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Hahn-Banach theorems
Theorem. (Hahn-Banach extension) Let X be a subspace of a real linear space Y and let p : Y
R be a sublinear functional. Then for any linear functional f : X R satisfying f (x) p(x) for
all x X, there is a linear functional f: Y R such that f|X = f and f(y) p(y) for all
y Y.
Proof. We will need the following
Claim. Let a Y \ X be given. Then f extends to f: span(X {a}) R such that f(y) p(y)
for all y span(X {a}).
We refer to Folland, p. 158, for the standard proof of this fact.
Corollary 2. Let X be a real normed space, Y X a closed subspace with a Y and dist(a, Y ) >
0. Then there exists f X 0 such that f (a) = 1 and f (Y ) = {0}.
Proof. Take B = Y and A = B(a, ) such that A B = . Then there exists f X 0 and R
such that f (y) for all y Y while f (a) < . As Y is a subspace, we must have f (y) = 0 for
all y Y . Finally, replace f by f /f (a). (Note: f (a) 6= 0 as otherwise > 0 so f (0) > 0.)
Setup. Let X be an internal linear space over R and let W be a family of internal seminorms
on X such that |W | < . Define an equivalence relation on X by
x W y p W : p(x y) 0.
We define the monad with respect to W (of x X) by
W (x) = {y X : x W y}
and the finite part of X with respect to W by
FinW (X) = {x X : sup st(p(x)) < }.
pW
where x
= W (x).
Remarks. (i) For x X, W (x) = x + W (0). If x FinW (X), then W (x) = {y FinW (X) :
x W y}.
(ii) W (0) is an R-linear subspace of FinW (X).
b W , k kW ) is a Banach space.
Lemma. (X
b W obtains a vector space structure from the identification X
b W = FinW (X)/W (0).
Proof. (i) X
(ii) k kW is a norm, as
k
xkW = 0 p W : st(p(x)) = 0 p W : p(x) 0 x W (0) x
=0
and
k
xkW = kxk
c W = sup st(p(x)) = sup st(||p(x)) = sup ||st(p(x)) = ||k
xkW .
pW
pW
pW
Let X be a real normed space. We will apply the notions from the previous section to X .
Consider the weak topology on X generated by the semi-norms pf (x) = |f (x)| for f X 0 . For this
family W of seminorms,
x W y f X 0 : f (x) f (y).
Proposition. Let C X be a set. Then
(i) C weakly closed C is norm-closed;
(ii) C is norm-closed and convex C is weakly closed.
Proof. (i) Trivial.
(ii) Let c C , X 3 a W c. We want to show that a C. (By Proposition 1.14(ii), this will
suffice.) Suppose a
/ C. By the Hahn-Banach separation theorem (cf. corollary 1), there exists
f X 0 such that f (a) < inf xC f (x). By transfer, f (a) < inf xC f (x). In particular, f (a) < f (c)
so that f (a) 6 f (c). As a W c, this is a contradiction.
X 0 } and call X
c
Setup. We put now W = {pf : f B
kf k f (a) [0, ) .
the FIP, there exists a0 BX such that kf k |f (a0 )|. As transfer yields x BX
: |f (x)| kf k,
it follows that kf k |f (a0 )|. Choose next F such that f (a0 ) = |f (a0 )| and put a = a0 .
Then a BX
does the trick.
0
f B
X
Hence k
akW inf yW (0) stka + ykX = ka + W (0)kq .
We next prove the reverse inequality. Without loss of generality, we may assume that k
akW = 1.
Assuming this, we wish to show that ka + W (0)kq 1.
Write, for f X 0 , rf = st(f (a)).
Claim. For A SX 0 finite and n, m N, there exists c (1 + 1/m)BX such that
f A : |f (c) rf | 1/n.
Suppose for contradiction that the claim fails for A, n, m. Then
^
x X :
(|f (x) rf | 1/n) x
/ (1 + 1/m)BX .
f A
< f(y).
1 + 1/m
()
1 f(x) <
Hence k
akW = supf BX 0 st|f (a)| > > 1, a contradiction.
c f,n,m Ef,n,m . This c satisfies kck 1 and f (x) rf = stf (a) f (a) for all f X 0 , i.e.,
(c a) W (0). It follows that
ka + W (0)kq =
inf
yW (0)
c Finq (X /W (0)) as sets and, by part (i), also as Banach spaces. [In
(ii) Note that X
other words, the map x
x + W (0) is a linear isometric embedding.] To see that we have
equality [surjectivity], let x X with kx + W (0)kq < be given. Choose y W (0) such that
X 0 , we have that
stkx + yk < . Then, for any f B
st|f (x)| = st|f (x + y) f (y)| = st|f (x + y)| stkx + yk < .
Hence x FinW (X ), showing what we want.
c
Corollary. For all x
X
Proof. Apply saturation to the sets Ep,n,m = {y X : > kx + ykX 1/n p(y) < 1/m}
for p W and n, m N, where := k
xkW .
c
Proposition. The map X X
given by x 7 x
is an isometric embedding.
c X 00 by (
Proof. Define : X
x) = st(x). Then is a well-defined injective linear
functional. Clearly, |X = 0 .
Let F X 00 be given. Note that, for each finite set J X 0 and each { }J R, we have
that
X
X
F () kF kX 00
.
J
J
5
Hence the corollary to Hellys theorem implies that there exists a X such that
stkak kF kX 00 X 0 : (a) F ().
In particular, a Fin(X ) FinW (X ) and, for each X 0 , (
a) = st(a) = F (), i.e.,
(
a) = F . Moreover,
k
akW = sup st|(a)| = sup |(
a)| = sup |F ()| = kF kX 00 ,
0
B
X
0
B
X
0
B
X
Theorem. Let X be a normed space and let K, C X be disjoint non-empty sets such that K
is weakly compact and C is norm-closed and convex. Then dist(K, C) > 0.
Proof. Suppose for contradiction that dist(K, C) = 0. Then, for any n N, there exist a K
and c C such that ka ck < 1/n. Apply saturation to the sets En = {(a, c) K C :
ka ck < 1/n} to find a K and c C such that a c. As K is weakly compact, there exists
b K such that b W a. As b
/ C, there exists r > 0 such that A = B(b, r) is disjoint from C.
The Hahn-Banach separation theorem implies that there exist f X 0 and R such that
f (b) < x C : f (x) .
By transfer, f (c) . In particular, f (b) 6 f (c).
On the other hand, b W a implies that f (b) f (a) so that f (a) 6 f (c), contradicting the fact
that a c.
Weak* topology
X . For
Consider the weak* topology on X 0 generated by the semi-norms pa () = |(a)| for a B
this family W of seminorms,
W x X : (x) (x).
Note for the next proof that (X )0 = (X 0 ) , where (X )0 is the space of internally continuous
linear functionals X R .
X } of
Proposition. Let X be a normed space and equip (X 0 ) with the family W = {pa : a B
W
0 )
\
seminorms. Then the map : X 0 (X
given by 7 is an isometric isomorphism.
Proof. Note that is linear and that
k()k = kk
= sup st|(a)| = kkX 0 .
X
aB
0 )
\
Let next (X
be given and put = st |X. Then is a linear functional on X and
for all x B
X so that is also continuous. Finally, (x) (x) for each
|(x)| = st|(x)| kk
x X. Hence ( ) W (0) and = = ().
X 0 is weak*ly compact.
Theorem. (Alaoglu) Let X be a normed space. Then B
c (under x 7 x
Proof. We will repeatedly use the fact that R
). Moreover, we use the usual
=R
non-standard characterization of compactness.
X 0 ) = B
(X 0 ) be given. We must show that there exists B
X 0 such that W
Let (B
.
6
)0 (X
\
[
c )0 defined by ()
Consider the map : (X
x = (x).
[
is uniquely determined. Moreover, |(x)| |(x)| and k
xkXc kxkX for all x X . Hence
k()k
= kk
so that is a well-defined linear isometry.
c )0 be given. Put = |X under the usual
It remains to show that is onto. Indeed, let (X
identification. Then the non-standard extension of , which we will denote by the same symbol
)0 . Finally, as (x) = (x) for all x X, transfer
\
as usual, belongs to Fin((X )0 ). Hence (X
d R
c = R.
X 0 . Given x X, put = (x)
Under this identification, put = |X.
Then B
x) = (x) under our identifications. Thus W and we are done.
Then (x) = (
In
ba(N)
= (` )0 given by 7 , where (f ) =
R the followingwe will use the identification
0
f d for f ` (N). By transfer, each ((` ) ) is of the form for some ba(N) .
N
Note also that we are here working with complex scalars, unlike in previous parts of the talk.
Moreover, we use without proof the following theorem on general Loeb measures:
Theorem. Let (, B, ) be an internal measure space, where is a finite internal complex measure
and B need only be an algebra of sets. Then st extends uniquely to a -additive measure on
B, where B is the -algebra generated by B.
Theorem. Let be a compact topological space. Then the map : M() C()0 given
by
R
7 , where M() is the space of complex regular Borel measures on and (f ) = f d,
is a linear isometric isomorphism.
Proof. We need only show that is onto so fix C()0 .
Step 1. We claim that there exists a hyperfinite set H such that H and st(H) = .
Consider, for , the set W = {H P fin () : H}. As {W } has FIP, there exists
a hyperfinite set H such that H . As is compact, st = ; hence st(H) = .
Step 2. We identify internally H with [0, N ] N for some N N . Thus we may embed
` (H) ` (N) internally. For f C(), we put f = f |H ` (H) ` (N) . For
= span(f1 , . . . , fn ) ` (N) . For f C(),
X FD(C()) with basis {f1 , . . . , fn }, put X
Step 5. By the remark before the proof, we may choose ba(N) such that = . Let be
the restriction of to the internal subsets of H. As
||() ||(N ) = kk = kk kk R,
is a finite internal complex measure. Thus st extends to a unique -additive measure L().
Put = L() st1 , defined on the Borel subsets of . Then M() and, for each f C(),
we get
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
(f ) = (f ) =
f d =
f d =
st f dL() =
f st dL() =
f d.
N