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Lecture 3
Turbulence Modeling, Heat Transfer & Transient Calculations
Dimitrios Sofialidis
Technical Manager, SimTec Ltd.
Mechanical Engineer, PhD
PRACE Autumn School 2013 - Industry Oriented HPC Simulations, September 21-27,
University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Release 14.5
Lecture 3.
Turbulence Modeling, Heat Transfer &
Transient Calculations
14.5 Release
Introduction to ANSYS
Fluent
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Release 14.5
Introduction
Part 1.
Lecture Theme:
The problem definition for all
CFD simulationsModeling
includes boundary conditions,
Turbulence
cell zone conditions and material properties. The accuracy of the simulation
results depends on defining these properly.
Learning Aims:
You will learn:
How to define material properties.
The different boundary condition types in FLUENT and how to use them.
How to define cell zone conditions in FLUENT including solid zones and
porous media.
How to specify wellposed boundary conditions.
Learning Objectives:
You will know how to perform these essential steps in setting up a CFD
analysis.
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Material Properties
September 19, 2013
Boundary Conditions
Summary
Release 14.5
Introduction
Lecture Theme:
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
4
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
Laminar
(Low Reynolds Number)
Transition
(Increasing Reynolds Number)
Turbulent
(Higher Reynolds Number)
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
5
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
.U .L
Re L
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
6
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
Small
structures
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Large
structures
Models
NearWall Treatments
7
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
Energy Cascade
Richardson (1922),
Kolmogorov (1941)
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
8
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
9
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
Velocity
u Fluctuating velocity.
U Timeaverage of velocity.
U Instantaneous velocity.
Time
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
2
NearWall Treatments
10
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
LES
RANS
No modeling is required.
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
11
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
i uk i
xk
xi x j
t
ui Rij
x x
j
j
Rij uiuj
(Reynolds stress tensor)
R uu
yx ij yy yzi j u ' v ' v '2 v ' w '
2
zx zy zz u ' w ' v ' w ' w '
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
12
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
Boussinesq hypothesis
Reynolds stresses are modeled using an eddy (or
turbulent) viscosity, T.
uiuj
uk uiuj Pij Fij DijT ij ij
t
xk
u u j 2 uk
2
T
Rij uiuj T i
ij k ij
x x 3 x
3
i
k
j
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
13
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
RANS based
models
OneEquation Model
SpalartAllmaras
TwoEquation Models
Standard k
RNG k
Realizable k*
Standard k
SST k*
Reynolds Stress Model
Increase in
Computational
Cost
Per Iteration
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
14
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
TwoEquation Models
Two transport equations are solved, giving two independent
scales for calculating t.
Virtually all use the transport equation for the turbulent kinetic energy, k.
Dk
Dt x j
t
k
P ;
x j
P t S 2 ( ske)
S 2Sij Sij
production dissipation
and used for second equation. The eddy viscosity t is then formulated from the two
transport variables.
Kolmogorov, w:
t k / w, l k1/2 / w, k / w
w is specific dissipation rate.
Defined in terms of large eddy scales that define supply rate of k.
Chou, :
t k2 / , l k3/2 /
Rotta, l:
t k1/2l, k3/2 / l
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
15
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
16
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
Benefits:
Accurately predicts the spreading rate of both planar and round jets.
Also likely to provide superior performance for flows involving rotation,
boundary layers under strong adverse pressure gradients, separation, and
recirculation.
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
17
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
pressure gradients.
Used mainly for aerospace and turbomachinery applications.
Limitations:
The model was designed for wall bounded flows and flows with mild separation
and recirculation.
No claim is made regarding its applicability to all types of complex engineering
flows.
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komega Models
In kw models, the transport equation for the turbulent dissipation rate, , is
replaced with an equation for the specific dissipation rate, w.
Accurate and robust for a wide range of boundary layer flows with pressure gradient.
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
19
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
SST Model
Shear Stress Transport (SST) Model.
The SST model is an hybrid twoequation model that combines the advantages of
k
kw
Wall
The ke and kw models are blended such that the SST model functions like the k
close to the wall and the k model in the freestream.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
20
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
empiricism.
Advantages over the standard k model are very similar to those of the RKE
model.
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Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
22
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
Velocity, U
,, is friction velocity)
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
23
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
Linear
Logarithmic
Since near wall conditions are often predictable, functions can be used to
determine the near wall profiles rather than using a fine mesh to actually
resolve the profile.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
24
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
(Too low, and model is invalid. Too high and the wall is not properly resolved).
Use a wall function, and a high Re turbulence model (SKE, RKE, RNG).
Generally speaking, this is the approach if you are more interested in the mixing in the middle of
the domain, rather than the forces on the wall.
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
25
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
26
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
separation.
Nearwall mesh is relatively coarse.
nearwall phenomena.
Generally requires a very fine nearwall mesh capable of
resolving the nearwall region.
Can also handle coarse nearwall mesh.
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
27
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
28
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
29
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
SpalartAllmaras
Economical for large meshes. Performs poorly for 3D flows, free shear flows, flows with strong
separation. Suitable for mildly complex (quasi2D) external/internal flows and boundary layer flows
under pressure gradient (e.g. airfoils, wings, airplane fuselages, missiles, ship hulls).
Standard k
Robust. Widely used despite the known limitations of the model. Performs poorly for complex flows
involving severe pressure gradient, separation, strong streamline curvature. Suitable for initial
iterations, initial screening of alternative designs, and parametric studies.
Realizable k*
Suitable for complex shear flows involving rapid strain, moderate swirl, vortices, and locally transitional
flows (e.g. boundary layer separation, massive separation, and vortex shedding behind bluff bodies, stall
in wideangle diffusers, room ventilation).
RNG k
Offers largely the same benefits and has similar applications as Realizable. Possibly harder to converge
than Realizable.
Standard k
Superior performance for wallbounded boundary layer, free shear, and low Reynolds number flows.
Suitable for complex boundary layer flows under adverse pressure gradient and separation (external
aerodynamics and turbomachinery). Can be used for transitional flows (though tends to predict early
transition). Separation is typically predicted to be excessive and early.
SST k*
Offers similar benefits as standard k. Dependency on wall distance makes this less suitable for free
shear flows.
RSM
Physically the most sound RANS model. Avoids isotropic eddy viscosity assumption. More CPU time
and memory required. Tougher to converge due to close coupling of equations. Suitable for complex
3D flows with strong streamline curvature, strong swirl/rotation (e.g. curved duct, rotating flow
passages, swirl combustors with very large inlet swirl, cyclones).
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Description
Spalart
Allmaras
A single transport equation model solving directly for a modified turbulent viscosity. Designed specifically
for aerospace applications involving wallbounded flows on a fine nearwall mesh. Fluents implementation
allows the use of coarser meshes. Option to include strain rate in k production term improves predictions of
vortical flows.
Standard k
The baseline twotransportequation model solving for k and . This is the default k model. Coefficients
are empirically derived; valid for fully turbulent flows only. Options to account for viscous heating,
buoyancy, and compressibility are shared with other k models.
RNG k
A variant of the standard k model. Equations and coefficients are analytically derived. Significant changes
in the equation improves the ability to model highly strained flows. Additional options aid in predicting
swirling and low Reynolds number flows.
Realizable k
A variant of the standard k model. Its "realizability" stems from changes that allow certain mathematical
constraints to be obeyed which ultimately improves the performance of this model.
Standard k
A twotransportequation model solving for k and , the specific dissipation rate ( / k) based on Wilcox
(1998). This is the default k model. Demonstrates superior performance for wallbounded and low
Reynolds number flows. Shows potential for predicting transition. Options account for transitional, free
shear, and compressible flows.
SST k
A variant of the standard k model. Combines the original Wilcox model for use near walls and the
standard k model away from walls using a blending function. Also limits turbulent viscosity to guarantee
that T ~ k. The transition and shearing options are borrowed from standard k. No option to include
compressibility.
RSM
Reynolds stresses are solved directly using transport equations, avoiding isotropic viscosity assumption of
other models. Use for highly swirling flows. Quadratic pressurestrain option improves performance for
many basic shear flows.
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Modeling procedure
1. Calculate characteristic Reynolds number and determine whether flow is turbulent.
2. If the flow is in the transition (from laminar to turbulent) range, consider the use of one
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Theory
September 19, 2013
Models
NearWall Treatments
32
Inlet BCs
Summary
Release 14.5
Introduction
Part 2.
Lecture Theme:
The problem definition for all
CFD simulations
Heat
Transferincludes boundary conditions,
cell zone conditions and material properties. The accuracy of the simulation
results depends on defining these properly.
Learning Aims:
You will learn:
How to define material properties.
The different boundary condition types in FLUENT and how to use them.
How to define cell zone conditions in FLUENT including solid zones and
porous media.
How to specify wellposed boundary conditions.
Learning Objectives:
You will know how to perform these essential steps in setting up a CFD
analysis.
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Material Properties
September 19, 2013
Boundary Conditions
Summary
Release 14.5
Introduction
Lecture Theme:
Heat transfer has broad applications across all industries. All modes of heat
transfer (conduction, convection forced and natural, radiation, phase
change) can be modeled in Fluent and solution data can be used as input for
oneway thermal FSI simulations.
Learning Aims:
You will learn:
How to treat conduction, convection (forced and natural) and radiation in
Fluent.
How to set wall thermal boundary conditions.
How to export solution data for use in a thermal stress analysis (oneway
FSI).
Learning Objectives:
You will be familiar with Fluents heat transfer modeling capabilities and be
able to set up and solve problems involving all modes of heat transfer.
Intro.
Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
34
Summary
Release 14.5
Conduction.
Convection (forced and natural).
Fluidsolid conjugate heat transfer.
Radiation.
Interphase energy source (phase change).
Viscous dissipation.
Species diffusion.
Intro.
Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
35
Summary
Release 14.5
Intro.
Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
36
Summary
Release 14.5
Unsteady
Convection
Conduction
Species
Diffusion
Viscous
Dissipation
Enthalpy
Source/Sink
Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
37
Summary
Release 14.5
Tbody
q h (Tbody T ) h T
h average heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)
Intro.
Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
38
Summary
Release 14.5
Mathematically, qconduction k T
Intro.
Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
39
Summary
Release 14.5
kT
Intro.
Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
40
Summary
Release 14.5
Mixed Combination of
Via System Coupling Can be used when Fluent is coupled with another system in
Workbench using System Couplings.
Intro.
Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
41
Summary
Release 14.5
Grid
Velocity Vectors
Temperature Contours
Intro.
Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
42
Summary
Release 14.5
Convection
Convection heat transfer results from fluid motion.
Heat transfer rate can be closely coupled to the fluid flow solution.
The rate of heat transfer is always strongly dependent on fluid velocity and
fluid properties (uncoupled equations can solve energy after flow solution).
Fluid properties may vary significantly with temperature (coupled equations).
Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
43
Summary
Release 14.5
Typical
values of h
(W/m2K)
Thot
h T 1/ 4 , h T 1/ 3
(Laminar)
Tcold
4 4,000
(Turbulent)
Tcold
Thot
h f (T )
10 75,000
h T 2
300 900,000
Thot
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
44
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P
W
U W 2W abs g
t
z
Intro.
Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
45
Summary
Release 14.5
Radiation
Radiative heat transfer is a mode of energy transfer where the energy is
transported via electromagnetic waves.
Thermal radiation covers the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from
0.1 to 100 m.
Visible
Ultraviolet
Infrared
Thermal Radiation
X rays
rays
-5
Microwaves
-4
-3
-2
-1
log10 (Wavelength), m
Headlight
Glass furnace
Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
46
Summary
Release 14.5
4
4
qrad Tmax
Tmin
StefanBoltzmann constant
5.6704108 W/(m2K4)
system as:
Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
47
Summary
Release 14.5
Optically thick/dense means that the fluid absorbs and reemits the
radiation.
Intro.
Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
48
Summary
Release 14.5
Available Model
Surface to surface model (S2S)
Rosseland
>5
P1
>1
All
All
Intro.
Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
49
Summary
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Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
50
Summary
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Phase Change
Heat released or absorbed when matter changes
state.
Condensation.
Evaporation.
Boiling.
Melting/Solidification.
Intro.
Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
51
Summary
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Summary
After activating heat transfer, you must provide:
Thermal conditions at walls and flow boundaries.
Fluid properties for energy equation.
Intro.
Energy Equation
Wall BCs
Applications
52
Summary
Release 14.5
Introduction
Part 3.
Lecture Theme:
The problem definition for all
CFD simulations
includes boundary conditions,
Transient
Calculations
cell zone conditions and material properties. The accuracy of the simulation
results depends on defining these properly.
Learning Aims:
You will learn:
How to define material properties.
The different boundary condition types in FLUENT and how to use them.
How to define cell zone conditions in FLUENT including solid zones and
porous media.
How to specify wellposed boundary conditions.
Learning Objectives:
You will know how to perform these essential steps in setting up a CFD
analysis.
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Material Properties
September 19, 2013
Boundary Conditions
Summary
Release 14.5
Introduction
Lecture Theme:
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
54
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
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Motivation
Nearly all flows in nature are unsteady!
Steadystate assumption is possible if we:
Ignore unsteady fluctuations.
Employ ensemble/timeaveraging to remove unsteadiness.
This is what is done in modeling RANS turbulence.
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
55
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
Release 14.5
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
56
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
Release 14.5
of a pollutant).
Spectral data Fourier Transform (FT).
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
57
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
Release 14.5
Residual
to the solution.
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (seconds)
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
58
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
Release 14.5
Convergence Behavior
Residual plots for transient simulations are not always indicative of a converged
solution.
You should select the time step size such that the residuals reduce by around three
orders of magnitude within one time step.
This will ensure accurate resolution of transient behavior.
For smaller time steps, residuals may only drop by 12 orders of magnitude look for a
monotonic decrease throughout the time step.
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
59
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
Release 14.5
Variable of
interest.
t
Time
A smaller time step can
resolve the true solution.
Variable of
interest.
Time
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
60
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
Release 14.5
Courant Number
This gives the number of mesh elements the fluid passes through in one time step.
Typical values are 110, but in some cases higher values are acceptable.
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
61
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
Release 14.5
Usual Case:
Restrictive but safe for convergence with L=cell characteristic size, V=characteristic velocity.
Turbomachinery:
1 Number of Blades
.
10 Rotational Velocity
Natural Convection:
L
(g. . T.L)1/2
Conduction in solids:
L2
.
Cp
L = Characteristic length
V = Characteristic velocity
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
62
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
Release 14.5
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
63
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
Release 14.5
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
64
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
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Options are:
Number of time steps.
Maximum number of iterations
per time step.
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
65
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
Release 14.5
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
66
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
Release 14.5
Extrapolate Variables.
Speed up the transient solution by reducing required sub
iteration.
Using Taylor series expansion solution will be
extrapolated to the next time level to improve the
predicted initial value.
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
67
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
Release 14.5
Initialization
Physically realistic initial conditions should be
used.
Residuals
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time (seconds)
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
68
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
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Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
69
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
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Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
70
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
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Original Signal.
FT of Signal Showing
Dominant Frequency.
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
71
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
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Summary
No matter what solver is being used.
The time step size will be determined by the minimum of:
Introduction
2012 ANSYS, Inc.
Unsteady Flow
September 19, 2013
Time Step
72
Setup
PostProcessing
Summary
Release 14.5