Amir Borji

Engineering Electromagnetics

Problem 4.1

2
16
2r cos + 2 cos
r
r

(r, ) = 1
The electric eld is:
= = r 1 =
E
r
r

Homework 4

r2

)
(
)
2
32
16
+
2
cos

+
cos

+
2
sin

+
sin

r2
r3
r3

(
)
= 2 z 80 r + 640 2 cos r + sin
E
40 r2
40 r3
(a) To nd the charge on the conducting sphere we can apply the Gauss law to any sphere with radius r 2:
I

I
=
ds
0 E

Q=

0 Er r2 sin dd = 0
0

(
)
32
2 + 2r2 cos +
cos sin d d =
r
20 (4 + 0 + 0) = 80 C

(b) The surface charge density on the conducting sphere is:

(
)
2
32
s = 0 Er = 0 2 + 2 cos + 3 cos = 0 (6 cos 0.5)
a
a

F =
0

2
2s 2
20 (6 cos 0.5)2 sin (sin cos x
+ sin sin y + cos z) d d =
2 sin d d r =
20
0
0
1

2
u(6u 0.5)2 du z = 160 z N
(6 cos 0.5) sin cos d z = 40
= 40
1

Problem 4.2 Since the spheres are separated by a large distance, we assume the charges on each sphere
are almost uniform. Thus, the eld of each sphere can be obtained from the Gauss law. Assuming charges Q
on the two spheres, the potential dierence can be written as:
)
)
)
dab(
da (
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
V =
dx+
dx+
dx
+
+
+
2
4x2 4(d x)2
40 x2 40 (d x)2
4(d x)2
a
a+b
dab 4x
(
)
(
)
Q
1
1
1
1
Q
1
1
1
1
=

+
+

+
+
4 d a b a + b d a a
40 a + b d a b d a b a + b
(
)
(
)
1
1
1
Q
1 r 1
r 1
1
Q 1

+
=
+

4 a d a a + b d a b
20 r a
a+b
dab da

a+b(

Q
20 r
=
1 r 1
r 1
1
V
+

a
a+b
dab da
(
)
QV
We
Q2
r 1
1
We =
= FQ =
x
=
+
x

2
d
40 r (d a b)2 (d a)2
C=

Since d a + b and d a we can write:

1
1
a
+ 2
da
d d

r 1
r 1 (r 1)(a + b)

+
dab
d
d2

20 r
20 r

1 r 1 r
1 r 1 r
r (a + b) b
+

+

a
a+b
d
a
a+b
d
d2
(
)
2
2
Q
r
r (a + b) b
Q
FQ
+2
x

2
3
40 r d
d
40 d2

Fall 2012

Sharif University of Technology

Amir Borji

Engineering Electromagnetics

Homework 4

Problem 4.3 The volume and surface bound charge densities are
dPx
2x
= P0 2
dx
a

sb (x = a) = P x
= P0
(x = a) = P [
x] = P0

vb = P =

sb

The bound charge density is an odd function of x and this problem is similar to problem 11 of homework 1
(part b). The electric eld can be obtained by Gauss law exactly the same way as problem 1.11(b). There we
saw that the eld outside the charged region (|x| > a) was zero. Here we solve the Poisson equation for the
potential rst and then nd the electric eld:

2x

P0
|x| < a

v
d V
0a
2
=
V = =

0
dx2

0
|x| > a

x2
x3

P
+
A
|x|
<
a
P

0
0
a2
3 a2 + Ax |x| < a
dV
0
0
=
= Ex =
= V (x) =
0
x
>
a
C
x>a

dx

x < a
C
x < a
Obviously the potential must be an odd function of x or V (x) = V (x). Furthermore, we know the electric
eld must be zero outside the charged region. We only need to apply boundary conditions at x = 0, a. The
boundary condition at x = a will be automatically satised. Since we have surface charges at x = a, the
normal electric eld must be discontinuous. The boundary conditions are:
V (x = 0) = 0
a
+ Aa = C
P0
30

x3

P
0
3 a2

aP0
V (x) =

30

aP0
30

V (a ) = V (a+ )

Ex (a+ ) Ex (a ) =

(
)
P0
P0
0
A =
= A = 0
0
0

x2

0 a2
dV
0
=
x > a = Ex =
0

dx

0
x < a
|x| < a

P0
sb
=
0
0
C = P0

a
30

|x| < a
x>a
x < a

Problem 4.4 () The volume bound charge is zero vb = P = P0 x = 0 and the surface density
of bound charges on the sphere is sb = P n
= P0 x
r = P0 sin cos . Therefore, we need to calculate the
potential and eld of this surface charge density using the surface integrals. However, if you try to do this, for
an arbitrary point in space, the integrals become very dicult to evaluate. Here we try a more clever approach.
The potential of a polarized dielectric is given by:
V (r) =

1 y P (r r )
dv
40
|r r |3
V

Here P is a constant vector and can be taken out of the integral:

[
]
1 y r r

V (r) = P0 x

dv
40
|r r |3

(1)

The integral in (1) is nothing but the electric field of a uniformly charged sphere with charge density
v = 1. A very simple way to obtain such electric eld is to use the Gauss law. If we write (1) in this form:
V (r) = P0 x
e(r)
Fall 2012

Sharif University of Technology

Amir Borji

Engineering Electromagnetics

Homework 4

then e(r) is obtained using the Gauss law:

e(r) =

r,

30

r<a

a r,
30 r2

r>a

and the potential due to the uniformly polarized ferroelectric sphere is:

0 r sin cos , r < a

30
V (r, ) = P0 x
e =

P0 a3 sin cos

, r>a
30
r2
= V
the electric eld is obtained from E

(
)

P0 sin cos r + cos cos sin = P ,

) =
33 (
3
0 E(r,
)

P0 a 2 sin cos r cos cos + sin ,

3r3

r<a
r>a

note that the electric eld inside the sphere is uniform and is independent of the size of the sphere. Moreover,
= 0 E
which is not zero even though there are no
note that the displacement vector outside the sphere is D

free charges in this problem, i.e. D = 0 everywhere.

Problem 4.5 Before coating the sphere with dielectric, the charge on the sphere, the stored energy, and
the capacitance are:
Q = 40 aV0

1
W0 = V0 Q = 20 aV02
2

C0 = 40 a

After coating the sphere with a dielectric layer, the free charge on the sphere remains the same, thus, from the
Gauss law we have
aV
0

r a < r < 3a

r(r
+
3a)
Q

aV
0
0
=
=
D
r =
r = E

4r2
r2

aV0 r
r > 3a
r2
The new potential of the sphere is
[
]
3a

aV0
aV0
V0
3a
6a
aV0
V0
V1 =
dr +
dr =
ln
ln
+
=
(1 + ln 2) < V0
2
r(r + 3a)
3
a
4a
3a
3
a
3a r
C1 =

Q
120 a
=
> C0
V1
1 + ln 2

1
1 + ln 2
W1 = QV1 = 20 aV02
< W0
2
3
Part of the initial energy is spent on polarizing the dielectric.

Problem 4.6 () Note that because of the volume bound charges we cannot use Laplace equation to nd
we
the potential. Assume the free surface charge on the inner conductor is q C/m. Using the Gauss law for D
have
2

= q = E
= D = qa
D

20 3
(
)
3a
3a
qa2
qa2
1
1
2q
E d = V0 =
d =
2 =
= V0 = q = 4.50 V0
3
2
2

4
9a
a
9
a
a
0
0
0
Fall 2012

Sharif University of Technology

Amir Borji

Engineering Electromagnetics
2

= 2.25V0 a
E
3

q
C=
= 4.50 F/m
V0

Homework 4

E
= q
P = D
0
2

(
)
a2
1 2

qa2
a2
= 4.50 V0 4 C/m3
4

vb = P =
sb ( = a) = P (
) = 0

sb ( = 3a) = P =

4q
2
=
V0
27a
3a 0

Problem 4.7 Assume that we have placed charge +Q on the inner sphere and charge Q on the outer
conductor. Similar to what we said in problem 4, the electric eld will remain in radial direction only:
= Er (r, )
E
r
= 0 we conclude that E
cannot be a function of , in other words E
= Er (r)
However, since E
r. On a
spherical Gaussian surface with radius r we can write:
I
2

()E ds = Q =
d
0 (1 + sin2 )Er (r)r2 sin d = Q
0

20 r Er (r)

(sin + sin )d = 20 r Er (r)

0

V =

Er dr =
a

3Q
200

=
(2 sin sin cos2 )d = Q = E

1 1

a b

)
= C =

3Q
r
200 r2

200 ab
3 ba

Another method is to divide the capacitor into innite number of dierential segments. All those segments that
lie side-by-side on a sphere with radius r are in parallel (their capacitances are added) and thin spherical shells
with thickness dr are in series (inverse of their capacitances are added):
1
=
dC 1

rd r sin d
20 r2
=
dr
dr
= C 1 =

dC 1 =

)
20 r2
3dr
sin + sin3 d =
= dC 1 =
3dr
20 r2
(
)
3dr
1 1
3

=
20 r2
200 a b

Problem 4.8 () Let

2 = Ex x
E

2 + Ey2 y
t1 = E
t2 = 3 = Ey
E
2
1 En1 = 2 En2 = 20 = 40 Ex2 = Ex2 = 0.5
2 = 0.5
E
x + 3
y
P1 = 0

2 = 0 (1.5
P2 = 30 E
x + 9
y)
sb = x
P1 x
P2 = 1.50

The secondary eld is only due to the bound charge sb at x = 0:

x
2
E
2 = 40
1 = 0
1 = 2
E
x + 3
y

1.50
{

x
x>0
0.75
x x>0
20
s =
=
E
1.5
0

0.75
x
x<0

x<0
20
Fall 2012

Sharif University of Technology

Amir Borji

Engineering Electromagnetics

Homework 4

a = E
2 E
s = 0.5
E
x + 3
y (0.75
x) = 1.25
x + 3
y
note that we should get the same thing for x < 0
a = E
1 E
s = 2
E
x + 3
y 0.75
x = 1.25
x + 3
y

Problem 4.9 () The charged sphere polarizes the dielectric in radial direction and all eld vectors are in
radial direction. Moreover, the volume bound charge is zero (vb = 0) because the dielectric is homogeneous.
= 0 and we can write:
Hence, E
{
K1
= r2 r, 0 < < /2
E
K2
r, /2 < <
r2
However, the tangential electric eld must be continuous at = /2, therefore K1 = K2 and the electric eld
is equal to rK2 r everywhere.

0
0 r

(a) We can obtain K using the potential of the sphere:

K
K

V0 =
E dl =
= K = aV0
dr =
2
r
a
a
a
This is interesting because it shows that the potential and eld in space do not change after we immerse the
vector has changed:
charged sphere into oil. Only the D

0 V0 a r,
z>0
= E
=
r2 a
D
0 r V0 r, z < 0
r2
There are no surface bound charges at z = 0 plane because the polarization vector is tangential to this plane.
The only bound charge appears on the boundary between the sphere and dielectric medium:
sb (r = a, z < 0) = Pn = P (
r) = 0 (r 1)

V0
a

The free charge density on the surface of conducting sphere is

0 V0 ,
z>0

a
sf = Dn = D r =
V

0 r 0 , z < 0
a
Note that the sum of sf + sb = 0 V0 /a is a uniformly distributed charge on the entire sphere.
= K r. If we integrate D
over a sphere of arbitrary radius r a, the total charge
(b) Again we have E
r2
inside is Q, therefore:
I
Q
= 2 K + 2K = Q = K =
ds
D
0
20 (1 + r )
S
=
E
{
= E
=
D

Fall 2012

Q
r
20 (1 + r ) r2

Q
r,
2(1+r )r2
r Q
r,
2(1+r )r2

0 < < /2
/2 < <

Sharif University of Technology

Amir Borji

Engineering Electromagnetics

Homework 4

the potential and capacitance of the sphere are:

V =

Q
= C = 20 (1 + r ) a
20 (1 + r ) a

The only bound charge appears on the boundary between the sphere and dielectric medium:
1 Q
sb (r = a, z < 0) = Pn = P (
r) = r
r + 1 2 a2
The free charge density on the surface of conducting sphere is
{
Q
,
2(1+r )a2

sf = D r =
r Q
,
2(1+ )a2

z>0
z<0

Problem 4.10 Since there are no free charges in the dielectric region and on the surface of it we can write:
{

= D0 z 0 z a + d
D

=
E

E2
E1

a<z <a+d
0<z<a

On the other hand we have

V0 = E1 a + E2 d

V0

From the boundary condition at z = a we have

Dn2 = Dn1

(
)
P0
V0 = E1 a + E1 +
d
0

0 E2 + 0 (0 E1 + P0 ) = 0

E2 = E1 +

P0
0

P0
V0 P0 d
d = E1 = 0
0
0 (a + d)
V0 + P0 a
= 0 V0 + P0 a z
= E2 = 0
= D
0 (a + d)
a+d
The density of free surface charge on the conducting plate at z = 0 is
=

V0 = (a + d)E1 +

0 V0 + P0 a
C/m2
a+d
As you can see the charge is not a linear function of potential. There are no volume bound charges but the
surface bound charges are:
z =
sf (z = 0) = D

sb (z = 0) = P (
z ) = P0

sb (z = a) = P z = +P0

Problem 4.11 () This is very similar to problem 2 except the conductors are innite cylinders. Assuming
charges q per unit length on each conductor we can write
)
)
)
a+b(
dab(
da (
q
q
q
q
q
q
V =
+
dx +
+
dx +
+
dx
2x 2(d x)
20 x 20 (d x)
2(d x)
a
a+b
dab 2x
(
)
(
)
(
)
a+b
a
q
dab
a+b
q
da
dab
q
ln
ln
+
ln
ln
+
ln
ln
=
=
2
dab
da
20
a+b
dab
2
a
a+b
(
)
q
da
dab
ln
+ (r 1) ln
0 r
a
a+b
Fall 2012

Sharif University of Technology

Amir Borji

Engineering Electromagnetics

Homework 4

Since d a and d a + b we can simplify the above expression

(
)
q
0 r
d
d
q
0 r
V
= C =
=
=
ln + (r 1) ln
d
d
d
a+b
0 r
a
a+b
V
+ r ln
ln + (r 1) ln
ln
a
a+b
a
a+b
r
0 r
2
qV
1
W
V
q2
e
2
d
We =
= CV = FV =
x
=
=
x

[
]2 x
2
2
d
2
20 d
a+b
d
ln
+ r ln
a
a+b

Problem 4.12 () Assume the total height of the tube (above oil) is l. First we calculate the capacitance
and stored energy. This is a parallel combination of two coaxial capacitors:
20
20 r
(l h) +
h
ln(b/a)
ln(b/a)
[
]
1
0
0 r
2
WE = CV0 =
(l h) +
h V02
2
ln(b/a)
ln(b/a)
C=

The net upward force is given by

F =

0 (r 1) 2
WE
=
V0
h
ln(b/a)

The downward gravitational force is

F = mg = m (b2 a2 )hg
These forces must be in balance, thus:
h=

0 (r 1)
V2
m g(b2 a2 ) ln(b/a) 0
2a

V =0
l
V0

oil
r

Fall 2012

2b

Sharif University of Technology