Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Technology
Chemistry
Matter
Volume
Mass
Weight
Properties
Structure
Laws/ Principles
TERMS
DEFINITION
Application of science to improve the quality of life
The branch of science that deals with matter, its properties, changes
,composition and laws or principles governing the changes
Anything that occupies space and has mass
Other word for space
Amount of matter present in an object
(kg, g, mg, lb, oz)
Gravitational pull acting on an object
(N, dyne)
Characteristics/ qualities
Arrangement of matter
Explanation to the changes
IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY
We need to study Chemistry because we and the environment are matter ant to
familiarize the matter around us
BRANCH OF CHEMISTRY
Biochemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
General Chemistry
BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
DEFINITION
Study of organic compounds where humans are made of
Analysis of the composition of substances/ materials
Study of carbon and its compounds
Study of non carbon containing compounds
Deals with the energy changes happening in chemical
reactions
Basic concepts of chemistry
STATES OF MATTER
Molecules are
compress
Molecules are slightly
apart
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Plasma
A form of gas
Bose-Enstein
Condensate
A form of liquid
Definite volume
Fixed volume
Dont have fixed
volume
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
PROPERTY
Chemical Properties
Physical Properties
DEFINITION
Can be observed/ measured only
after a matter underwent a change in
composition
Can be observed/ measured even
without the matter undergoing a
change in composition
EXAMPLE
combustibility
chemical reactivity
rusting formation
5 senses
Mass
Volume
Taste
Odor
Density
Boiling point
Elasticity
EXAMPLE
Breaking
Melting
Freezing
Grinding
Rusting
Decomposition
Cooking
Digestion
Intensive/ intrinsic
CHANGE
DEFINITION
Physical Change
Chemical Change
Melting
Solid to liquid
Evaporation
Liquid to gas
Sublimation
Solid to gas
Freezing
Liquid to solid
(solidification)
Condensation
Deposition
Gas to solid
PHASE CHANGES
Melting of snow and ice
Evaporation of water or
refrigerant
Sublimation of dry ice,
free-drying of coffee
Freezing of water or a
liquid metal
Formation of dew
Formation of frost and
snow
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
(Classified according to composition)
Pure substance
o A matter that is composed of only one kind of particle
KINDS
o
o
o
OF PARTICLES
Atoms
Molecules
Ions
KINDS OF ELEMENTS
NONMETALS
Some are solid, liquid
(bromine), or gas. Usually soft
METALLOIDS
Solids
except diamond
Brittle
Basically insulators
Dull except diamond
Low density
Low melting and boiling
points
Low tensile strength
Brittle
Intermediate electrical
conductivity
Intermediate reflectance
Intermediate density
Low melting and boiling
points
Low tensile strength
Compounds
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUNDS
According to Composition
Ionic M + NM , ENaCI
o Ionic bond is present
Covalent NM + NM , H2O
o Covalent bond is present
Mixture
o Composed of 2 or more substances that combined physically in variable
proportions
CLASSIFICATION OF MIXTURE
(According to number of phases)
o Homogenous/ Solutions sea water, air
Single-phased mixtures
Suspension
Colloid
Coarse Mixture
Brownian Movement
o Rapid, haphazard motion of colloidal particles
o Caused by the collision of the colloidal particles with
the molecules of the dispersion medium
o Colloidal particles do not settle because of the
Brownian Movement
Tyndall Effect
o The reflection of light by colloidal particles
Variable proportion
Cant be separated by ordinary
Physically combined
Can be expressed in formulas
Filtration
o The pouring of the mixture through a piece of paper (filter paper) which lets
the liquid (filtrate) pass through but catches the solid (residue)
Flotation
o The removal of suspended particles either by sedimentation or coagulation
o Used in mining to separate precious metals/ minerals from impurities
Distillation
o Makes use of the differences in boiling points (evaporation and condensation).
The gas is then condensed back to a liquid (distillate)
Decantation
o The pouring of the liquid from a mixture to separate the liquid (decante) from
the solid particles
Crystallization
o Occurs when simple sea water is allowed to evaporate
Centrifugation
o The settling of tiny suspended particles using a centrifuge. Tis hastens the
settling of the precipitate in a suspension.
Centrifugate
Paper Chromatography
Column Chromatography
Magnetism
o Used to separate a metal from a non metal
Mechanical Spearation
o Use machines to separate mixtures
energy in motion
IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS
IMPORTANT QUALITIES
Lavoisier didnt make any discoveries of his own but he gave correct explanations to
the discoveries of others
He insisted on exact measurements in all his experiments
He helped introduce methods of exactness in chemistry
He would accept no idea unless it could be proved
LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION
Law of Conservation of Mass
o The total mass in any chemical or physical change does not change.
o The number of substances may change, the properties may change, but the
total amount of matter remains constant.
Fe
S
FeS
+
=
(10g)
(5g)
(15g)
5.00g
10.00g
or 1:2
All the matter were made of water, air, fire, and earth
Atoms of the same element are identical, but atoms of one element
are different from those of all other elements
Joseph
o
o
o
John Thomson
Gave the name of electron to the cathode rays
Discoverer of the electrons
Used magnetic and electric fields to measure the value of the ratio of the
electron charge to its mass
E
M
o
o
1.759 x 108
coulomb/ gram
Found out that hydrogen is the lightest atom with its mass of 1/1840
Proposed a model of an atom as a positively charged sphere where the
electrons are embedded. This model is called the raisin cake model or
watermelon model where the raisins or seeds are the electrons
And later the results of Thomson and Millikan, the calculation of the mass of an
electron
(E) -1.602 x 10-19 c
(M) -1.759 x 108c/g
M = 9.11 x 10-28g = mass of a negative electron
Eugen Goldstein
o Discovered the canal rays
Particle that were left out of the atoms or molecules after electrons
had been pulled out
Ernest Rutherford
o Discovered the 2 types of radiation from radio active materials alpha and beta
TYPE OF
RADIATION
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
SYMBOL
NATURE
CHARGE
Helium nuclei
Electron
Radiant energy
+2
-1
0
PENETRATIN
G POWER
1
100
10,000
o
o
Gamma particles hit the side of the tiny solid part in the atom
A few gamma particles bounced back
They had a head on collision with the tiny solid part of the
atom
proposed that most of the mass and positively charged parts of the atom, the
protons, must be concentrated in a small region called the nucleus
Thought that the electrons are distributed in the space outside the nucleus of
the atom
Isaac Newton
o A scientist that works on light
o Believed that the light was made of corpuscles or particles, although a later
theory held that light was made of waves
ISOTOPES
atoms that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
DALTON MODEL
THOMSON MODEL
NUCLEAR MODEL
BOHR MODEL
Al
Protons : 13
Electrons : 13
Neutrons : 14
As
Protons : 33
Electrons : 33
Neutrons : 42
Mg
Br
+2
-1
Protons : 12
Electrons : 10
Neutrons : 12
Protons : 35
Electrons : 36
Neutrons : 45
BOHRSUMMERFELD
MODEL
QUANTUM
MECHANICAL
MODEL
Energy absorbed
Energy released-light
QUANTUM NUMBERS
o
o
l = 0 ml =0 1 orbital 2e- s
o
o
o
l = 1 ml = -1 0 +1 3 orbital 6e- p
l = 2 ml = -2 -1 0 +1 +2 5 orbital 10e- d
l = 3 ml = -3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2 +3 7 orbital 14e- f
tells how the e- spin in their axes as they revolve around the nucleus
o clockwise- Ms= -1/2
counterclockwise Ms = +1/2
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
periods/series
o horizontal rows
o 7 periods/series
groups/families
o vertical columns
o 18 groups/families
IA Alkali metals
VA Nitrogen group
11
22
ns1
ns2
ns2np
1
ns2np
2
ns2np
5A
ns np
6A
ns2np
7A
ns np
8A
ns1md
1B
10
ns md
2B
10
ns2md
3B
ns md
4B
ns md
5B
ns2md
6B
ns md
7B
ns2md
6
ns md
8B
ns md
8
period-3
Family-3A
o 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
o Z = 13
period-4
Family-4A
o 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p2
o Z = 32
PERIODIC PROPERTIES
Ionization
o
when an atom loses or gains electrons to form ions
ELECTRON AFFINITY
Isoelectric
o
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
w/ few valence e
tend to give up or donate e E, IE, EA
AS, MP, IS
Octet rule
o an atom should have 8 valence e- to become stable
Duet rule
o needs 2 valence e- to be stable
Electron Configuration
Use of Orbitals
Chemical symbol
o represents the nucleus and inner e
Dots
o represents the valence e- of the atom