking and

When
I am
in the country, I wish to
which

is the

should

be

vegetate like the country,"

"

the matter.

said upon
elbow

long as

reasoning,he

is

man

intoxication that
in

II.
each
with

in the open

that fine

to

air, that begins

a

peace

suitable conjunctions as you can

in
Supply as many
Do you preferthe sentences
of the followingsentences.
without
the conjunctions?
or

nothing

is

no

proof of it,all that I have

in

accounting for the

originof

fought their perilousbattle,he

2. He

their insolent
The

3.

himself

so

Stevenson.

"

1. There

from

And

morning.

sluggishnessof the brain, and ends in

comprehension.

that passes

surrender

motion

be

can

cackle of voices at your

no

silence of the

cannot

of much

comes

sort of dazzle and

for

meditative

the

jar upon

to

There

gist of all that

been

tellingyou

goes

species.

turned

with

away

disdain

triumph.
of such

consciences

men

are

awakened,

their minds

are

changed.

not

and

4.

He

5.

She

I went

endured

found

in, we

that dinner

physical pain, all

some

nearly ready.

was

die in their

who

must

prime.
The

6.

great

7. Minds
8. We

are

have

Paul, let

came,

four hundred

descended

Thucydides

and

suggest

introductorywords:
1. As

friend whom
no

one

as

I had
seems

not
to

stimuli.

years

5.

many

clauses

am

going

because

Aristotle to St.

in the

substitutes

one

hundred

as

tences
followingsencan

you

for the

"

seen

Fifth Avenue
for twenty

this

morning, I

be interested in this matter,

4. While

he

is

coming.

6.

few

I eat

met

I tell you.
I think we had

2. Do

years.

change the subject of conversation.

take exception to
in the main, I must

from

quite even

better
you

hope.

to Pindar.

walking down

was

her full of

four hundred, not

not

Classifythe adverbial

in.

3. As

it found

they requirecoarse

coarse,

ascend,

us

from

years,

summons

as

I agree

of your
that I

with

remarks.

might live.

THE

7. Whenever

further.

adopt

you

8. So

long

the argument
like this?

me

Be

10.

directions,I don't
mistaken,

you

13. Proud

as

IV.
in

as

do

been

forms

lest we

absent

from

to

came

possible. Which

as

be very

must

Find

as

wise,
"

will be

you

to

sure

substitutes

many

phrases in

or

the

that the game

this advice

is

enough

occurred,

we

need

I do not
you

pass
not

the
waste

beg

am

pardon.

my

Do

cannot

not

use

idiomatic.

avoided;

S. The

as

degrees.

many

in

be

regard

about

not

course.
our

6. As

time

"

as

whole.

grades.
lose

4.

3. iSo you

of the

one

give you
greatest

is,he

he

as
no

Although I

the tariff schedules,

to

such

case

discussingit.
not

7.

has
has

not
ever

If only he

exercise your

for the Adverb

following adjectives
the

2.

merry.

your

might

Talk

for the italicized

can

you

us

6.

audience.

an

what

the

2. The

meaning.

one

his argument

good, real,this, that.

be

home.

happens. 8. If you do
properly exercise your mind.

care

Rules

should

of the sentence

return

life. 5. Conscientious

your

to

so

get

let

won,

in order that you

opportunitiesof

24.

follow my

following sentences

followingsentences:

opponent's contention

my

have

^you

convinced by
by no means
I do not worry
work faithfully,

body,

to

being true, the inference is unavoidable.

am

comes,

to

form

decided
to
having set, we
interpretedcarefullycan have but

1. Now

sense

humbly

of the

speak

Unless

12.

tinue
con-

times this semester.

class ten

very

me

work.

your

should

11. So you

forget.

do

you

that you

sun

long enough and

when

I done

have

us,

the better. ) 4. This

5. You

admit

What

disposed to

not

am

prefer?

passage

words

9.

he is,he

many

1. The

V.

you

the thought of each

Put

you

more,

grant this, I

as

care

have

view, I shall be glad to talk with you

my

with

8S

ADVERB

sense

Some

in the

of ahovt, as

as
sense

some

adverbs:

siderable,
con-

of somewhat,

twenty feetit is

84

SENTENCES

Do

26.

not

fonns

the inflected

use

cowardn
friendlUy,kindlily,

lUy, iUy. Friendly and kindly are both adverbs and adjectives.
For coujardiily
adverbial
use
an
phrase. Note that in such time
words

and
An

26.

have

daily,nightly,weekly we

as

the

form

same

for adjective

adverb.
adverb

should

and

the

very

closelyconnected

placed between

be

not

infinitive

the

sign of the infinitive if the arrangement results in an

awkward
expression. There is no objection to placing in this
felt to be
those which
are
position lightlystressed adverbs
or
with

the verb.

EXERCISE

I. Correct
I. Which

than

Adam

novels

of

than

Bade.

George Eliot.

Bede

I have

5.

2. This

otherwise.

I reached

home.

8.

tell you.

he addressed

II. In
in

words

10.

My

6.

smelb

rose

can

go

to

seems

of her

novels

better

than

me

is greater
of the

any

with
busy all summer
Near-by golf-linkswill give
7. I

plenty tired when

was

sweetly.

9. I

fingerhurts considerable.

12. I

you.

each

This

case

been

opportunity for daily exercise.

an

can

two?

I like Adam

4.

"

3. None

the other.

literaryand

matters
you

followingsentences:

is the best of these

incurable

more

the

only this far with

was

tired,

some

kindlily

How

11.
you.

which
followingsentences
parenthesisdo you prefer? Explain

of the

of the

two

ence:
prefer-

your

"

2. Speak (soft,
please.
(quiet,quietly)for a wh3e.
softly),
S. Go
(quick,quickly). 4. She looked (pleasant,pleasantly). 5.
(loud,
(smooth, smoothly). 6. The bell sounded
My car runs

1. Sit

loudly) in

my

ears.

III. Comment
To
his
at

with

name.

the lark and

To

the

upon

with

followingsplitinfinitives:
"

the

sun

fullyappreciatewhat

their earliest convenience

remove

arise.

To

actuallymention

he has done.
their

headgear.

To

kindly and

CHAPTER

IX

PRONOUNS

is

pronoun

which

word

classified

be

may

for

stands

indefinite, relative, and

The
or

personal

ours,

us;

or

ye;

you

thou, thy

thine, thee,

or

he, his, him,

she, her

monstrat
de-

compound),

interrogative.

I, my

are:

pronouns

Pronouns

noun.

and

personal (simple

as

mine,

or

ye,

or

you

me,

our

we,
or

your

yours,

hers, it, its,they, their

or

theirs, them.

or

The

personal

compound

thyself

pronouns

myself, ourselves,

are:

selves.
yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself,them-

or

demonstrative

The
The

indefinite

both, certain, each, every,

many,

much,

what

{As who

what

interrogative

The

whom,

which,

know).

you

who,

are:

pronouns

whose,

whom,

which.

what,
An

antecedent

pronoun)

to

of

which

its antecedent

in

After

with

the

verb

is

the

subject

it refers.

copula verb
It is

and

for the

{to he) the

accordingly

when

the

(he, she, they); not. It is

85

verb
me

substantive
should

pronoun

gender, number,

used; objective

It is I

is the

pronoun

Special Rules
27.

sundry, who,

some,

whose,

who,

are:

pronouns

few, little,

what.).

Fll tell you

say.

{Tell me

what

as,

(neither), every,

other, several,

one,

should

relative

The

that,

none,

either

(naught),

aught

all, any,

are:

pronouns

this, these, that, those.

are:

pronouns

(noun
agree

or

with

person.

Pronoun

predicate pronoun

nominatiye
is in the

when

agrees
the

infimtiye.

(him, her, than).

finite

86

SENTENCES

He

believed it to be

He

believed

that

me

it

was

(me agreeingwith it,subjectof infinitive).

I (/ agreeing with it, subject of finite

verb).
whenever
clearness
mands
deRepeat the possessive pronoun
repetition. Distinguish between, / have spent the whole
day with my son and pupU, and I have spent the whole day with my
28.

and my

son

pupil.
careful

Be

29.

An

to

is

error

(subject)and

who

use

whom

particularlylikely

to

curately.
(object) ac-

when

occur

an

intervening verb is mistakenly considered as governing the relaI thoughtteas an old friend
whom
tiveie. g., I approached the man
is here felt to be the object of thought
qf mine. The pronoun
rather
80.

there

than

the

Besides

is often noted

would

the

She

say,

called him
form

and

for the

conforms.
verb

no

g.. She

The

81.

such

and

one

in

form,
in

or

object is

common

error,

J;

contrast

thinks

parts.

likely to
has

noun,

that

distinctive

readily
the

relativelyeasy;

in which

She

"

the

called John

and

you

first

object of

is the

Between

She

and

I.

tion;
preposi-

I.

accounted
of

ber
mem-

for

under

80,

object clause as
Go
preposition. Example:

first word

of the

an

"

the

object of

preposition is the clause.

82.

It is easy

speech
due

one

say,

pronoun

is

mistake

being alone governed by the verb or

is right because
to whoever (not whomever) calls you
the

object
No

immediately follows

cases
a

to

not

second

the

the pronoun
error.

in

is not

that

pronoun

distinctive

compound

first pronoun

to which

objective case,

in the

when

occurs

the

governing verb,

object immediately follows

speaker

here

the

whole)

the

to

consider

to

the

careless

I, since

compound

An

(as

toto

is similar when

case
as

called you

of the

regard

tendency

in

Where

has

in

called /, where

Even

verb.

vxis.

this mistake

being governed

as

e.

subject of

or

to the

writing.

lose
In

consciousness
You

are

of

better than

verb
me,

omitted
our

from

mistake

is

feeling that than is a preposition. An error is less

the pronoun
following ihan is grammatically in the

likelywhen
objective case.
ter ihan me,

to

is

He
a

likes John

better ihan I for He

comparatively infrequent

error.

likes John

be^

87

PRONOUNS

Note.

what

To

adverb,

adverbs

"

prepositionor

be added

word

same

animals; which, of inanimate

and
collectively,

regarded
animals,

euphony often

of
Rules

that.

objects,of

either

determine

to the

similar

above

the

as

expression"Aan
cases

is used

of persons

of persons

group

animals; that, of

of

objects. Within

inanimate

or

that,who

whoy which, and

relatiyes

In

sentence.

be used

may

conjunction. In the idiomatic

of the

only special forms

connecting parts of the

that

the

Of
or

above

persons,

rules

siderations
con-

who, which,

our

choice

of

apply

to the

use

of whose

of which.

and

Any

84.

anybody, each, either,every,

one,

neither, nobody,

"singular. Do

say.

their

me

his

one,

of us
In

name.

Pronouns

second

her, inasmuch

or

some

one,

are

there;nor. Everybody in

were

the

in

-selfmay

as

used

be

intensifyingthe subject of
in

it is not

example

his may

be

pronoun

cf the party
himselfwas

elected him

substantive

is

in

pronoun

-selfshould

second) it is,however,

The

Mr,

than

emphatic

more

not

used

be

that it intensifies. In the third person

in the firstand
substantive.

sentence,

or

the pronoun

Roosevelt

fearlesscritic cf the party that had elected him.

the most

Ordinarilythe

clause

advantageously separated from its

Roosevelt was
himselfthe most fearlesscritic

g., Mr,

that had

reflexivelyor intensively.

be

often

-^elfmay

substantive,e,

is
'"self

somebody,

person,

Neither

everybody,

one,

every

gender.

common

When

one,

to write

necessary

85.

no

not

the class gave

independent

of

use

the

the

(lessfrequently
used

sometimes

without

intensive

without
pronoim

the

in

in poetry.

common

of the pronoun
be used before
possessive case
may
in -ing (the gerund). Ordinarily this construcverbal noun
tion

86.

The

is

preferred

in the
older
and

for

it should

and it is easilyfelt to be such in

preposition,
it is hard to consider it as a conjunction.

in which

the

above,

conjunctions are

used

as

whomt than is

88.

noted

^., svnjce^ the

e.

cases,

many

of

been

prepositionsand

the

or

has

to the

alternative

objective case.

construction,
in certain

cases

is not
is

But

without

construction

the

with

latter,besides

standing

in

clearlypreferable; as,

the

noun
pro-

being the

current

usage,

for instance. His

88

SENTENCES

premaJture death "prevented anything (ratherthan

cf the scheme
Do

87.

(See Onions'
confuse

not

the memhers

''

Advanced

aU

English Syntax ").

each

with

a) coming
anything"

or

cf the clcisstoiU take their turn

Wrong: AU
Right: Each

one.

every

at the board.

of the class will take his turn at the board. Wrong: Every one
cf the books is bound alike. Right: AU of the books are bound alike,
not use
the ones
unless there is an implied
the one
38. Do
or
member

often

the other

with

contrast

used

where

the others. The

or

personal

demonstrative

or

preferable. Suddenly I met the one

objectionableif by one the writer means

be

89.

by
or

The

should

the other

qf them

or

clear that the

40.

Do

one

of your

person.

connected

It is clear that the

pronouns

omitted.

other

requirementsin History 1
in the University.
course

course

are

Right: // is

demonstrative

necessary

the

or

grammar

noun
pro-

The

Wrong:

any

the

to

one

in what he said.

mistaken

was

necessary
A

they said.

what

in

qf them

sentences.

exactingthan

rwore

mistaken

teas

omit

is often

only

singular. Wrong:

the other

or

not

meaning

be

seeking,is

I had been

whom

are

would

pronouns

referringto singular substantives

pronoun

nor

or

pronominal phrases

more

requirementsin History 1 are

in the University.Right: The
exacting than those qf any other

EXERCISES

I. Choose
in

that you

have

know

acted, and I

we

I should
have

selected

(I,me).
a

rent
an

8. The

ago

suggest

an

was

to

than

answer

for the

(I,me)?

(he,him)
6.

play.
when

me

(I, me)
to

your

3.

2. He

form

5. If I

Between
7. He

you

I needed

(who, whom)
question.

you

No

not

and

most.

be

play

(he,him),

(I,me),
better

always believed

him

10.

in the

were

likes you

I had

does

I believe it to

of the characters

one

(who, whom)

man

failed

been

be

costume.

unsuitable
very

friend of mine

possibly have

supposed

was

to

try

better

one

Oliver Cromwell

4.

of the

one

"

it,but he thinks it is (I,me).

did

(be,him).

chosen:

like any

you

who

followingsentences
give the reason

parenthesis,and

pronouns

1. Do

of the

in each

we

than
was

9. It may

heard

one

but

moment

(I, me)

89

PRONOUNS

should

take
for

(I, me)
walk

with

blame

the
this.

questions
whom

Correct

When

1.

for

Mrs.

it.

In

to

the

is greater

object

than

me

is

the

ever)
whom-

lecture.

next

said

you

4.

Here

to

meet.

they

of

were

the

nor

all the

noun
probers
mem-

Mr.

come

The

5.

manufactured.

Neither

7.

verb

roll, I wish

other

any

(he, him)

poet,

the

names.

that?

saying

to

the

I wish

ones

for

went

(whoever,

everybody

neither

their

to

answer

he

but

one

"

I call

As

no

of in my

speak

sentences:

3.

are

I will

sentence

noun.

They

automobile

this

that

dramatic

great

constitution,

the

2.

class

Johnson.
this

ago,

following

the

with

the

difl you

and

speed
Why

6.

statements

your

correcL

are

III.
the

What

is

There

philosophy.

that

say

the

of

end,

than

in

who

of poetry

he

Emerson.

This

world

heaven
idea

am

who.

is

produced
I?

What

4.

was

has

that

Honor
of
my

the

am

more

to

is dreamed
Germans
3.

singularly

exquisite

will

to

done

in

make

is

who

those

due.

that

the

is what

what

quality.
me

best

if not

means,

honor

in your
the

are

interested

whom

of
are

There

important

most

of

"

than

absurd.

me

the

pronoun:

earth

yours

to

seems

5,

the

and
of

education.
is

of

effectiveness

rhetorical

or

uses

entertainment

chief

What

in

more

2.

in

people

meaning

idiomatic

following
1.

7.

the

amending

of

moment

blame

promptly

Answer

13.

Another

I mentioned

agree

of

should

remember

not

14.

you.

You

11.

you

(I, me)?

I mentioned

n.

this.

Do

12.

and

you

for

6.

"

What
^Hales.

I am?

"

CHAPTER

THE

is

verb

its

transitive

action.

An

meaning.

To

its

This

and

person.

The

subject

of

of the

active

voice

the

represents

is conceived.

verb

the

imperative

the

(the word

derived

time) of the

They

verb

to

enable

relating

action

to

pluperfect, relating

at

simple;

the

latter

three,

limited

singular

and

speaking;
person

by

plural;
the

spoken
mood,

the

The

The

and

the

The
and

number,
90

future
of

parts
person

speaking;

be

tenses

are

are

two

the

persons:

of

spoken
the
are

in

completed

There

person

time;

point

first three

three

action.

preterite,

or

some

to

compound.

second,
of.

at

ceives
con-

iempusj

of the

to

the

tenses

Latin

time

action

to

of

doubtful;

as

time

completed

time.

third, the
are

action

to

at

mood

instance,

time; past

completed

future

person

the

present

in

numbers,
the

to

point

some

for

from

express

perfect, relating

time; future

called

to

French

passive.

The

commanded.

or

number,

action

subjunctive mood,

the

us

the

mood,

is

acting; that

as

simple past time; future, relating

perfect, relating

past

in which

urged

as

through

present,

are

relating

mood,

verb

and

produced.

or

indicative

tense,

active

are

upon

real; the

as

join).

represented

manner

The

action

is

particularly

more

to

object.

an

give its various

mood,

verb

acted

as

is called

voice,

voices

is to

an

or

complete

to

take

not

verb

state

object

an

jugare,

to

The

assert

does

verb

reference

passive voice,

verb

verb

{con, together;

with

to

requires

for the

process

conjugated

of

verb

intransitive

conjugation

of the

is ^sed

to bend)
(inflectere,

inflect

forms.

which

word

VERB

verb
called

first,

to;

the

which

finite

parts of the verb; the other

and

91

VERB

THE

forms, that is, the infinitives

non-finite parts.
participles,

the

however,

modified

are

with

The

reference

non-finite
voice

to

forms,

and

tense.

The

principalparts of a verb are the present indicative,

first person
singular;the past indicative,first person singular;
and the past participle.Verbs that form the past tense
by adding ed, d, or t to the present are called weak verbs
(love,loved); those that form the past tense by changing
the

radical vowel

of the

present

verbs

called strong

are

(run,ran).^
Special Rules

ing;

transitiye verb

41.

mtransitiye

an

for the Verb

requires an

verb

does

not

object to complete its meaiitake

an
object In a good

object of the verb, though not expressed, is

Note
of the speaker or writer.
present to the consciousness
the use
of the italicized verbs in the following sentences:
the

cases

many

"

Come
I will

as

Lord

42.

The

verb

will

of the

Compare:

transitive

verb

the force

has
We

know

how

to drive.

provide,

object of

subject

then

part.

the reins if you

give you

The

the

kiss and

let us

are

used

of

verb

may

sometimes

intransitively.The

be

used

intransitive

passive.

building a house, with

Our

hou^e

is

building

(beingbuilt).
with If an opportunity
If circumstances should offeran opportunity,
should offer(be offered).
We are developingour plans,with Our plans are developing(being

developed).
Comparable

to

the above

The book reads well.

An

The

appreciationof
in part upon
^

are

such

examples

as

the

following:
"

play acts well.

pends
variety of idiomatic English derecognitionof the various logicalrelathe

For tlie full conjugation

see

Appendix A.

92

SENTENCES

lions

that

underlie

the

syntacticalrelation of verb and

tive
intransiobject. This varietymakes it possibleto use many
verbs, to all intents and purposes, transitively.
Analyze
the logicalrelation of verb and object in the followingsentences:

1. He

sits his horse well.

the death.

Did

4.

in the face.

me

that

extent

an

of the

case

rule

no

and
politics,
The
in

most

common

be

to

error

of

the

adjectivemodifier

an

these

Of

phonetics, metaphysics,

the

errors

due

are

There

between

make

to

the

to

subject and

in the third

place,

singularsubject plural.

following sentences

of the

is attracted

verb

predicatenoun;

confusion

to

three forms

are

the

intervenes

is allowed

quarters,
head-

^alms,amends,

"

which

those

the verb.

to that of

verb; sometimes,

to such

varies

usage

and

in ics.

are

that

noun

die

looked

He

5.

subject in number

guarded against. Sometimes

number

the

its

given:

nouns

errors

subject of

the

regard to

be

To

S.

good stead.

mathematics,

abstract

other

part?

following nouns
can

measles, odds,

the river?

the

in

you

with

agree

swim

you

looked

he

will stand

should

In the

person.

think

you

6. This

verb

The

43.

Can

2.

serve

may

examples:

as

The

failureof all his plans and projectshave greatlydiscouraged

him.
The most
valuable part of our
Universityequipment are the
books

in

mother,
44.

the

are

Where

pluralityas
the

and

weU

we

have

series of

phases of

The

46.

with, or

meaning.

nouns

to

when

as

not

much

so

take

with

connected

crew

was

takes

singular or

collection
in

another
a

noun

by

singtdar verb.

lost.

accomplices was

two

If the

end.

one

have
singular verb; if we
Note
the plural verb.
group, use
the

expressing

nouns

connectives

the

together with

Collective

to their

and

similar

captain as well

Jackson

brother

single thought, the verb should be in

The tumult and the shoutingdies. AU his study

singular noun
as,

vrith his

company

coming to-night,

singular,e. g..
vxis
only preparatory
strife

45.
as

library. John^ in

arrested

yesterday.

pluralverb

accordixig
unit, use

is considered
mind
the

the

as

individuals

of the

followingexamples.
"

The

facultyof the University of Wisconsin

appreciationof Professor Brown's

The

facultyare

47.

Some

examplei

with

nouns
means

news,

of time

first hundred

The

Singular

either

Neitlier entreaty

Compare
Not

the

Man,

nor

the

by

verb

singular.

in the

threat

attorney

greatest

Is

ease.

the

disjunctives neither

"

him.

moves

also the

but

judge

affected

was

the

by

prisoner.
the lower

less than

no

with

run

"

of the

appearance

"

followingexamples:

the

only

was

singular verbs; for

end); and nouns
nating
desig-

introduced

nouns

take

or,

"

yards

take

enough time for this exercise?

thirtyminutes
48.

space:

vacation.

summer

plural fonn
to an
(as means
and

its

desires to express

services.

for the

leaving town

divisions

nor,

9S

VERB

THE

forms

of life,is

product of the

evolutionaryprocess.
In

49.

denotes

if it

going to rain.
subjunctive

were

The

formal

prepared,

subjunctive

The

61.

been

had

we

60.

contrary to fact the

preterite subjunctive

present time; the pluperfect,past time.

stilla child,your conduct might be excusable^
were

If you
If

conditions

in other

is

not

conditional

If this be so,

lost the

have

clauses:

portunity
op-

It looks

as

I will consent.

frequently

after verbs

statements

should

we

implying

used
or

in

more

expressing

or
a

wish

less
or

request.
It is
It

observed.
strictly
voted that the students* petitionsbe made
a specialorder

requested that

was

rules be

the above

of business for the next

62.

verb

In informal
to toish,

1 wish
63.

he

Note

examples:
God
64.

meeting.
expressions the subjunctive often follows the

were

in the country

further

the

of the

use

us.

subjunctive in

the

iollowing

"

have

mercy

on

us.

Be

Shall, should, vxndd,

auxiliaries

with

of the

that

may,

as

it may.

might

subjunctive mood.

are

frequently

used

as

94

SENTENCES

shall

wish that you

It is my
If this

true, it would

were

come.

to

seem

the worst

me

thing

had

that

happened.

ever

If I should

fail? But

Although I

I will not

(or might)

may

fail.

seem

stupid, I think I have

very

understood

everything that you have said.

it happen as you have predicted.

May
I

hope that
Besides

66.

present
Our

is used

2. It is used

is its

future

action

present time, the

in
"

might be employed;

tense

e.

^."

e.

g.^

to-morrow.

noon

state

to

denote

to

following special uses:

where

ship sails at

Virtue

the

has

again.

come

being used

tense

1. It

might

you

reward.

own

without

truth

None

reference

but

the

time;

to

deserve

brave

the

fair.
3. It is used

I sit up

e.g.,

denote

to

habitual

an

night until

every

(Habitual Present);

action

o'clock.

eleven

at home

am

every

Thursday afternoon.
It is used instead of

4.

past

tense

to

give vividness

to narrative

Present).
style(Historical
5.
you

It is used

g,. We

perfect tense; e.
have distinguishedyourselfin every
way.

66.

Besides

occurred
the

of

instead

or

its

common

use

has

existed

state

following special uses:

1. It describes

to

in

denote

that

told that

are

has

action

an

past time, the past

has

tense

"

the past action

as

continuing; e.

as

habitual;

g.. The

battle

raged all day long.

2. It describes
a

boy, I
The

future.

the past action

to school

went

future

on

It is formed

an

loill in

sentences

shall is used

will in the third.

varies from

the

that

second
in the

and

as

shall

was

occurring in the
or

toill with

shall is used

third.

first and

dependent clauses
independent clauses

In
of

action

by combining

infinitive. In declarative sentences

persons,

g., Whed

Saturday (Habitual Past).

describes

tense

e,

In

the

in the first

interrogative

second
the usage

persons

and

sometimes

in the third person.

THE

shall is often

where

VERB

Instead of vnll; e, g,y He

used

that he shall return

We

beforenoon.
distinguishthe

should

future tense

from

the

conveying the idea

such expressionsthe
meanings, and do not
the voice

upon

in

context

idea

that

use

of shall and

of the words

use

promises

loill in the

in certain verb

phrases,

of

determination.
In
inevitability
or
verbs retain something of their earlier
form

tense

of the verb.

So, / vdll

go

degree of volition,the force of vnll depending

some

expresses

95

in the

stress

writing.

shall go and
is inevitable or

You

action

the

and

spoken language

the

upon

he shall go convey
the
compulsory. Shall in

the first person

and vrUl in the second and third may
also be
used independently; e. g,y Shall I play next? meaning, Am
I expectedto

You

play next?

Will you

vnll go.

implying

not?

volition.
The

Perfect

action
to

which

help

Tense

has

some

ordinarilydenotes

relation to the present.

implies that

youy

the

attempt

state

past

has

or

/ have tried

extended

into

time.

present
The

Pluperfect or Past Perfect Tense denotes an action

considered
as
point in past time; e. g.y
completed at some
I had answered
the firstquestionbeforemy
instructor was
to ask

prepared
makes
e.

second.

littledistinction

g., I

beforeI
The

had

been

between

Perfect

were

57.

The

passive

continuing,
examples:

voice

sometimes

no

other
the

ten

English

pluperfect;

minutes

or

people there.

action

of the

verb

represents

completed.

Compare

the
the

action

Almost

was

sold at almost

everything was

every

as

g,,

as

following

"

Lemonade

more

point in future time; e.

of study beforeI go abroad.

sometimes
as

the

the past and

conceives

completed (perfected)at some

I shall have finishedmy
course

idiomatic

cases

(/ was) in the church

noticed that there

Future

In certain

booth.

sold before I arrived at the bazaar.

96

SENTENCES

5d.

particularlycareful to avoid the following marks

airCt; had*nt ought to; the use
speech: You was;

Be

illiterate

of for have

in I should

as

set for

matter;

for did;
Can

69.

Right:

are:

Do

for

not

imply permission:
I go

may

lie,lay,lain; and

"

run

came;

May.

Mother,

"

use

the nominative
It is he.

in It don't

out

in the

as

^Mother,

"

lay,laid,laid);

ran,

can,

tence,
following sen-

I go

can

swim?

to

out

swim?

to

predicate substantive

The

60.

for

come

and

to

as

of

sit; lay for lie,laid for lay,laid for lain (the principal

parts of these verbs

done

don't for doesn't

of told you;

of

the

after

verb

\b put in

he

to

case.

Is it they that you

speaking of?

are

EXEBCISES

Supply a

I.

sentences:

be

It

was

vacation

assured

have

wish

book

under
go.

bread, please.

some

assignedreading by the time you

I hoped {tofinishor to have finished;or

Every

6.

his

arm.

9. Promise
go.

like you

4.

you.

that you

finished his
15.

the course?

that he

me

12.

go.

with

It is my

that you
13.

now.

he pass

there, I

with

gladly go

garden

10.

go.

you

wish

my

8. He

go.

we

3.

5.

you.

into the

go

that

ing
of the follow-

2. If I

refuse to go.

part.

your

go with

he

7. I think
me

taken

glad to

morning

I should

you,

have

in each

of the verb

"

I. If I

should

form

proper

11.

take

to

14. He

settle down

to work.

either be used?)

may

16. I should have

assigned work before this examination.
been afraid {todo or to have done that), 17. I did not sign the lease

all the

until after I {moved

or

had moved;

house.

18. I

reached

the house.

19.

train

tomorrow

20.

My

{finishedor

II. Comment
in each

of the

1. Shall I take

had

These

upon

or

either be

may

finished)my
books
at

task
at

now

used?) into the

by the time you

fiftycents a piece.

noon.

the form

and

use

of the verb

or

verbs

followingexamples:
"

hand

in this

game?

2. Women

were

treated

THE

marked

with

disrespectby the German

of the town.
4. Pictures

I to

Were

to

rely upon

all the

me

mind

the

meetings of

7. Time

May we
literarysociety?

our

of such

conduct.
have

you

9.

the

across

I should

just said.

the

peace:

11.

not

brightly and

shone

sun

13. House

sky.

let.

to

of

do

may

right in

were

you

of great

beauty
moved
lazily

clouds

14. His

course

people think

other

one

the

you

for

that
was

Should

this class-room

would

scene

praised.
simply come

8.

You

10.

price.

be

would

you

use

suppose

The

12.

God

6.

tion
occupa-

nominal

is money.

please,but the question is what

you

and

day in the week.

more.

mother?

your

offered at

writingthis theme,

in

help you

during the

soldiers

pictureswere

sold every

not

what

The

S.

were

6.

as

97

VERB

plans

forming

were

all the while.

III. Give

following passages:
1.

My

trouble

raised the

day

any

of my

partner in the firm, callingme

bad

my

Charles

"

2. And
must

know

one

be

yet

that it had
the 5th

on

to

course

to

be found

vanity. Suppose I

the junior
by me, B
side,directlytaxed me with
,

hearten

and

women;

man

or

two

gallery,and

odious, and
am

brandish

So taxed,
that I

was

He

there the matter

my

amongst
man

nor

us

immense

an

With

say.

experience,

friends for
Ah

me.

tache,
mous-

stick,I keep

perhaps knock

images which I break

dragon.

fierce

up

fearfullyat cabmen

swear

bludgeon, and

my

own

my

cruellymortifying to the inward

for courage.

with it;brag of the

afraid of neither

from

poltroon,let

character

pass

and

me,

out, I know

loud talk, plentiful

oaths, and
a

of

Lamb.

painfuland

nevertheless

the

eventually be obliged to resign his service.

words' of

some

rested.

not

of them.
frankly inquired the cause
confession of my
infirmity,and added

afraid I should

in the

upon

looks, and

honestly made

spoke

to

rallyme

employers, when

be remembered

to

ever

sometimes
but I did

countenance;

my

suspicionof

last month,

verb

"

fellows in the office would

legiblein

etc., of each

tense, the mood,

the

at the

down

shooting-

whiskery fire-eater,
brisk
Suppose some

little chap steps up and gives me

caning in St. James's Street,
a
with all the heads of my friends looking out of all the club windows.

98

SENTENCES

pulled
I

by

yet

knew

that

some

gone.

frighten

And

out.

afraid
I

day.

of

was

"

me,

in
and

the

lily-liver,

^Thackeray.

of

days
taken

were

and

man

no

jump

who

whipper-snappers,

found

am

were

out

is

reputation

My

on

expected

the

chair

by

my

that

to

swagger,

should

is

nose

reach

it.

people

when

triumphs,

my

in

My

more.

always

be

found

CHAPTER

THE

A
is

PREPOSITION

preposition (jprebefore;

order

subordinate

to

The

sentence.

and

object

Note
does

the

here

was

which

is put

in the

its

that

What

examination

Do

lowmg

in the

write
62.

employ

not

up,

The

Wrong:

and

many

Wrong
They

Right: They

other

of?
may

I could

below

of

speak

Except
should

say

govern

see

dark

thai

your

that

your

creditable.

Use

of

of,

lose

about,

at

divide

out,
of the

cases

Prepositions
prepositions,

start

up,

whom

mountain.

remember

"

is called

preposition

definition

From

unnecessaxy

show

with,

over

above

the

highly

the

thinking

the

in the

word

governs

which

person

you

in

case.

in

are

"

of

is

paper

expressions:

off of,

preposition

alioays adeqvxite,I

Errors
61.

nouns:

summit
not

are

to

other

some

^The

which

word

noun-equivalent

objective

"

for

stand
the

answers

the

object:

yesterday.

object on

to

following examples

Prepositions according
words

or

latter

the

word

precede

not

noun

place) is

to

ponere

before

ordinarily placed

its

XI

as

out,

(end

up

up),

unnecessary

in

up,
up

ioU

the

win

out"

rest

up"

till.

Preposition.
all seemed

all seemed

to
to

differ amcmg
differ

the

from

one

another.

one

other

(or) among

themselves.

Wrong:

There

Right: There
Wrong:

There

will be

will be
will

trouble

no
no

be

trouble
no

among
between

trouble

two

such

people.

two

such

people.

between

the

people in that

neighborhood.
Right: There

will be

no

trouble

99

among

the

people in that neighborhood.

100

SENTENCES

Note.

Observe,
into

comes

the

pairs;

was

Right:

Besides
I

Wrong:
Right:

Note.
rather

to

sidered
con-

the

among)

England,

rest

France,

in

collars

or

thirty

people

present.

me

there

were

twenty

or

thirty

people

present.

Sullivan's

for

Island
of

name

in

stepped

in

for

days.

two

small

days.

two

locality

unimportant

or

use

into

is

There

This

Wrong:

boat.

after

verbs
I

as,

of
the

ptU

motion.
in

money

that

Note,

pocket,

my

is

in

placed

drawer.

There

is

This

boat.

the

expressions
your

Right:

the

into

stepped

such

Wrong:

Island

Sullivan's

prefer

Wrong:
Right:

twenty

the

Ordinarily
correct

were

in.

I
I

there

at

was

than

Right:

no

no

use

use

is different
is

different

have

no

of
in

making

your

than

from

confidence

such

making

your

(or

such

to)

that.

will

remark.
remark.

that.
but

offer

opposition

no

to

proposals.
Right:

no

are

me

in

was

Before

Wrong:

your

objects
relation

in

group,

(not

between

agreement

an

Beside

Wrong:

the

the

object

one

Russia.

and

at

of

member

if

used

is

than

more

collectively.

group

There

each

or

where

between

consideration,

in
of

that

however,

opposition

have
to

no

them.

confidence

in

your

proposals

but

will

offer

CHAPTER

THE

phrases,

words,

connect

Conjunctions
conjunctions

with

ent;
independ-

are

with

dependent

connect

Coordination
nation
Coordi-

Simple Coordination.

"

Emphasis.

Coordination:

"

^According

conjunction

the

asyndeton,
I

that

clauses.

Copulative Coordination:

I saw,

elements

conjunctions

(a)

Simple

words

are

Coordinate

subordinate.

or

sentence

connect

join)

to

clauses.

or

coordinate

are

subordinate

principal

CONJUNCTION

(con^ together; jungerey

Conjunctions
that

Xn

conquered.

is here

And

be

may

the

to

the

figure known

omitted,
usual

e.

g., I

as

came,

conjunction.

Now
Now
in

as

conjunctive adverb

coordinate

has

formal

use

syllogisms.
All

are

men

mortal.

Now

Socrates

is

Therefore,

man.

Socrates

is mortal.

Now

is also

useful

in

introducing
Neither

Observe
these

words

I did

not

Man

wants

Nor

wants

English idiom

that

"

an

incidental

^Nor

permits

singly.
pass

History

but
that

1.

little here
little

Neither

did

I.

below.

long.

(Goldsmith.)
101

explanation.

the

use

of

either

of

102

SENTENCES

No

more

or

I did not
I

keep it a

with

Emphasis.
attention

more

we

This

place of

the

than

am

obligedto

use:

alike

"

"

to

and;

"

member

each
ai

once

of the

and;

"

both

dination
coor"

and;

and.

"

should

appeal alike

to

teacher

and

student.
unreliable person.

Jack,

at

To

both yes and no.

question I might answer
conduct is equally foolish and dangerous.

the most

once

and
interesting

the most

your

Your

direct

To

nation" the

specialattention to
followingwords are

liketmse, moreover

more,

only
"

hut also, even,

too^

as

The

conjunction is

Try and come.

Not only do
themselves

ahOy furiher^
further--

:
"

well

of the co5rdi-

as

(and
what

more,

cw

"

weU)^

is worse,

Coordination
omitted:

send your

brother.

book; they

disfigureBoswelFs

coordination

the

are

following conjunctions
biUy yet (biU yet),only

used:
conjunctive adverbs
are
(but only), rather (biU rather),but then, conversely,on
"

The

etc.

"

or

contrary,

not

disfiguredby being included in his book.^ Macaulay.

adversative

In

used

sometimes

If you cannot,
these anecdotes

member

one

indeed^ what is

(6) Adversative

the

nor,

(Fielding.)

secret.

direct

eqvxMy

often take

did I.
History 1. No more
obligedto tell everybody, any more

Coordination
To

than may

more

pass

not

am

any

on

ike

the other hand, however.

adversative

relationshiptakes
followingexamples:

various

forms.

Note

"

The

deed

We

should

is done
all serve

but its influence remains.

our

country, but each of

(Simple antithesis.)
us

should

be allowed

CONJUNCTION

103

he is best fitted.

(Here the clause introduced

THE

that for which

to do

by bvt places a restriction

the

upon

general thought of the

more

preceding clause.)
Contrast

with

the

should

serve

preceding

the

sentence

amples:
following ex-

"

Each
from

one

all we

He

have

rightto expect.

tried hard

his country

he did not

but

by btU is in opposition to what

from the first clause.)
Similar
which

is often

But

there

in

used

(Here the

but

way,

service

is climactic.)

progress

(The clause introduced

might have expected to follow

we

in the

passing from
in which

other ways

are

own

succeed.

arrestive bid

the

to

in his

last

example is that
topic to another:

one

"

suspension bridge might

be

constructed.
This

is not

But

and

been

John, but Mary.

and

have

with

There

has

been

See the failures.

expected to

pass

And

we

might

there

the

course

use

substitute.)

which

those
should

student

religionbut

unworthy of belief. (Here

but

The

following idioms:

the
never

besides

specialuses

illustrated above.

himself

(Here but introduces

have

familiarize

"

has

someone
an

pronounced

it

attributive clause.)

scarcelya student in the class

with credit. (Here we might use an
was

attributive clause.)
I cannot
will be

(Here

the end

at
we

Are

completely Cover

so

there

in this

course

but there

important questions unanswered.

clause of result.)

questions? It

no

ground

of the year

have

might

the

cannot

be

but

I have

overlooked

something (that ^not).

"

Not

but

that I should

able to anticipateyour
I

am

to take

not

sure

have

satisfied your

had
curiosity,

questions.
not doubt) but that the time has

I been

(or I do

the step that you

recommend.

come

104

SENTENCES

Perdition
if

catch

soul but

my

I do

love

thee.

(We might

say:

home.

(The

^not.)

"

You

will be

adverbial
Mind

read:

and

and

do

to do

of the sentence
We

(The

with

smoking. Clearly a

(This or Go^ seek

seek your

in silence.

in which

in silence,or

be

may

changed

to

fortune is more

your

fortune or

other form

any

hypotaxis is substituted for parataxis.)

smoked

others

sentence

I tell you.)

as

in which

and

sat

smoking

I tell you.

as

seek your fortune.

than Go that you may

idiomatic

the first adjectivewill become

that

so

return

you

modifier.)

Remember

Go

when

strong

might be changed

sentence
an

good and

this form

(Compare

is used,

subordination

of the

e.

tence
sen-

We

g,.

sat

Smoking we sat in silence,or We sat in silence

paratacticconstruction is here the best.)
EXERCISE

Correct
1. The

the following sentences:

of
instilling

spiritof unity and patriotisminto the people

of Illinois that will go

brotherhood.
which

it seemed

would

the

from

both

the former

gave

me

definite

war

has

season

opera

5. When

in the

We

ideal state

an

meanwhile
3.

come.

never

to

the

for

and

the latter being

begun.

How

many

attracts

movement

greatlyincreased.

at his word.

promise,I took him

Science has, it deserves

4. I

of them

do you

much

attention

so

serious consideration.

being very crude, I was

voted
lately. 5. I have never

4.

able

to attend?

expect

My

as

Christian

first wireless

get the results I

have

dry before but I intend

alibi.

My

coming home
be

made

the way
story,

for

8.

The

man

brother

whom
with

two

for the Christmas

when
resittings

"

which
^how

put into

by the fairies,was

cat.
9.

the

remember

you

been taken
into

is not

6. That

or

the

to

should

thought

speak

princess who,

high tower
was

three of his

vacation.
a

you

and

to
to

me.

later turned

collegefriends

or

at

having

present proved

10. An

change of hair

He

that the

see

not

7. Oh

now

3.

apparatus

the election.

train

consider

may

of

aiding agricultureand manufacturing. Production

how

is

advancing them

far to

Waiting there

2.

"

extra

dress

an
are

charge will
are

made.

THE

11.

Neither

the

coming

the

CONJUNCTION
,

105

right. 12. Neither you nor

I are right. 13. Neither they nor he are right. 14. I have looked
book every place. 15. The positionsthat are overcrowded
for my
those for which
16. Each
of us
it takes no trainingto hold.
are
are
thinking of the same
thing. 17. The proper care of our bodies
and minds requirea great deal of time.
18. My plan of study for
one

the other

nor

are

Everybody took their

hat and left the room.
student is likelyto neglect his
20. The
until the semester
is well advanced; then seriouslyhandicapped
courses
they begin working. 21. Liquor has a peculiareffect upon
the red man;
that
better without it. 22. Would
they are infinitely
it had been me
instead of him.
23. He plays better than me.
24.
I know

of

we

comprise four

children whom

and

you

year

I there

fellows.

President

can

I like much

be

no

better than

quarrel.

27. Let he who

19.

courses.

made

26. He

thee

they.

seemed

25. Between

to be very

this.

answer

28. As

fond
our

essary
recentlythat it would be impossibleto have the necequipment to establish the training at the present. 29.
Conscriptionbrings the youth of America on an equal basis. SO.
Modem
invasion upon
inventions have made
an
us
possible. 31.
Switzerland
through the Universal Military Service has kept off
of wars
attacks through the multitude
that have overrun
many

the

said

continent

themselves

due

and

Italian bankers

to

the fact that the

the enemy
knew
in New
York and

it.

were

men

32.

The

able to defend

murder

of several

Chicago illustratethis. 33. Thus

from the preceding that the question of privatebanks
see
one
can
is one
that concerns
a
people it is evident that safe
great many
banking is a necessityfor the growth of a successful nation.

"^r^

."^

SECTION

THE

form

RHETORIC

and

more

tact

is not

sentence

the

sake

were

to

of

of

together

with

but

the

due
meet

of the

Let

their

regard
and

interest

of

shortening

writer's

to

of

their
their

determined

by

and

the
or

emphasis

length
limits

to

to

impairs the

meaning.
106

point.

by giving
true

portion
pro-

as

now

they

point
greater

With
should

the

assuming

studied

of

into

woven

relaxing

now

more

with

units

larger design.

some

express

declare

by

thought

detached

as

ease,
a

the

in the

of movement

of

reader

writer

rather

sentences,

sake

Just

says.

energy

other

is, a

sentences

them

from

dignity

he

what

formal

your

not

appears

detail

weld

to

conversation

is beside

that

place
re-

emphasized.

interrupt

what

unity

of

here

sentences

of

imity

we

should

we

distract

you

consider

us

for

so

minor

variety

forms

extending

to

sentence;

think

form

part

rigorous

to

not

expression.
context,

person

of

emphasis

should

We

be

sentences

your

form

and

^with

"

for

serving

"

the

relaxing

in the

because
mood

may

remark,

prominence

undue

for

violation

the

often
in

elements

point, however,

into

Lamb

of

unity

rely

discourse,

set

its

rules; for

unit, often
of

rules

from

must

we

upon

spoil them,

diverse

irrelevant

an

than

of Charles

essays

disconcerting

sentences

flexible

the

should

we

introducing
Very

but

characteristic

One

it is

rigid

arises

sentence

good

discretion

the

many

of

write

ease

SENTENCE

THE

and

greater

rewrite

their

as

Macaulay,

sort.

To

content.

upon

OF

effectiveness

rhetorical

The

TWO

more

in

the

expression,
"

succinctly,
amplitude

or

the

THE

Much

order

is

the

frequent

or

exercise

with

more

informal,

which

off
is

before

the

is loose

word

of

their
is

sentences

of

symptom
remember

for

balancing

us

into

to

our

on

or

word

other

nice

adjustment

and

Ease.^

For

carefully

avoided.

setting
order

thought.

the

habitual

On

examples

we

that

the

on

of

three

periodic

we

demands

and

balanced

should
of

habit

let

not

the

is

should

we

sUch

loose

very

of

susceptible

odic
peri-

fondness

and

phrases

rather

than

betray
faithful

artificialityand

hand

one

of

and

hand,

should

tence
sen-

conclude

to

length
of

us

group

effect

the

other

is factitious

artlessness,
the

permits

The

The

words

of

is the

word

use

not

in contrast

Avoiding

hand

the
are

Furthermore,

structure.

it

possible

their

The

sentences

many

of

upon

thinking.

loose

that

Much

depends

be

to

it is

because

looseness.

loose

the

logically complete.

informal!

however,

sentences,

degree

and

grammatically

^loose,

"

artificiality rather

period

the

guide

another

or

periodic type

to

come

too

should

one

with

the

avoid

types,

mentioned

unlike
we

of

use

word

importance

may

sentence

write

to

prime

we

flexible

normal

judgment

the

sentences

because

just written
it with

is

the

that

various

force

of

the

is of

Our

the

forms
Of

from

What

inversions.

To

art.

attainment

judgment,

employing

than

mark

then

of

forced

rhetorical

these

and

sentence.

balanced.

periodic,

the

107

SENTENCE

THE

toward

now

English

in

too,

to

done

departing

of the

here

us,

be

may

style by

OF

RHETORIC

try

bring

to

Clearness,

sentences,

see

into

Emphasis,

p.

114"F.

CHAPTER

Xm

CLEABNESS
In

through

phrase

or

result

The

are

intended.
then

and

grammar,^
said
loose

reader

but
of

no

between

of

or

ineffectiveness

or

superfluityof

of reference
from

rule

grammatical

where

careless

the

of
^

not

omit

yoiir sentences
Ab haa

been

with

its
have

we

Not

only

redundance

may

In short, to write

clearly

and

intelligent

are

due

to

and

(1)

(i) the lack

sentence,

that

sentence

(3) the

the

according
of

use

one

of
to

fier
modi-

Impropriety

another.

logicalincompleteness

(2) the ambiguity

such

(1) the

other

faults

as

or

obscurity

might

arise

arrangement.

(a) Omissions
Do

one

is sound,

squares

and

requires

sentence,

the

grammar

mean.

seen,

of the

arises from

relation, and

or

have

agree,

than

being

meaning.

our

we

of

capable

attentive

an

parts of the

rule should

grammatical

we

omissions

granmiatical incompleteness
agreement

what

that

as

our

of another.

rules of grammar

obscurity.

doubt

of grammar,

Errors

elements,

sentence

sentence

the

only

words

our

have

can

and

that

the

to

Similarly,

logical function

see

of

according

causes

as

order

to

so

first

word

one

another.

though

that

out

permit

interpretation other

an

of words

ordering

of

the

logic

mean

we

be set down
is

the

^that

"

what

to

should

that

of

sentences,

our

open

We

function

usurp

pointed

was

sometimes

we

arrangement

may

is that

analyzed,

syntax

to

careless

it

grammar

grammatical

the

usurp

word

on

inattention

through
to

section

the

shown

words
nor

to

necessary

permit

elsewhere

Redundance

and

the

this is not
108

the

lo^cal completeness

sentence
a

rule to be

to

be

fragment-

rigidlyinsisted

upon.

CLEARNESS
rather

ary

t^an

other hand, omit

which

sentence.

but

63.

There

and

unified

with

of

elements

and

On

thought.

your

the

main

the

thought

idea of your

of these rules sacrifices not

only unity

emphasis.
demonstrative

necessaiy

is no

words

unneeessaiy

violation

clearness

expressionof

easilybe

not

can

full

109

difference between

is often

omitted.

collie lifeand high school.

{Corrected)
There

is no

Do

64.

difference between

I consoled

words

omit

not

collie lifeand that of a high school

myself that I should

meaning.

to your

necessaiy

for Christmas.

go home

{Corrected)
I consoled

myself with

the thought

that

I should

go

home

for

Christmas.
Use

66.

of
Our
we

one

all words

that

part of

sentence

are

to make

to another

part.

communicative

seldom

neighbor was

necessaiy

and

clear the relation

disagreeablewhen

tried to talk to him.

{Corrected)
Our
when

neighbor was

navy,

communicative;

and he

was

disagreeable

tried to talk to him.

we

The

seldom

people of
and

United

the

its markmanship

States
is better

think
than

they have
that of any

wonderful

other nation.

{Corrected)
The
navy;

people of the United States think they have a wonderful

and indeed its markmanship is better than that of any other

navy.

66.
tense

In

Be
does

careful
not

to

give

modify

the

verb

dear
sufficiently

appropriatelywhen
indication

consideringpresent conditions in Europe,

that there

was

Holy Alliance among

we

its

of time.
should

the great powers.

never

get
for-

110

SENTENCES

{Corrected)
In

consideringthe present conditions in Europe, we should

in the
forget the Holy Alliance that united the great powers

never

year

1815.

In

67.
to show

The

the

complex

sentence

of the

coordination

all words

use

necessary

principalclauses.

garden gate by the old watch-dog"

familiar greeting
and waved
a
affectionately;

prodigal was

welcomed

who
to

compound

met

him

at

the

figurein the doorway.

(Corrected)
The

prodigal was

welcomed

who

he waved

familiar

expression of

at

the

garden gate by the old watch-dog"

and
affectionately;

him

Remember

68.

met

figure in the doorway

greeting.

that
your

to

redundance

impairs

sometimes

exact

an

thought

Kindly repeat that again.

(Corrected)
Kindly repeat that.
and

(b) Antecedents
When
make
no

only the positionof

Modffiers

pronoun

and

of antecedent

clear their relation,the latter should

intervening word

guard against the

adverbial

can

usurper,

modifiers.

usurp

69.

Do

not

introduce

before

case

arises when

separated from the word which

which
grammatically take
may

so

its function.

too, in the

Confusion

be

of

placed that
We

the

modifier

modifies
logically
its place.

ntunber

should

adjectiveand

it

pronoun

can

by

is
one

of grammatically

possible antecedents.
My

friend remarked

tired to continue

to his chance

the ascent.

acquaintance that he

was

too

111

CLEARNESS

(Corrected)
friend remarked

My

tired to continue

Avoid

70.

This

Victorian

his chance

acquaintance, "You

are

too

the ascent."

the

is the

to

inconspicuous antecedent.

best

of

Thackeray's novels,

who

is the

greatest of

is the

greatest of

novelists.

(Corrected)
This

is the

Victorian
The

best

novel

by Thackeray,

who

novelists.

main

point brought

in James's

out

is tliat it trains you

CoUege Bred

to

know

Value

Social
a

good

of the

when

man

you

him.

see

(Corrected)
The

main

point
is that

CoUege Bred
good

man

you

not

place

Do

71.

that

when

their

The

in his Social Value

by James
of the
trains you
to know
college education
a

made
a
see

him.

relations

grammatical

judge condemned

adverbial

adjectives and

your

the

will not

be

modifiers

so

clear.

prisonerwith flashingeyes.
(Corrected)

With

The

flashingeyes

judge condemned

the

remaining third of the

especiallyif

of deafness

cases

of the parents

one

the

prisoner.
were

due to

heredity,

was

due to

heredity,

deaf.

were

(Corrected)
In the

remaining third

to
particularly

Just when

of the

the deafness

the

pod

is

of

cases,

one

ready

to

deafness

of the parents.

burst open

if it is

singed we

shall

we

shall

destroy the seeds.

(Corrected)
If

we

singe the pod just when

destroy the

seeds.

it is

ready

to burst

open,

112

SENTENCES

the

Note
active

advantage of using
the passive voice.

for

merely stood

I have

the

above

sentence

propositionmeets

with my

(Corrected)
say that the propositionmeets

with my

that the

to say

up

in the

approval.
stood up

1 have

merely

to

approval.
Good

bread

only be made

can

with

great

care.

(Corrected)
Good
In

bread

be made

can

only with great

care.

only learns his specialtrade.

technical school the student

(Corrected)
In

72.

technical school
Do

not

undertake

Having tramped

student
to

only his specialtrade.

learns

modify

for three hours

word

which

implied.

reached.

goal was

the

is

"

(Corrected)
Having tramped for three hours

reached

we

the

(c) LogicalAgreement of Sentence

78.

that the

See

parts of your
Avoid

grammatical agreement

as

The
oven

best test
is when

to

it is

sentence

determine

Elements

are

mixed

in

logicalas

well

figures of speech.

the bread

whether

goal.

is

ready

for the

light.
(Corrected)

We

should

be

sure

that the bread

is

lightbefore

we

put it in the

oven.

The

use

of the word

is poor
responsible

diction.

(Corrected)
Responsible,as

here

used, b

I think that the human

to its

race

not

good word.

has climbed

present stage of civilization.

through these channels

113

CLEARNESS

{Correded)
I

think

present

"

that

stage

human

the
of

climbed

by

these

steps

to

its

civilization.

consists

Homecoming"

has

race

of

days.

three

{Correded)
"

74.
be

Do

dearly

and

introduce

not

related

Lincoln
War

lasts

Homecoming"

told

many

days.

into
one

sentence

thottg^ts

which

cannot

another.

President

was

he

to

three

of

good

the

United

anecdotes.

States

during

the

CivO

XIV

CHAPTER

EMPHASIS

Emphasis
and

unity
will

ordinarily be

The

rhetorical

the

of strong

words

concerned
their

this

point

position
the

at

the

emphasis

the

In

rhetorical

than

from

unified

is not.

ness
Weak-

disregarding

for

pay

special

Obviously,
But

us.

a
we

elements

means

selection
are

here

but

with

case

This

The

days

These

periodic

sentences

judgment,

structure,

sentence

which

to

natural

are

(a)
balanced

gone

the

The

often

one

that

involves
114

more

Note

the

days.
the

well-tried

antithetical,

the

design

is in

always easily imitated.

regarded

means

and

designing
and

Though

as

artifice.
of

Balanced
is

from

or

Ordinarily
are

balanced,

it is not
be

and

Gone

and

well-known

are

carry

expected point.

results

rhetorical

mere

as

they

are

beginning

wiU

place

the

structures.

not

are

the

at

ordinarily true

certain

to

readily perceived,

or

is

place, emphasis

patterns.

affectation

at

appears

first of all upon

special emphasis;

in its normal

between.

second

Words

will receive

that

one

climactic, and

of

that

of sentence

phrase.

not

according

sentence

and

emphasis depends

sentence

this is true; between,

Such

is clear

however,

are,

choice

or

element

difference

each

we

sentence.

of view,

of word

of

end

sentence

the

with

apart

one

phrases will help

and

not

There
the

to

that

whoUy

organization.

From
the

price

principles.

giving emphasis

of

that

sentence

emphatic than

more

general

something

not

course

clearness.

is in

of

is

expressions

When

used

of

with

securing emphasis.

Sentence
shows
a

close

repetition of

parallelism
words.

115

EMPHASIS

The

which

mstruction

instruction

preciselythe

cases

This

of

difference

give

we

high school pupils is in

to

which

give

we

to

arise from

proficiencymay

many

collegestudents.
the difference of

intellectual powers.
I

at

am

loss how

to

describe

the

of the work

success

without

betraying the vanity of the writer.

When
a

the balanced

to

of words

sharp contrast

of the sentence

structure

get the antithetical

phrases,we

or

is added

sentence.

Every

finds himself

man

fortresses of
Love

is

differentlyaffected by
and palaces of pleasure. Johnson.

war

only

sight of

the

"

to be

invite the modest

excited

to freedom

that

by

levityand

cheerfulness

and exalt the timorous

which

to confidence.

"

Johnson.

During this awful period I was neither elated by the ambition

fame nor depressedby the apprehension of contempt.
Gibbon.

of

"

(6) The
In the climactic
to the more

sentence

important

we

Sentence
from

pass

members

of

the less

series of

important
words, phrases,

clauses.

or

It mattered

except

on

not

that

the Thames,

that he did not

"

Climactic

know

he
that

had

never

he could

in his life taken

not

keep his

the difference between

feet in

latitude and

voyage

breeze,

longitude.

^Macaulay.
politiccaution, a guarded circumspection,a moral rather than
the ruling principlesof our
complexional timidity were
among
A

forefathers in their most

decided

(c) The
A

periodic sentence
until
to

we

reach

conduct.

Periodic

is

end

it should
periodicity,

^Burke.

Sentence

in which

one

the

"

the

pended
thought is susof the sentence.
mations
Approxibe noted, serve
to emphasize

116

SENTENCES

different parts of the

the ejctent

But

which

to

the

Grange, with

the ruined

in the

Note

sentence.

suspended:
"

it full of willows and

round

moat

is

thought

tences
followingsen-

plants, approached by a pretty bridge with ruinous

parapets, had the perfectquality of beauty. ^Benson.
Without
a singlelecture either public or
private,either Catholic
big

water

"

Protestant, without

or

episcopalconfirmation, I
to

grope

admitted, without

left by the dim

was

question,how

qualifiedto receive the

be

subscription,without

far

sacrament.

or

table, where

by what

any

catechism

lightof my

chapel and communion

to the

way

my

academical

any

means,

was

I might

Gibbon.

"

and
to look into the documents
they come
literature of Christianityin times past, they find its doctrines so
variously represented, and so inconsistentlymaintained
by Its

They

that, when

aver

that however
professors,
to seek in history the
vouchsafed

Her

own

"

it be

priori,it is useless, in fact,

of that Revelation

matter

mankind;

to

if they would.

natural

that

they

which

has

been

be historical Christiana

cannot

^Newman.

sbters, sinning against natural

affection, pitiless
over

her

piety
patheticdeath and findingin it only a judgment upon the imwith which, having shamed
herself with some
mortal lover, she

had

thrown

over

her.

"

the blame

of her sin.upon

Zeus, have,

so

far,triumphed

^Pater.

In the system itself,

taken

as

the scheme

of

republicconstructed

for

procuring the prosperity and security of the citizen,and for

promoting the strengthof the state, I confess myself unable to find
thing which displays,in a singleinstance, the work of
the provisions of
comprehensive and disposing mind, or even
out

any

a
a

vulgar prudence. ^Burke.

"

(d) Repetitionfor Emphasis

A

fault is that

common

remembered, however, that

adds

much

to

of the

of weak

repetition.It should be
repetition,
artistically
employed,

emphasis of
followingmodes

the

sentence.

of

Note

repetition:

the effectiveness

117

EMPHASIS

He

only

not

himself

morning like

giant refreshed, but conducted

giant refreshing. ^Dickens. In this example

next

rose

like

"

emphasis is due in part

Literature

who

positionof the adjective modifiers.

whole body of classics in the true sense

to the

consists of

of the word, and

defines him, is an

classic as Sainte-Beuve

"author

spoken to all in a styleof his own,

yet a stylewhich finds
itself the style of everybody, ^in a style that is at once
and
new
of all the ages." John Morley.
antique,and is the contemporary
has

"

"

Repetitionis here justified

by the importance in the
concept of style.
The
is

reason

why

you

you

are

simply that

works.

Nobody

works.

To

taste

has

If you
If you
be

at all is quite in

sift the wheat

modem

choose

among

modem

positionto

works

have

differ with

classic it is you

differ with

modem

work,

who

are

you

may

judge is authoritative

no

is unformed.

an

before the bar

to pass

which
with classics,

generations. Whereas
the

that takes

process

is the

reverse

and

wrong

not

point.

the book.

and

be wrong

enough

Your

case.

is the

before the bar of the classics. That

to pass

beginning

among

Modem

at the

positionto choose

through the ordeal,almost

right,but

works

modem

the chaff is

from

of the taste of successive

been

in

not

exceedinglylong time.
have

avoid

must

of the

passage

you

Your

decide.

to

may

guidance and it needs authoritative

guidance. Into the business of forming literarytaste faith enters.
taste

You
do

probably will

"

not

be

formed, and

^Arnold Bennett.
words
It is

trifleand

repetitionof
means

of

of the

noun

for

care

for it at first,
your

care

would

It needs

taste

so

far

Here

serves
repetition

paragraph,
"

with

successful

very
an

modem

added

at

first. If you

that classic is concerned,

as

hypothesisis that

our

not

particularclassic

taste

your
to

keep

is not

before

formed.

us

the important

taste.
works, classics,

trifle.
"

adjectiveis

^Macaulay. The
useful and

easy

securingemphasis.

{e) Inversion
The

Attributive

Minister

militant,

Adjective Modifier

God
Plenipotentiary,
retort

courteous,

sum

after the

Noun:

"

Almighty, devil incarnate, church

total, body politic,
city beautiful.

118

SENTENCES

aforethought,a falsehood

malice

and

simple,the story proper,

something unexpected, things temporal and things eternal, matters
no
personal and official,
man
living,a gentleman bom, darkness
visible,the best stylepossible,something great, English undefiled.

AdjectivePhrase

The

Slight indeed

of

at the

in themselves,

suggestive of much,
evidence

the Sentence:

fragmentary indications
in the

viewed

lightof

such

"

come
be-

general

imagination as is afforded by the theory

comparative mythology.
Adverbial

Beginning of

these

when

the human

about

The

pure

^Pater.

"

Modifier

at

the

Beginning

of

the

tence:
Sen-

"

days later the King informed

Three
had

left

No

debts.

some

do

sooner

the house

that his brother

than

boys

Macaulay.

"

settle down

to

work

all the

come

trooping in.
shall I

Never
Seldom

The

have

I known

Adverbial

This is the way

76.

Avoid

to words

or

kindness.

forgetyour

any

straightforwardfellow.

more

Modifier
with him

at

of the Sentence:

"

of your

sentences

which

will

give

prominence than they deserve.

more

is dear

the End

always.

arrangement

phrases

I, if the weather

and

if my

mother

will consent, will

come.

(Corrected)
I will
Soon

come

if the weather

after the

to second

is clear and

if my

Spanish-American War

mother

will consent.

Congress raised

our

navy

place by its appropriations.

(Corrected)

Soon

after the

Congress advanced

Spanish-American War
our

navy

to second

the

place.

appropriations of

119

EMPHASIS

(f) The
They

are

Double

delightfulpeople, those Bostonians.

It is surprising
the amount

is not

interrupted.
fit myself to be

To

Subject

of work

one

can

do in

great engineer, this has

an

evening if he

been

chief

my

ambition.

(g) Subordinaiion
It is not

true,

we

as

of

have

Sentence

sometimes

Elements
been

told, that the

should always be put

important thought of a sentence
in the principalclause.
On the contrary, what
wish to
we
be the grammatically subordinate
emphasize may
thought.
"When
did you
asks the prosecuting
the accused?"
see
most

attorney.

"I

him

saw

he

when

threw

the

revolver

of

out

the window,"

repliesthe witness. The question here being

of time
the temporal clause obviously carries more
one
we
are
emphasis than the principalclause. In many
cases,
with
concerned
the relative importance of the two
not
If
thoughts but with their relations in the given context.
I am
speaking of my travels, I might properly say, / loas in
when
London
Queen Victoria died, without
implying that
was
more
important than the death of the
my
presence
The
indeed, raises no
Queen.
sentence,
phasis
question of emexcept that
Which

ciunstances.

here

which

more

concerns

of the

upon

the

two

context

the combination
clauses
than

we

upon

of cir-

subordinate

pends
de-

considerations

of

emphasis. In other cases what is merely incidental would

be given a subordinate
position.As I was walking down the
street the other day, I saw
a
sightthat I shall long remember, is
to
preferable

tvas

walking dovm

the street ihe other day when

What
is clearlyof subsightI shall long remember.
sidiaiyinterest should, of course, be placed in the subordinate

saw

clause; but it does

not

follow that eveiy

subordinate

clause

120

SENTENCES

that

is less

that

of the

important thoughts reasonably prominent

in the

thought

expresses

emphatic

than

principalclause.
Make

76.

of your

structure

sentences.
"

They stir the top layers of the soil,thus exposing the roots of
the weeds to the direct rays of the sun, which quickly kills them.
{Correded)
They kill the weeds
the

roots

to the direct rays

of

sun.

coherence

secure

length there is one

of considerable

theme

In every
to

by exposing their

and

is called

unity,which

thing essential

plan.

{Corroded)
In

and

coherence
If

theme

every

war

length

plan is essential

to

unity.
declared

were

troops would
take

of considerable

scattered

be

thirtydays

against the United

to-morrow

from

to mobilize

Maine

to

States, our

California,and

it would

them.

{Correded)
If

war

were

would

take

Maine

to

declared

thirtydays

to

mobilize

our

army,

States, it

scattered

now

from

California.

down
strolling

was

against the United

to-morrow

the main

thoroughfarewhen

saw

the

royal

the

royal

processionapproaching.
{Correded)
As

was

down
strolling

the main

thoroughfare,I

saw

processionapproaching.
77.

Do

tribution

not

of

use

the

compound

emphasis would
complex form or by reducing

be
one

sentence

obtained

when

better

dis*

employing the
of the clauses to a modifying
by

phrase.
City people enjoy the glare of the city lightsand
the country a chance to prove alluring.

seldom

give

121

EMPHASIS

{Correded)
City
the

country

78.

in

people,

The

white

participial

phrase

of

for

three

Do
at

simple

not

the

kite

sticks,

light

the

city

place

an

lights,

seldom

give

alluring.

prove

Tag.

materials

consisting

to

Participle

The
loose

chance

of

glare

the

enjoying

of

end

are

of

the

sentence.

readily

course

paste,

paper,

thought

important

and

ball

obtainable,
of

common

twine.

{Correded)
The

are

white

for

materials

twine.

three

simple

light

sticks,

kite,
paper,

which

are

paste,

of
and

readily

course

ball

of

common

tainable,
ob-

CHAPTER

XV

EASE

Ease
and

in

composition

should

We

euphony.

depends
avoid

repetitions, unexpected
clumsy

circumlocutions;

sentence

that

so

we

occasionally placing
order;

should

we

harsh

sound

Let

another.

to

end

of

By

overworking

that

will

one

of

passages

to

try

us

with

connectives

we

clumsy

English.

English

frequently

too

use

from

avoid

and

types,

we

normal

their

sentence

one

that

the

our

sentences

so

the

beginning

of another.

easily

may

Let

coherence.

of

out

passing

arrange

easily

connect

in

gain

we

in

demonstratives

and

and

of its flexibilityby

sentence

should

nor

the

master

phrases

familiar

the

ward
awk-

view,

of

point

ourselves

and

combinations;

connectives

should

avail

words

vary

in

variety,

transitions,

abrupt

changes

we

can

smoothness,

upon

lose

all

ease

two

typical

been

practised

examine

us

in

"

"

(a) The

old

for

many

the

governing

body,

form,

for

hundred

Note

the
could

of aldermen

tliere

there

from

have

one

less power

than

under

commissioners

repetition in

this awkward

about

to

period of
the

two

of

size

the

Under

hundred.

five

only

are

for

wards

according

varies

constituted

who

aldermen

the

usually about

are

has

system

the

system

elected

individuals

the

system

this

are

number

city; however,

aldermanic

the

or

Under

years.

The

years.

system

the
to

this

commission
about

one

aldermen.

the

needless

distribution

easily

have

over

been

several
embodied
122

sentences

in

one.

of
The

passage,
matter

and
which

first sentence

128

EASE

is not

what

emphasizes

mentioning. Furthermore,

worth

thought of the principalclause in the second sentence

is given undue
prominence; its subordination will improve
both the ease
In the
and
the emphasis of the passage.
three and four will
of sentences
third place,a combination
make
it possibleto conclude the passage
more
effectively.
The revised passage
might read:
the

Under

the

aldermanic

aldennen, elected from

with
that would

the

mayor

elect

the
municipal govermnent,
the wards for a period of two years, constitute
the governing body. Inasmuch
a
as
city
aldermen

hundred

the Commission

under

of

system

under

the old system

of Government

Form

would

its affairs directed

have

holder
by five commissioners,' it is clear that the individual officein the latter

(5) Another
the

need

to be

many

The

have

which

matter

There

has been

several

are

and

the greater power

very

of the country

placeswhere

better

the streets
streets
as

bad

are
as

roads.

division in this passage

sentence

sibility.
respon-

sadly neglectedis

The
drainage introduced.
they are
untidy, and in a rainy season

paved and

and

would

important

of the streets.

care

muddy

case

might stand.

thing
Some-

should,however, be done to avoid the awkward

tition
repehere or there would
of streets. To employ a synonym
not
improve the passage
appreciably;but if we place the^
troublesome
word
in a more
prominent positionin the first
sentence,

we

can

Obviously, too,
Revised

use

the sentence

the passage

Moreover, the

streets

in

In several localities they

Usually muddy
many

and

of the country

read

Champaign

are

neither

untidy, they
roads.

are

as

be varied.

should

structure

might

that follow.

in the sentences

pronouns

follows:

have

"

been

sadly neglected.

paved nor properly drained.

in a rainy season
bad as
as

124

SENTENCES

79.

wordy style is

of words

The

is

often due

as

time

proper

time before you

to

know

infrequently fluent,but

not

superfluity

clumsy circumlocutions.

to

begin

to

for examinations

prepare

the examination

is to be

is

long

given.

{Corrected)
We

should

80.

Do

why

make

not

is
.

was

early start in preparing for examinations.

redundant

such

use

because; the

an

expressions
of is

purpose

in order

...

the

as,

reason

to; the time

when.
.

The

why I

reason

during the

is because

cramming

am

I have

studied

not

semester.

{Corrected)
I

cramming

am

because

I have

studied

not

during the

semester,

or

The

why

reason

am

cramming

is that I have

not

studied

during

the semester.

81.

Bo

not

I listened
of

abruptly change the point of

but
attentively,

not

sound

view

heard

was

within

save

the

the

tence.
sen-

barking

dog.
{Corrected)

I listened
a

attentivelybut heard

no

sound

except the barking of

dog.
I

While
shown

was

at Mr.

Smith's

house, the greatest consideration

was

me.

{Correded)
While

was

at Mr.

Smith's

house, I

was

treated with the greatest

consideration.

82.

Separation of words

sentence

awkward.

that

belong together often

makes

125

EASE

(a) Separation of Subject and

He

in

spiteof all my

Verb

directions took the wrong

road.

{Correcied)
In

spiteof all my

directions he took the wrong

(b) Separation of Article and

Smoking is

not

cleanly and

very

to

road.

Substantive

people

many

offensive

an

habit

{Corrected)
Smoking is a

is not

cleanlyand which is offoisive

very

people.

to many

83.

which

habit

The

Principal Clause

If it does not

between

shall take

rain,we

Two

Clauses.

Subordinate

ride if you

are

willing.

{Corrected)
We

shall take

84.

Progressive Coordination

I like him
be fond

of

but

ride if you

I do not

are

willingand if it does
or

not

rain.

Subordination.

for his father,but the latter

care

seems

to

me.

{Corrected)
I like him
seems

He

but

to be fond

is the

man

I do not
of

for his father.

care

The

latter,however,

me.

who

the hundred

won

hotly contested of all the

yard dash, which

is the most

races.

{Corrected)
He

is the

contested

86.

The

man

who

of all the

Shifted

anatomy.

is burnt

the hundred

yard dash, the

most

hotly

races.

Construction.

In order to brand
the maris

won

a
on

calf it must
some

be thrown

and

held down

while

conspicuous portion of the creature's

126

SENTENCES

(Corrected)
To

branded

be

mark

is burnt
is a

He

calf must

tall for his age, who

man

and

thrown

conspicuous part

some

on

be

has

held down

wjiile the

of its hide.

good physique.

(Corrected)
is a

He

tall for his age and

man

of

good physique.

^Euphony depends in part upon the collocation

of sounds, in part upon
their varying pitch and stress.
Some
less pleasingto the ear than others.
sounds are in themselves
Caiarcwt,for instance, with its harsh gutturalsis certainly
its sibilant,Uquid, and
less euphonious than
with
serene^
nasal.
Although it is undesirable,even
though it were
sible,
posin the language, one
to avoid wholly the harsh sounds
should
thing
guard against amassing them unless there is somepare
in the thought to justifythe lack of euphony. ComTennyson's
Euphony.

"

On

with

the

the bald street breaks

And

waves

And

dead

simply upon
of its rhythm

its

is calm

in rest; and
that

heaves

should

but

sleep

the

heaving deep.

quotation does

depend

not

regularityof its meter, some

be preserved in a prose version:
On the
and silver sleep,the waves
selves
swaying themthere is calm too in the heart of my friend,
and

rhyme

the

"

only with
in the

with

second

the

be noted, is used

emphasize

silver

themselves in rest.
that sway
calm in that noble breast

heaves

may

and

seas

eflFect of the

the

there

the

on

Which

sea

day

followingpassage:
Calm

Since

the blank

one

case

heaving

in both

waters.

of the

euphony,

"

it
^Alliteration,

examples, servingto

in the other

harshness.

127

EASE

Other

forms

vowel

sound

But

in heaves

deep, and waves-'-sway.

rhythm does not depend wholly upon
Looked
repetitionof musical sounds.

prose

and

it cannot

broadly

illustrated in the

repetitionare

of

"

be separated from

the sentence.

The

balanced

periodic structures,

of the sentence

account

from
as

and

studied

more

The

them.

an

swell

ocean

eflFective

are

be

as

may
as

descriptionand classification of prose

with
but
diflSculties;
subject attended
many
himself to the

himself

the

Compare

(a) There
the

is one

and

moon,

be

in

anyone

It is

of

manner

another

Geneva

Bible.

sown

easy
sea.

is

can

of
of

"

glory of the

glory of

and

sun

the stars; for

riseth in honor; it is

power.

on

izing
rhythms by familiarrhythmical prose.
Paul's First Epistle

another

star

one

natural

sown

in weakness

body and

riseth

glory of

differeth from

glory. So is the resurrection of the dead. The

corruption,and riseth in incomiption. It is sown

and

as

choppy
rhythms

in

another
sown

selected passages
following versions

Corinthians:

the

to

with

obvious

more

the

partly

The

accustom

as

of

be dissociated

cannot

restless

more

form

forms, such

sentence

fall of the sentence

it may

or

at

the rhetorical

rhythms which

rise and

cation
the collo-

and

body is
in dishonor

riseth in

spiritualbody.

"

and
(b) There is one glory of the sun, another glory of the moon,
another gloryof the stars: for one
star differeth from another star in
in corrupglory. So also is the resurrection of the dead. It is sown
tion,
in dishonor, it is raised
it is raised in incorruption. It is sown
in weakness, it is raised in power.
It is sown
in glory. It is sown
a natural body, it is raised a spiritual
body. ^Authorized Version.
"

The
but

rhythmical

it will be observed

that

is

distinct

comparatively simple,
gain has been made in

by making the structure

is set over
more
nearly parallel. It is sown
raised, which takes the place of riseth in the
the

second

version

here

movement

of the passage

against it

is

earlier version.

128

In

SENTENCES

the

Greek

subject of

the

as

appears

in the Authorized

it has

dead

at

and

the stars

also

the tition
repeVersion.

with So also

dead.

innumerable

the

stars

the

seasons,

the burning
of those

ripening of

influence of the host of heaven,

apparent

wondered

regardingthem

and

manner

of the

watching the change of

fruits,the real and

be

should

of the Authorized

sleepingby night beneath

rainless skies,

words

air, tending their flocks by day beneath

in the open

sun,

of

So is the resurrection

of the

body

word

Its omission

sentence.

Repetition of

the first sentence

gloryin

is the resurrection

little to

third

the

left the grammar

of the passage
contributed
to the
unquestionably

rhythm.

Finallycompare

Out

the

version

Observe, too, the omission

be noted.
of

the

Geneva

has

Version

dubious, but

regularityof

the

and

text

if the

Arabians, like the Chaldeans,

planets,and worshipped them

it is
shipped
wor-

through idob,

himself,but stilldivine.

perhaps as inferior to God

"

A* C. Benson.

good deal of the rhythmical eflFect here is due to the

of the structure
far as the word
periodicity
as
planets. The
looseness
two

of the rest of the sentence

words, and

thus

to

would

otherwise

in the

first part of the

There

had

been

have

give them
had.

set oflFthe

last

emphasis than they

further the parallelism

more

Note

sentence.

permanent

to

serves

protest established

in the world,

which humanity henceforth would

plea,a perpetualafter-thought,
in reserve,
ever
against any mechanical and disheartening
possess

theory of itselfand
heved

for him

it with
to which

soft
he

its conditions.

on

Pater.

thought which

about

his way

with

the warmth

generationsto

come

re-

him, touching

the shadowy, hollow

beyond; filling

confirming also certain considerations

himself to the

was

the iron outline of the horizon

lightfrom
was

That

places

of definite affections;

by which

in the world

he seemed
he

was

to

link

leaving.
"

129

EASE

The

quietbeauty

of this passage

in the

appears

rhythm

as

in the

phrasing. Obviously the writer has not been

intent merely upon
putting emphatic words in emphatic
places. Though his voice is not raised,it is richlymodulated.
Notice particularlythe passage,
touching it with softlight
from beyond; and filling{he shadowy hollow placesto which
well

as

he

was

his way.

on

EXERCISES

I. Criticise and
1. Of

great
and

there

course

of

mass

improve
are

it will be

few

great relief

following:
"

that

the

the effects of the great

in

humanity

to

rich but

reallybecome

sufferingfrom

is

people

the

war

general when

it is

over.

2. Illinois has

the food
3. The

and

men

that

men

we

accomplishing make
along

some

being very economic

cerning
con-

question.

younger

khaki-clad

the value of

shown

been

others

will

being greatlyinspiredby

are

everywhere and

see

the

line which

boys

things they

are

their very
best
their country in time of

greatly serve

do

to

eager

more

the

the

need.
4.

of

Everywhere

the present time

at

uncertainty. There

during the past

5. Prices

of the

of

high cost

6. There

is

been

unusual

an

be

to

seems

of

number

feeling

marriages

year.

raised

are

have

there

considerablyand

are

one

of the chief

living.

largedecrease in the enrollment

reasons

compared

to other

years.

7. When

he

to

comes

collegehe

has

community, besides associatingwith

the

higher ideals of life,which

such

a
a

the

of

advantage

larger

class of
class

people that live for

seeking education must

have.
necessarily
8.
state

Perhaps

the

of Illinois is

entered

the minds

greatest benefit derived

a

from

this

higher ideal of patriotismthat

of the

people.

war

seems

by the
to

have

130

SENTENCES

9. This

10.

cows

fed and

are

milked; then the farmer

separate the milk, after which

to
to the

done, the

the skimmed

milk

is

ceeds
pro-

given

is put into a largecan

hogs and the cream
ready for market.
The thought of the crowd watching my
initial strugglewith

the narrow
river,in whose cool
attempting to cross
I was
determined
not pleasing,but nevertheless
depths I splashed was
in

the waters

to go,
11.

this

so

I did, but

go

should

There

be

oh, what

place for

time I had.

descriptionin

more

of

theme

description.

12.

Of

13.

In many

course

distrust and

going to take this

are

you

course.

parts of Dixie the Civil War

has

ended; they

never

despisea Yankee.
not
only making airplanesfor ourselves
are
present we

14. At

almast

but for the allies.

the desired

15. After

rapid speed, one

sea,

having

16.

the

tendency
embargo

greatly needed

would
for

glidesalong as smoothly

no

If this

height has been attained, proceeding at

if he

were

on

smooth

vertigo.

to

dropped,

were

steel for the

be free for naval

as

use,

for

so

that

buildingof

her

Japan would

Japan could obtain

vessels

vessels,our

do the

carrying trade

us.

17. In

September of that

for the third time

tripto Niagara
18.

The

year

submarine

warfare

I had

the

pleasure of taking the

lifewith father.

in my

in the Mediterranean

by Japan's naval vessels and ifallowed

has been

to do so,

pressed
sup-

they would

patrolthe entire Pacific.

19.

The

these gases
black
20.

The
a

are

filla

which

gases

very

mine

are

very

numerous

but

two

important; these being the white damp and the

damp.
This gas

miners

is very

heavy and it suffocates those in its presence.

generallykeep this gas away from them by building

can

rude wall between

21. A

student

realizes

or

may

he

learn the fundamental

them

know
may

and

the gas.

more

about

study hard

facts of the

the

subject than

in the review

and

the professor
this way

course.

Regulation as to the collateral to be accepted would

be included by the proposed regulation.
22.

of

also

131

EASE

As

23.

they

private banks
tempted

are

In

24.

entire

make

as

whole

financial deals.

the

When

he is in

papers

thereby obtaining

II.

instructor

retained

the

Explain

1. An

address

much

2.

His

memory

by afternoon
of

graceful manipulation of

tea,

my

putting

never

other

at

except

cool, and

observation

teas

to

my

afternoon

then

authorities
should

with

speech, nodding, laughing,

oracular.

once

help them

Wilson.

We

8.

included.

very

"

^Woodrow

the other
The

would

its inward

is admired; but
13.
"

Dante

^Emerson.

was

at

Arnold,
the

ever

in the

are

bring him

we

very

bad

rather

war

rather

war

not

the

see

careful,

at

than
than

facts with

all

let the nation

let it

company

to

many

and

was

veil

no

peace

people
war;

survive;

perish. ^Lincoln.
"

proud of themselves

hand, he is
never

12. At
a

It

6.

parties deprecated

^Agnes Repplier.
hand

me

^Woodrow

"

to

ently
persist-

distance

and

equal

chivalry,a strong article and

"

to

field and

produced, clings passionately and

vision.

ticulation,
ar-

poetic art.

effective there.

9. Both

once

American

anything Europe
to

accept

are

11.

make

an

whatever

use

fight thus for the ultimate

to

Wilson.

would

French

proud.

that

them,

setting
up-

of

way

for the liberation of its peoples,the German

and

of them

one

about

no

They

7.

to be

way

glad, now

are

of false pretense
of the world

in every

in the

popular reputations, with

^Arnold.

"

things, never

tea

my

opinions on

once

many

of afternoon
4. Granted

come.

5. Matthew

teas.

"

isfactory
unsat-

an

prove

and

sandwich

scholarly,held decided

hard

of the desired knowledge

followingsentences:

yet is all of this experience of

10.

general idea of the

print is likelyto

finished tea-goer, easy

in the

secure

in cold

down

best.

at

that I become

and

reviews

by the student.

past is stimulated

teas

but

student

reading the examination

effectiveness of the

set

husk

finished

has

positionto tell just how

has been

we

the

subject.

25.

goes

of their actions,

littleaccount

unsound

make

to

to

preparing for the final examination

past work

the

have

he

cripple. ^Emerson.
"

invited

to dinner.

APPENDIX

THE

CONJUGATION

OF

THE

VERB

helping,.I had been helping, etc.) are formed

Progressive forms (I am
the
by combining
present participle with the different parts of the verb to he.
^

133

134

APPENDIX

Plvral
1.

2. You
8.

1. We

Wehdp

2. You

help

They h^

3.

Past

helped

are

helped

are

They

helped

are

Tenbe

Singidar
1. I

1. I

2.

2. You

helped
You helped

8. He

helped

helped

was

8. He

helped

were

helped

was

Plural
1. We
2. You

8.

helped
helped

They helped

1. We
2. You
8.

helped

were
were

They

helped

helped

were

FUTUBB

Singtdar
1. I shall
2. You
8. He

help

will

will

help

help

1. I shall be
2. You
3. He

helped
helped.

will be
will be

helped

Plural
1. We
2. You

3.

shall

help

1. We

will

help

2. You

They will help

3.

shall be

helped

will be

helped

They will

be

helped

Pebfect

Singidar
1^ I have helped
2. You
8. He

have
has

helped

helped

1. I have
2. You

8. He

helped
have been helped
been

has been

helped

CONJUGATION

THE

OF

1S5

VERB

THB

Plural
1. We
2. You
8.

1. We

helped

have
have

have

2. You

helped

They have helped

3.

FUTUBB

been

have

helped

been

hdped
They have been hdped

PeBFECT

Singtdar
1. I shall have

2. You
8. He

helped

will have
will have

helped
helped

1. I shall have

will have

2. You
8.

He

been

will have

helped

been
been

helped
helped

Plural
1. We

shall have

helped

1. We

shall have

been

helped

will have

helped

2. You

will have

been

helped

2. You
8.

They will have helped

3.

They will have been helped

Plupebfect

Sinffular
1. I had

had

2. You
8.

He

helped

had

helped

helped

1. I had

been
had

2. You

helped
helped

been

He

had

helped

1. We

had

been

3.

Plural
1. We

had

2. You
8.

They

helped

had
had

helped
helped

2. You
3.

They

had

helped

been

had

helped

been

helped

Svhjundive
Pbebent

Singular
1.

nihelp

2. If you
8.

If he

help
help

1. If I be
2.

If you

helped
be

8. If he be

helped

helped

1S6

APPENDIX

Plural
1. If
2. If
3.

If

1. If

help

we

be

2. If you

you*help
they help

S.

helped

be

we

helped
If they be helped

Past

Singidar
1. If I

1. If I

helped

2. If you
3. If he

helped

2. If you

helped

S.

helped

were

If he

helped

were
were

helped

were

helped

Plural
1. If-we
2. If you
S.

If

1. If

helped
helped

they helped

we

2.

If you

3.

If

helped

were

they

helped

were

Pebfect

Singular
.

1. If I have
2. If you
3.

If he

helped

have

helped
have helped

1. If I have

helped
have been helped

2. If you
3.

been

If he have

helped

been

Plural
1. If

we

2. If you

3. If

have

helped
have helped

they have helped

1. If

we

2. If you
3.

If

helped

been

have
have

been

helped

they have been helped

PUJVERVECT

Singular
1. If I had
2. If you
3.

helped

had

If he had

helped
helped

1. If I had
2. If you
3.

been

had

If he had

helped

been
been

helped
helped

OP

CONJUGATION

THE

THE

137

VERB

Plural

1.

If

2.

If

S.

If

we

you

they

had
had
had

helped
helped
helped

1.

If

2.

If

3.

If

we

you

they

Imperatipe

Help

Be

helped

had
had
had

\)een
been
been

helped
helped
helped

APPENDIX

PUNCTUATION
0

The

fundamental

off

word

which

groups

units.

grammatical
in momentary

all

not

the

of

uses

understanding;

be

or

It should

of

to

us

these

can

even

total

or

results

standing
misunder-

be

admitted,

be

defended

however,
aids

as

to

conventional.

merely

are

set

logical

as

faulty punctuation

punctuation

some

it facilitates

helps

recognized

thought

sentence.

It

sentence.

Sometimes
of

is that

punctuation

should

confusion

of the
that

of

understanding

an

for

reason

(a) Period
The

86.

that

period should
interrogatory

is not

Observe.

trained,

and

man

to

spin and

or

easily

able

are

and

them,

be

to

placed

at

the

emphatically

cultivate

weave

sentence

exclamatory.

much

as

cloth

much

as

of every

their

with

woman,

end

properly

children,

ground

will

as

will clothe

as

feed

them.

"

Emerson.

87.

The
P.

Mr.;

period is ordinarily placed after

S.; D.

period after

the
after

chemical

after

MB

Do

used,

PMLA

not

the close of

89.

Do

in per

cent,

not

e,

and

^.,

best

the

typographical

but

cent.;
'*

format"

of

(Old High

OHG

period after

of

the

your

books

(HO,

IE

for

period after the

138

title of

(Indociation).
Asso-

example,

letter.

place

Svo),

abbreviations

Language

signature;

g.,

it is omitted

German),

Modern

e.

places

usage

that

observe

frequently after certain

(Pubhcations

place
a

the

that

(manuscript), and

European),

88.

Note

symbols

popularly

not

at

D.

abbreviations,

composition.

189

PUNCTUATION

(6) Cdon
the

Within

90.

introduce

of

series

to

or

less

two

The

taken

general
Nay,

restates

of

groups

semicolon.

widely used

is most

frequently employed

of which

second

separate

colon

clauses, a long quotation,or

It is much

clauses,the

the

sentence

to

of these

or

two

question arises

on

here, wherein

us

dialect

he

as

had,

be

to

In the

scene

Some
Do

say

precedes,Caithness

that

that
partioularity

the

longer be
in those primeval

he

pronounced it,
all

(to transcend

with

us

he's mad.

god?

"

satisfying

Others, that lesser hate him.

fury. ^Kittredge.
"

Regarding physiologicalscience then, in its widest sense

equivalent of Biology the science of individual life ^we

"

"

"

the

as

have

to

in succession:

consider
1. Its

positionand

2. Its value
S. Its worth

And

German

tyrant has lost his self-control:

the

call it valiant

in

any

can

inspirationof

infcNrms

tain
con-

period.

the

the whole

transcendental

measure), to be sacred, prophetic and

Carlyle.

first;

been

now

by the semicolon; the latter,by

over

two

of which

has

man
reading public will eagerly join: Whether
interested by the spoken word
he often was
so
as
by its inscrutable power,
days, when, rapt away

in such

of the

both

uses

ment
state-

separate

the substance

clauses,one

former

formal

to

as
as

scope

as

branch

of mental

means

knowledge.
discipline.
of

poeticalinformation.

lastly,
what

4. At

period it may

best be made

of education.

branch

"

Huxley.
If

will make

bread

have

contagion,yeast, emptyings,
into the dough: as the torpid
what not, to induce fermentation
or
artist seeks inspiration
at any
cost, by virtue or by vice, by friend
^Emerson.
or
by fiend,by prayer or by wine.
we

we

must

"

Of all earth's meteors,

That

this ennobled

here at least is the most

strange and

lemur, this hair crowned

bubble

soling:
con-

of the

140

APPENDIX

dust, this inheritor of

his

few years and

and add to his
delights,

rare

ideal,however

misconceived.

should

sorrows,

self
yet deny him-

frequentpains,and live for

an

Stevenson.

"

(c) Semicolon
The

91.

its

as

suggests, is

name

of

mark

punctuation than the colon.

It
emphatic than the comma.

more

word

in

groups

if the

or

semicolon,

The

of

members

the

is also

between

or

thought, are

is used

less

series

to set off the

themselves

it is

larger

is formal

contain

usually placed before

commas.

conjunctive

verbs,
ad-

which, though dearly related in

by a conjunction or a conjunctive

clauses
connected

not

emphatic

hand,

other

if the enumeration
series,particularly

semicolon

the

On

adverb.

She

was

she
blissful;
ecstatically

deeply ashamed.

was

^Bennett.

"

eleemosynary, they are the creatures of the founder; he'may

either generallyor specially;
he may
delegate his power
prescribe
As

particularmodes

and

as

manners,

to the exercise of part of it.

"

Webster.
Cranmer
raised

was

partizan,to

the

to

poem

of

see

that of St.

to that of

The

Primate; Shaxton,

became

favourer of the

Salisbury;Barlow,

yet

changes,

new

extreme

more

rich
David's; Hilsey to that of Rochester; Good-

Ely; Fox

has

that of Hereford.

to

vigour and

"

freshness;it is

Green.

not

without

pathos.
"

Arnold.
It did not
a

bum

sort of habit.

"

him

so

much

now;

The

comma

marks

Comma
pause

less

emphatic

It is used to separate
by the semicolon.
might otherwise be improperly associated.

marked

fingersfrom

^Lamb.

(d)
92.

stillhe licked his

than

words

that
which

141

PUNCTUATION

I urge
a

to go

you

for

away,

vacation

at this

of the year

season

is

good investment.
placed between

It is

Is, is a word

with

sinular

interesting
history.

an

placed between

It is

identical words.

or

words

short word

or

groups

in

series.

Engineer, broker, jurist,physician, moralist, theologian,and

inasmuch

man,

every

he

as

of the latitudes and

maker
There

longitudesof

definer and

condition.

our

map-

Emerson.

"

walks, and singlebeds

chairs,solitary

empty

are

science, is

has any

at

night.
"

Stevenson.
the criticism of life will be

And

of power

in

poetry conveying it is excellent rather than

unsound

than

Give

know,

to

me

It is

ordinate

to utter, and

all liberties.

above

But

rather than

inferior,sound
untrue

or

rather

half-true.

"

Arnold.

Matthew

93.

half sound, true

or

the

proportion as

clauses

it was

or

argue

of

singularwant

judgment,

and

and

defective

imitate

this terse

language, and
the

something

time
to

and

of life when

"

an

ignorance of the

very

Brutus, Calvus, Sallust,

severe

pronounce

beauty in
the

their

own

opposite kind

of

purity. ^Newman.
"

will become

man

long beforehand, and

be considered

begin to consider it now.

to

even

diction deficient in taste

Now,

co*

phrases.
induced

to

science,
con-

conjunction connecting long

the

principlesof composition, which

others

freelyaccording to

Milton.

"

placed before

to

grandfather is
you

had

better

^Eliot.

placed after dependent clauses that precede the prin*

dpal clause, and before dependent clauses that are not closely
with the preceding principalclause.
connected
94.

It is

If this

If

pleaseGod, let it be

they were
poets, they were

as

it is.
"

Jeremy Taylor.

unacquainted with the works

deeply read

of

in the oracles of God.

philosophersand
"

^Macaulay.

142

APPENDIX

No

it is

that

so

youth

generous

It is

95.

can

this charm

escape

of

highly stimulatingto intellect and

placed before

non-restrictive

realityin the book,

courage.

^Emerson.

"

adjective clauses

and

phrases.
But

there cannot

ill-natured old

Use

96.

and

doing them
to

commas

that

unhappy

more

is

than

creature

an

capable of receivingpleasures,
Sir William Temple.
others.

to

"

off the

set

word

phrase of address,
parenthetical. When

or

appositional or
long, dashes or parenthesis

passages

the passage

is neither

who

man,

sensible of

nor

live

indeed

are

marks

preferable

are

to' commas.

And

against Amanda

over

Umber,

of those

one

her

at

know

who

men

dinner

sat Sir Sidney

party
their

that

judgments

are

quoted. ^Wells.
"

And

Brothers

now,

somewhat
Your
he

97.

connectives

Such

followed

by

legs and

"

^Newman.

highway, but that

loins,and

of

is because

he likes to take

the

made

then^ ther^ore,however^ neverthdeas^

as

rate, in any

when

commas

they

sentence; within

or

followed

preceded and
where

by
is so

the

between

close

as

stand

"

to

furthermore,in fact,
at the beginning of
sentence
or
they are

case,

clause

commas.

the connection

the rest of the sentence

The

the

scorns

at all events, at any

the clause

are

discussion.

necessary

the end

to

come

^BlissPerry.

"

to he 8ure,
are

runner

in his

confidence

fences.

Oratory, I have

but
uninteresting,

cross-country

has

of the

this rule

^Exceptions to
the word
make

and

pause

phrase and
seem

forced.

chalk,then, is certainlyolder than the boulder clay. ^Huxley.

"

It is time, therefore,to tell him

that he
while

as

assumes

his breath

an

is

to be false.
"

Here

then

the State

was

was

by the authorityof Shakespeare,

a
unquestionableprinciple,
positionwhich*

forming it into words, his understanding

nounces
pro-

Johnson.

the extreme

intenselyfree.
"

of self-governmentcarried out; and

^Newman.

143

PUNCTUATION

98.

Participiidphrases

On

leaving Wilton

are

House,

set

off

we

took

by

commas.

for

the coach

Salisbury.
"

Emerson.

being in the fault,she has the misfortune

But
held

the chief offender.

as

99.

is used

commia

easilysupplied from
Pindar

calls him

^Emerson.

"

the omission

to mark

of

word

or

words

the context
of

the dream

of smoke.

the shadow

of greatness to be

Sir Thomas

"

shadow:

another, the dream

of

Browne.

(e) Dash
The

100.

dash

is used

to

set

off word

groups

that

interrupt

continuity of the sentence; to set off a series of

such
expressions as namelyt or for example
particulars when
the

structural

have

to introduce

omitted;

been

after

long

list of

particularsa

clause; to set off numbers

marking the limits of
of a reference;
time
or indicatingthe limitingpages
emphatic pause.

summarizing
a

period

to mark

of
an

Many

how

"

castles.

cannot

many

said

be

"

protection in their

found

Froiide.

"

of an
picture the actual circumstances
event, the actual topography of a landscape should be nothing
without the form, the spiritof the handling. ^Pater.
The

mere

of

matter

"

"

"

tell any

Don't
She's

"

one

not

"

she's dear to

me.

(/)
101.

In

general the

yet.

Parenthesis

comma

or

the

Marks
dash

is to be

preferred

to

for setting off parenthetical word

parenthesis marks
groups.
for enclosing a
The
parenthesis marks
are, however, useful
atory
parenthesis within a parenthesis, land to set off certain explanwords
or phrases.

144

APPENDIX

The

of this tnith is
knowledge (gnMs, superrational
instruction)
wisdom
and morality.

(g) Brackels
102.

Brackets

are

chiefly used

now

enclose

to

whatever"

^has been
word, phrase, clause, or sentence
into a quoted or edited text, as an interpolationor

letter,number,
introduced

"

rectification.
That

his

was

limit.
[life's]

(h) Question Mark

108.

The

follows

question mark

parenthesis marks

after

word

or

an

interrogationor is placed in

number

about

is it you

want?

which

doubt

is

entertained.

Well, what
Chaucer

in the
bom

was

name

of Plutus

in 1340

(?)and died in

(t) Exclamation
104.

The

exclamation

point is

used

1400.

Point

only after emphatic

clamations.
ex"

O, the vast, gloomy, solitaryGolgotha, and

Mill

of Death!

"

Carlyle.

(j)QuotationMaries
105.
A

Quotation marks

quotation within

marks.
marks

enclose

all matter

reproduced verbatim.

quotation is enclosed in single quotation

practice,single
When, according to a not uncommon
enclose the larger quotation, double
marks
set off the

quotation within

the

endose
quotation. Quotation marks
further: the titles of pictures, of serial publications,of subdivisions
of books, etc.; words
such as
not in ordinary usage,
slang or technical terms; words speciallycited in definitions uid
translations.^
often italicized
instead of bong endosed in quotationmarks.
wnich carry spedal
words and phrases and expressions
Italicize,
too" foreign
emphasb. Words to be italidsed are underlined in manuscript.
^

Titles

are

145

PUNCTUATION

106.

Note

period, the semicolon, and

that the

are

the

exclamation

and

comma

quotation marks; the colon, question

mark
they are a part of the
only when

always placed within

mark,

the

quotation.
counsel

The

of the committee

said in

publicaddress

in December,

1911,"
'If it is

expected that any Congressionalor other investigation

will explorethe existence of a ''Money Trust,*'in the sense
in which
we

the word

use

"trust,"

applied to unlawful

as

industrial

binations,
com-

expectationwill not be realized.' ^Atlantic Monthly.

dates in 1494, epitomizesthe
"Calumny," which Mr. Home
that

The

"

earlyand the late Botticelli. Mather.

These costumes
lasted long, and they took in the long
"

little from

Marshall

the

only assuming what

her

going into

when

Although he does
by Americans
"win

town.

out

BetigioMedici
did

man

more

change the mode

ne

with this

guise"
laugh, her "dis-

the

hope universallycherished
national

grave

not

to

correct

almost

unadorned

designed for publication.

the vicious taste
he

than

did,

entirely,yet this

so
was

of the

preceding

far, indeed,
not

his

as

to

principal

it.

riuaait mieux
as
insanity,

defects,

faults.

our

was

excellence,and he knew
Rien

share

shall, in spite of

we

in theatrical declamation

age

called,with

seldom,

Canfield.

"

to

seem

that

pointed

statements,

No

husband

them

wore

in the end, he has nevertheless,in direct and

out"

The

exchequer: for she

but

run

que le succis.

our

And

bankruptciesand

we

Americans

our

reckless

are

tainted

politics
may

show.

EXERCISES

I. Punctuate

the

example Mr

following:
"

Gregg in his Rocks

Ahead

Warnings
to import her fuel
ever
England
China
from America
the day of her manufacturing prosperity
or
the matter
in questionwill
to say nothing of her supremacy
now
1. For

of Cassandra

have

said If

set forever.

is reduced

or

146

Tbou

2.

the

hast

pride

these

Angelotti
Voters

Manual

Jurist
first

the

huge

cleared

the

attics

the

Cheer

up

my

Ernest

of

the

near

Marion

by

Polk

The

Shuler

America

Woman

with

after

troduction
in-

an

the

War

by

anonymous.

books

for

but

homes

many

there

there

came

contributions

librarian

the

in

Gibson

ammunition

goes

at

France

people

camp

book

what

and
remain

to

storerooms

the

of

Marjorie

American

the

of

with

over

he

plicated
com-

duty

the

at

asked.
that

thought

which

sentry

on

which

you

in

alone

not

are

world.

the
8.

At

House
7.

the

His

the

poet

was

Proud'hon
one

modem
8.

nor;

In

Comeille

short

they

lovely.

with

the
are

his

of

were

purity

and

built

his
of

manner

the

Wibon

the

White

familiar.
Catholic

the

obstinacy

the

love

on

Catholic

likely

was

in

more

society
nor

Comeille

of
and

heroes

Proud'hon

transform

magic

think

nearer

Proud'hon

neither

in

to

was

their

idealism

the
and

man

sketches

ably

but

unreal

was

Lincoln

because

woman

sacrifice

river

Jansenists

the

was

it

moment

across

even

of

halt

Catt

miscellaneous
and

it all

publication

Preston

and

prefers

to

problem

door

library
5.

of

supply

Firefly
by

Chapman

call

all

greatness

covered

for

Forman

who

and

man

The
Boche

Carrie

American
At

by

by

4.

the

stretched

star

announces

volumes

Battering

the

jacet.

Hie

G^mpany

following

the

of

ambition

words

Century

all

together

and

narrow

The

future

drawn

cruelty

two

8.

an

APPENDIX

to

Saints

or

his

Socialist

but

the

love
of

doctrine

appeal

to

the

idealism.
hand
01

done

is

almost
and

absent

supremely

from

these

inapproach-

APPENDIX

CAPITALIZATION

Capitalize

"

Proper

107.

Holland,

Dutch,

In

108.

and

nouns

generic

Relief

well

as

in the

places

East, War

Near

(countries, districts, streets,

important

events,

specific words.

the

as

them:

German.

periods, and

historical

Island, Fifth

Edward's

Prince

of

designations

from

adjectivea derived

Latin, Germany,

Rome,

etc.), organizations,
the

the

Avenue,

of the

Committee

American

for

Spanish Succession, the Age of

Elizabeth.

but

preferably

the

North,

the

southern

the

not

South,

the

Designations

Christian

Trinity

The

110.

of

never

wish

East, the West;

of

God

designed

For

northern

example:
industries,

what

of each

not

of

members
which

pronouns

the

sentence,

complete

or

the

deariy

of each

line

quotation

of poetiy,

not

directly

precedes.

"honesty

emphasize

is the

is the

best

best

147

policy."

policy."

following: First, the

to
...

other

Father, Son, Holy Ghost.

forget that
to

them.

but

capitalized

are

Being.

summarization
upon

the

and

capitalized, but

are

forget this: "Honesty

Never

country

from

the

first word

each

dependent

the

adjectives derived

Supreme

Ahnighty,

The

and

the

to

of

sections

farms.

109.

refer

of

Designations

B.

N.

In

Monroe

You

should

conclusion,
Doctrine

I
is

148

APPENDIX

Titles

111.

of

persons:
Dr.

Chamwood;

Lord

Smiles,

Samuel

Johnson;

The

112.

A.

Ph.

M.,

words

principal

the

Smith;

in

Reverend

Right

titles

of

B.

Elizabeth.

Queen

D.;

Arthur

books,

articles,

poems,

etc.:

The

MUl

on

the

Floss,

The

of the

Lay

Last

The

Minstrel^

Glory

cf

theJmpeffect,
The

article

book,

the

the

g.f

118.

the

poem,

should

one

e.

should

Springfield

The

exclamation

be
or

article.

the

preferably

In

exclude
the

Republican,

(Oh)

it

when

capitalized

and

citing
the

Nation,

the

belongs

to

and

newspapers

article
the

pronoun

the

from

Unpopular

the

title

of

azines
mag-

title,
Review.

INDEX

Dash,

50

Accent,

Adjective, 72ff.; used

adverbs,

as

Degree, comparative and superlative

83;

predicate adjective, 75; idiomatic

74

Derivations

75

uses,

74ff.; used

Adverb,

143

adjectives,

as

of words,

Deterioration

3ff.

of words,

74f.

verb, 92, 93;

subject and
and

llSff.;

logicalagreement,

Agreement,

antecedent,

singular

111;

biguous,
am-

connected

Etymology,

Off.

Euphemism,

14

88

Euphony,

Apostrophe, 60ff.

Exclamation

by

Qfr

nar^

or

BrackeU,

in

common,

words,

126ff.

point,

144

144

Foreign element
Building, 17
Can

of

use

d8ff.

inconspicuous, 110;

Antecedent,

Errors,

pronoun

87, %8

114ff.

Emphasis,

and

in

English vocabu-

huy, 4ff.

Foreign words,

96

may,

33

Capitalization,147ff.
Clauses, principal between

two

ordinate
sub-

clauses, 125; substantive

without

ihai^ 71;

restrictive

Gerund,

and

Good

non-restrictive, 73; adjective, 72f.;

76f.; of

adverbial,

result, 77;

77; of degree, 77; of

manner,

77f.; of cause,

78f.; of

18

87

32ff

use,

63ff.

Grammar,

cession,
con-

Indo-Germanic,

dition,
con-

Inflection,
Intrusive

7, 90

sounds,

61

lOSff.

Meanings

Colloquialisms,84
Colon,

words,

of

79

Clearness,

of

Generalization

of words,

13ff.

lS9f.

Comma,

Noun,

140f.

Conjugation,

133f.

Conjunction,

lOlff.

Contrary

to

Coordination,

fact

collective, 92f.; omitted,

conditions,

lOlff.;

66ff.; foreign plurals, 70f.;

75

Object, of verb, 86; of preposition,

93

progressive,

86

Obsolete

125
149

words,

33

150

INDEX

lOfiff.; of

OmissioiiSy

omitted

88;

monstrative,
deSeparation

necessary

sounds,

Shifted
14Sf.

Parentliesis,

Participle Tag,
Period,

at

of

b^^inning

prepositional,
Point

of view

Predicate

verb,

76; adjective, 72;

Split infinitive,
Stem,

dianged,

copula

after

llf.

7ff.; Greek,

Latin,

16ff.

Than,

after,

Unity,

109

59ff.; list

Pronunciation,

mispronounced,

Provincialisms,

of

61ff.

Verb,

90ff.; past

91;

weak

144

marks,

144ff.

Root,

110,

90;

and

93;

verbs,

91^

verbs,

number,

91;

tense*

90; voice,

95;

90

Verbosity,

124

verbs,

subjunctive,

strong

90, 94, 95;

voice, 90;

intransitive

non-finite

and

person,

Redundance,

94;

tense,

and

mood,

finite

Quotation

88

lis

transitive

84

mark,

^nes,

the

words

198ff.

Punctuation,

86

demonstrative

85ff.;

commonly

case

one,

Question

119f.

Synonyms,

The

90ff

Preposition,

omitted^

84

96

85,

Pronouns,

13

Suffix,

124

60

of words,

Subordination,

72

substantive

Prefixes,

118;

sentence*

125f.

52ff.

Spelling.

adverbial,

tive,
substan-

95

substitution,

Specialization

138

Phrases,

wfll,

construction,

Sound

121

and

125

and

Shall

00

artide

of

124

Words,

etymology,

Semantics,

13, note

changes

Semicolon.

140

good

Sentences*

climactic,

115;

balanced,

114f.; periodic, 115f.

Separation

of

subject

and

verb,

125

use,

abstract
common

in

4ff.;prefixes,7ff.;

word

meaning,

32ff.; foreign words,

and

concrete

errors,

words,

38ff.; list of,

mispronounced,

61ff.

13ff.;
33;

34ff.;
monly
com-