Pageiii

AFirstDictionaryofCulturalLiteracy
WhatourChildrenNeedtoKnow
EditedbyE.D.Hirsch,Jr.
AssociateEditors
WilliamG.Rowland,Jr.
andMichaelStanford
SecondEdition
RevisedandUpdated

Pageiv

Disclaimer:
SomeimagesintheoriginalversionofthisbookarenotavailableforinclusioninthenetLibraryeBook.

ForBenjaminLacyHirsch
BornMarch15,1989

Copyright1996byHoughtonMifflinCompany
Allrightsreserved
Forinformationaboutpermissiontoreproduceselectionsfromthisbook,writetoPermissions,HoughtonMifflinCompany,222BerkeleyStreet,Boston,
Massachusetts02116
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Afirstdictionaryofculturalliteracy:whatourchildrenneed
toknow/editedbyE.D.Hirsch,Jr.:associateeditors,WilliamG.
Rowland,Jr.&MichaelStanford.2nded.,rev.andupdated.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferences(p.)andindex.
ISBN0395823528
1.Children'sencyclopediasanddictionaries.I.Hirsch,E.D.
(EricDonald),1928.II.Rowland,WilliamG.III.Stanford,
Michael,1923.
AG5.F551996
031dc209619050CIPAC
SelecteddescriptionsusedintheGuidetoFurtherReadinginthebackofthisdictionaryhaveappearedpreviouslyinReferenceBooksforChildren'sCollections,
compiledbytheChildren'sReferenceCommittee,TheNewYorkPublicLibrary,copyright1988byTheNewYorkPublicLibrary.Thesearereprintedby
permissionofTheOfficeofChildren'sServices,TheNewYorkPublicLibrary.
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
BookdesignbyRobertOverholtzer
RRD10987654

Pagev

Contents

Maps

vi

PrefacetotheSecondEdition

vii

ToParentsandTeachers

ix

ToYoungReaders:HowtoUseThisDictionary

xiii

Acknowledgments

xvi

Proverbs

Idioms

English

12

Literature

18

Mythology

41

Music,Art,andArchitecture

50

TheBible

66

ReligionandPhilosophy

77

UnitedStatesHistoryto1865

87

UnitedStatesHistorysince1865

102

PoliticsandEconomics

116

WorldHistoryto1600

124

WorldHistorysince1600

136

UnitedStatesGeography

146

WorldGeography

164

Mathematics

191

PhysicalSciences

203

EarthSciencesandWeather

212

LifeSciences

221

MedicineandtheHumanBody

230

Technology

245

GuidetoFurtherReading

259

IllustrationCredits

265

IndexofEntries

267

Pagevi

Maps
RomanEmpire

132

MiddleAtlanticStates

147

UnitedStates

148149

TheMidwest

150

NewEngland

153

PacificCoastStates

155

RockyMountainStates

157

TheSouth

159

TheSouthwest

160

TheWorld

166

Africa

168

Asia

170

AustraliaandOceania

172

Europe

174175

NorthAmericaandtheWestIndies

180

SouthAmerica

184

Pagevii

PrefacetotheSecondEdition
ThisrevisionoftheFirstDictionaryofCulturalLiteracyhasbenefittedfromthededicatedlaborsofTriciaEmletandothereditors.Theyhaveimprovedthe
accuracyoftheearlierbook,andhavealsotakenintoaccountsomeofthehistorical,geographical,andscientificchangesthathaveoccurredsincetheoriginaledition
waspublishedin1989.Ofequalimportance,theyhavebroughtthecontentsintocloseraccordwiththeknowledgethatchildrenshouldideallyacquireduringthefirst
sixyearsofschooling,accordingtoanexpertconsensusthathasbeendevelopedoveralongperiodbytheCoreKnowledgeFoundation.Startingin1990,theCore
KnowledgeFoundationbegandevelopingagradebygradeknowledgesequencewhichhasbeenrevisedandperfectedovertime,andwhichisnowbeingfollowed
byteachersinseveralhundredschoolsacrossthenation.ThisbookcannowbeusedmorereadilyinconjunctionwithpublicationsissuedbytheCoreKnowledge
FoundationsuchasWhatYourFirstGraderNeedstoKnow.
Theguidingprinciplesthathaveanimatedthisbookcontinuetofindgrowingacceptanceinthepsychologicalandeducationalcommunities.Americanshavenow
passedbeyondtheerawhensoundandpracticaleducationalideascouldbeobjectedtoongroundsofpoliticalincorrectness.ThatwasinthelateEighties.Inthe
NinetiesithasgrownabundantlyclearthatallAmericanchildren,regardlessoftheirparticularethnicandculturalbackgrounds,needanddeserveasolidfoundationof
sharedknowledgeasthenecessarybasisforsuccessfulschoolingandeffectivecitizenship.Moreover,youngchildrenloveinformation.Thereisnothing
"developmentallyinappropriate"infeedingthatvoraciousappetite.Onthecontrary,childhoodisatimewhenfactswhichmayseemdulltoanolderchildoradultmay
shineforyoungerchildrenwiththe"gloryandthefreshnessofadream."Toallwhoareyoungofheart,happylearning!
E.D.HIRSCH,JR.
CHARLOTTESVILLE
JANUARY1996

Pageviii

ToParentsandTeachers
Thisdictionaryoutlinestheknowledgethat,intheopinionofseveralhundredteachersandparentsacrossthenation,Americanchildrenshouldacquirebytheendof
thesixthgrade.Ofcourse,childrenshouldknowmanymorethingsaswell,dependingontheirlocalsituationandindividualinterests,buttheyshouldatleastsharethis
commoncoreofknowledgewithotherchildrenacrossthenation.Thiscompilationhasbeencontinuallyrevisedoveraperiodoftwoyearsonthebasisofcomments
andsuggestionsfromallfiftystatesandfromhundredsofteachers,schooladministrators,andparentswhobelongtotheCulturalLiteracyNetwork.Ifyouhaveyoung
childreninyourcarewhoarenotmakinggoodprogresstowardlearningmostoftheinformationgatheredhere,theyarebeingcheated,withthebestintentions,by,
amongotherthings,wrongheadedtheoriesabouttheprimaryimportanceofteachingskillsratherthantraditionalcontenttheoriesthathavedominatedinstructionin
Americanschoolsinthepastfewdecades.
Ifthatindictmentsoundstoosweeping,considerwhataparenthadtosayinthefollowingletterthatarrivedjustasIbegantowritethisintroduction.(Ihavereceived
hundredsofsuchletterssincethepublicationin1987ofmybookCulturalLiteracy.)Thelettereloquentlyexpressestheexperienceofhundredsofthousandsof
parentswhohavefeltthatsomethinghasbeengoingwrongintheschoolingoftheirchildren.
Forourchildren,theelementaryschoolyearswere,withtheexceptionofoneteacher,anotablevoid.Thisstillsaddensme,asIsuspectfrommyownexperiencethatthereisa
luminositytoknowledgeacquiredinthoseyearsthatisunique.IvisitEnglandtwiceayearandhaveafriendtherewithchildrentheagesofourchildren.Informalcomparisonsof
homeworkassignmentscameoutasonemighthaveexpectedherchildrenwerelearningthings,likethenamesofriversandpartsofaflower.Ourshadreamsofugly,sparsely
writtenupon,veryfaintdittosheets.Therewasverylittletobelearnedfromthematall.
Thefrustrationsofourconferenceswithamajorityofourchildren'sel

Pageix
ementaryschoolteachersarestillsurprisinglyfresh.Wewerequicklyputonthedefensive.Thegistoftheteachers'argumentswastheclaimthatknowledgechangessorapidly
astobeswiftlyoutmoded.Ourknowledge,then,waslargelyirrelevanttothewonderfulnewknowledgeourchildrenwerebeingtaughthowtoacquire.(Baloney!Bythetimeour
childrenfinallygottohighschool,muchoftheknowledgeoftheirAP[AdvancedPlacement]courseswasthesameasoranexpansionoftheknowledgewehadacquireddecades
before.)

InCulturalLiteracy,IexplainedwhyabouteightypercentoftheknowledgecommonlysharedbyliterateAmericanshasnotchangedformorethanahundredyears
andisnotlikelytobequicklyoutmoded.Theremainingtwentypercentofsharedliterateknowledgedoesindeedchangeyearbyyear,andmycolleaguesandIhave
takenaccountofsuchchangesinthisbook.Butatleasteightypercentofwhatislistedwillprobablybejustascentralandvalidtenyearsfromnowasitistoday.
Thecurrentemphasisonskillsintheprimarygrades,combinedwithtrivial,incoherent,andwatereddowncontent,hascausedAmericaneducationtodeclinein
absoluteterms,asmeasuredbystandardizedtestscores,andalsoinrelativeterms,asmeasuredbycomparisonswiththeachievementsofchildrenfromother
countries.Inrecentcomparisonsamongdevelopednations,theUnitedStatesranksdeadlastinmath,science,andworldgeographysubjectsthatarethesame
everywhere.
Ourschools'emphasisonskillsratherthanknowledgehasalsohadtheunintendedeffectofinjuringdisadvantagedstudentsmovethanadvantagedones.Sincemost
socalledskillsarereallybaseduponspecificknowledge,thosewhohavealreadyreceivedliterateknowledgefromtheirhomesarebetterabletounderstandwhat
teachersandtextbooksaresayingandarethereforebetterabletolearnnewthingsthanarechildrenfromnonliteratebackgrounds.Consequently,whenschools
emphasizeskillsaboveknowledge,theyconsistentlywidenthegapbetweenthehavesandhavenotsinsteadofnarrowingit.Suchschoolsunwittinglyheighten
economicandsocialinequalitiesinsteadofhelpingtoovercomethem.
Thisdictionarycannottaketheplaceofgoodparentingandteachingorofgoodbooks,tapes,andvideosthatconveyliterateknowledgecoherentlyandvividly.The
dictionarycanonlyhopetoindicatewhatshouldbeknownbytheendofsixthgradeandencourageparents,teachers,andstudentsthemselvestomakesurethatsuch
knowledgeiseffectivelytaughtandlearned.MycolleaguesandIhopethatputtingsuchacompilationbetweenthecoversofabookwillbehelpfultothosewhodesire
guidanceaboutthespecificknowledgethatisthetruefoundationofourchildren'sacademicskills.Aselectionofsomebooksthatwillhelpchildrenlearnmoreabout
themaintopicswecoverisprovidedinthebackofthedictionary.

Pagex

ThelistonwhichthedictionaryentriesarebasedisconstantlybeingrevisedascommentsandcriticismsaresenttotheCulturalLiteracyFoundation.Thepresent
compilationreflectsthecompositionofthesixthgradelistasofMarch1989.Readersareinvitedtoaddresstheirrecommendationsforimprovements,additions,and
deletionstotheCulturalLiteracyFoundation,2012BMortonDrive,Charlottesville,Virginia22901.
E.D.HIRSCH,JR.
CHARLOTTESVILLE,VIRGINIA

Pagexi

ToYoungReaders:
HowtoUseThisDictionary
Thisdictionaryisdividedintotwentyonesections,eachdevotedtowhatyoushouldknowaboutasubjectsuchasfinearts,mathematics,orworldgeographybythe
timeyoufinishsixthgrade.Youcanfindoutwhatyoustillneedtolearnaboutasubjectbylookingthroughaparticularsection,andyoucanfindalistofthesections
bylookingatthecontentspage.Youcanalsolookupanitembyusingtheindexatthebackofthebook.
Readingadictionary,however,isn'tthebestwaytogaintheknowledgeyouneed.Ifyoudiscoverasubjectthatyouwanttolearnmoreabout,youshouldaskthe
schoollibrariantosuggestagoodbookaboutitforyourage.Forinstance,ifyouwanttoknowmoreaboutthestoriesoftheGreekgodsandtheiramazingactivities,
youcouldreadabookaboutGreekmyths.IfyouareinterestedinthepeopleandplacesofSouthAmerica,youcouldreadahistoryofSouthAmericaorstudyan
atlas.Inthebackofthedictionary,welistgoodreferenceworksthatwillhelpyoulearnmoreaboutwhatyouneedtoknow.
Inthegeographysectionsofthedictionary,youwillfindmapstohelpyoulearnwhereplacesareintheworld.
Crossreferencesoccurthroughoutthedictionaryandareprintedinsmallcapitalletters(forexample,ABRAHAMLINCOLN,EQUILATERALTRIANGLE,FOLKSONG).Across
referenceisarelatedtopicthatisdefinedinthisdictionary.Usuallyyouwillfindthecrossreferenceinthesamesection.Ifyoudon'tfinditthere,turntotheindexin
theback.Itlistseveryentryinthedictionaryandgivesthepagenumberwhereitisfound.
Thisdictionarywillbeusefulingivingyouageneralpictureofwhatyoualreadyknowandwhatyoustillneedtolearn.Knowledgebuildsonknowledge.Themore
youalreadyknowaboutmanydifferentthings,theeasieritwillbetolearnaboutnewthings.Ifyouandyourclassmatesknowmanythingsincommon,youwillfind
thatyourclasseswillbemoreinterestingthanbefore,andyouwillbebetterabletounderstandwhatyourteachers

Pagexii

andtextbooksaresaying.Learningwillbefasterandmuchmoreexcitingforeverybody.
Ifyouandyourteachershaveideasabouthowtomakethisdictionarybetter,weshallpayattentiontoyouradvice.WritetomeattheCulturalLiteracyFoundation,
2021BMortonDrive,Charlottesville,Virginia22901.
Thisdictionaryhasbeenwrittenanddesignedwithyouinmind.Enjoymakinggooduseofit!
E.D.HIRSCH,JR.

Pagexiii

Acknowledgments
MyspecialthanksgotoDr.WilliamG.Rowland,Jr.,andDr.MichaelStanford,twobrilliantscholarsdevotedtothecauseofculturalliteracyforall,whoseworkon
thisbookwaspervadedbyanintensityofcommitmentthatwentfarbeyondmerelydoingagoodjob.Althoughtheyhavegoneontouniversityteachingcareerswhile
Ihavestayedbehindtorewritetheseentriesseveraltimesduringthepastyear,somuchofthefirstdraftofthisbookwascomposedbythemthatIhavethoughtit
simplejusticeaswellasanexpressionofmygratitudetoplacetheirnamesonthetitlepage.MyspecialthanksgoalsotoAndreaRowland,whocomposedthefirst
draftofthesectiononmathematics,andtoGuiseppeTrogu,whohelpedwiththedesign.
IamwarmlygratefultoMontyCaldwellandJeanHaines,who,togetherwiththeirprincipal,RobertF.Levee,andtheentirefacultyofanelementaryschool,theC.B.
LambSchoolofWrightstown,NewJersey,advisedusaboutthelistofentries.IamequallygratefultoPhyllisWilken,whovigorouslyledanadvisorytaskforceof
experiencedteachersinChampaignUrbana,Illinois,andwhomadehardchoiceswiththoughtfulnessanddecisiveness.
Asthebookmovedontoproduction,IhadtheexperthelpofpublisherJonathanP.Latimer,senioreditorPaulBernabeo,manuscripteditorLuiseM.Erdmann,
designerRobertOverholtzer,arteditorMargaretAnneMiles,cartographerJacquesChazaud,andillustratorLaurelCook.Thanksarealsoduethefollowingpeople
fortheireditorialandproductionassistance:BorgnaBrunner,JimCraig,KaetheEllis,BethJaffe,ChristopherLeonesio,PatriciaMcTiernan,MiriamE.Palmerola,and
RebeccaSaikiaWilson.
Aboveall,IwouldliketothankthemembersoftheCulturalLiteracyNetwork,notonlyforimprovingthesixthgradelistonwhichthiscompilationisbased,butalso
forsendinghearteningmessagesofsupportforourattemptstodefinecoreknowledgeforearlyschooling.Thenetwork,whichcomprisesteachers,principals,and
superintendentsaswellasparentsandconcernedcitizens,nowhasonitsrollsaboutathousandmembers.

Pagexiv
PRONUNCIATIONSYSTEM

Someentriesinthisdictionaryincludeapronunciationguide,whichshowsyou
howtosayaword.Morethanonepronunciationisgivenifawordcanbe
pronouncedproperlyinmorethanoneway.Thepronunciationguide,which
appearsinparenthesesaftertheentryterm,iseasytouseanddoesnotrequire
anyspecialsymbols.Hyphensseparatesyllables,andthesyllablethattakes
primarystressinpronunciationisprintedincapitalletters.Thefollowingkey
explainshowtopronouncethesimplecombinationsoflettersthatareusedinthis
system.

Whenthesound Itshouldbe
appearsas
pronouncedasin
a

pat

ay

pay,make

air

fare,pear,hair

ah

father,are,guard

bib

ch

church,cello

deed,filled

bet,berry,bury

ee

bee,each,conceit

fife,phase,rough

gag,ghost

hat,who,Gilamonster,Jo s

bit,spinach,manage

eye

by,bite,aisle,buy

eer

ear,pier,clear,beer,weird,cereal

edge,gem,jelly,judge,manage

kick,cat,pique,chaos,crack

kw

choir,quart,acquire

lad,lull

mum,column,paradigm

no,sin,sudden

ng

sing,anchor,angle

pot,water,honest

oh

no,owe,sew,moan,broach,low

aw

all,flaw,caucus,talk,Utah,broad,bought

oo

book

ooh

boot,Peru

oy

noise,boy

ow

out,house,bough,fowl,hour

pop

roar,rhythm,wren

sauce,cellar

sh

ship,dish,addition,anxious

tight,stopped,bought

th

breath

thh

breathe,feather

cut,income,does

yoo

pure,your,purify,uranium

yooh

few,beautiful,feud,ukase

uh

about,item,edible,lemon,circus,attention

ur

urge,firm,term,word,heard

valve,of,love,Wagner(German)

with,one,guano

yes,onion,hallelujah

zebra,xylem,anxiety,does

zh

garage,pleasure,vision

Theletterxpresentsspecialproblemsbecauseithasseveral
possiblepronunciations:
z

xylophone(ZEYEluhfohn)

ks

box(BOKS),excessive(ikSESiv)

gz

exact(igZAKT),exist(igZIST)

gzh

luxury(LUGzhuree),luxurious(lug
ZHOOReeuhs)

ksh

anxious(ANGKshuhs)

Afewforeignwordsthatappearinthisdictionaryrequire
specialsoundsnotusuallyfoundinEnglish.Theyare:
Aspronouncedin

Appearsas

schn

eu

SoPaulo(sownn
POWlooh)

nn

grn

uu

Thesound

Page1

Proverbs
Aproverbisanold,familiarsayingthathasbeenhandeddownovermanyyears.Thus,whenwehearaproverb,itisasifwewerehearingtheadviceofour
ancestors.
Proverbsoftenexpressideasabouthowtoactindailylife.Thereareproverbstofitalmostanysituation.Ifataskneedscarefulattentionsuchasbuildingamodel
orsewingwithtinystitchessomeonemightadviseyouthat''hastemakeswaste"(thatis,don'tgotoofastoryoumayruinyourwork).Inanothersituation,you
mightneedtohurry.Ifthereisonlyonedaylefttosellraffleticketsfortheschoolfairoronlytwoticketsleftforabaseballgame,theproverb"Hewhohesitatesis
lost"makesthemostsense.
Manyproverbsareasmemorableforthewaytheysoundasforthethingstheysay.Forinstance,theuseofrhymehelpsusremember"Anappleadaykeepsthe
doctoraway."So,too,arepeatedsound("pr")helpsusremember"Practicewhatyoupreach."
HerearesomeofthemostwidelyusedproverbsinEnglishandwhattheymean.
A
Actionsspeaklouderthanwords
Itissafertorelyonwhatpeopledoratherthanwhattheysay.
Allforoneandoneforall
Everymembersupportsthegroupandthegroupsupportseverymember.Thissayingisusedbymembersofagroupwhentheywanttoexpresstheirloyaltytoeach
other.TheproverbitselfcomesfromthebookTheThreeMusketeers,byAlexandreDumas,anineteenthcenturyFrenchauthor.
All'swellthatendswell
Inanyeffort,whatmattersisagoodoutcome.
appleadaykeepsthedoctoraway,An
Appleshelpkeepushealthy.
AprilshowersbringMayflowers
Unpleasantthingsmaybringaboutgoodthings,justasrainydayscauseflowerstobloomlateron.
B
Beautyisonlyskindeep
Peopleshouldbejudgednotbytheirappearancebutbytheirinnerqualities.
Beggarscan'tbechoosers
Peoplewhohaveverylittlecan'tbefussyaboutwhattheyget.
bestlaidplansofmiceandmenoftgoawry,The
Nomatterhowcarefullyyouplan,somethingmaystillgowrong.
Betterlatethannever
Itisbettertodosomethingafteritwassupposedtobedonethannottodoitatall.

Page2

Bettersafethansorry
Becarefulbeforeyouact,oryoumaysufferlater.
biggertheyare,thehardertheyfall,The
Themorepowerfulandsuccessfulpeopleare,themorespectacularistheirdownfall.
birdinthehandisworthtwointhebush,A
Whatyoualreadyhaveismoredependablethansomethingthatyouonlyhopetoget.
Birdsofafeatherflocktogether
Peopleareattractedtootherswhoarelikethemselves.
C
Countyourblessings
Behappyforwhatyouhave.Thinkofthegoodthingsinyourlifeinsteadofthebad.
D
Dountoothersasyouwouldhavethemdountoyou
Treatotherpeoplewiththesamekindnessthatyouwouldlikethemtoshowtoyou.ThissayingcomesfromtheBibleandisknownastheGoldenRule.Similar
sayingsoccurinConfucianismandBuddhismaswellasinJudaismandChristianity.
dogisaman'sbestfriend,A
Adogisevenmorefaithfultoitsownerthanhumanfriendsare.
Don'tcountyourchickensbeforetheyhatch
Don'tassumethatyou'llgetthethingsyouwantbeforeyouactuallyhavethem.
Don'tcryoverspiltmilk
Itdoesn'tdoanygoodtobeunhappyaboutsomethingthathasalreadyhappened.
Don'tcutoffyournosetospiteyourface
Don'ttakesomeactioninangerthatwillhurtyoumorethanithurtssomeoneelse.
Don'tjudgeabookbyitscover
Don'tjudgethevalueofathingsimplybyitsappearance.
Don'tlockthestabledoorafterthehorseisstolen
Afterthedamagehasalreadybeendone,it'spointlesstotaketheactionsthatcouldhavepreventedit.
Don'tlookagifthorseinthemouth
Ifyougetsomethingfornothing,don'tcomplainifit'snotexactlywhatyouwant.Theproverbreferstothepracticeofdecidinghowmuchahorseisworthbylooking
atitsteethtoestimateitsage.
Don'tputallyoureggsinonebasket
Don'tmakeallyourplansdependononething,becausethatonethingcouldgowronganddestroyyourplans.It'ssafertodependonseveralthingsit'sbetterto
dependontwofriendsthanjustone.
Don'tputthecartbeforethehorse
Beginatthebeginningdothingsintheirproperorder.
E
earlybirdcatchestheworm,The
Toachieveagoal,getanearlystart.
Earlytobedandearlytorise/Makesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise
ThissayingwaswrittenbyBENJAMINFRANKLINinPoorRichard'sAlmanack.
Everycloudhasasilverlining
Thereissomethinggoodineverymisfortune.
F
foolandhismoneyaresoonparted,A
Foolishpeoplespendtheirmoneyassoonastheygetit.
friendinneedisafriendindeed,A
Someonewhohelpsuswhenweareintroubleisarealfriend.
G
Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves
Don'texpecttogetwhatyouwantwithoutworkinghardforityourself.
grassisalwaysgreenerontheotherside,The
Somepeopleareneversatisfiedwithwhattheyhavetheyalwaysthinkthatothersaremorefortunate.
Greatoaksfromlittleacornsgrow
Greatthingsorpeopleoftenhavehumblebeginnings.

Page3

H
Halfaloafisbetterthannone
Tohavesomethingisbetterthantohavenothingatall.
Hastemakeswaste
Ifyoudosomethingtooquickly,itwillnotturnoutwell.
Hewhohesitatesislost
Apersonwhospendstoomuchtimethinkingaboutwhattodomissesthechancetoactatall.
Hewholaughslastlaughsbest
Peoplemaybelaughedatwhentheytrytoachieveagoal,butwhentheysucceed,theywillbeabletolaughatthosewholaughedatthem.
Hitchyourwagontoastar
Aimhighhopeforgreatthings.ThisadvicewaswrittenbytheAmericanpoetandessayistRALPHWALDOEMERSON.
I
Ifatfirstyoudon'tsucceed,try,tryagain
Nevergiveup.
Ifwisheswerehorses,thenbeggarswouldride
Ifwishingcouldmakethingshappen,wewouldallhaveeverythingwewanted.
L
Laugh,andtheworldlaughswithyouweep,andyouweepalone
Mostpeoplewouldratherbearoundhappypeoplethansadonessohappypeoplehavemanyfriends,andsadpeopleareoftenalone.
leopardcannotchangehisspots,A
Peoplecannotchangetheirbasicnature,thewaytheyaredeepinside.
Letbygonesbebygones
Don'tholdgrudgesletpastoffensesstayinthepast.
Lightningneverstrikestwiceinthesameplace
Goodluckorbadlucknevercomestothesamepersontwiceinexactlythesameway.Intheactualworld,lightningcanstriketwiceinthesameplace.
Littlestrokesfellgreatoaks
Persistenteffortcanaccomplishgreatthings,justasapersoncanchopdowneventhelargesttreebystayingatthetasklongenough.
Liveandlearn
Weshouldlearnfromourmistakes.
Liveandletlive
Weshouldlivethewaywechooseandallowotherstodothesame.
Lookbeforeyouleap
Weshouldknowwhatwearegettingintobeforeweact.
M
Makehaywhilethesunshines
Whenyouhaveachancetodosomething,doityouwillnothavethechanceforever.
Manyhandsmakelightwork
Largetasksbecomeeasierwhentheyaredividedamongseveralpeople.
Mindyourp'sandq's
Beonyourbestbehavior.Thissayingistakenfromateacher'swarningtokeephandwritingneatbynotmixingupthelowercaseletterspandq.
missisasgoodasamile,A
Ifyoufailatatask,itdoesn'tmatterifyoualmostsucceededlosingagamebyonepointisstilllosing.
Moneyistherootofallevil
Mostwrongdoingoccursbecausepeoplearegreedyformoneyandthethingsitwillbuy.ThissayingistakenfromtheNEWTESTAMENT,whichsays,"Fortheloveof
moneyistherootofallevils"(1Timothy6:10).
morethemerrier,The
Ifmanypeopletakepartinsomething,itwillbemorefunthanifjustafewparticipate.Thissayingisoftenusedtowelcomepeoplewhowouldliketojoininan
activity.
N
Necessityisthemotherofinvention
Whenpeoplereallyneedsomething,theywillthinkofawaytofilltheneed.
neverovertillit'sover,It's
Untilacompetition(suchasagameoranelection)hascometoanend,youcanneverpredictthewinner.Thingscanalwayschangeatthelastminute.Thisproverb
alsoappearsas"It'snotovertillit'sover."

Page4

Neverputofftilltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday
Don'tputoffdoingthethingsyouhavetodo.
nevertoolatetomend,It's
It'snevertoolatetochangeyourways.
Nothingwillcomeofnothing
Youwon'tgainanythingifyoudon'tcontributeordoyourpart.ThisproverbfromancienttimeswasusedbyWILLIAMSHAKESPEAREinhisplayKingLear.
O
Oncebitten,twiceshy
Ifyou'vedonesomethingthathasmadeyousuffer,youwillavoiddoingitinthefuture,justasyouwouldshyawayfromananimalthathadbittenyou.
Onerottenapplespoilsthewholebarrel
Onebadpersoncanruinalargergroup.
ounceofpreventionisworthapoundofcure,An
It'sbettertomakethesmallefforttoplanaheadsothatthingsdon'tgowrongratherthandoalotoffixingupafterward.Anotherproverbthatexpressesthesameidea
is"Astitchintimesavesnine."
P
pennysavedisapennyearned,A
Moneynotspentismoneyinone'spocket.
pictureisworthathousandwords,One
Avisualimagecangivepeopleabettersenseofsomethingthanthewrittenword.
placeforeverythingandeverythinginitsplace,A
Thingsshouldbekeptinorder.
Practicemakesperfect
Doingsomethingoverandovermakesonebetteratit.
Practicewhatyoupreach
Youyourselfshouldfollowtheadviceyougiveothers.
Procrastinationisthethiefoftime
Puttingoffdoingsomethingmakesuslosevaluabletime.Procrastinationisa"thief"becauseit"steals"timeawayfromus.
proofofthepuddingisintheeating,The
Ifyouwanttofindoutifsomethingisgood,youmusttryityourself.
R
roadtohellispavedwithgoodintentions,The
Goodintentionsdon'tmatterifwickedactionsresult.Peopleshouldbejudgedbytheiractions,nottheirintentions.
Romewasn'tbuiltinaday
Ittakesalongtimetoachieveanythingworthwhile.
S
Seeingisbelieving
Thisproverbisusuallysaidwhenyoudoubtathingistrue,butyouwillbelieveitwhenitisshowntobetrue.
showmustgoon,The
Peoplearecountingonustodothis,andwemustnotdisappointthem.Thisproverbisanoldshowbusinesssaying,meaningthatnothingmuststopaperformance
fromgoingonasscheduled.
stitchintimesavesnine,A
It'seasiertotakeprecautionsratherthantrytofixthingsaftertheygowrong(justas,byputtingasinglestitchinagarment,apersonmaypreventatearthatwould
takeninestitchestoclose).Thesameideaisexpressedintheproverb"Anounceofpreventionisworthapoundofcure."
Strikewhiletheironishot
Youshouldactonanopportunityassoonasitarises,justasablacksmithshapesironbystrikingitwithhishammerwhenitisredhot.
T
There'smorethanonewaytoskinacat
Thereareusuallyseveralwaystoaccomplishaparticulartask.
There'snoplacelikehome
One'shomeisthebestplacetobe.
Timehealsallwounds
Astimepasses,peoplegetoverinsults,injuries,andhatreds.
Truthisstrangerthanfiction
Sometimesthethingsthathappeninreallifearestrangerthanthethingsthattakeplaceinimaginarystories.

Page5

Twoheadsarebetterthanone
Someproblemscanbesolvedmoreeasilybytwopeopleworkingtogetherthanbyonepersonworkingalone.
Twowrongsdon'tmakearight
Awrongdoingshouldn'tbeansweredbymorewrongdoing.Forexample,ifsomeonehurtsyouinsomeway,thatdoesn'tmeanthatit'srightforyoutobehurtfulin
return.
W
Wastenot,wantnot
Ifwedon'twastethethingswehave,wewon'tlack("want")thethingsweneed.
watchedpotneverboils,A
Whenweimpatientlywaitforsomethingtohappen,itseemstotakeforever.
Wellbegunishalfdone
Gettingofftoagoodstartonsometaskmeansthatyou'vealreadyaccomplishedalot.
Whatwillbe,willbe
Somethingswillhappennomatterwhatwedo,soweshouldacceptlifeasitcomes.ThisproverbappearsinSpanishasLoqueser,serandinItalianasChe
sar,sar.
WheninRome,doastheRomansdo
Youshouldadaptyourselftothewaysofthepeoplearoundyou.
Whenitrains,itpours
Whenbadluckcomes,itseemsthatalotofbadthingshappenatonce.
Wherethere'sawill,there'saway
Ifyoureallywanttodosomething,youwillfindawaytoaccomplishit.
Y
Youcanleadahorsetowater,butyoucan'tmakehimdrink
Youcangivesomeoneanopportunity,butyoucan'tmakehimtakeadvantageofit.
Youcan'tteachanolddognewtricks
Apersonwhohashadonewayofdoingsomethingforalongtimewon'twanttodoitanyotherway.

Page6

Idioms
Anidiomisaspecialwordorphrasethatalwaysappearsinaparticularform.Manyidiomsusemetaphorsorcomparisonstomakesimpleideasmorevivid.For
instance,tosay"You'remakingamountainoutofamolehill"isamoreinterestingwayofsaying,"You'reexaggerating."Inthesameway,"Let'stakethebullbythe
horns"isamorevividwayofsaying,"Let'sfacethisproblem."
Itisimportanttorememberthatanidiomalwaysappearsinabasicform.Noonesays,"Makeamountainoutofananthill"or"Takethecowbythehorns."
Afewofthetermswelistherearewordsfromforeignlanguages.Othersarecommonabbreviationsorshorterwaysofwritingwordsorphrases.
A
A.M.

isanabbreviationfortheLatinwordsantemeridiem,meaning"beforenoon.""IntheA.M."means"inthemorning."CompareP.M.

A.M.

asthecrowflies
"Asthecrowflies"describesthestraightest,mostdirectroutebetweentwoplaces."IttakesanhourtodrivefromJonestowntoHamilton,thoughit'sonlytwentymiles
asthecrowflies."
B
backtothedrawingboard
Whensomeonesays,"Backtothedrawingboard,"itmeansthatheorshehasfailedatataskandhastostartalloveragain."Theboatwebuiltsankassoonaswe
putitinthewater,soIguessit'sbacktothedrawingboard."
barkisworsethanhisbite,His
Ifapersonsoundsharshormeanbutdoesnotreallyactthatway,wesaythat"hisbarkisworsethanhisbite,"alludingtothewaysomedogsbehave."AlthoughDad
soundedangrywhenwecameinlate,Idon'tthinkhe'llpunishus.Hisbarkisworsethanhisbite."
beataroundthebush
Whenyou'retalkingseriouslywithsomeonewhokeepschangingthesubjectorwon'tcometothepoint,thatpersonisprobably"beatingaroundthebush.""Iwish
you'dstopbeatingaroundthebushandtellmewhatyouthinkofmystory."
beeinhisbonnet
Someonewhohasa"beeinhisbonnet"isalwayscomplainingaboutoneparticularthing."Mr.Turnerhasabeeinhisbonnetaboutkidswhoskateonthesidewalk."
birthdaysuit
Whenyouare"inyourbirthdaysuit"youarecompletelynaked(asyouwerewhenyouwereborn)."PleaseclosethedoorwhileIchangeintomyswimmingtrunks.

Page7

Idon'twantanyonetoseemeinmybirthdaysuit."
bitethedust
Whensomeoneisdefeatedorkilled,heorsheissaidto"bitethedust.""Oursoccerteamisstillundefeated.Everyteamwe'veplayedthisyearhasbittenthedust."
bitethehandthatfeedsyou
Whenyouattacksomeonewhohasbeenhelpingorsupportingyou,youmaybesaidto"bitethehandthatfeedsyou.""WhenRitastartedcriticizingherboss,Isaid,
'Don'tbitethehandthatfeedsyou.'"
blowhotandcold
Ifyou'reconstantlychangingyourmindaboutsomething,you're"blowinghotandcold.""FirstMomsaidIcouldgotothepartythenshesaidIcouldn't.Iwishshe'd
stopblowinghotandcold."
breaktheice
Whenpeopleareshyortenseinasituationandsomethinghappenstomakethemfeelmorecomfortable,itissaidto"breaktheice,"justastheiceonrivershastobe
brokentoletshipsgetthroughinthewinter."ItreallybroketheicewhenPaulandIfoundoutwebothlovestampcollecting."
bullinachinashop,a
Someonewhodealswithasituationawkwardlyorclumsilyissaidtobe"abullinachinashop."
burythehatchet
Whenyou"burythehatchet,"youagreetoendaquarrelorfight."JerryandJoehavebeenavoidingeachothersincetheirargument,butIsawthemtogetherthis
morning,sotheymusthaveburiedthehatchet."
C
can'tholdacandleto
Whensomething"can'tholdacandleto"somethingelse,itisnotnearlyasgood."Theotherschoolmayhaveabetterfootballteam,buttheirmarchingbandcan'thold
acandletoours."
catchascatchcan
Ina"catchascatchcan"situation,youmustmakedoorgetalongwithwhatyouhave."Wedon'thaveenoughtextbooksforallthestudents,soit'llbecatchas
catchcan."
chiponone'sshoulder,a
Someonewhohas"achiponhisshoulder"isverytouchy."Joereallyhasachiponhisshoulder.WheneverIspeaktohim,hetakesitthewrongway."Inthepast,a
youngboywouldplaceawoodchiponhisshoulderanddareanyonetoknockitoffasawayofshowinghowtoughhewas.
cleanbillofhealth,a
Ifyouaregiven"acleanbillofhealth,"youhavebeentoldyouareperfectlyhealthy."Margaretjusthadacheckup,andthedoctorgaveheracleanbillofhealth."
coldfeet
Tohave"coldfeet"istochangeyourmindaboutdoingsomethingbecauseitnowseemsunwiseordangerous."Iwasgoingtocompeteintheracebutgotcoldfeet."
coldshoulder,the
Someonewhodeliberatelyavoidsyouisgivingyou"thecoldshoulder.""AtthepartyCaroltriedtotalktoJim,buthegaveherthecoldshoulder."
crocodiletears
Apersonwhoactssadbutdoesnotreallymeanitisshedding"crocodiletears."Thisidiomcomesfromalegendthatsayscrocodilesweepbeforetheyeattheir
victims."You'renotreallysorryforJean.You'rejustsheddingcrocodiletears."
E
easiersaidthandone
Ifyouareadvisedtodosomethingthatisverydifficult,youmightsaythatit's"easiersaidthandone.""Thedoctortoldmyfathertolosethirtypounds,butthat'seasier
saidthandone."
eatcrow
You"eatcrow"whenyouhavetotakebacksomethingyouoncesaid(forexample,anassertionaboutsomething)."Thecaptainoftheotherteambraggedthathe
wouldcrushus.Afterwebeatthem,hewasforcedtoeatcrow."

Page8

eathumblepie
Whenyouadmittoanembarrassingmistake,youhavebeenforcedto"eathumblepie.""AfterIshowedJimthatmostofthestatementsinhispaperwerewrong,he
wasforcedtoeathumblepie."
eatsomeoneoutofhouseandhome
Someonewhoeatsagreatdealoffoodmaybesaidto"eatyououtofhouseandhome.""Mrs.Goldsteincomplainedthatherthreeteenagerswereeatingheroutof
houseandhome."
eleventhhour
The"eleventhhour"isthelatestpossibletimeatwhichsomethingmaybedone."Thewaterbombersarrivedattheeleventhhourjustintimetokeeptheforestfire
fromspreadingtothetown."
etc.
Etc.isanabbreviationfortheLatinwordsetcetera("andotherthings").Itisusedtomean"andsoon.""DearMom,PleaseremindPaulwhileI'matcamptofeedall
mypetsthefish,thelizards,thegerbils,theworms,etc."
Eureka!
Eureka!isaGreekwordthatmeans"Ihavefoundit!""WhenIfinallyfoundthequotationafterlookingthroughallthosebooks,Iyelled,'Eureka!'"
F
featherinyourcap,a
"Afeatherinyourcap"isanaccomplishmenttobeproudof."I'mgladMariawonthatscienceaward.It'sarealfeatherinhercap."
fewandfarbetween
Thingsthatare"fewandfarbetween"areveryscarce."Gasstationsarefewandfarbetweenforthenexthundredmiles,somakesureyouhaveplentyofgas."
firstcome,firstserved
"Firstcome,firstserved"meansthatthepeoplewhoarrivefirstwillbewaitedonfirst."Theadfortheticketssaidthatitwouldbefirstcome,firstserved,sowegotin
lineearly."
fishoutofwater,likea
Whenyouaresomeplaceyoufeelyoudon'tbelong,youmayfeel"likeafishoutofwater.""Everyoneatthepartywassomucholderthanwewere,Ireallyfeltlikea
fishoutofwater."
followyournose
Whenyou"followyournose,"you'reusinginstinctorcommonsense."Thejobisn'tcomplicatedjustfollowyournose."
forthebirds
Somethingthatis"forthebirds"isworthless."Thatboringmoviewasforthebirds."
forgiveandforget
Whenyou"forgiveandforget,"yourefusetoholdagrudgeagainstsomeone."TheyarestillgoodfriendsbecauseBarbwaswillingtoforgiveandforget."
fortywinks
"Fortywinks"meansanaporabriefsleepduringtheday."Iwanttograbfortywinks.Pleasewakemeupinhalfanhour."
G
getatasteofone'sownmedicine
Someonewhotreatsothersbadlyandthengetstreatedthesamewayis"gettingatasteofhisownmedicine.""Markgotatasteofhisownmedicinewheneveryone
startedplayingpracticaljokesonhim."
getuponthewrongsideofthebed
Someonewhoseemsgrouchyfornoparticularreasonissaidtohave"gottenuponthewrongsideofthebed.""Mr.Murphyhasbeeninabadmoodallday.Hemust
havegottenuponthewrongsideofthebedthismorning."
givethedevilhisdue
Whenyou"givethedevilhisdue,"youaregivingcredittoanopponent."IdisagreewitheverythingHenrysays,buttogivethedevilhisdue,heisagooddebater."
gotopot
Ifsomething"goestopot,"itdecaysorbecomesrundown."Itwassadtoseehowouroldneighborhoodhadgonetopot."
gracias
GraciasistheSpanishwordfor"thankyou."

Page9

H
hitthenailonthehead
Whenyou"hitthenailonthehead,"youhavegonestraighttotheheartofamatter."Nancyhitthenailontheheadwhenshesaidthatmysisterisabetterstudentthan
Iam."
I
inhotwater
Whenyouareindeeptrouble,youare"inhotwater.""WhenPeterfailedthemathtest,heknewhewouldbeinhotwaterwithhisfolks."
K
keepyourfingerscrossed
Peoplewhohopethatnothingwillhappentoruintheirplansaresaidto"keeptheirfingerscrossed.""Annawillfindouttomorrowwhethershewaschosenforthe
schoolplay.Inthemeantime,she'skeepingherfingerscrossed."
killtwobirdswithonestone
Whenyou"killtwobirdswithonestone,"youaccomplishtwogoalswithoneaction."Ifwecanbuygasandhavelunchatthenextreststop,wewillkilltwobirdswith
onestone."
L
landofNod
Whenyougotothe"landofNod,"youfallasleep."Theprincipal'sspeechwassoboringthathalfthestudentswenttothelandofNod."ThelandofNodwasareal
regionmentionedintheBible,butthisidiomjustplayswiththatname,because"nod"iswhatyourheaddoeswhenyoufallasleep.
laststraw,the
"Thelaststraw"isalsoreferredtoas"thestrawthatbrokethecamel'sback."Itisthelastinaseriesofproblemsthatfinallyforcesyoutolosepatience."I'vehad
nothingbuttroublesinceIjoinedthefootballteam,andnowI'vesprainedmyknee!Well,that'sthelaststraw:Iquit!"
letthecatoutofthebag
Whenyou"letthecatoutofthebag,"yourevealasecret."WeplannedasurprisepartyforJos,butsomeoneletthecatoutofthebag."InearlyAmericaorEurope,
adishonestpersonmightoffertosellsomeoneapig(avaluablefarmanimal)inabagbutputacatinthebaginstead.Someonewholetthecatoutwouldberevealing
thedeception.
lock,stock,andbarrel
"Lock,stock,andbarrel"meanseverythingorthewholething."ThestorelookscompletelydifferentsinceIshoppedtherelastthey'vechangeditlock,stock,and
barrel."Thethreeitemsinthisidiomarethepartsofanoldtypeofrifle.
M
madame
MadameistheFrenchwordfor"Mrs."
mademoiselle
MademoiselleistheFrenchwordfor"Miss."
makeamountainoutofamolehill
Whenyou"makeamountainoutofamolehill,"youactasifsomethingisveryimportantwhenactuallyitistrivial."Youshouldn'tcallyoursisterathiefbecauseshe
borrowedoneofyourshirts.You'remakingamountainoutofamolehill."
makeendsmeet
Whenyou"makeendsmeet,"youareearningenoughmoneytoprovideforyourbasicneeds."Sincemyfatherlosthisjob,wecanbarelymakeendsmeet."
merci
MerciistheFrenchwordfor"thankyou."
moneyburningaholeinyourpocket
Ifyouhavemoneythatyoucan'twaittospend,youcansaythatit's"burningaholeinyourpocket.""ThedayIgotmyallowance,Irusheddowntothebookstore
withthemoneyburningaholeinmypocket."
monsieur
MonsieuristheFrenchwordfor"Mr."
N
noseoutofjoint
Whenyour"noseisoutofjoint,"you'reannoyedbecausesomeoneelseisinthelimelightoryoufeelunappreciated."Bill'snoseisoutofjointbecausehisbrotherTim
madethebaseballteamandhedidn't."
O
oldhat
Ifsomethingis"oldhat,"itisoldfashionedoroutofdate."Mom,thoseclothesareoldhat!"

Page10

onitslastlegs
Somethingthatis"onitslastlegs"isalmostwornout."Iwouldn'tbothertorepairthatbicycleit'sonitslastlegs."
ontenterhooks
Someonewhois"ontenterhooks"isnervouslyawaitingnews."Whenweheardabouttheaccident,wewereontenterhooksuntilweknewthatJimwasallright."
onthewarpath
Someonewhois"onthewarpath"isveryangryandinclinedtotakesomehostileaction."Watchout!Aliciajustheardthathervacationplanswerecanceledandshe's
onthewarpathtoday."
onceinabluemoon
Whenyoudosomething"onceinabluemoon,"youdoitveryrarely."Sarahonlywritestomeonceinabluemoon."
outofthefryingpanintothefire
Whenyougo"outofthefryingpanintothefire,"you'regoingfromabadsituationtoonethatisevenworse."ItwasbadenoughthatMrs.Norrisscoldedme,but
nowIhavetogoseetheprincipalit'soutofthefryingpanintothefire."
P
P.M.

istheabbreviationfortheLatinwordspostmeridiem,meaning"afternoon."CompareA.M.

P.M.

potcallingthekettleblack,the
Apersonwhocriticizessomeoneelsefortheveryfaultsheorshepossessesis"thepotcallingthekettleblack.""JeffsaysPriscillatalkstoomuch,buthenevershuts
uphimself.It'sthepotcallingthekettleblack."Whenthisidiomfirstappeared,allpotsandkettleswereblackbecausetheyweremadeofblackenediron.
R
rainingcatsanddogs,It's
When"it'srainingcatsanddogs,"it'srainingveryhard."Wewantedtoplaytouchfootball,butnowit'srainingcatsanddogs,soIguesswe'llstayinside."
readbetweenthelines
Whenyou"readbetweenthelines,"youtrytofigureoutwhatsomebodyreallymeans."Youcan'ttakeeverythingHannahsaysliterally.Youhavetoreadbetweenthe
lines."
R.I.P.
R.I.P.isanabbreviationfortheLatinwordsrequiescatinpace,whichmean"Mayheorsherestinpeace."Theselettersareoftenfoundontombstones.
R.S.V.P.
TheabbreviationR.S.V.P.(fromtheFrenchrpondezs'ilvousplat"reply,ifyouplease")isoftenwrittenatthebottomofinvitations,meaning"Pleaseletus
knowifyouplantocome."
ruleofthumb
A"ruleofthumb"isaninexactbutusefulrulefordoingsomething."Asaruleofthumb,figurethreecookiesperpersonwhenyouareplanningthepicnic."
ruletheroost
Apersonwhodominatesagroupofpeoplemaybesaidto"ruletheroost.""Eventhoughshe'stheyoungestchild,Sallyreallyrulestheroostinherfamily."
runofthemill
"Runofthemill"meanscommon,ordinary,oraverage."Thefoodatourschoolisn'tbad,butitisn'tgreat,eitherit'srunofthemillcafeteriafood."
S
s eor
SeoristheSpanishwordfor"Mr."
s eora
SeoraistheSpanishwordfor"Mrs."
s eorita
SeoritaistheSpanishwordfor"Miss."
shipshape
Shipshapemeansveryneatandtidy,thewaythatsailorsmustkeepaship."Hismotherwarnedhimthathecouldn'tgooutuntilhisroomwasshipshape."
sitonthefence
Whenyou"sitonthefence,"yourefusetotakesidesinsomeargument."Youcan'tsitonthefenceforever.Soonerorlateryou'llhavetomakeachoice."
sourgrapes
Whenyouwantsomethinganddon'tgetitandthenpretendthatwhatyouwantedwasnogood,youarelikethefoxwho

Page11

spokeofsourgrapeswhenhecouldn'treachtheminAESOP'SFABLE''THEFOXANDTHEGRAPES.""WhenBillsaidthatrunningwasasillysportafterhelosttherace,itwas
justsourgrapes."
stealsomeone'sthunder
Whensomeoneisplanningtodosomethingimpressiveandyoudoitfirst,youare"stealingthatperson'sthunder.""Dadwasplanningtotellusaboutthevacation
plansatdinner,butMomwassoexcitedthatshetoldusfirstandstolehisthunder."
T
takethebullbythehorns
Whenyou"takethebullbythehorns,"youfaceuptoadifficultsituation."Youcan'talwaysrunawayfromyourproblemssometimesyoujusthavetotakethebullby
thehorns."
tempestinateapot,a
"Atempestinateapot"isabigfussthatismadeoversomethingunimportant."Hermanisthrowingafitbecausehecan'tgotothemoviestonight.It'sjustatempestin
ateapot."
tenderfoot
A"tenderfoot"isabeginner."Joemayhavemadeafewmistakesonthejob,buthe'sonlyatenderfoot."
throughthickandthin
Whenyoustaywithsomeone"throughthickandthin,"youstayloyaltothatpersonnomatterwhathappens."Shestoodbesideherfriendthroughthickandthin."
tillthecowscomehome
Ifyoudosomething"tillthecowscomehome,"youdoitforalongtime."Mr.Rowlandsaidthatasfarashewasconcerned,thestudentscouldstaytherewashing
blackboardstillthecowscamehome."Theidiomoriginallymeantuntiltheearlymorninghours,whenthecowswouldcometothegatetobemilked.
Timbuktu
Timbuktu,acityinAfrica,issometimesusedtomeanafarawayplace."Mr.Carverwantstostayinthisarea,buthe'safraidthathiscompanywillsendhimto
Timbuktu."
titfortat
Whenyougive"titfortat,"youaregivingbackexactlywhatyoureceive."IfyousupportmeI'llsupportyouit'stitfortat."
Tom,Dick,andHarry
"Tom,Dick,andHarry"meanseveryoneorjustanyone."Iaskedyoutokeepmyplanssecret,butyou'vetoldthemtoeveryTom,Dick,andHarry."
touchandgo
A"touchandgo"situationisdangerousoruncertain."Thehockeyseasonisalmostover,buttheoutcomeisstilltouchandgo."
touch
TouchisaFrenchwordusedinthesportoffencingwhenafencingswordtouchesafencerandapointisscored.Thetermisusedtoadmitthatsomeonehasmade
agoodpointagainstyouinanargument."Ihadtoadmitthathedemolishedmyidea,soIsaid,"Touch!'"
turnoveranewleaf
Someonewhobeginsaneworchangeshisorherwaysissaidto"turnoveranewleaf.""Sincehewasgrounded,Larryhasturnedoveranewleafanddoeshis
homeworkeverynight."
V
viceversa
ViceversaisLatinfor"theotherwayaround.""We'llgotothemuseumthisSaturdayandtheaquariumnextSaturdayorviceversayoucandecidewherewe'llgo
first."
W
wolfinsheep'sclothing
A"wolfinsheep'sclothing"isapersonwhoseemskindorfriendlybutisinfacttheopposite."Markseemsnice,butIthinkhe'sreallyawolfinsheep'sclothing."The
referenceistakenfromoneofAESOP'SFABLES,thestoryofawolfwhoputsonasheepskininordertofoolthesheepitwantstosteal.

Page12

English
Inordertoexpressandexplainyourideas,youmustbeabletowritegood,clearEnglish.Writingandspeakingwellinvolveknowingtherulesofgrammar,spelling,
punctuation,andstyle.Usingtheserulesskillfully,youcancommunicateyourideaseffectively.Ifyouwanttowritewell,youneedtopracticeoftenandshowyour
writingtootherpeoplefortheiradvice.HereweexplainsomeofthetermsyoushouldbefamiliarwithinordertolearntherulesofwrittenEnglish.
A
abbreviation
AnabbreviationisashortenedformofawordandisusuallyfollowedbyaPERIOD.Forinstance,Mr.istheabbreviationofMisterJan.istheabbreviationofJanuary.
adjective
Anadjectiveisapartofspeechthatmodifies(actsupon)aNOUNorPRONOUN.InthesePHRASES,thewordsinitalicsareadjectives:theredraincoatashyboythenext
streetthoseapples.
adverb
Anadverbisapartofspeechthatmodifies(actsupon)aVERB,anADJECTIVE,oranotheradverbandoftenendsinly.Intheseexamples,thewordsinitalicsare
adverbs:
Samworksquickly.
(Quicklymodifiestheverbworks.)
Myfatherdrivescarefully.
(Carefullymodifiestheverbdrives.)
Thetreeslookveryold.
(Verymodifiestheadjectiveold.)
Pleasespeakmoresoftly.
(Moremodifiestheadverbsoftly,andsoftlymodifiestheverbspeak.)

agreement
Ineverysentence,theSUBJECTmustagreewith(ormatchupwith)theVERB.Asingularsubjecttakesasingularverb,andapluralsubjecttakesapluralverb.For
instance,thefollowingsentenceiswrongbecausetheverbandsubjectdonotagree:
Mygrandparentsiscomingtovisitus.

Itshouldread:
Mygrandparentsarecomingtovisitus.

Inaddition,aPRONOUNmustalwaysagreewiththeNOUNitrefersto.Asingularnountakesasingularpronoun,andapluralnountakesapluralpronoun.Forinstance,
theexamplethatfollowsiswrongbecausethenounandpronoundonotagree:
Eachboywillhavetobuytheirownuniform.

Itshouldread:
Eachboywillhavetobuyhisownuniform.

ApronounmustalsoagreewithitsfunctionasaSUBJECTorOBJECTinasentence:
They(subject)gavethem(object)awarning.

Page13

antonyms
Antonymsarewordsofoppositemeaning.Forexample,coldandhot,littleandbig,areantonyms.CompareSYNONYMS.
apostrophe
Anapostropheisapunctuationmark[']usedwithaNOUNandsomePRONOUNStoindicatepossession:
Sarah'sbook
mymother'scar
anyone'sguess

AnapostropheisalsousedtoindicatemissinglettersinaCONTRACTION,asintheseexamples:
Paulcan'tcometothephonerightnow.
I'mgettingimpatientwithyou.

SeealsoPOSSESSIVE.
article
Thewordsthe,a,andanarecalledarticles.Theisthedefinitearticlebecauseitreferstospecific(ordefinite)items:
Lookattheboats.
Theappleslookgood.

Aandanareindefinitearticlesbecausetheyrefertoanyoneofageneralgroupofitems:
Myfatherwantstobuyaboat.
Givemeanapple.(AnisusedbeforeaVOWEL.)

auxiliaryverb
WhenaphrasehasmorethanoneVERB,oneisthemainverbandtheothersareauxiliary,orhelping,verbs.Intheexamplesthatfollow,theauxiliaryverbsarein
italics:
Theshowwillstartintenminutes.
Gailshouldhavewonthatrace.

B
bibliography
Abibliographyisalistofbooksandarticlesonaparticularsubject.Forinstance,ifyouwantedtoreadabouttheCivilWar,youwouldfindtitlesofworksonthe
subjectlistedinabibliographyontheCivilWar.
C
capitalletter
AcapitalletterindicatesthebeginningofasentenceoraPROPERNOUN.Intheexamplesthatfollow,thecapitallettersareinitalics:
Studentsshouldnotthrowfoodinthecafeteria.
MartinFishermovedherefromToledo.

CapitallettersarealsocalledUPPERCASELETTERS.CompareLOWERCASELETTER.
clause
AclauseisagroupofwordsthatcontainsaSUBJECTandaPREDICATE.Asentencemaycontainoneormoreclauses.Someclausescanstandaloneassentences:Alfred
caughtthebiggestfish.Otherclausescannotstandalone:Becausehecaughtthebiggestfish,Alfredwonthetrophy.Aclausethatcanstandaloneasasentence
iscalledanindependentclause.Aclausethatcannotstandaloneasasentenceiscalledadependentclause.
colon
Acolonisapunctuationmark[:]usedtointroducealist,adescription,oranexample:
Shewantedonlyonepresentforherbirthday:anewbicycle.
Beforethecampingtrip,Ihadtobuyseveralthings:abackpack,apocketknife,acanteen,andsomeboots.

comma
Acommaisapunctuationmark[,]thatseparatesthepartsofasentenceandindicateswheretopausewhenreadingasentence:
Firstwe'llgotothezoo,andthenthebuswilltakeustothemuseum.

Commasarealsousedindatesandplacenames:
July4,1776,istheofficialbirthdayoftheUnitedStates.
Paris,France,isknownfortheEiffelTower.

conjunction
Aconjunctionisawordthatjoinswordsorgroupsofwords,suchasand,but,or,andbecause.
consonants
Thealphabetcontainstwokindsofletters,VOWELSandconsonants.Thelettersthatfollowarevowels:
a,e,i,o,u

Theselettersareconsonants:

Page14
b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,
n,p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,z

Theletteryissometimesavowel,asingoodbye,andsometimesaconsonant,asinyoyo.
contraction
Acontractionisonewordmadeupoftwowordsthathavebeenshortened.Forinstance,I'misacontractionofIamshouldn'tisacontractionofshouldnot.An
APOSTROPHEshowswherelettersorsoundshavebeenleftout.
D
declarativesentence
Adeclarativesentencemakesastatementordeclaressomething.Thesentencesthatfollowaredeclarative:
Helovesicecream.
Thatisthenewtrainstation.
Mymotherwillbecominghomesoon.

CompareIMPERATIVESENTENCEINTERROGATIVESENTENCE.
definitearticle
SeeARTICLE.
dependentclause
SeeCLAUSE.
directobject
Thenounthatdirectlyreceivestheactionofaverbinasentenceiscalledthedirectobject.Inthesentencesthatfollow,thedirectobjectsareinitalics:
Rogeriseatinglunch.
KarenthrewtheballtoJoe.

CompareINDIRECTOBJECT.
E
exclamation
Anexclamationisawordorsentencethatexpressesexcitementorgivesacommand:
Hey!
Help!
Let'sgo!
Getawayfromthefire!

exclamationpoint
Anexclamationpointisthepunctuationmark[!]thatcomesattheendofanEXCLAMATION.
G
grammar
Grammaristhestudyofthestructureoflanguage.Italsoreferstotherulesofcorrectwritingandspeaking.
H
helpingverb
SeeAUXILIARYVERB.
I
imperativesentence
Animperativesentencerequestsorcommandssomeonetodosomething.Thefollowingsentencesareimperative:
Cometotheblackboard.
Pleaseturnoffthelight.

CompareDECLARATIVESENTENCEINTERROGATIVESENTENCE.
indefinitearticle
SeeARTICLE.
independentclause
SeeCLAUSESEMICOLON.
indirectobject
Whenaverbhasmorethanoneobject,thenounthatdirectlyreceivestheactionoftheverbiscalledtheDIRECTOBJECT.Thenounthatindirectlyreceivestheactionis
calledtheindirectobject.Inthefollowingsentences,thedirectobjectisinitalicsandtheindirectobjectisinboldface:
Throwtheballtohim.
Throwhimtheball.
HegaveJennifertheticket.

interjection
AninterjectionisabriefEXCLAMATION,oftencontainingonlyoneword.Ouch!Hey!andGosh!areinterjections.
interrogativesentence
Aninterrogativesentenceasksaquestion:
CanJanetcomealong?
Haveyoureadthatbook?

CompareDECLARATIVESENTENCEIMPERATIVESENTENCE.
irregularverb
InEnglish,verbsthataddedinthepasttensearecalledREGULARVERBS.Forinstance,walkisaregularverbbecauseitbecomeswalkedinthepasttense.Verbsthat
donotaddedinthepasttensearecalledirregularverbs.Belowaresomeirregularverbs,listedfirstinthepresentandtheninthepasttense:

swim

swam

ring

rang

Page15
teach

taught

fly

flew

feel

felt

italics
Italicsareaspecialkindoftypeusedtosetoffaparticularwordorgroupofwords.Italicslooklikethis.Thetitlesofbooks,magazines,andnewspapersareoften
printedinitalics.
L
linkingverb
AlinkingverbisaverbthatconnectsoridentifiestheSUBJECTofasentencewiththePREDICATE.Areandseemarelinkingverbsinthefollowingsentences:
Thestudentsarebusy.
Youseemtired.

lowercaseletter
Alowercaseletterisasmall(notcapital)letter.Forinstance,allthelettersinthissentenceexceptthefirstletter("F")arelowercase.CompareCAPITALLETTER.
M
modifier
Amodifierisawordthatactsupon,ortellsabout,anotherword.ADJECTIVESandADVERBSaremodifiers.
N
nominativecase
ThenominativecaseingrammarindicatesthataNOUNorPRONOUNistheSUBJECTofaverb.InthesentencesThechildrenplayedsoftballandIvisitedthemlast
Friday,thewordschildrenandIareinthenominativecase.
noun
Anounisapartofspeechthatnamesaperson,place,thing,oridea,suchascat,child,river,knife,friendship.SeealsoPROPERNOUN.
O
object
Thenoun,pronoun,orgroupofwordsthatreceivestheactionofaverbiscalledtheobjectoftheverb.CompareDIRECTOBJECTINDIRECTOBJECT.
objectivecase
TheobjectivecaseingrammarindicatesthataNOUNorPRONOUNistheOBJECTofaVERBinaSENTENCEorCLAUSEorthatitistheobjectofaPREPOSITION.Inthesentences
ThechildrenplayedsoftballandIvisitedthemathomelastFriday,thewordssoftball,them,andhomeareintheobjectivecase.
P
paragraph
Aparagraphisagroupofsentencesorganizedaroundamainidea.Mostwritingisbrokenupintoparagraphs.Thefirstlineofaparagraphisusuallyindented(moved
totheright)toindicatethatanewparagraphhasstarted.
parentheses
Parenthesesarepunctuationmarks()thatsetoffcertainwordsinsideasentence.Theinformationtheycontaindoesnotalwaysforwardthemainideabutmaybe
helpfulinformation:"AuntSarah(mymother'ssister)willvisitusovertheholidays."
partsofspeech
Ingrammar,apartofspeechisaclassofwordsthathavethesamegrammaticalfunction:NOUNS,VERBS,ADJECTIVES,ADVERBS,PRONOUNS,ARTICLES,PREPOSITIONS,
CONJUNCTIONS,andINTERJECTIONS.
period
Aperiodisapunctuationmark[.]thatcomesattheendofanABBREVIATIONorasentence.
person
EveryPERSONALPRONOUNisineitherthefirst,thesecond,orthethirdperson.Thefirstpersonpronouns(I,me,we,andus)refertothepersonorpersonswhoare
speaking.Thesecondpersonpronoun(you)referstothepersonwhoisbeingspokento.Thethirdpersonpronouns(he,him,she,her,it,they,andthem)referto
thepersonsorthingsbeingdiscussed.
personalpronoun
Personalpronounsrepresentapersoninasentence.Theyare:I,me,we,us,you,he,him,she,her,it,they,andthem.ComparePERSON.
phrase
Aphraseisagroupofrelatedwordsthatcannotstandaloneasasentence,suchas:aflockofbirdsMr.Hayakawa'sclasscrossingthestreetontopofthe
refrigerator.UnlikeaCLAUSE,aphrasedoesnothavebothaSUBJECTandaPREDICATE.

Page16

plural
Nouns,pronouns,andverbshavebothSINGULARandpluralforms.Thesingularformreferstoonlyonething,whilethepluralformreferstomorethanonething.See
alsoAGREEMENT.
possessive
Thepossessiveformofanounorpronounshowswhoowns(orpossesses)something.Singularnounsbecomepossessivewhentheyaddanapostrophefollowedby
an"s":
Sheborrowedherfriend'stennisracket.

Pluralnounsthatalreadyendin"s"becomepossessivebyaddinganapostrophe:
Thosearethestudents'books.

predicate
EverysentencecontainsaSUBJECTandapredicate.Thesubjectisanounoragroupofwordsthattellswhatthesentenceisabout.Thepredicatecontainsaverband
sometimesagroupofwordsrelatedtotheverb.Itdescribessomethingaboutthesubject.Inthefollowingsentences,thesubjectisinitalicsandthepredicateisin
boldface:
Thebellrang.
Pigsareintelligent.
Myfathercouldn'tfindaparkingplace.

prefix
Aprefixisoneormorelettersaddedtothebeginningofawordtochangeitsmeaning.Inthefollowingwords,theprefixesareinitalics:unhappy,disqualify,
preschool,misunderstood,overeat,postscript,subterranean,ultramodern.CompareSUFFIX.
preposition
Aprepositionisapartofspeechthatshowshowaparticularwordisrelatedtootherwordsinasentence.Commonprepositionsinclude:at,in,into,on,by,from,
for,to,andwith.
prepositionalphrase
AprepositionalphraseisaPHRASEthatincludesaPREPOSITIONanditsOBJECT.InthesentenceThebookwaswrittenbyher,byherisaprepositionalphrase,withby
theprepositionandheritsobject.
pronoun
Apronounisthepartofspeechthatcantaketheplaceofanouninasentence.Thefollowingwordsareallpronouns:he,you,ours,herself,what,that,who,and
which.SeealsoPERSONALPRONOUN.
propernoun
Apropernounisthenameofauniqueperson,place,orthing.Propernounsarecapitalized,asinAbrahamLincoln,LosAngeles,andWorldWarI.
punctuationmarks
Punctuationmarksarestandardsignsusedinwritingtoclarifythemeaning.ThemostimportantpunctuationmarksarethePERIOD,theCOMMA,QUOTATIONMARKS,the
COLON,theSEMICOLON,theQUESTIONMARK,andtheEXCLAMATIONPOINT.
Q
questionmark
Aquestionmarkisapunctuationmark[?]usedattheendofaquestion.
quotationmarks
Quotationmarksaredoublepunctuationmarks("")thatsetoffdialogue,materialquotedfromanothersource,titlesofshortworkssuchaspoems,anddefinitions
withinasentence.Whensomethingisquotedwithinaquotation,singlequotationmarksareused:"Mothersaid,'Didyouremembertobrushyourteeth?'"
R
regularverb
Aregularverbisaverbwhosepasttenseisformedbyaddingedtothepresenttense.Forexample,theverbwalkbecomeswalkedinthepasttense,andtheverb
openbecomesopened.MostverbsinEnglishareregularverbs.CompareIRREGULARVERB.
S
semicolon
Asemicolonisapunctuationmark[]thatisusedtojointwoindependentCLAUSES:JimlikestorunMarthaprefersswimming.
sentence
Asentenceisagroupofwordsthatexpressesacompletethought.EverysentencecontainsatleastoneSUBJECTandPREDICATE.
singular
Nouns,pronouns,andverbshavebothsingularandPLURALforms.Thesingular

Page17

formreferstoonlyonething,whilethepluralformreferstomorethanonething.SeealsoAGREEMENT.
style
Style,whenappliedtowriting,meansthecharacteristicmannerofthewriting.Longorshortsentences,plainorfancywords,andseriousorcomictonesaresomeof
thetraitsthatdefineawriter'sstyle.
subject
EverysentencecontainsasubjectandaPREDICATE.Thesubjectconsistsofthemainnoun(oragroupofwordsactinglikethemainnoun)andtellswhatthesentenceis
about.Inthefollowingsentences,thesubjectisinitalics:
MysisterandherfriendsjoinedtheGirlScouts.
Theriverlookstoowidetoswimacross.
Squirrelsareafraidofcats.
Runningisgoodexercise.

suffix
Asuffixisoneormorelettersaddedtotheendofawordtochangeitsmeaning.Inthefollowingwords,thesuffixesareinitalics:disappointment,kindness,usually,
machinist,portable.ComparePREFIX.
synonyms
Synonymsarewordsofsimilarmeaning.Forinstance,smallisasynonymoflittle.CompareANTONYMS.
T
tense
Tenseistheformofaverbthatexpresseswhentheactionoftheverbtakesplace.Forexample,inthesentence"Heruns,"theverbisinthepresenttense.Inthe
sentence"Heran,"theverbisinthepasttense.Inthesentence"Hewillrun,"theverbisinthefuturetense.
topicsentence
Themostimportantsentenceinaparagraphisthetopicsentencebecauseitstatesthemainideaoftheparagraph.
U
uppercaseletter
Anuppercase(capital)letterisusedatthebeginningofasentenceoraPROPERNOUN.CompareLOWERCASELETTER.
V
verb
Averbisawordthatexpressesactionorastateofbeing.Walk,fly,read,catch,turn,complain,grow,hold,smile,notice,play,decide,rattle,get,andrelease
areallactionverbs.Theverbtobeexpressesstatesofbeingittellswhatsomethingisratherthanwhatitdoes.Everysentencemustcontain(orimply)atleastone
verb.
vowels
Thealphabetcontainstwokindsofletters,vowelsandCONSONANTS.Thelettersa,e,i,o,anduarevowels.Theletteryissometimesavowel,asintry,andsometimes
aconsonant,asinyour.Alltheotherlettersinthealphabetareconsonants.

Page18

Literature
Literatureisacategoryofwritingthatincludessuchworksasnovels,poems,andplays.Thenamesofdifferentliteraryworksaswellastermsthatapplytothemare
listedandexplainedhere.
Someoftheworkslistedwerewrittenbywellknownauthors.Othersespeciallythestorieswecallfolktales,fairytales,andfables,andthechildren'spoems
knownasnurseryrhymeshavebeenhandeddownfromgenerationtogenerationforsolongthattheoriginalwriterhasbeenforgotten.Alloftheseworkshaveone
thingincommon,however:theyhavebeenreadandrememberedovermanyyearsforthestoriestheytell,theexperiencestheydescribe,andthewisdomthey
contain.
Includedherearetheliteraryworksthatpeopleoftenrefertoinwritingandconversation.Thereisnosubstituteforreadingliteratureinitsoriginalformorinagood
translation.Manyoftheworksmentionedbelowareusefulandenjoyabletoeveryone.
A
act
Anactisamajordivisionorpartofadramaticpresentation,suchasaPLAYoranOPERA.AnactinaplaycanhavemanySCENES.
Aesop'sfables(EEsops,EEsuhps)
Aesop'sfablesarestoriesthoughttohavebeenwrittenbyAesop,aGreekstorytellerwhomayhavebeenaslaveinthesixthcenturyB.C.Inmanyofthefables,
animalsarethemaincharacters.Theyactlikepeople,andtheiractionsareusedtoteachalesson,ormoral,abouthumanlife.TwoofAesop'sbestknownfablesare
"THEFOXANDTHEGRAPES"and"THEHAREANDTHETORTOISE."
Aladdin'sLamp
Aladdin'sLampisamagicallampthatappearsinoneofthestoriesoftheARABIANNIGHTS.WhenAladdinrubsthelamp,amagicspiritcalledagenieappearsandoffers
todoanythingthatAladdinasks.ThegeniemakesAladdinrichandpowerful.
Alcott,LouisaMay
LouisaMayAlcottwasapopularAmericanauthorofthe1800swhowrotenovelsforchildren,includingLITTLEWOMENandLittleMen.
AliBaba
AliBabaisacharacterinoneofthestoriesoftheARABIANNIGHTS.Aliisapoorman.Onedayheoverhearsabandofrobbersenterasecretcavebysaying,"Open,
Sesame."Whentherobbersleave,AliBabarepeatsthemagicwordsandentersthecave.Hebecomesrichbytakingthetreasureleftbythethieves.
AliceinWonderland
AliceappearsintwobooksbyLEWISCARROLL.Inthefirstbook,

Page19

Alice'sAdventuresinWonderland,AlicefallsdownarabbitholeandfindsherselfinWonderland,whereshemeetstheWhiteRabbit,theCHESHIRECAT,theMad
Hatter,andtheQueenofHearts.Inthesecondbook,ThroughtheLookingGlass,Aliceclimbsthroughalookingglass,ormirror,toseewhatisontheotherside.
ThereshemeetsHUMPTYDUMPTY,thetwinsTWEEDLEDUMANDTWEEDLEDEE,andotherstrangecharacters.
alliteration
Alliterationistherepetitionofthesameletterorthesamesound,usuallyatthebeginningofwords,asin"PeterPiperpickedapeckofpickledpeppers."
Andersen,HansChristian
HansChristianAndersenwasaDanishauthorofthe1800s.HewrotemanypopularFAIRYTALES,suchas"THEUGLYDUCKLING,""THEEMPEROR'SNEWCLOTHES,"and
"THEPRINCESSANDTHEPEA."
AndroclesandtheLion
Accordingtolegend,Androcles,aGreekslave,escapedfromhiscruelmaster,butashewasrunningaway,hestoppedtoremoveathornfromthepawofalion.
SometimelaterAndrocleswascaughtand,aspunishment,wassentintoanarenabeforetheemperor,tobeattackedbyawildbeast.Theanimalturnedouttobethe
verylionhehadhelped,anditgreetedhimjoyously.
Angelou,Maya
MayaAngelouisamodernAfricanAmericanwriterknownforherAUTOBIOGRAPHY,IKnowWhytheCagedBirdSings,whichrecountsherexperiencesasablack
girlgrowingupintheruralSouth.
AnimalFarm
AnimalFarmisanovelbyGeorgeOrwell,aBritishwriterofthemiddle1900s.Ittellsthestoryoffarmanimalswhorebelagainsttheirtyrannicalhumanmasters,
onlytofindthattheirnewleaders,thepigs,areevenmoretyrannical.Itincludesthefamousline,"Allanimalsareequal,butsomeanimalsaremoreequalthanothers."
ArabianNights
TheArabianNights,alsoknownasTheThousandandOneNights,isacollectionofoldstoriesfromIndiaandtheMiddleEast.Someofthemostfamiliarstories
areaboutALIBABA,ALADDIN'SLAMP,andSINBADTHESAILOR.
Arthur
SeeKINGARTHUR.
autobiography
Anautobiographyisabookabouttheauthor'sownlife.SomeimportantautobiographiesareTheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklin,TheStoryofMyLife,by
HELENKELLER,andIKnowWhytheCagedBirdSings,byMAYAANGELOU.SeealsoFRANKLIN,BENJAMIN.
B
"Baa,baa,blacksheep"
"Baa,baa,blacksheep"isanurseryrhyme:
Baa,baa,blacksheep,
Haveyouanywool?
Yes,sir,yes,sir,
Threebagsfull
Oneformymaster,
Andoneformydame,
Andoneforthelittleboy
Wholivesdownthelane.

Babar
Babarisanelephantinaseriesofchildren'sbooksbythetwentiethcenturyFrenchwritersandillustratorsJeandeBrunhoffandhisson,LaurentdeBrunhoff.
Baldwin,James
JamesBaldwinwasanAfricanAmericanwriterofthetwentiethcentury.Hiswritings,mostlyabouttheblackexperienceintheUnitedStates,includethenovelGo
TellItontheMountain.
"BeautyandtheBeast"
"BeautyandtheBeast"isafairytale.BeautyisayoungwomanwhoistakentolivewiththeBeast,anuglymonster,inreturnforafavorhedidforherfather.Because
theBeastiskindtoher,Beautyeventuallyfallsinlovewithhim.Herlovefreeshimfromanevilspell.Heturnsintoahandsomeprince,andtheyaremarried.

Page20

BigBadWolf
TheBigBadWolfisacharacterinthefairytale"THETHREELITTLEPIGS."IntheWALTDISNEYcartoonfilm,thelittlepigssingasong,"Who'sAfraidoftheBigBad
Wolf?"
biography
Abiographyisabookthattellsthestoryofaperson'slife.SomegoodbiographiesareTraitor:TheCaseofBenedictArnold,byJeanFritz,andLauraIngalls
Wilder:GrowingUpintheLittleHouse,byPatriciaRileyGiff.
"BlindMenandtheElephant,The"
"TheBlindMenandtheElephant"isafableinwhichsixblindmendescribeanelephant.Eachonetouchesadifferentpartoftheelephantandsayswhathefinds.But
alltheydoisargueandargue,becausenoonewilllistentotheothers.Eachfoolishlybelievesthathisideaabouttheelephantistheonlycorrectone.
"BoyWhoCriedWolf,The"
TheboywhocriedwolfisacharacterinoneofAESOP'SFABLES.Heisashepherdboywhooftentrickedthepeopleofhisvillagebypretendingthatawolfwas
attackinghissheep.Thevillagerscametohelphimchaseawaythewolf,onlytofindthathewaslying.Onedayawolfreallydidcome.Theboyrantothevillagefor
help,buthehadcried"Wolf!"somanytimesthatnobodybelievedhim,andthewolfatehissheep.
BrerRabbit
BrerRabbitisacharacterintheUNCLEREMUSstoriesbyJoelChandlerHarris.Heisawilyrabbitwhooutsmartshisrival,BrerFox.(Brermeans"brother.")
C
Camelot
CamelotwastheplacewhereKINGARTHURandhisKNIGHTSOFTHEROUNDTABLEgathered.
CaptainHook
InthestoryofPETERPAN,CaptainHookisanevilpiratewhosehandhasbeenbittenoffbyacrocodileandreplacedbyahook.
Carroll,Lewis
LewisCarrollwasthePENNAMEofaBritishwriterofthelate1800s,CharlesLutwidgeDodgson.HeisknownforhisbooksaboutALICEINWONDERLAND.
Cervantes,Miguelde(SerVAHNtayz)
MigueldeCervanteswasaSpanishwriterofthelate1500sandearly1600s.Afterservinginthemilitaryandfollowingvariousotherpursuits,hewrotehis
masterpiece,DONQUIXOTE.
character
AcharacterisanypersonwhoappearsinworksofFICTION(madeup,orimaginary,stories),suchasnovels,poems,plays,movies,cartoonsandcomicbooks,and
televisionshows.
CheshireCat(CHESHuhr)
TheCheshireCatisoneofthecharactersthatAlicemeetsinWonderland.Hecanmakehimselfslowly
Imagenotavailable.
BrerRabbit.
BrerFoxandBrerRabbit.
DrawingbyA.B.Frost.

Page21

disappearuntilallthatcanbeseenishisbiggrin.SeealsoALICEINWONDERLAND.
ChickenLittle
ChickenLittleisacharacterinachildren'sstory.Onedaysheishitontheheadbyanacornthatfallsfromatree.Shethentellstheotheranimalsshemeetsthatthe
skyisfalling.Thefoolishanimalssetofftotelltheking,butonthewaytheymeetacleverfox,whocatchesthemforhisdinner.
Child'sGardenofVerses,A
AChild'sGardenofVersesisacollectionofpoemsbyROBERTLOUISSTEVENSON.Itincludessuchpopularrhymesas''BedinSummer"and"MyShadow."
ChristmasCarol,A
AChristmasCarolisabookbyCHARLESDICKENSthattellsthestoryofEbenezerSCROOGE,ameanoldmiser.WheneversomeonewisheshimaMerryChristmas,he
says,"Bah,humbug."OnChristmasEve,Scroogeishauntedbythreespiritswhoshowhimwhatanemptylifehehasled.ScroogeawakensonChristmasDayand
becomesagenerousandfriendlyman.
"Cinderella"
"Cinderella"isafairytaleaboutayounggirlwhoisbadlytreatedbyherstepmotherandstepsisters.Onthedayofaball(dance),Cinderellahelpsherstepsistersget
readybutmuststayathomeherself.Later,Cinderella'sfairygodmotherappearsandsendshertotheball,warningherthatshemustleavebeforemidnight.Thatnight,
theprincefallsinlovewithCinderella,butatthefirststrokeofmidnightsheleaves,droppingoneofherglassslippersinherhaste.Soonafter,theprincefinds
Cinderella,forhersistheonlyfootthatwillfittheslipper,andtheyaremarried.
comedy
AcomedyisatypeofFICTION,whetheraplay,story,ormovie,thatendshappilyforthemaincharacterandcontainsatleastsomehumor.
couplet
AcoupletconsistsoftwosuccessivelinesofversethatRHYME.
Crane,Ichabod
IchabodCraneisthetall,skinnyschoolteacherinthestory"THELEGENDOFSLEEPYHOLLOW,"byWashingtonIrving.SeealsoHEADLESSHORSEMAN.
Cullen,Countee
CounteeCullenwasanAfricanAmericanwriteroftheearly1900sandaprominentmemberoftheHARLEMRENNAISSANCE.HiscollectionsofverseincludeColorand
CopperSun.
D
DavidCopperfield
DavidCopperfieldisanovelbyCHARLESDICKENSaboutDavid'slifeasaboyandyoungman.ManyoftheincidentsinthebookarebasedonDickens'sownlife,
especiallyhisboyhood,whenhehadtogotoworkinafactory.
Dickens,Charles
CharlesDickenswasaBritishauthorofthe1800swhowrotemanypopularnovelsandstories,includingOLIVERTWIST,DAVIDCOPPERFIELD,ATaleofTwoCities,and
ACHRISTMASCAROL.HisnovelsoftendealwiththeproblemsofworkingclasspeopleatthetimeoftheINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION.
Imagenotavailable.
EmilyDickinson

Dickinson,Emily
EmilyDickinsonwasanAmericanpoetofthe1800swhoseverseisknownforitsshort,simplelines,suchas

Page22

"I'mNobody!Whoareyou?/AreyouNobodytoo?"
"DiddleDiddleDumpling"
"DiddleDiddleDumpling"isanurseryrhyme:
Diddlediddledumpling,mysonJohn,
Wenttobedwithhisstockingson
Oneshoeoff,oneshoeon
Diddlediddledumpling,mysonJohn.

"Diller,aDollar,A"
"ADiller,aDollar"isanurseryrhyme:
Adiller,adollar,
Ateno'clockscholar,
Whatmakesyoucomesosoon?
Youusedtocomeatteno'clock,
Andnowyoucomeatnoon!

Dr.JekyllandMr.Hyde
InabookcalledTheStrangeCaseofDr.JekyllandMr.Hyde,byROBERTLOUISSTEVENSON,Dr.Jekyllisakinddoctorwhodevelopsadrugthatchangeshiminto
anevilmancalledMr.Hyde.ApersonwhoissometimeskindandsometimesnastymaybesaidtohaveaJekyllandHydepersonality.
DonQuixote(keeHOHtay)
DonQuixoteisanovelbyMIGUELDECERVANTES.Itshero,DonQuixote,hasreadsomanystoriesaboutknightsandtheiradventures,hebeginstothinkhemusttravel
abouttheworldtofightevilandinjustice.Inhismadness,heattacksawindmill,thinkingitisagiant.Hehasmanyothercomicadventureswithhisservant,SANCHO
PANZA.
Dracula
Draculaisavampireinafamoushorrorstory.(Avampireisadeadmanwhocomesoutofhiscoffinatnightinsearchofhumanblood.)Thevampirecanbekilled
onlybyawoodenstakedriventhroughitsheart.
Imagenotavailable.
DonQuixote.
DonQuixote,ontheright,
andhissquireSanchoPanza.

Imagenotavailable.
Dracula.
A1901bookjacketthatshows
Draculaclimbingdownhiscastle.

Page23

E
elf
Anelfisatiny,oftenmischievouscreature,thoughttohavemagicalpowers.ElvesappearinmanyFAIRYTALES.
Emerson,RalphWaldo
RalphWaldoEmersonwasanAmericanthinkerandwriterofthe1800s.InhispoemaboutthefirstbattleoftheRevolutionaryWar,"ConcordHymn,"isthefamous
phrase"theshotheardroundtheworld."Thepoembegins:
Bytherudebridgethatarchedtheflood,
TheirflagtoApril'sbreezeunfurled,
Hereoncetheembattledfarmersstood,
Andfiredtheshotheardroundtheworld.

"Emperor'sNewClothes,The"
"TheEmperor'sNewClothes"isastorybyHANSCHRISTIANANDERSENaboutanemperorwholovestowearfinenewclothes.Twoswindlerstellhimthattheycan
makeclothesoutofaveryunusualcloththatcanbeseenonlybypeoplewhoareveryintelligentorverygoodattheirjobs.Theswindlersonlypretendtomakethis
cloth,sowhentheemperorputsonhisnewclothesandwalksdownthestreet,heisactuallynaked.Everyoneactsasthoughhehasonafinenewoutfituntilachild
speaksup,"Buthehasn'tgotanyclotheson!"
epic
Anepicisalongpoemthatdescribesheroicdeedsandadventures,suchastheILIADandtheODYSSEY.HOMER,whowrotetheseepics,iscalledanepicpoet.
essay
Anessayisashortpieceofwriting,usuallyononesubject,thatoftenpresentstheauthor'spointofview.RALPHWALDOEMERSONwrotenumerousessays.
Excalibur(ekSKALuhbuhr)
ExcaliburisthenameofKINGARTHUR'Smagicsword.Accordingtoonelegend,theyoungknightArthurprovedhewasworthytobekingwhenhepulledExcalibur
outofastone.Accordingtoanotherversionofthestory,ArthurreceivedExcaliburfromtheLADYOFTHELAKEandreturnedittoherjustbeforehisdeath.
F
fable
Afableisabriefstorythatendswithamoral(ashortmessageabouthowpeopleshouldbehave).SeealsoAESOP'SFABLES.
fairy
Afairyisatinyimaginarybeinginhumanform.Fairiesarethoughttohavemagicalpowers,asthefairygodmotherdoesin"CINDERELLA."
fairytale
Afairytaleisastoryinwhichtheheroorheroinetriumphsoveradversity,oftenwiththeaidofafairyorothersupernaturalcreature."CINDERELLA"isafairytale.
"FatherWilliam"
"FatherWilliam"isanonsensepoemfromthefirstALICEINWONDERLANDbookbyLEWISCARROLL.Itbegins:
"Youareold,FatherWilliam,"theyoung
mansaid,
"Andyourhairhasbecomeverywhite
Andyetyouincessantlystandonyour
head
Doyouthink,atyourage,itisright?"

Faulkner,William
WilliamFaulknerwasanAmericanauthorofthe1900swhowrotemostlyabouttheAmericanSouth.TwoofhisnovelsareTheSoundandtheFuryandAsILay
Dying.
fiction
Fictionisatermthatreferstoimaginarystories,eventsthatdidnotreallyhappenasdescribed.Itcantaketheformofnovels,plays,poetry,orshortstories.
folktale
Afolktaleisastorythathasbeentoldbymanygenerationsofpeoplebeforeitiswrittendown.Oftenthenamesofthepeoplewhomadeupthefolktalesarenot
known.Manyfairytales,suchas"JACKANDTHEBEANSTALK,"arefolktales.
"FoxandtheGrapes,The"
"TheFoxandtheGrapes"isoneofAESOP'SFABLES.Afoxseessomegrapeshangingfromavine,buthecannotreachthem.Hegivesup,saying,"Theyweresour,
anyway."Thisfablehasgivenustheexpressionsourgrapes,whichrefersto

Page24

Imagenotavailable.
TheFoxandtheGrapes

anythingwecriticizebecauseitissomethingwewantbutcannotget.
Frankenstein
FrankensteinisanovelbythenineteenthcenturyBritishauthorMaryShelleyaboutascientistnamedDr.VictorFrankenstein,whocreatesamonsterthatlookslike
agigantic,hideoushumanbeing.Themonsterhashumanfeelingsandthoughts,butbecauseheissodeformedheterrifieseveryonewhoseeshim.Today,peopleoften
usethenameFrankensteinwhentheyreallymeanFrankenstein'smonster.
freeverse
FreeverseispoetrythatdoesnothavearegularMETERorRHYMESCHEME.WALTWHITMANusedfreeverseinpoemssuchas"SongofMyself."
frogprince
Thefrogprinceisacharacterinfairytales.Inthesestories,afrogisreallyahandsomeprincewhohasbeenputunderaspell.Inordertobreakthespell,abeautiful
ladymustbekindtothefrogorgiveitakiss.
Frost,Robert
RobertFrostwasanAmericanpoetofthe1900swhoisbestknownforhisverseaboutruralNewEngland.Twoofhisbestknownpoemsare"TheRoadNot
Taken"and"StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening."
G
Galahad,Sir
SirGalahadwasthefinestandmostnobleofKINGARTHUR'Sknights.
"GeorgiePorgie"
"GeorgiePorgie"isanurseryrhyme:
GeorgiePorgie,puddingandpie,
Kissedthegirlsandmadethemcry
Whentheboyscameouttoplay,
GeorgiePorgieranaway.

GlobeTheater
TheGlobewasatheaterinLondon,England,duringtheearly1600s.WILLIAMSHAKESPEAREactedhere,andmanyofhismostfamousplayswerefirstpresentedonthe
theater'sstage.
"Godblessus,everyone!"
"Godblessus,everyone!"isalinefromCHARLESDICKENS'SbookACHRISTMASCAROL.ThewordsarespokenatChristmasdinnerbyayoungcrippledboy,TinyTim.
"GoldilocksandtheThreeBears"
"GoldilocksandtheThreeBears"isastoryforchildrenaboutalittlegirlwhovisitsthebears'housewhiletheyareout.Sheenjoysthelittlebear'sporridgeand
eventuallyfallsasleepinhisbed.Whenthebearscomehome,thelittlebearseesGoldilocksasleepinhisbedandsays,"Somebodyhasbeenlyinginmybedand
heresheis!"Goldilockswakesupandrunsallthewayhome.
"GooseThatLaidtheGoldenEggs,The"
"TheGooseThatLaidtheGoldenEggs"isafable.Amandiscoversthathisgooselaysagoldeneggeverymorning.Hegrowsrich,buthealsogrowsgreedy.He
decidestocutopenthegoosesothathecantakeallthegoldeneggsatonce.Butwhenhecutsthegooseopen,hefindsthatitisempty,andheisleftwithnogoldand
nogoose.Whenwesay,"Don't

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killthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs,"itmeansthatweshouldn'tlosewhatwehavebytryingtogetmore.
GrimmBrothers
JacobandWilhelmGrimmweretwobrotherswholivedinGermanyintheearly1800s.Theyheardmanystoriesfrompeasantsandwrotethemdown,makinga
large,eventuallyfamous,collectioncalledGrimm'sFairyTales."HANSELANDGRETEL"and"SNOWWHITE"aretwoofthefairytalesfromthatbook.
Grinch
TheGrinchisanastycreatureinthechildren'sstoryHowtheGrinchStoleChristmas,bytheAmericanwriterDR.SEUSS.TheGrinchissomeanthathedoesnot
wantanyoneelsetoenjoyChristmas,sohespendsChristmasEvestealingeveryone'spresents,decorations,andholidayfood.ButonChristmasmorninghehears
everyonesingingandcelebratinginspiteoftheirlosses.HerealizesthatthespiritofChristmasissomethingwithineachpersonthatcannotbestolen,andhebecomes
ahappierandwisercreature.
Guinevere(GWINuhveer)
GuinevereisthewifeofKINGARTHUR.InsomeversionsoftheArthurianstories,GuinevereandSIRLANCELOTfallinlove,thusbringingabouttheconflictthatledtothe
endofCAMELOT.
Gulliver'sTravels
Gulliver'sTravelsisabookbytheIrishauthorJonathanSwift,wholivedduringthelate1600sandearly1700s.ItdescribestheadventuresofLemuelGulliver,who
makesseveralseajourneystostrangelands.InthefirstheiswashedashoreinLILLIPUT,wherethepeoplearesixinchestall.Thesecondvoyageistoalandofgiants.
Thethirdtakeshimtoaflyingislandpeopledbyoddscientistsandthinkers.Inhisfinalvoyage,hearrivesatalandwheretalkinghorsesaresuperiorbeings.Thestory
isafantasy,butitisalsomeanttoexposethefaultsandstupiditiesofhumankind.
Imagenotavailable.
Gulliver'sTravels.
GulliverinLilliput.

H
Hamlet
HamletisatragedybyWILLIAMSHAKESPEARE.Themaincharacter,Hamlet,isaDanishprincewhosefather,theking,hasbeenmurdered.Theking'sghostappears
andsaysthathewasmurderedbyhisownbrother,Hamlet'suncleClaudius.TheghostdemandsthatHamletkillClaudius,whohasalreadymarriedHamlet'smother
andbecomeking.MuchoftheplayisaboutHamlet'sthoughtsashepreparestoavengehisfather'sdeath.Manyfamiliarspeechesandphrasescomefromthisplay,
suchas:"Tobe,ornottobe,thatisthequestion"and"Neitheraborrower,noralenderbe."
"HanselandGretel"
"HanselandGretel"isafairytaleinthecollectionoftheGRIMMBROTHERSaboutabrotherandsisterwhoareabandonedintheforestwhentheirfamilyhasnomore
food.Theycomeuponacottagemadeofgingerbreadandsugarcandyandbegintoeatituntilanoldwomancomesout.Sheinvitestheminandgivesthemfood.But
sheisreallyawickedwitchwhoplanstofattenthemupandcookthemintheoven.Greteltricksher,however,pushingherintotheovenin

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stead.Thewitchburnstodeath,andHanselandGretelescapeandfindtheirwayhome.
Imagenotavailable.
TheHareandtheTortoise

"HareandtheTortoise,The"
"TheHareandtheTortoise,"oneofAESOP'SFABLES,tellsaboutaracebetweenthetwoanimals.Theharerunssofastthatheissurehewillwin,sohetakesanap
halfwaythroughtherace.Thetortoisekeepsploddingalonguntilheisaheadofthehare.Bythetimetheharewakesup,thetortoiseisalmostatthefinishline.He
winsbecausehekeptgoingeventhoughhewasslow.Fromthisfablewegettheexpression"Slowandsteadywinstherace."
HarlemRenaissance
TheHarlemRenaissancewasanAfricanAmericanculturalmovementofthe1920sbasedintheHarlemdistrictofNewYorkCity.Itsmemberscelebratedblack
traditionsandtheblackexperience.ThewritersCOUNTEECULLEN,LANGSTONHUGHES,ZORANEALEHURSTON,andJAMESWELDONJOHNSONwereallassociatedwiththe
movement.
Hawthorne,Nathaniel
NathanielHawthornewasanAmericanauthorofthe1800swhowroteshortstoriesandnovels,amongthemTheScarletLetter.Twoofhisbooksforchildrenretell
someofthebestknownGreekmyths.
HeadlessHorseman
TheHeadlessHorsemanisalegendaryghostriderthatappearsinthestory"THELEGENDOFSLEEPYHOLLOW,"byWashingtonIrving.SeealsoCRANE,ICHABOD.
Hemingway,Ernest
ErnestHemingwaywasanAmericanauthorofthe1900swhowrotenovelsandshortstoriesaboutwar,hunting,fishing,andbullfighting.TwoofhisnovelsareThe
SunAlsoRisesandTheOldManandtheSea.
hero
Aheroisthemainmalefigureinaplayorstory,suchasanovel,myth,orlegend.Inlegendarytales,theheroisusuallyespeciallystrongandable.
heroine
Aheroineisthemainfemalefigureinaplayorstory.Theheroineisusuallybeautiful,smart,andvirtuous.
"HeyDiddleDiddle"
"HeyDiddleDiddle"isanurseryrhyme:
Heydiddlediddle,
Thecatandthefiddle,
Thecowjumpedoverthemoon
Thelittledoglaughed
Toseesuchsport,
Andthedishranawaywiththespoon.

Hiawatha
HiawathawasanAmericanIndianchiefofthe1500s.ApoembyHENRYWADSWORTHLONGFELLOW,"TheSongofHiawatha,"tellssomeofthelegendsthathavebeen
passeddownaboutHiawatha'slife.
"Hickory,Dickory,Dock"
"Hickory,Dickory,Dock"isanurseryrhyme:

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Hickory,dickory,dock,
Themouseranuptheclock.
Theclockstruckone,
Themouserandown,
Hickory,dickory,dock.

Homer
HomerwasagreatpoetofancientGreecewhowrotetwoEPICS,orlongpoems:theILIAD,abouttheTROJANWAR,andtheODYSSEY,abouttheadventuresoftheGreek
heroOdysseus.Homerissaidtohavebeenblind.
"HotCrossBuns"
"HotCrossBuns"isanurseryrhyme.Thefirstverseis:
Hotcrossbuns!Hotcrossbuns!
Oneapenny,twoapenny,
Hotcrossbuns!

"HouseThatJackBuilt,The"
"TheHouseThatJackBuilt"isanurserytale.Itbeginswiththesingleline,"ThisisthehousethatJackbuilt,"andanewlineisaddedtomakeeachverse:
Thisisthemalt
ThatlayinthehousethatJackbuilt
Thisistherat,
Thatatethemalt
ThatlayinthehousethatJackbuilt.
Thisisthecat,
Thatkilledtherat,
Thatatethemalt
ThatlayinthehousethatJackbuilt.

Thestorycontinuesuntilthereareelevenlinesinthefinalverse.
HuckleberryFinn,TheAdventuresof
TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinnisanovelbyMARKTWAIN.HuckFinnescapesfromhiscruelfatherandtravelsdowntheMississippiRiveronaraftwithan
escapedslave,Jim,andtogethertheyhavemanyadventures.
Hughes,Langston
LangstonHugheswasanAfricanAmericanwriterofthetwentiethcenturywhooftenwrotepoemsabouttheblackexperienceintheUnitedStates.Hewasaleading
figureintheHARLEMRENAISSANCE.
Imagenotavailable.
HumptyDumpty

"HumptyDumpty"
"HumptyDumpty"isanurseryrhyme:
HumptyDumptysatonawall,
HumptyDumptyhadagreatfall.
Alltheking'shorses,
Andalltheking'smen,
Couldn'tputHumptytogetheragain.

Thisrhymeisalsoariddle.Ifyouareasked,"WhatisHumptyDumpty?"theansweris,"Anegg,"becausenoonecanputaneggbacktogetheronceitisbroken.In
thesecondALICEINWONDERLANDbook,ThroughtheLookingGlass,AlicemeetsHumptyDumpty,acharacterwhoactuallyisalargeegg.
HunchbackofNotreDame,The
TheHunchbackofNotreDameisanovelbyVictorHugo,aFrenchwriterofthe1800s.IttellsthestoryofQuasimodo,aphysicallydeformedmanwhoworksasa
bellringerinthegreatcathedralofNotreDameinParis.
Hurston,ZoraNeale
ZoraNealeHurstonwasanAfricanAmericanwriterandanthropologistofthetwentiethcentury.Knownforhercollectionsofblackfolklore,shewasaleadingfigure
intheHARLEMRENAISSANCE.
I
Iliad(ILeeuhd,ILeead)
TheIliadisanEPICbytheancientGreekpoetHOMERthattellsthestoryoftheTROJANWAR.

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IthinkIcan,IthinkIcan
See"LITTLEENGINETHATCOULD,THE."
imagery
Imageryconveysmentalpicturesandsensationsbymeansofwords.Itisoftenusedinpoetryandprose,asinapoembyChristinaRossetti,aBritishwriterofthelate
1800s,inwhichshedescribescloudsas"Whitesheep,whitesheep/Onabluehill."
J
"Jabberwocky"
"Jabberwocky"isapoeminThroughtheLookingGlass,oneoftheALICEINWONDERLANDbooksbyLEWISCARROLL.IttellsthestoryofthedragonJabberwockand
usesmanywordsthatCarrollmadeup,suchaschortle,fromacombinationofthewordschuckleandsnort.
"JackandJill"
"JackandJill"isanurseryrhymethatbegins:
JackandJillwentupthehill,
Tofetchapailofwater
Jackfelldownandbrokehiscrown,
AndJillcametumblingafter.

(Crownmeans"head.")
"JackandtheBeanstalk"
"JackandtheBeanstalk"isafairytaleaboutaboywhofindsahugemagicbeanstalkinhisgarden.Heclimbsituntilhecomestoastrangelandinthesky.Therehe
findsthecastleofagiant,whocries,"Feefiefofum,IsmellthebloodofanEnglishman!"ThegiantchasesJackdownthebeanstalk,butJackgetstothebottomfirst
andchopsitdown.Thegiantfallsfromtheskyandiskilled.
"JackBeNimble"
"JackBeNimble"isanurseryrhyme:
Jackbenimble,
Jackbequick,
Jackjumpover
Thecandlestick.

"JackSprat"
"JackSprat"isanurseryrhyme:
JackSpratcouldeatnofat,
Hiswifecouldeatnolean,
Andsobetwixtthemboth,
Theylickedtheplatterclean.

JekyllandHyde
SeeDR.JEKYLLANDMR.HYDE.
Johnson,JamesWeldon
JamesWeldonJohnsonwasanAfricanAmericanwriterandcivilrightsleaderoftheearly1900s.HewasaprominentmemberoftheHARLEMRENAISSANCEandwrote
theverse"LifeEv'ryVoiceandSing,"whichwaslatersettomusicasananthemforAfricanAmericans.
JuliusCaesar
JuliusCaesarisaplaybyWILLIAMSHAKESPEAREthattellsthestoryofagroupofmenwhokilledCaesar,theRomanruler,andtookovertheempire.Caesar'sfamous
lastline,"Ettu,Brute?"("Evenyou,Brutus?"),isspokenwhenhediscovershisfriendBrutusamongtheassassins.
Imagenotavailable.
KingArthur

K
KingArthur
KingArthuristhelegendaryheroofagroupofstoriesaboutancientEngland.Heprovedthathewastrulyakingby

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beingtheonlyknighttobeabletopullamagicalswordfromastone.TheleaderoftheKNIGHTSOFTHEROUNDTABLE,hewasknownasajustrulerwhofoughtmany
battlesandhadmanywonderfuladventures.
Kipling,Rudyard
RudyardKiplingwasaBritishauthorofthelate1800sandearly1900swhoisknownforhisstories,poems,andseveralchildren'sbooks,suchasTheJungleBook
andJustSoStories.
KnightsoftheRoundTable
TheKnightsoftheRoundTableweretheknightsofKINGARTHUR'Scourt.
L
LadyoftheLake
InthestoriesaboutKINGARTHUR,theLadyoftheLakeisamysterioussupernaturalcreaturewholivedinthemiddleofalakeandbewitchedthemagicianMERLIN.
"Ladybug,Ladybug,FlyAwayHome"
"Ladybug,Ladybug,FlyAwayHome"isanurseryrhyme.Ithasmanyversions,butitisoftenrecitedasfollows:
Ladybug,ladybug,
Flyawayhome,
Yourhouseisonfire,
Yourchildrenallgone.

Lancelot,Sir
SirLancelotisthebravestandmostfamousofKINGARTHUR'Sknights.
"LegendofSleepyHollow,The"
"TheLegendofSleepyHollow"isashortstorywrittenintheearly1800sbytheAmericanauthorWashingtonIrving.Thestoryisaboutavillageschoolteacher,
ICHABODCRANE,whowantstomarryaprettyfarmgirl.OnenighthemeetsaterrifyingghostcalledtheHEADLESSHORSEMAN,whochaseshimthroughthewoodsof
SleepyHollow.Cranedisappearsandisneverseenagain.Somepeoplethinkhehasbeencarriedoffbytheghost,butothersknowthattheHeadlessHorsemanwas
reallyanothermanwhowantedtomarrytheyoungfarmgirlhimself.
Lilliput
LilliputisalandoftinypeoplethatisoneoftheplacesLemuelGullivervisitsinthebookGULLIVER'STRAVELSbyJonathanSwift.
limerick
Alimerickisahumorouspoemwithfivelines.Onefamiliarlimerickis:
Aflyandafleainaflue
Wereimprisoned,sowhatcouldtheydo?
Saidthefly,"Letusflee!"
Saidtheflea,"Letusfly."
Sotheyflewthroughaflawintheflue.

"LittleBopeep"
"LittleBopeep"isanurseryrhymethatbegins:
LittleBopeephaslosthersheep,
Andcan'ttellwheretofindthem:
Letthemalone,andthey'llcomehome,
Waggingtheirtailsbehindthem.

"LittleBoyBlue"
"LittleBoyBlue"isanurseryrhymethatbegins:
Littleboyblue,comeblowyourhorn,
Thesheep'sinthemeadow,thecow'sinthe
corn.

"LittleEngineThatCould,The"
"TheLittleEngineThatCould"isachildren'sstorybyWattyPiper.TheLittleEngineisatrainenginethattriestopullaloadoftoysoverthetopofthemountain.Even
thoughitisnotverypowerful,itkeepssaying,"IthinkIcan,IthinkIcan,"asitstrugglesupthemountain.Itfinallysucceedswhereotherengineshadrefusedevento
try.
"LittleJackHorner"
"LittleJackHorner"isanurseryrhyme:
LittleJackHornersatinthecorner,
EatingaChristmaspie
Heputinhisthumb,andpulledoutaplum,
Andsaid,"WhatagoodboyamI!"

"LittleMissMuffet"
"LittleMissMuffet"isanurseryrhyme:
LittleMissMuffet
Satonatuffet,
Eatinghercurdsandwhey

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Alongcameaspider,
Whosatdownbesideher
AndfrightenedMissMuffetaway.

(Atuffetisalowseat.)
LittleRedHen,the
TheLittleRedHenisacharacterinaFOLKTALE.Sheworkshardtoplant,hoe,andharvestwheat,andthengrindsitintoflourandbakesitintobread.Ateverystage
sheasks,"Whowillhelpme?"butheranimalcompanionsalwaysreply,"NotI."Whenthebreadisbaked,thehenasks,"Whowillhelpmeeatthebread?"andthe
otherscallout,"Iwill!''Butthehensaysthatshehasdoneeachstepalone,andshewilleatthebreadalone.
Imagenotavailable.
LittleRedRidingHood.
RedRidingHoodwiththewolf
disguisedasGrandmother.

"LittleRedRidingHood"
"LittleRedRiddingHood"isafairytale.AlittlegirlnamedRedRidingHoodsetsoffforhergrandmother'shouse.Inthewoods,shemeetsawolfandtellshimwhere
sheisgoing.Thewolfgetstothehousefirstandeatsupthegrandmother.Hethenputsonherclothesandgetsintoherbed.WhenLittleRedRidingHoodcomesin,
thewolfpretendstobethegrandmother.Thelittlegirlisfooledandissooneatenbythewolf.Butahuntsmanpassingbyrunsinandchopsthewolfopen.Outstep
RedRidingHoodandhergrandmother,aliveandwell.
LittleWomen
LittleWomenisanovelbyLOUISAMAYALCOTTaboutthefourMarchsisters,Jo,Meg,Beth,andAmy,inaNewEnglandfamilyofthe1800s.Oneofthemost
popularchildren'sstories,LittleWomenismostlyautobiographicalthatis,ittellsaboutmanythingsthathappenedtotheauthorandherfamily.
Longfellow,HenryWadsworth
HenryWadsworthLongfellowwasawellknownAmericanpoetofthe1800s.Amonghisworksare"TheSongofHIAWATHA,"aboutarealIndianhero,and"PAUL
REVERE'SRIDE."
M
Macbeth
MacbethisaTRAGEDYbyWILLIAMSHAKESPEARE.ThenoblemanMacbethistoldbythreewitchesthathewillbecomethekingofScotland.Hiswifepersuadeshimto
murderthekingandtakethethronehimself.Inordertostayinpower,hemustkeepkillingthepeoplewhoopposehim.Finally,Macbethhimselfiskilledinbattle.
magiccarpet
Amagiccarpetisarugthatcancarrypeoplewherevertheywishtogo.MagiccarpetsappearinMiddleEasternstories,suchasthoseintheARABIANNIGHTS.
"MaryHadaLittleLamb"
"MaryHadaLittleLamb"isanurseryrhymethatbegins:
Maryhadalittlelamb,
Itsfleecewaswhiteassnow,
AndeverywherethatMarywent,
Thelambwassuretogo.

"Mary,Mary,QuiteContrary"
"Mary,Mary,QuiteContrary"isanurseryrhyme:
Mary,Mary,quitecontrary,
Howdoesyourgardengrow?
Withsilverbells,andcockleshells,
Andprettymaidsallinarow.

Melville,Herman
HermanMelvillewasanAmericanauthorofthe1800swhowroteshortstoriesandnovels,amongthemMOBYDICK.

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Merlin
InthestoriesaboutKINGARTHUR,Merlinisamagicianandtheking'schiefadviser.
metaphor
Ametaphorisawayofdescribingsomethingbycomparingittosomethingelse,butwithoutusingthewordslikeoras.Forexample,ChristinaRossetti,aBritish
writerofthelate1800s,usesmetaphorstodescribethecloudsandtheskyinthepoem"Clouds":
Whitesheep,whitesheep,
Onabluehill,
Whenthewindstops
Youallstandstill.

IfRossettihadwritten,"Thecloudsarelikewhitesheep,"shewouldhavebeenusingaSIMILE.
meter
MeteristhearrangementofstressedandunstressedwordsorsyllablesinalineofPOETRY.InthefollowinglinesbyGelettBurgess,thestressedwordsorsyllablesare
inboldtype:
Ineversawapurplecow,Ineverhopetoseeone.

"Mirror,mirror,onthewall"
InthefairytaleaboutSNOWWHITE,SnowWhite'sstepmother,thewickedqueen,saysthesewordstohermirror:"Mirror,mirror,onthewall,whoisfairestofthem
all?"
MobyDick
InHERMANMELVILLE'SnovelMobyDick,MobyDickisahugewhitewhale,sofiercethathecansinktheboatsofthesailorswhotrytohuntandkillhim.
moral
Themoralisthelessonthatastoryorafableismeanttoteach.SeealsoAESOP'SFABLES.
MotherGoose
MotherGooseisthenameusedinEnglishforthemakebelievepersonwhoissupposedtohavefirsttoldmanyfamiliarnurseryrhymestochildren.Theyareoften
calledMotherGooserhymes,butinfactseveralpeoplecollectedandtoldthesesongsand
Imagenotavailable.
MotherGoose.
DrawingbyArthurRackham.

poems.Manynurseryrhymeshavebeenrepeatedbysomanygenerationsofpeoplethatwenolongerknowwhofirstmadethemup.
N
narrator
InaworkofFICTION,thenarratoristhepersonwhotellsthestory.
NeverNeverLand
NeverNeverLandiswherePETERPAN'Sadventurestakeplace.
nightbeforeChristmas,'Twasthe
ThesearethefirstwordsofafavoriteChristmaspoembyClementC.Moore,anineteenthcenturyAmericanscholarandwriter.Itbegins:
TwasthenightbeforeChristmas,whenall
throughthehouse
Notacreaturewasstirringnotevena
mouse
Thestockingswerehungbythechimney
withcare,
InhopesthatSt.Nicholassoonwouldbe
there.

nonfiction
Nonfictionisatermforwritingthatisfactuallytrue,ortriestobe.Aworkofnonfictioncanbeabiography,anessay,orahistoricalaccount.SeeFICTION.
novel
Anovelisalongstory,writteninprose.THEADVENTURESOFHUCKLEBERRY

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FINN,LITTLEWOMEN,MOBYDICK,andDAVIDCOPPERFIELDareallnovels.Apersonwhowritesnovelsiscalledanovelist.
"NowILayMeDowntoSleep"
"NowILayMeDowntoSleep"isachild'sprayer:
NowIlaymedowntosleep,
IpraytheLordmysoultokeep
IfIshoulddiebeforeIwake,
IpraytheLordmysoultotake.

nurseryrhyme
Anurseryrhymeisashortpoemforyoungchildren,like"One,two,bucklemyshoe."Manynurseryrhymesaresooldthatnooneknowswhocomposedthemor
whofirstsetthemdowninwriting.
O
Odyssey(ODisee)
TheOdysseyisanEPICbytheancientGreekpoetHOMER.ItisabouttheadventuresoftheGreekheroODYSSEUSashejourneysbacktohiskingdomaftertheTROJAN
WAR.
"OldKingCole"
"OldKingCole"isanurseryrhymethatbegins:
OldKingColewasamerryoldsoul,
Andamerryoldsoulwashe
Hecalledforhispipe,andhecalledforhis
bowl,
Andhecalledforhisfiddlersthree.

"OldMotherHubbard"
"OldMotherHubbard"isanurseryrhymethatbegins:
OldMotherHubbard
Wenttothecupboard,
Tofetchherpoordogabone
Butwhenshegotthere
Thecupboardwasbare,
Andsothepoordoghadnone.

OliverTwist
OliverTwistisanovelbyCHARLESDICKENS.Oliverisaboywhodoesnotknowwhohisparentsare.Herunsawayfromaworkhousewhereheisbadlytreated.To
survive,hehastojoinagangofthieves.Oliverfinallydiscovershisrealfamilyandescapesalifeofcrime.
"One,two,bucklemyshoe"
"One,two,bucklemyshoe"isanurseryrhymethatbegins:
One,two,bucklemyshoe
Three,four,shutthedoor
Five,six,pickupsticks
Seven,eight,laythemstraight
Nine,ten,abigfathen.

Oneifbyland,andtwoifbysea
See"PAULREVERE'SRIDE."
onomatopoeia(ONuhmatuh PEEuh)
Onomatopoeiaistheuseofwordsthatsoundlikewhattheydescribe,asinthebuzzofabeeorthehissofasnake.
Open,Sesame
"Open,Sesame"isthemagicexpressionusedinoneofthetalesoftheARABIANNIGHTS.ALIBABAsays,"Open,Sesame,"togetintoasecretcavewherethieveshave
storedtheirtreasure.
Othello
OthelloisatragedybyWILLIAMSHAKESPEARE.OthelloisaMoor,ordarkskinnedMOSLEM,whoistrickedbyanevilsoldier,Iago,intothinkingthathiswifehasbeen
unfaithfultohim,andhekillsherinajealousrage.Whenherealizesthathiswifehadbeeninnocent,hekillshimselfinhisgrief.
"OwlandthePussycat,The"
"TheOwlandthePussycat"isapoemforchildrenbythenineteenthcenturyBritishwriterEdwardLear.Itbegins:
TheOwlandthePussycatwenttosea
Inabeautifulpeagreenboat.
Theytooksomehoney,andplentyofmoney,
Wrappedupinafivepoundnote.

P
PaulBunyan
PaulBunyanisagigantic,powerfullumberjackwhoappearsinmanyTALLTALESabouttheforestsoftheAmericanNorthandNorthwest.Heisusuallyshowncarrying
anaxandwearingaflannelshirtandaknittedcap.HispetisahugeblueoxnamedBabe.

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"PaulRevere'sRide"
"PaulRevere'sRide,"byHENRYWADSWORTHLONGFELLOW,isapoembasedonapatriotoftheREVOLUTIONARYWAR.PaulRevererodetowarnthevillagesofLexington
andConcord,nearBoston,Massachusetts,thatBritishtroopswerecoming.Thepoembegins:
Listen,mychildren,andyoushallhear,
OfthemidnightrideofPaulRevere,
OntheeighteenthofApril,inSeventyfive
Hardlyamanisnowalive
Whoremembersthatfamousdayandyear.

ThepoemgoesontotellhowReverewaitedforafriendtohangoneortwolampsinachurchsteepletosignalhowtheBritishweretraveling:"Oneifbyland,and
twoifbysea."Whenhesawtwolamps,Reverebeganhisride.
PecosBill
PecosBillisagiantcowboyknownforhisdaringexploitsinmanyTALLTALESoftheAmericanSouthwest.
penname
Apennameisafictitiousname,orpseudonym,usedbyawriter.Itmaybecompletelymadeupormaycomefromthewriter'smiddlenameorsomeoneelse'sname.
MARKTWAINwasthepennameofSamuelLanghorneClemensDR.SEUSSwasthepennameofTheodoreSeussGeisel.
personification
Personificationistheuseofhumanformsorqualitiestodescribenonhumanthings.Examplesofpersonificationincludethetreeswhisperedandjealousyhasgreen
eyes.
PeterPan
PeterPanisafavoritechildren'splaybyJ.M.Barrie,aScottishauthorofthelate1800sandearly1900s.PeterPanisayoungboyinNeverNeverLandwhonever
wantstogrowup.HeliveswiththefairyTINKERBELL,whoteacheshimtoflyandprotectshimandhisfriendsfromdanger.HisenemyistheevilCAPTAINHOOK,the
leaderofabandofpirates.
PeterRabbit,TheTaleof
TheTaleofPeterRabbitisbytheBritishillustratorandwriterBeatrixPotter,wholivedinthelate1800sandearly1900s.Itisafavoritechildren'sstoryabouta
mischievouslittlerabbitwhogetsintoafarmer'sgardenandisalmostcaught.
"PiedPiperofHamelin,The"
"ThePiedPiperofHamelin"isanoldfolktaleaboutamanwhogetsridofalltheratsinthetownofHamelin.Heplaysenchantingmusiconhispipe(akindofflute),
andtheratsallfollowhimdowntotheriver,wheretheydrown.WhenthetownspeoplerefusetopaythePiedPiper,heuseshispipetolurethechildrenawayfrom
thetown,andtheyareneverseenagain.ManypeopleknowthisstoryfromalongpoemofthesamenamewrittenbytheBritishpoetRobertBrowninginthe1800s.
Pinocchio
PinocchioisabookbythenineteenthcenturyItalianwriterC.Collodi.Pinocchioisawoodenpuppetwhowantstobearealboy.Heiswatchedoverbyagood
fairy,buthehasmanyadventuresbeforeheproveshimselfworthyofbecomingarealchild.ThefairyprovidesthatwheneverPinocchiotellsalie,hisnosegrows
longer,andeveryonecanseethathehasbeenlying.
play
Aplayisastorythatisperformedbyactorsandactressesonastage.Itmayconsistonlyofdialogue(spokenwords)orincludemusicanddance.Playsareoften
presentedinabuildingcalledatheater,buttheycanalsobestagedoutdoorsorintelevisionprograms.SeealsoMUSICALCOMEDY.
playwright
Aplaywrightisapersonwhowritesplays.WILLIAMSHAKESPEAREisoneofthemostfamousplaywrightsinEnglishliterature.
plot
Theplotisthestructureofastory.Almosteverystoryhasaplot,whetheritisanovel,shortstory,play,movie,ortelevisionshow.

Page34

Poe,EdgarAllan
EdgarAllanPoewasanAmericanauthorofthe1800swhowrotepoems,horrorstories,anddetectivestories,suchas"THERAVEN"and"TheMurdersintheRue
Morgue."
poem
Apoemisaworkofliteraturethatiswritteninlines,likeasong.Poemsoftenhaveaparticularrhythm,orrepeatedbeat.Sometimesthewordattheendofoneline
RHYMESwiththewordattheendofanotherline.PoemsthathavenorhymeorregularrhythmarecalledFREEVERSE.Apersonwhowritespoemsiscalledapoet.
poetry
Poetryreferstopoemsorthelanguagetheycontain.Itcanalsomeanthepoemsofanindividualpoet,asinthepoetryofEmilyDickinson.
Pollyanna
Pollyanna,publishedintheearly1900sbytheAmericanauthorEleanorPorter,isabookaboutayounggirlwhoalwayslooksonthebrightsideofthings.
Pooh
SeeWINNIE THEPOOH.
"PrincessandthePea,The"
"ThePrincessandthePea,"byHANSCHRISTIANANDERSEN,isastoryaboutaprincewhoissearchingforatrueprincesstomarry.Ayoung,bedraggledwomancomes
tohisdoorandclaimstobeatrueprincess.Toseewhethersheistellingthetruth,theprince'smothercoversapeawithmanymattressesandoffersthisbedtothe
youngwoman.Thenextmorning,theyoungwomansaysshecouldn'tsleepbecausetherewassomethingveryhardinherbed.Thequeenthenknowsthattheyoung
womanistellingthetruth,foronlyatrueprincesscouldbesosensitive.
prose
Proseisnonpoeticlanguage,asopposedtoPOETRY.NOVELS,ESSAYS,andSHORTSTORIESareusuallywritteninprose.
"PussinBoots"
"PussinBoots"isafairytaleaboutaclevercatwhobringsgoodfortunetoitsmaster.
R
"Rain,rain,goaway"
"Rain,rain,goaway"isaRHYMEchantedbychildrenwhenitrains:
Rain,rain,goaway,
Comeagainanotherday.

"Rapunzel"
"Rapunzel"isafairytaleaboutagirlwhohaslong,beautifulhair.Sheislockedinahightower,andtheonlywayanyonecangetintothetowerisbycalling,
"Rapunzel,Rapunzel,letdownyourhair."
"Raven,The"
"TheRaven"isapoembyEDGARALLANPOE.Amysteriousblackbirdvisitsthepoet,whoismourningthelossofhisbeloved,andrepeats,"Nevermore."
rhyme
Whenawordorthelastpartofawordsoundslikeanotherwordorthelastpartofanotherword,thosewordsaresaidtorhymeforexample,partrhymeswith
heart,rougherrhymeswithtougher,andbelievablerhymeswithinconceivable.
Imagenotavailable.
Rapunzel.
DrawingbyWalterCrane.

Page35

rhymescheme
ArhymeschemeshowsthearrangementorpatternofrhymesinaPOEM.Forexample,inthispoembythenineteenthcenturyBritishwriterandartistEdwardLear,the
rhymeschemeisAABBA(therhymingwordsareinitalic):
ATherewasanoldpersonofWare
AWhorodeonthebackofabear
BWhentheyaskeddoesittrot
BHesaid,"Certainlynot!
AHe'saMoppsikonFloppsikonbear!"

"RideaCockHorse"
"RideaCockHorse"isanurseryrhyme:
RideacockhorsetoBanburyCross,
Toseeafineladyuponawhitehorse
Withringsonherfingersandbellsonher
toes,
Sheshallhavemusicwherevershegoes.

"RipVanWinkle"
"RipVanWinkle"isashortstorywrittenintheearly1800sbytheAmericanauthorWashingtonIrvingaboutamanwhogoeshuntinginthemountainsonedayand
fallsasleepfortwentyyears.
RobinHood
RobinHoodisalegendaryEnglishoutlawwhostolefromtherichtogivetothepoor.Heandhisbandofmen,includingFriarTuckandLittleJohn,livedinSHERWOOD
FOREST.
RobinsonCrusoe
RobinsonCrusoeisanovelwritteninthe1700sbytheEnglishauthorDanielDefoe.IttellshowRobinsonCrusoe,anEnglishsailor,isshipwreckedonadesertisland
andlivestherealoneformanyyears.Hesurviveswiththehelpofhisman,Friday,bymaking,finding,orgrowingeverythingheneeds.
"RockaByeBaby"
"RockaByeBaby"isanurseryrhymeandlullaby:
Rockabye,baby,onthetreetop
Whenthewindblows,thecradlewillrock
Whentheboughbreaks,thecradlewillfall,
Anddownwillcomebaby,cradleandall!

RomeoandJuliet
RomeoandJulietisatragedybyWILLIAMSHAKESPEARE.Twoyounglovers,RomeoandJuliet,arekeptapartbytheirfamilies,whohateeachother.WhenRomeo
killsacousinofJuliet'sforkillingoneofhisfriends,heisforcedtoleavethecity.Juliet'sfamilytriestomakehermarryanotherman,butshedrinksapotiontomakeit
lookasifsheweredead.Romeohearsthatsheisdeadandbelievesit.Hegoestohertombandkillshimselfbydrinkingpoison.WhenJulietawakenstofindher
loverdeadbesideher,shestabsherself.
Rosesarered
"Rosesarered"arethefirstwordsofaValentine'sDaypoem.Thepoemhasmanyforms,butintheUnitedStatesitisoftenrecitedasfollows:
Rosesarered,violetsareblue,
Sugarissweet,andsoareyou.

"RubADubDub"
"RubADubDub"isanurseryrhyme:
Rubadubdub,
Threemeninatub
Andwhodoyouthinktheybe?
Thebutcher,thebaker,
Thecandlestickmaker
Turnthemout,knavesallthree!

"Rumpelstiltskin"
"Rumpelstiltskin"isafairytalefromthecollectionoftheGRIMMBROTHERS.AlittlemannamedRumpelstiltskinhelpsthebeautifulyoungwifeofaprincetospinstraw
intogoldthreadinexchangeforherfirstbornchild.Inordertokeepherbaby,shehastoguesshisname.Whenshediscoversit,thedwarfdestroyshimselfinarage.
S
SanchoPanza
SanchoPanzaisthecompanionofthetitlecharacterinDonQuixoteandishisoppositeineveryway.HeisshortandfatwhileDonQuixoteistallandthin,heis
uneducatedwhileQuixoteiswellread,andheispracticalandhascommonsensewhileQuixoteisanidealistandadreamer.Still,heagreestobeDonQuixote's
squire(theassistant

Page36

toaKNIGHT)andfollowshimonhisadventures.
scene
AsceneisasectionofaPLAY,movie,ortelevisionprogramthathappensinasingleplaceatasingletime.
Scrooge
ScroogeisthestingyoldmaninCHARLESDICKENS'SACHRISTMASCAROLwhoselifeischangedwhenhemeetsaseriesofghostsonChristmasEve.ThenameScrooge,
meaningsomeonewhoismiserly,hasbecomeverycommoninEnglish.WALTDISNEYevenusedthenameforDonaldDuck'sstingyuncle,ScroogeMcDuck.
SecretGarden,The
TheSecretGarden,abookpublishedintheearly1900sbytheAmericanwriterFrancesHodgsonBurnett,tellsthestoryofMaryLennox,amiserablegirlwhois
senttoEnglandtolivewithheruncleafterthedeathofherparentsinIndia.Marydiscoversagardenonheruncle'spropertythathasbeenlockedupforyears.She
andherfriendssecretlyrestorethegardenandbecomehappyandhealthy.
Seuss,Dr.
Dr.SeusswasthePENNAMEofthetwentiethcenturyAmericanwriterTheodoreSeussGeisel.Hispicturebooks(forexample,TheCatintheHatandHowthe
GrinchStoleChristmas)includefantasticalcharactersandarewritteninhumorousverse.
SevenDwarfs
TheSevenDwarfsarethecharacterswhotakecareofSNOWWHITEwhenshecomesintotheirhouse.IntheWALTDISNEYcartoonfilmofthestory,theSevenDwarfs
aregiventhenamesHappy,Sleepy,Doc,Bashful,Sneezy,Grumpy,andDopey.
Shakespeare,William
WilliamShakespearewasagreatEnglishwriterofthelate1500sandearly1600s.Hisplaysandpoemsareconsideredtobeamongthebestliteraryworksever
written.SomeofhismostfamiliarplaysareHAMLET,ROMEOANDJULIET,MACBETH,OTHELLO,JULIUSCAESAR,andAMidsummerNight'sDream.
SherlockHolmes
SherlockHolmesisafamousfictionaldetectivewhoappearsinaseriesofnovelsandstoriesbytheBritishwriterSirArthurConanDoyle,wholivedduringthelate
1800sandearly1900s.Wheninvestigatingacrime,Holmesfindscluesthatotherpeoplehavenotnoticedorunderstood.Healwaysamazestheotherpeopleinthe
storiesbycleverlygettingtothebottomofanymystery.
SherwoodForest
SherwoodForestwaswhereROBINHOODandhismenlived.
shortstory
Ashortstoryisaworkoffictioninprosethatisshorterthananovel.Often,anumberofshortstoriesarebroughttogethertomakeabook.
simile
Asimiledescribessomethingbycomparingittosomethingelse.Manycommonexpressionsaresimiles,suchas,"Heisasstrongasanox"and"Heeatslikeapig."
Similesusuallyusethewordlikeoras.Inthepoem"MyBedIsaBoat,"byROBERTLOUISSTEVENSON,thefirstlinecontainsasimile:"Mybedislikealittleboat."
CompareMETAPHOR.
"SimpleSimon"
"SimpleSimon"isanurseryrhyme.Thefirstversegoes:
SimpleSimonmetapieman
Goingtothefair
SaysSimpleSimontothepieman,
"Letmetasteyourware."

SinbadtheSailor
SinbadtheSailorisamerchantinoneofthestoriesoftheARABIANNIGHTS.Hesailsaroundtheworldandhasmanyfantasticadventures.
"SingaSongofSixpence"
"SingaSongofSixpence"isanurseryrhyme.Thefirstversesgo:
Singasongofsixpence,
Apocketfullofrye

Page37
Fourandtwentyblackbirds
Bakedinapie.
Whenthepiewasopened,
Thebirdsbegantosing
Wasn'tthatadaintydish
Tosetbeforetheking?

"SleepingBeauty"
"SleepingBeauty"isafairytaleaboutabeautifulprincesswhoisputunderacursethatmakeshersleepforonehundredyears.Whenahandsomeprincefindsherand
fallsinlovewithher,hiskissreleasesherfromtheevilspell,andsheawakens.
"SnowWhite"
"SnowWhite"isafairytaleinthecollectionoftheGRIMMBROTHERS.SnowWhiteisabeautifulgirlwithawickedstepmother.Thestepmotherownsamagicmirror,
andeverydaysheasksit,"Mirror,mirror,onthewall,whoisthefairestofthemall?"Atfirstthemirroralwaysanswers,"Youare,myqueen,"butwhenSnowWhite
growstobeayoungwoman,themirrorsaysthatSnowWhiteisthefairest.Enraged,thequeensendsSnowWhiteintothewoodstobekilled.Instead,thequeen's
servantletsthegirlgo.Inthewoods,SnowWhitefindsthehomeoftheSEVENDWARFSandhidesintheirtinycottage.Thequeenfindsher,however,andtricksherinto
eatingapoisonedapple,whichmakesthegirlfallintoadeepsleep.FinallySnowWhiteisrescuedbyaprince,awakens,andbecomeshiswife.
stanza
AstanzaisaunitoflinesinapoemusuallyarrangedinarecurringpatternofRHYMEorrhythm.
"StarLight,StarBright"
"StarLight,StarBright"isanurseryrhyme:
Starlight,starbright,
FirststarIseetonight,
IwishImay,IwishImight,
HavethewishIwishtonight.

Stevenson,RobertLouis
RobertLouisStevensonwasaScottishbornwriterofthelate1800s.HisworksincludeDR.JEKYLLANDMR.HYDE,TREASUREISLAND,Kidnapped,andACHILD'SGARDEN
OFVERSES.
Superman
Supermanisacomicbookherowhohasalsoappearedinatelevisionshowandmovies.Hecanfly,runfasterthanaspeedingbullet,andleaptallbuildingsinasingle
bound.Heusesthesesuperhumanpowerstoprotectpeoplefromevilandinjustice.
T
talltale
AtalltaleisaFOLKTALEusuallysetontheAmericanfrontierinwhichthemaincharacter,suchasPAULBUNYANorPECOSBILL,hassuperhumancharacteristicsand
performsdaringexploits.
Tarzan
TarzanisacharactercreatedbyEdgarRiceBurroughsintheearly1900s.Hehasappearedinmanybooks,comicbooks,andmovies.Asababy,Tarzanis
abandonedintheAfricanjungleandraisedbyafamilyofapes.Hegrowsuptobecomeastronghero.
"ThereisnojoyinMudville"
"ThereisnojoyinMudville"isalinefromthepoembyErnestLawrenceThayer"CaseyattheBat,"whichtellsthestoryofabaseballplayerontheteamfrom
Mudville.Caseycomestobatintheninthinningwithhisteambehind.Heconfidentlyletstwostrikesgobybeforeheswingsmightilyatthethirdpitch.Thepoemends:
"ButthereisnojoyinMudvillemightyCaseyhasstruckout."
"Therewasalittlegirl"
ThesearethefirstwordsofapoembyHENRYWADSWORTHLONGFELLOW.Itbegins:
Therewasalittlegirl
Whohadalittlecurl
Rightinthemiddleofherforehead
Andwhenshewasgood
Shewasvery,verygood,
Butwhenshewasbadshewashorrid.

"ThereWasanOldWomanWhoLivedinaShoe"
"ThereWasanOldWomanWhoLivedinaShoe"isanurseryrhyme:

Page38
Therewasanoldwomanwholivedinashoe,
Shehadsomanychildrenshedidn'tknow
whattodo
Shegavethemsomebrothwithoutanybread
Andspankedthemallsoundlyandputthem
tobed.

"ThirtyDaysHathSeptember"
"ThirtyDaysHathSeptember"isarhymethathelpsusrememberhowmanydaysthereareineachmonth:
ThirtydayshathSeptember,
April,June,andNovember
Alltheresthavethirtyone,
ExceptingFebruaryalone,
Andthathastwentyeightdaysclear
Andtwentynineineachleapyear.

Thislittlepiggywenttomarket
Thesewordsarethefirstlineofatoecountinggame.Itisoftenrecitedasfollows:
Thislittlepiggywenttomarket,
Thislittlepiggystayedhome,
Thislittlepiggyhadroastbeef,
Thislittlepiggyhadnone,
Andthislittlepiggycried,"Weeweewee
wee,"
Allthewayhome.

Thoreau,HenryDavid
HenryDavidThoreauwasanAmericanwriterofthe1800s.InhisbookWalden,hetellsaboutlivinginacabinthathebuiltinthewoodsonWaldenPond,in
Concord,Massachusetts.Healsowroteawellknownessay,"CivilDisobedience,"inwhichhesaysthatpeopleshouldfollowtheirownconscience.Ifthatmeans
theymustbreakthelawsoftheirgovernment,hesays,theyshouldbepreparedtotakethepunishmentgiventothem.
"ThreeBears,The"
See"GOLDILOCKSANDTHETHREEBEARS."
"ThreeBlindMice"
"ThreeBlindMice"isanurseryrhyme:
Threeblindmice,seehowtheyrun!
Theyallranafterthefarmer'swife,
Shecutofftheirtailswithacarvingknife,
Didyoueverseesuchasightinyourlife,
Asthreeblindmice?

"ThreeLittlePigs,The"
"TheThreeLittlePigs"isachildren'sstoryaboutthreepigswholeavehometomaketheirownwayintheworld.Thefirstonebuildsahouseofstraw,theseconda
houseoftwigs,andthethirdahouseofbricks.Awolfcomesalongandisabletoblowthefirsttwohousesdown,butthethirdistoostrong,sothethirdlittlepiglives
happilyeverafter.SeealsoBIGBADWOLF.
TinkerBell
InthestoryPETERPAN,TinkerBellisafairywhoteachesPetertoflyandhelpshimandhisfriends.
Tolkien,J.R.R.
J.R.R.TolkienwasaBritishscholarofthemiddle1900s.InTheHobbitandaseriesofthreebooks,TheLordoftheRings,hewroteabouttheadventuresof
somesmallcreaturescalledHobbits.
TomSawyer,TheAdventuresof
TheAdventuresofTomSawyerisanovelbyMARKTWAIN.Tomisacleverboywithastrongimaginationandadesireforadventure.Inonefamousscene,hetricks
hisfriendsintopaintingafencethathewassupposedtopaintbyhimself.
TomThumb
TomThumbisthetinyheroofafairytale.Whenheisborn,heisnobiggerthanhisfather'sthumb,andhenevergrowsanybigger.
"TortoiseandtheHare,The"
See"HAREANDTHETORTOISE,THE."
tragedy
Atragedyisaseriousplayinwhichthemaincharacter(usuallyanimportant,heroicperson)meetswithdisaster,eitherbecauseofapersonalfaultorthroughevents
thatcannotbeprevented.
TreasureIsland
TreasureIslandisanadventurestoryaboutaboywhofindsatreasure

Page39

map.Twomenhireashiptosearchforthetreasureonanisland.Amongtheship'screwarethepirateLongJohnSilverandhismen,whotrytogetthetreasurefor
themselves.ThestorywaswrittenbyROBERTLOUISSTEVENSON.
"Trees"
"Trees"isapoemwrittenintheearly1900sbytheAmericanpoetJoyceKilmer.Itisfamousfortheselines:"IthinkthatIshallneversee/Apoemlovelyasatree."

MarkTwain

Twain,Mark
MarkTwainwasthePENNAMEofanAmericanwriterofthe1800swhoserealnamewasSamuelLanghorneClemens.SeealsoHUCKLEBERRYFINN,THEADVENTURESOF
TOMSAWYERTHEADVENTURESOF.
TweedledumandTweedledee
TweedledumandTweedledeearetwoidenticalfattwinswhomAlicemeetsinthestoryThroughtheLookingGlass.SeealsoALICEINWONDERLAND.
"Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar"
"Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar"isapoemforchildrenthatisoftensung.Thefirstpartgoes:
Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar,
HowIwonderwhatyouare!
Upabovetheworldsohigh,
Likeadiamondinthesky.

U
"UglyDuckling,The"
"TheUglyDuckling,"byHANSCHRISTIANANDERSEN,isastoryaboutababybirdwhoishatchedintoafamilyofducks.Heisbiggeranduglierthantherestofthe
ducklings,andtheotherbarnyardcreaturesmockhim.Heleaves,buteverywherehegoesheisthreatenedorlaughedat.Whenspringcomes,however,hefindshe
hasgrownuptobeabeautifulswan.
UncleRemus
UncleRemusisacharacterinaseriesofstoriesbythenineteenthcenturyAmericanwriterJoelChandlerHarris.UncleRemusisanoldblackmanwhotellsthefolk
talesofblackpeopletoayoungwhiteboy.Someofthestoriesaboutanimals,suchasthewilyBRERRABBITandhisenemy,BrerFox,arewellknown.Manyofthe
UncleRemusstorieswereoriginallyAfricanAmericanfolktales.
UncleTom'sCabin
UncleTom'sCabin,bytheAmericanwriterHarrietBeecherStowe,wasafamousnovelofthe1800sthatexposedtheevilsofslavery.
V
verse
Versecanbeusedtomeanpoetryingeneralortorefertoastanzaofapoemorsong.
"VillageBlacksmith,The"
"TheVillageBlacksmith"isapoemaboutastrongandhardworkingman.Itwaswritteninthe1800sbyHENRYWADSWORTHLONGFELLOW.Thefirstlinesofthepoem
arewellknown:"Underthespreadingchestnuttree/Thevillagesmithystands."(Asmithyiswhereablacksmithworks.)
W
Wheatley,Phillis
PhillisWheatleywasanAfricanAmericanpoetoftheeighteenthcentury.BorninAfrica,shewasbroughttoAmericaandbecamethehouseholdslaveofaBoston
merchant,whosefamilyencouraged

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hereducationandwriting.SheproducedtheearliestpublishedimportantblackworksinAmerica.
Imagenotavailable.
PhillisWheatley

Whitman,Walt
WaltWhitmanwasanAmericanpoetofthe1800swhosechiefworkiscalledLeavesofGrass,acollectionofpoems.Oneofhispoems,''OCaptain!My
Captain!,"remembersthedeathofABRAHAMLINCOLN.
Wilder,LauraIngalls
LauraIngallsWilderwasanAmericanwriterwhowasborninthepioneerdaysofthe1800s.InTheLittleHouseintheBigWoods,TheLittleHouseonthe
Prairie,andsevenotherbooks,shegivesmanydetailsabouttheeverydayactivitiesandadventuresofthesettlers.
WilliamTell
WilliamTellisalegendaryheroofSwitzerlandwhowasabletoshootanappleoffhisson'sheadwithanarrow.
WindintheWillows,The
TheWindintheWillowsisabookpublishedintheearly1900sbytheScottishauthorKennethGrahame.Itdescribestheadventuresofthreeanimals,Toad,Mole,
andRat,andtheirfriendBadger.
WinniethePooh
WinniethePoohisatoybearwhoisthemaincharacterinseveralbooksforchildrenpublishedintheearly1900sbytheBritishwriterA.A.Milne.Theauthor'sson,
ChristopherRobin,isalsoacharacterinthebooks.
WizardofOz,TheWonderful
TheWonderfulWizardofOz,bytheAmericanwriterL.FrankBaum,wholivedduringthelate1800sandearly1900s,tellsabouttheadventureofalittlegirl,
Dorothy.Dorothyandherdog,Toto,arecarriedbyatornadofromKansastothelandofOz.Thereshemeetsmanystrangecharacters,includingascarecrowwho
wantsabrain,acowardlylionwhowantscourage,andatinwoodmanwhowantsaheart.Manypeopleknowthestoryfromthe1939movieTheWizardofOz,
starringJudyGarland.
Wright,Richard
RichardWrightwasanAfricanAmericannovelistofthe1900swhosebestknownbookisNativeSon.
"Wynken,Blynken,andNod"
"Wynken,Blynken,andNod"isapoembythenineteenthcenturyAmericanauthorEugeneFieldaboutachildfallingasleep.Itbegins:
Wynken,Blynken,andNodonenight
Sailedoffinawoodenshoe
Sailedonariverofcrystallight,
Intoaseaofdew.

WynkenandBlynkenareeyes,Nodmeansthehead,andthewoodenshoemeansthebed.

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Mythology
Mythsaretraditionalstoriesaboutgods,goddesses,andmortalswithspecialpowers,andtheywereanimportantpartofthereligiousbeliefofmanyancientpeoples.
Althoughwedonotbelievethattheeventsinthesestoriesactuallytookplaceastheyaredescribed,mythsarestillanimportantpartofourculture.Theyoftenspeak
aboutthebeginningoftheworld,abouttheforcesofnature,aboutgoodandevil,andaboutuniversalhumanqualitiesandemotions.Everyculturehassomeformof
myths.Theoneswearemostfamiliarwitharethoseofclassicalmythology(fromtheancientGreekandRomancivilizations)and,tosomeextent,thoseoftheNorse
(ScandinavianandNorthGerman)peoplesaswell.
Manyofthegodsandgoddesseslistedherehavetwonames,aGreeknameandaRomanname.WhentheGreekcivilizationdeclinedandtheRomansconquered
muchofEuropeandpartsofAsia,theytookovermanyoftheGreekmythsandgavethegodsandgoddessesnewnamesintheirownlanguage,Latin.Whentwo
namesaregiventogetherinthefollowingentries,theGreeknameisgivenfirstandtheRomannamefollowsitinparentheses.
A
Achilles(uhKILeez)
AchilleswasthegreatestGreekwarriorintheTROJANWAR.Theonlywaytokillhimwastoattackhisoneweakspot,hisheel.TodayweusethetermAchilles'heel
todescribetheoneweaknessinaperson'scharacter.
Adonis
AdoniswasaGreekyouthwhowassohandsomethatevenAPHRODITE,thegoddessoflove,fellinlovewithhim.Todaywecallanyyoungmanwhoisextremely
handsomeanAdonis.
Imagenotavailable.
Adonis.
DetailofVenusandAdonisbyTitian.
NationalGalleryofArt,Washington
WidenerCollection.

Agamemnon(aguhMEMnon)
AgamemnonwasthekingwholedtheGreekforcesintheTROJANWAR.

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Amazons
InGreekmythology,theAmazonswereatribeoffemalewarriorswhowereknownfortheirgreatsize,strength,andfierceness.
Aphrodite(afruhDEYEtee)(Venus)
Aphroditewasthebeautifulgoddessofloveandbeauty.Shewassaidtohavebeenbornfromtheseafoamafamousfifteenthcenturypaintingshowsherrisingfrom
thewateronaseashell.SeealsoVENUS.
Apollo(uhPOLoh)
Apollowasthegodofprophecy,music,poetry,medicine,andlight.HewasaveryimportantgodforboththeGreeksandtheRomans,becausehecontrolledmany
oftheactivitiesnecessaryforcivilizedlife.Peopleoftenvisitedhisoracle,orshrine,inthecityofDelphitoaskhimquestionsthroughapriestess.SeealsoDELPHIC
ORACLE.
Ares(AIReez)(Mars)
Areswasthegodofwar.SeealsoMARS.
Artemis(AHRtuhmuhs)(Diana)
Artemiswasthegoddessofthehunt.Sheisoftenpicturedwithadeer.
Asgard(ASgahrd,AHZgahrd)
InNorsemythology,Asgardwasthedomainofthegodsandofheroeskilledinbattle.Asgardwassituatedatthecenteroftheuniverseandcouldbereachedonlyby
crossingarainbowbridge.
Athena(Minerva)
AthenawasthegoddessofwisdomaswellastheprotectorofAthensandothercities.Herbirthwasunusual:shesprangfullygrownandinfullarmorfromtheheadof
ZEUS.TheParthenon,abeautifultempleoverlookingthecityofAthens,wasdedicatedtoher.
Atlas
AtlaswasaTITANwhorebelledagainstthegods.Hewaspunishedbybeingforcedtoholduptheearthandskyonhisshouldersforeternity.Today,apersonwhois
verystrongissometimescalledanAtlas.
Imagenotavailable.
Athena

B
Bacchus(BAKuhs)
BacchusistheRomannameforDIONYSUS,thegodofwine.
Balder
BalderwastheNorsegodoflight.Accordingtoonelegend,hismother,FRIGG,commandedallthingstodohimnoharm.Sheforgottoincludethemistletoe,however,
andBalderwaskilledbyarivalwhowieldedasprigofmistletoe.
C
Cerberus(SURbuhruhs)
Cerberuswasthethreeheadeddogthatguardedthegatesoftheunderworld,HADES.Heallowedalldeadsoulstoenterbutnonetoleave.
Ceres(SEEReez)
CeresistheRomannameforDEMETER,thegoddessoffarming.ThewordcerealcomesfromhernamebecausecerealismadeofgrainandCeresmadethegrain
grow.
chimera(keyeMEERuh)
Thechimerawasamonsterwiththeheadofalion,thebodyofagoat,andthetailofadragonorserpent.

Page43

Imagenotavailable.
Cupid

Cupid
CupidwastheRomangodoflove.Whenheshothisarrowsintopeople'shearts,theyfellinlove.CupidisnowoftenpicturedonValentine'sDaycardsasababy
dressedinredorpinkandcarryingabowandarrows.SeealsoEROS.
Cyclops(SEYEklops)
TheCyclopes(seyeKLOHpeez)weregiantswithonlyoneeye,setinthemiddleoftheforehead.ThebestknownCyclopsimprisonedtheGreekheroODYSSEUS
andhismen,butOdysseusfinallyescapedbytrickingthegiantandputtingouthiseye.
D
Daedalus(DEDluhs)
DaedaluswasafamousGreekinventorwhobuilttheLABYRINTH,agreatmazefromwhichnoonecouldescape.HewasthefatherofICARUS.SeealsoMINOTAUR.
Daphne(DAFnee)
DaphnewasaNYMPHwhowaslovedbyAPPOLO.Toescapehim,sheaskedthegodstoturnherintoalaurel,orbaytree.Thereafter,Apolloadoptedthebayleafas
hissymbol.
Delphicoracle
TheDelphicoraclewasatempleatthecityofDelphi,inGreece,wherepeopletriedtofindguidanceandadviceaboutthefuture.Apriestess,whowasalsocalledan
oracle,satinthetempleandutteredpuzzlingmessagesfromthegodAPPOLO.Thesemessages,alsocalledoracles,prophesied(orpredicted)thefuture.Priestsheard
theoraclesandexplainedthem.
Demeter(diMEEtuhr)(Ceres)
Demeterwasthegoddessofgrainandoffarming.WhenherdaughterPERSEPHONEwaskidnappedandtakentotheunderworldbyHADES,shecausedallthecropsto
witheranddieasshesearchedtheearthforherdaughter.Finally,ZEUSallowedPersephonetojoinDemeterforeightmonthseachyear.Everyyear,whenDemeter
findsherdaughter,herhappinessbringsthespring.Butwhenshelosesheragain,thefourmonthsofwinterbegin.SeealsoCERES.

Diana

Diana
DianaistheRomannameforARTEMIS,thegoddessofthehunt.
Dionysus(deyeohNEYEsuhs)(Bacchus)
Dionysuswasthegodofwine.Becauseheshowedpeoplehowtoturngrapesintowine,hewasoftenpicturedwithawreathofgrape

Page44

leavesonhishead.Thereligiousgroups,orcults,whoworshipedhimperformedceremoniesinhishonor.
E
Echo
EchowasaNYMPHwholovedNARCISSUS.Whenherejectedherlove,shebecamesosadthatshewastedawayuntilonlyhervoiceremained.Ourwordecho,fora
repeatedsound,comesfromtheGreeknameforthisnymph.
Eros(AIRos,EERos)(Cupid)
EroswasthegodofloveandisoftenidentifiedasthesonofAPHRODITE.SeealsoCUPID.
Eurydice(yooRIDisee)
EurydicewasthewifeofORPHEUS.Whenshedied,herhusbandfollowedhertotheunderworldandcharmedHADESwithhismusictosecureherrelease.Ontheway
totheupperworld,OrpheusdisobeyedHades'sinstructionsandturnedbacktoseeifEurydicewasfollowing,thuslosingherforever.
F
Fates
TheFateswerethreeoldwomenwhodecidedhowlongeverybodywouldliveandwhatwouldhappenduringtheirlifetimes.Everyperson'slifewasrepresentedbya
thread.OneFatespunthethreadoflife,onemeasuredit,andonecutitatdeath.
Freya(FRAYuh)
FreyawasthegoddessofloveandbeautyinsomeNorselegends.SheisoftenidentifiedwithFRIGG.
Frigg
FriggwasthesupremeNorsegoddessandwifeofODIN.SheisidentifiedinsomelegendswithFREYA.FridayisnamedafterFrigg.
Furies
TheFurieswerehorriblyuglygoddessesofrevengewhohadsnakesforhair.Theypursuedpeoplewhowereguiltyofterriblecrimesanddrovethemmad.
G
GoldenFleece
TheGoldenFleecewasthegoldwoolcoatthathadbeentakenfromamagical,wingedram.ItwastheprizesoughtbytheheroJasoninoneofthequests,or
journeys,ofGreekmythology.SeealsoJASONANDTHEGOLDENFLEECE.
Gordianknot
TheGordianknotwasaverycomplicatedknottiedbyaGreekking.Accordingtolegend,whoeverunitedtheknotwouldruleallofAsia.Onestoryhasitthat
ALEXANDERTHEGREATundidtheknotbycuttingthroughitwithhissword.
H
Hades(HAYdeez)(Pluto)
HadeswastheGreekandRomangodoftheunderworld.HadesisalsotheGreeknamefortheunderworld,thegrayandgloomykingdomwherethedeadlived.See
alsoPLUTO.
Hector
HectorwasthenoblestoftheTrojanwarriorsandtheleaderoftheTrojanarmy.HewasslainbyACHILLES,whodraggedhisbodyaroundthewallsofTroy.Seealso
TROJANWAR.
Hel
HelwastheNorsegoddessofthedead.Shepresidedovertheunderworld,whichwasalsocalledHel.TheNorseunderworldwastheabodeofthespiritsofthose
whohadnotdiedinbattle.
HelenofTroy
Helenwasthemostbeautifulwomanintheworld.EventhoughshewasGreekbybirth,shewascalledHelenofTROYbecauseParis,aprinceofTroy,kidnappedher
andmadeherhisprincess.TheTROJANWARbeganwhentheGreekssentahugefleetofshipstoattackTroyandwinherback.
Hephaestus(hiFEStuhs,hiFEEstuhs)(Vulcan)
Hephaestuswasthegodoffire.Hewasalsotheblacksmithofthegodsandusedfiretomaketheirtoolsandweapons.
Hera(HEERuh)(Juno)
HerawasthewifeofZEUSandthequeenoftheGreekgodsandgoddesses.Shewasalsothegoddessofmarriage.
Hercules(HURkyuhleez)
Herculeswasthestrongestmanintheworldandoneofthe

Page45

Imagenotavailable.
Hercules.
OneofhisTwelveLaborswastokilltheNemean
lion.FromitsskinHerculesfashioned
agarmentthatmadehiminvulnerable.
Courtesy,MuseumofFineArts,Boston.

greatestGreekheroes.HeprovedhisstrengthbyperformingaseriesofsupposedlyimpossibletaskscalledtheTwelveLaborsofHercules.
Hermes(HURmeez)(Mercury)
Hermeswasthemessengerofthegods.Heworewingedsandalsandawingedcap,whichallowedhimtotravelveryfast,andcarriedamagicwand.Seealso
MERCURY.
I
Icarus(IKuhruhs)
IcaruswasthesonofDAEDALUS,thegreatinventor.DaedalusmadewingsofwaxthatheandIcarususedtoescapefromtheislandwheretheywereimprisoned.
Daedaluswarnedhissonnottoflytooclosetothesun,butIcarusignoredhiswarning.Theheatofthesunmeltedthewings,andIcarusfellintotheseaanddrowned.
J
JasonandtheGoldenFleece
JasonwasoneofthefirstgreatheroesofGreekmythology.Inordertoclaimhisrightfulthrone,hehadtosailoffinsearchoftheGOLDENFLEECE,thecoatofamagical
ram.Thistaskwasthoughttobeimpossiblebecausethefleecewasfarawayandguardedbyaterriblesnake.Jasonsailedinhisship,theArgo,withotherGreek
heroes,calledtheArgonauts.Hesurvivedmanyperilousadventuresandrecoveredthefleece.
Juno(JOOHnoh)
JunoistheRomannameforHERA,thewifeofJUPITERandthereforequeenofthegodsandgoddessesandthegoddessofmarriage.ThemonthofJuneisnamedafter
her.
Jupiter
JupiteristheRomannameforZEUS,thekingofallthegodsandgoddesses.ThelargestplanetinoursolarsystemisnamedJupiter.
L
Labyrinth(LABuhrinth)
TheLabyrinthwasalargemaze(abuildingfullofconfusinghallwaysanddeadends)designedbytheinventorDAEDALUS.ThosewhoenteredtheLabyrinthwouldget
lostintheendlesspassagesandcouldneverescape.Amonster,theMINOTAUR,waskeptinthecenteroftheLabyrinth.
leprechaun
InthefolkloreofIreland,leprechaunsarelittlemenwholooklikeelves.Itissaidthattheywillreveal(toanyonewhocatchesthem)aburiedtreasureusuallya
crockofgoldattheendoftherainbow.
Loki
LokiwastheNorsegodofstrifeandspiritofevil.Accordingtoonelegend,hewasfinallysentencedtobechainedtoarock,wherehewouldremainuntiltheTwilight
oftheGods,thedayofdoom,whenafinalbattlebetweentheforcesofgoodandtheforcesofevilwouldcausethedestructionoftheuniverse.
M
Mars
MarsistheRomannameforARES,thegodofwar.TheplanetMarsisnamedfor

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him,possiblybecauseitisred,thecolorofblood.ThemonthofMarchisalsonamedforMars.
Medusa
MedusawasaGorgon,ahorriblemonsterwithsnakesforhair.Whoeverlookedatherdirectlywasturnedtostone.Ahero,Perseus,wasabletokillherbylooking
atherreflectioninapolishedshieldasheaimedhissword.
Mercury
MercuryistheRomannameforHERMES,themessengerofthegods.TheplanetclosesttothesunisnamedMercurybecauseitmovesswiftlyinitsorbit.
Midas(MEYEduhs)
Midaswasagreedykingwhowishedthateverythinghetouchedwouldturntogold.Thegodsgrantedhiswish,buthesoonfoundthathecouldnoteat,becausehis
foodturnedtogoldassoonashetouchedit.Midasaskedthegodstotakeawayhispowersothathewouldnotstarve,andhewasallowedtoliveanormallife
again.
Minerva
MinervaistheRomannameforATHENA,thegoddessofwisdom.
Minotaur
TheMinotaurwasaterriblemonster,halfmanandhalfbull,whowaskeptintheLABYRINTHtokillanyonewhoentered.Finally,hewasdestroyedbythehero
Theseus.
N
Narcissus
Narcissuswasabeautifulyouthwhogazedintoapoolandfellinlovewithhisownreflection.Hewastedawaystaringintothepool,andthegodsturnedhimintothe
flowernowcalledthenarcissus.
Neptune
NeptuneistheRomannameforPOSEIDON,thegodofthesea.Heisoftenpicturedasabeardedgiantwithafish'stailandholdingatrident(athreeprongedspear).
ThelargeplanetthatiseighthinorderfromthesunisnamedNeptune.
nymph
Anymphwasafemalespiritwholivedinforests,bodiesofwater,andotheroutdoorplaces.
O
Odin(OHdin)InNorsemythology,Odinistherulerofthegodsaswellasthegodofwisdom,poetry,farming,andwar.WednesdayisnamedafterOdin,usinga
formofhisnamethatbeginswithW.
Imagenotavailable.
Odysseus.
Odysseustiedtothemasttokeepfrom
beingluredtodeathbytheSirens'singing.

Odysseus(ohDISyoohs,ohDISeeuhs)(Ulysses)
OdysseuswasaGreekherowhofoughtintheTROJANWAR.MakinghiswayhometoIthaca,heencounteredmanyadventuresandwasimprisonedseveraltimes.His
journey,orodyssey,tooktenyears,buthewasfinallyreunitedwithhiswife,PENELOPE,andhisson.ThestoryofthisjourneyistoldintheODYSSEY,anepicbythe
GreekpoetHOMER.SeealsoSIRENS.
Oedipus(EDuhpuhs)
Oedipuswasagreatbuttragicking.HesavedthecityofThebesbysolvingtheriddleoftheSPHINX.However,theDELPHICORACLEpredictedthathewouldkillhis
fatherandmarryhismother.BecauseOedipushadbeenabandonedasachild,hedidnotknowhistrueparents.HearguedwithanoldmanontheroadtoThebes
andkilledhimthemanwashisfather.AfterhesavedthecityofThebes,hemarrieditsqueen,hismother.Whenhefoundoutthattheprophecyhadcometrue,
Oedipusblindedhimself.

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Olympus
OlympusisthelegendaryhomeoftheGreekgods.ItisanactualmountaininGreece,thehighestinthecountry.TheancientOlympicgameswereacelebrationheld
everyfouryearsontheplainofOlympusinhonorofZEUS.OurmodernOlympicgamesaremodeledafterthem.
Orpheus(AWRfyoos,AWRfeeuhs)
OrpheuswasthehusbandofEURYDICEandanoutstandingmusicianwhocouldplayandsingnearlyaswellasthegods.
P
Pan
Panwasthegodofshepherdsandtheirflocks.Hewashalfmanandhalfgoat,andheoftenplayedtunesonhismusicalpipes.
Pandora'sbox
Pandora'sboxwasaboxthatZEUSgavetoPandora,thefirstwoman.Zeuswarnedhernevertoopenit,buthercuriositywastoostrong.Whensheopenedthebox,
alltheevilsandmiseriesoftheworld,suchassorrow,disease,andhatred,flewoutandhavemadeussuffereversince.Atthebottomofthebox,however,wasone
goodthing:hope.
Paris
PariswastheprinceofTroywhokidnappedHELENandthusstartedtheTROJANWAR.PariskilledACHILLESbypiercinghisheelwithanarrow.
Pegasus
Pegasuswasamagnificentwingedhorsethatcouldflyabovetheearth.
Penelope(puhNELuhpee)
PenelopewasthewifeofODYSSEUS.ManymentriedtoconvincehertomarrythemwhileOdysseuswasmakinghistenyearjourneyhome.ButPenelopehadfaith
thathewouldreturnandremainedtruetohim.
Persephone(purSEFuhnee)(Proserpina)
PersephonewasthegoddessofspringandthedaughterofDEMETER.WhenshewaskidnappedbyHADES,shebecamequeenoftheunderworld.
phoenix
Thephoenixisamythicalbirdthatburnsitselftodeathandarisesfromitsashesasanewphoenix.
Imagenotavailable.
Pegasus.
DrawingbyPeterPaulRubens.

Pluto
PlutoistheRomannameforHADES,thekingoftheunderworld.Thecold,darkplanetthatisfarthestfromthesunisnamedPluto.
Poseidon(puhSEYEDn)(Neptune)
Poseidonwasthegodofthesea,oneofthemostpowerfulgods,afterZEUS.SeealsoNEPTUNE.
Prometheus(pruhMEETHyoohs,pruhMEEtheeuhs)
PrometheuswasaTITANwhostolefirefromthegodsandgaveittohumans.HewaspunishedforhistheftbyZEUS,whohadhimchainedtoarockwhileagreateagle
gnawedathisliver.ThegiantwaslaterrescuedbyHERCULES.
Proserpina(prohSURpeennuh)
Proserpina,thedaughterofCERES,istheRomannameforPERSEPHONE,thegoddessofspring.
Psyche(SEYEkee)
PsychewasabeautifulmaidenwholovedCUPID.AfteralongseriesoftrialsimposedbyCupid'sjealousmother,

Page48

thegoddessVENUS,PsychebecameimmortalandwasallowedtomarryCupid.
Pygmalion(pigMAYLyuhn,pigMAYleeuhn)
PygmalionwasasculptorandakingofancientCyprus.HefellinlovewithastatuehehadcarvedandbeggedthegoddessAPHRODITEtofindhimaperfectwoman.
AphroditebroughtthestatustolifesothatPygmalionandhisbelovedcouldbetogether.

RomulusandRemus

R
RomulusandRemus
RomulusandRemusweretwinbrotherswhoweretakenfromtheirmotherandabandonedwhentheywerebabies.Ashewolffoundthemandcaredforthemuntil
theyweretakeninbyashepherd.RomuluslaterfoundedthecitythatwasnamedforhimRome,thecapitaloftheRomanEmpire.
S
Saturn
SaturnistheRomannameforthekingoftheTITANS.HewasthefatherofJUPITER.ThesecondlargestplanetinthesolarsystemisnamedSaturn.
Sirens
TheSirenswereevilcreatureswholivedonarockyisland.Theirbeautifulsingingluredmanypassingsailorstotheirdeaths.ThewandererODYSSEUSwantedtohear
theSirens'song,sobeforehesailedpastthemhepluggedhissailors'earswithwaxandhadthemtiehimtothemastofhisship.
Sphinx(SFINKS)
TheSphinxwasaterriblemonsterwiththebodyofawingedlionandtheheadofawoman.Shedevouredanyonewhocouldnotanswerthisriddle:"Whatgoeson
fourfeetinthemorning,ontwoatnoon,andonthreeintheevening?"Theansweris"man,"becausehumanbeingscrawlwhentheyarebabies,standupandwalk
whentheyaregrown,andwalkwithacane(thethirdfoot)whentheyareold.WhenOEDIPUSsolvedtheriddle,theSphinxkilledherself.Themostfamousstatueofa
sphinxisthehugeGreatSphinxofEgypt,nearthePYRAMIDS.
Styx(STIKS)
TheStyxwastheriverthatdeadsoulscrossedtogettotheunderworld.SeealsoHADES.
T
Thor
InNorsemythology,Thoristhegodofthunder.Hisweaponisahammer,whichmakesthesoundofthunder.Thursdayisnamedafterhim.
Titans(TEYEtunz)
TheTitanswerearaceofimmenselystronggiantswhoruledtheuniverseuntilZEUSandtheotherGreekgodsoverthrewthem.
Trojanhorse
TheTrojanhorsewasagiganticwoodenhorseleftbytheGreekarmyoutsidethewallsofTROY.InsidethehorsewerehiddentheGreeks'bestsoldiers.Another
Greeksoldier,pretendingtohavedesertedhiscomrades,trickedtheTrojansintobringingthehorseinsidethecitywalls.ThatnighttheGreekscreptoutofthehorse
andconqueredTroy.
TrojanWar
TheTrojanWarwasfoughtbytheGreekcitiesagainstthewalledcityofTROY.ItbeganwhenPARIS,aTrojanprince,kidnappedHELEN,abeautifulwomanwhowas
supposedtomarryoneoftheGreekrulers.TheGreekssentafleetofonethousandshipsfullofsoldierstoattackTroy.Aftertenyears,theGreeksstillhadnottaken
thecity.ODYSSEUS,aGreekleader,finallymadeupaplantotricktheTrojans.Heandhisbestsoldiershidinside

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Imagenotavailable.
Trojanhorse.
AnengravingshowingtheGreekarmy
emergingfromtheTrojanHorse.

theTROJANHORSE,surprisedtheTrojanarmy,andsetfiretothecity.Afterfiercefighting,Troywasconqueredanddestroyed.ThestoryoftheTrojanWaristoldinthe
ILIADofHOMER.
troll
InNorsemythology,trollswerehorribledwarfswholivedincavesorotherhiddenplaces.Theywereverynastyandoftenhoardedtreasure.
Troy
TroywasapowerfulcityinancientTurkey.Itsatonahilloverlookingtheseaandwasprotectedbyhighwalls.ItspeoplewerecalledTrojans.SeealsoTROJANWAR.
U
Ulysses(yooLISeez)
UlyssesistheRomannameforODYSSEUS.
unicorn
Theunicornisamythicalanimalthatlookslikeasmallwhitehorsewithalong,straight,pointedhorngrowingfromitsforehead.
V
Valhalla
InNorsemythology,ValhallawasthegreathallinASGARDthatwasreservedforthesoulsofthosewhodiedheroicdeaths.
Venus
VenusistheRomannameforAPHRODITE,thegoddessofloveandbeauty.ThebrightestplanetintheskyisnamedVenus.
Vulcan
VulcanistheRomannameforHEPHAESTUS,thegodoffire.
Z
Zeus(ZOOHS)(Jupiter)
ZeuswasthesupremerulerofthegodsandgoddessesofancientGreece.Hecontrolledthethunderandlightningandoftenusedthunderboltsasweapons.Hewas
morepowerfulthanalltheothergodsandgoddesses.SeealsoJUPITER.

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Music,Art,andArchitecture
Manywellknownsongs,monuments,buildings,paintings,andartistsarelistedhere.Therearealsoanumberoftermsthatwillhelpyoulearnabouttheartsofmusic,
painting,drawing,sculpture,andarchitecture.Someoftheentriesarethelyrics(words)offamiliarsongs.Itishardtoappreciatethemfullywithouttheirtunes,butthe
wordsthemselvesareanimportantpartofAmericanculture.
A
Abstractart
AbstractartisakindofPAINTING,DRAWING,andSCULPTUREthathasflourishedinthetwentiethcentury.Itdoesnotpresentobjectsastheyappeartotheeye,butrather
isanarrangementofcolorsandformsasimaginedbytheartist.PABLOPICASSO,AlexanderCalder,andHenryMooreallcreatedthisformofart.
Imagenotavailable.
Acropolis

Acropolis
TheAcropolisisthehillthatoverlooksthecityofAthens,Greece.Theruinsofancientbuildings,includingthePARTHENON,areontopofthishill.Acropolismeans
''summitofthecity"inGreek.
Alhambra
TheAlhambraisamagnificentpalaceinGranada,insouthernSpain.ItwasbuiltinthethirteenthandfourteenthcenturiesbytheMoors,MoslemsfromNorthAfrica.
alto
AltoisasingingvoicethatislowerthanSOPRANO.Itissometimescalledcontralto.
"AmazingGrace"
"AmazingGrace"isapopularhymnthatbegins:
AmazingGrace!Howsweetthesound
Thatsavedawretchlikeme!
Ioncewaslost,butnowamfound,
Wasblind,butnowIsee.

"America"
"America"isapatrioticsong:
Mycountry,'tisofthee,
Sweetlandofliberty,
OftheeIsing:

Page51
Landwheremyfathersdied,
Landofthepilgrims'pride,
Fromeverymountainside
Letfreedomring.

"AmericatheBeautiful"
"AmericatheBeautiful"isapatrioticsongbyKatherineLeeBatesthatbegins:
Obeautifulforspaciousskies,
Foramberwavesofgrain,
Forpurplemountain'smajesty
Abovethefruitedplain!
America!America!
Godshedhisgraceonthee
Andcrownthygoodwithbrotherhood
Fromseatoshiningsea!

AmericanGothic
AmericanGothicisapaintingbythetwentiethcenturyAmericanartistGrantWood.Itdepictsasternfacedcoupleinfrontofaprairiefarmhousethemanisholding
apitchfork.
aqueduct
Anaqueductisastructuresimilartoabridgethatsupportsapipeorchannel,usuallyonecarryingwaterfromadistantsource.TheancientRomansbuiltmany
impressivestoneaqueducts,especiallyinSpainandFrance.
arch
Anarchisacurved,sometimespointed,opening.Itcanbepartofabuilding'sdoorwayorwindoworitcanstandbyitself,liketheGatewayArchinSt.Louis,
Missouri,ortheArchofTriumphinParis,France.
architecture
Architectureistheartofdesigningbuildingsandotherstructures,includingfortressesandwalls(theBASTILLEandtheGREATWALLOFCHINA),andtowers(theEIFFEL
TOWERandSKYSCRAPERS).Thepersonwhopracticesthisartiscalledanarchitect.
"AuldLangSyne"
"AuldLangSyne"isaScottishpoembyRobertBurnsthatissungonNewYear'sEvetomarkthepassingoftheoldyear:
Shouldauldacquaintancebeforgot,
Andneverbroughttomin'?
Shouldauldacquaintancebeforgot,
Anddaysofauldlangsyne?
Forauldlangsyne,mydear,
Forauldlangsyne,
We'lltakacupo'kindnessyet,
Forauldlangsyne!

(AuldlangsyneisScottishfor"longago."Takmeans"take.")
B
Bach,JohannSebastian
JohannSebastianBachwasaGermancomposer,organist,andchoirmasterofthe1700s.Hecomposedalargenumberofinstrumentalandchoral(singing)works,
including"Jesu,JoyofMan'sDesiring"andtheBrandenburgConcertos.
ballad
Aballadisasimplesongorpoemthattellsastory,suchas"CLEMENTINE"or"CASEYJONES."
Imagenotavailable.
Ballet.
BostonBalletprincipaldancersCarla
StallingsandSergeLavoieinGeorge
Balanchine'sThemeandVariations.
PhotographbyJackMitchell.
CourtesytheBostonBallet.

ballerina
AballerinaisafemaledancerinaBALLET.

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ballet
Aballetisanelaboratedancepresentedonastagesettoinstrumentalmusic.Itusuallytellsastoryorsetsamoodandisperformedbyagroupofhighlytrained
dancers,bothmaleandfemale.ThenineteenthcenturyRussiancomposerPeterTchaikovskywrotethreeballetsthatarestillperformedtoday,TheNutcracker
(frequentlypresentedduringtheChristmasseason),SleepingBeauty,andSwanLake.
bass
Abassvoiceisthelowestmalesingingvoice.
"BattleHymnoftheRepublic,The"
"TheBattleHymnoftheRepublic"isapatriotichymnfromtheCIVILWARwrittenbyHarrietBeecherStowe:
Mineeyeshaveseenthegloryofthecoming
oftheLord
Heistramplingoutthevintagewherethe
grapesofwratharestored
Hehathloosedthefatefullightningofhis
terribleswiftsword
Histruthismarchingon.

beat
Inmusic,thebeatisoneoftheunitsusedtomarktheMETERofasongorothermusicalwork.Whenyoucountthebeat,itisjustlikecountingtime.
Imagenotavailable.
LudwigvanBeethoven.
ComposingtheMissaSolemnis.

Beethoven,Ludwigvan
LudwigvanBeethovenwasaGermanmusicianofthe1700sand1800swhoisconsideredoneofthegreatestcomposersofalltime.TheMoonlightSonataandthe
"OdetoJoy"fromtheNinthSymphonyaretwoofhismorefamiliarworks.Althoughhebegantogrowdeafmidwayinhiscareer,hecontinuedtocomposemusic.
Imagenotavailable.
BigBen

BigBen
BigBenisthenicknameforthebellintheclocktoweroftheHousesofParliamentinLondon,England.
blues
Thebluesisakindofsad,slowmusic,usuallywithwords,thatdevelopedamongblacksinthesouthernUnitedStates.Major

Page53

bluesartistsofthetwentiethcenturyincludeBessieSmithandBillieHoliday.
brass
Thebrassareafamilyofmusicalinstrumentsthatareoftenmadeofbrass.Eachinstrumenthasamouthpiecethattheplayerblowsthroughandahornthatproduces
thesound.Thebrassinstrumentsaretrumpets,trombones,tubas,bugles,cornets,andFrenchhorns.
BrooklynBridge
TheBrooklynBridgespanstheEastRiverbetweenManhattanandBrooklyninNewYorkCity.Whenitwasbuiltinthelate1800s,itwasoneofthelongestbridges
intheworld.
C
Calypso
CalypsoisatypeofmusicthatoriginatedintheWestIndies.Ithasadistinctiverhythmandoftenincludesimprovisedlyricsabouthumorousorcurrentdaytopics.
"CamptownRaces"
"CamptownRaces"isaFOLKSONGbythenineteenthcenturyAmericancomposerStephenFoster:
TheCamptownladiessingthissong,
Dooda,dooda,
TheCamptownracetrack'sfivemileslong,
Oh,doodaday.
Goin'torunallnight!
Goin'torunallday!
I'llbetmymoneyonthebobtailnag
Somebodybetonthebay.

carol
AcarolisaFOLKSONGthatexpresseshappinessorjoyandisoftensungonfestiveholidays,suchasChristmas."SilentNight,""OCome,AllYeFaithful,"and"Deck
theHalls"areChristmascarols.
"CaseyJones"
"CaseyJones"isapopularAmericanFOLKSONGaboutarailroadengineerwhodiedinatraincrash.Itstarts:
Comeallyourounders,forIwantyoutohear
Thestoryofabraveengineer.
CaseyJoneswastherounder'sname,
Onabigeightwheelerofamightyfame.

cathedral
AcathedralisaChristianchurchthatisusuallythehomechurchofaBISHOP.Cathedralsareoftenlarge,impressivebuildingswithhigharches,domedceilings,and
stainedglasswindows.
classicalmusic
ClassicalmusiciscomplexmusicwrittenforanORCHESTRAorforsmallergroupsofinstruments.SomeofthemostnotablecomposersofclassicalmusicareBACH,
BEETHOVEN,Brahms,Haydn,MOZART,andTchaikovsky.
"Clementine"
"Clementine"isanAmericanFOLKSONGthatbegins:
Inacavern,inacanyon,
Excavatingforamine,
Dweltaminer,fortyniner,
Andhisdaughter,Clementine.
Oh,mydarling,oh,mydarling,
Oh,mydarlingClementine,
Youarelostandgoneforever,
Dreadfulsorry,Clementine.

(AfortyninerissomeonewhotookpartintheCaliforniaGOLDRUSHOF1849.)
Colosseum
TheColosseumwasalargestadiumwherecompetitionswereheldinancientRome.Itsruinsarestillstanding.Today,sportsarenascalledcoliseumsarenamedafter
thisbuilding.
concerto
AconcertoisapieceofinstrumentalmusicusuallywrittenforanORCHESTRAandasoloperformer.Forinstance,apianoconcertousesanorchestraandapiano.
conductor
Aconductordirectsagroupofmusicianstomakesurethattheyareplayingattherightspeedandvolume.
Copland,Aaron
AaronCoplandwasanAmericancomposerofthetwentiethcenturywhowasnotedforhisworkswitharegionalsetting,suchasthemusicfortheballets
AppalachianSpringandRodeo.
countryandwesternmusic
Songsaboutloveandeverydaylifethathavearegularbeat

Page54

andusuallyrhymedlyricsareexamplesofcountryandwesternmusic.ItisespeciallypopularinthesoutheastUnitedStates.Wellknownmoderncountryandwestern
singersincludeHankWilliams,LorettaLynn,andJohnnyCash.
cubism
Cubismwasamovementinmodernartthatemphasizedthegeometricalformsofnaturalimages.PABLOPICASSOproducedmanynotablecubistworksintheearly
1900s.
D
"Dixie"
"Dixie"isabattlesongthatwassungbyConfederatesoldiersduringtheCIVILWAR.Itbegins:
IwishIwasinthelandofcotton,
Oldtimestherearenotforgotten.
Lookaway,lookaway,
Lookaway,Dixieland.

ThewordDixiehasbeenusedasanicknamefortheSOUTHsincetheCivilWar.
dome
Adomeisaroofthatisshapedlikeanupsidedownbowl.TheCAPITOLinWashington,D.C.,hasadome.
"DownbytheRiverside"
"DownbytheRiverside"isanAmericanSPIRITUAL:
Gonnalaydownmyburden,
Downbytheriverside,
Downbytheriverside.
Downbytheriverside,
Gonnalaydownmyburden,
Downbytheriverside,
Goingtostudywarnomore.

"DownintheValley"
"DownintheValley"isanAmericanFOLKSONG:
Downinthevalley,thevalleysolow,
Hangyourheadover,hearthewindblow.
Hearthewindblow,dear,hearthewindblow,
Hangyourheadover,hearthewindblow.

drawing
Drawingisthecreationofanimagebyproducinglinesonasurface,usuallywithpencils,pens,orcrayons.Indrawing,theoutlineofafigureismarkedbyanoticeable
line,whereasinPAINTING,linesareusuallyblended.Cartoonsareexamplesofdrawings.
"DrunkenSailor,The"
"TheDrunkenSailor"isaseachantey,asailors'worksong,thatissettoanIrishdancetune:
Oh,whatshallwedowithadrunkensailor,
Whatshallwedowithadrunkensailor,
Whatshallwedowithadrunkensailor,
Earlyinthemorning?
Way,hay,andupsherises,
Way,hay,andupsherises,
Way,hay,andupsherises,
Earlyinthemorning!

E
Imagenotavailable.
EiffelTower

EiffelTower(EYEfuhl)
TheEiffelTowerisatallstructurethatisprobablythemostfamiliarlandmarkinParis,France.Itismadeofsteelgirdersthatcurvefromthegroundupwardintoalong
thintower.

Page55

Ellington,Duke
DukeEllingtonwasanAfricanAmericancomposerandbandleaderofthetwentiethcentury.HeisrememberedespeciallyforhisJAZZcompositions.
EmpireStateBuilding
TheEmpireStateBuildingisanofficebuildinginNewYorkCitythatwasbuiltinthe1930s.Itwasthetallestbuildingintheworldformanyyears.
expressionism
Expressionismwasanartisticstylethatflourishedinthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies.Theexpressionistartistsemphasizedfeelingsandexperiences,
oftendistortingratherthandirectlyrepresentingvisualimages.
F
filmmaking
Averypopularartform,usedbysuchartistsasCharlieChaplin,anearlyactorinsilentmovies,andWALTDISNEY.
folkdance
Afolkdanceisatraditionaldanceofaregion.Therearemanytypesoffolkdances,includingtheSQUAREDANCE.Someofthesedancesdatebackmanyyears.
folksong
Afolksongisasimplesong,likeaBALLAD,thatispasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationbywordofmouth.Morerecentsongs,composedinthiscenturyby
PeteSeegerandWoodyGuthrie,forexample,arecalledfolksongsbecausetheywereinspiredbytheoldertradition.
fresco
Afrescoisapaintingdoneonwetplastersothatthecolorsbecomeapermanentpartoftheplaster.AfrescoisoftenalargeMURAL,suchasTHELASTSUPPERby
LEONARDODAVINCI.
fugue
Afugueisamusicalcompositioninwhichoneormoremelodiesareplayedagainsteachotherratherthantogether.
G
gargoyle
Agargoyleisaspoutordecorativesculptureintheshapeofanuglyorstrangelookinghumanoranimalform.Mouthsofgargoyleswereoftenusedasspoutsonthe
roofsofmedievalbuildingsandchurchestocarryoffrainwater.
Gershwin,George
GeorgeGershwinwasanAmericancomposerofthetwentiethcentury.HeisrememberedespeciallyforhisworksthatcombineJAZZandtheelementsofCLASSICAL
MUSIC,suchasRhapsodyinBlue.
"GodBlessAmerica"
"GodBlessAmerica"isapatrioticAmericansongthatbegins:"GodblessAmerica,/LandthatIlove."
Imagenotavailable.
GoldenGateBridge

GoldenGateBridge
TheGoldenGateBridge,inSanFrancisco,California,isnotedforitsgracefuldesignandisthesecondlongestsuspensionbridgeintheworld.
gospelmusic
GospelmusicisstrongandrhythmicreligiousmusicthatisespeciallypopularinthesouthernUnitedStates.
GreatWallofChina
TheGreatWallofChinaisanancientstonewallthatrunsfor1500milesalongthenorthernborderofChina.
"Greensleeves"
"Greensleeves"isafamoussongwrittenduringtheperiodbetween1400and1600.Therefraingoes:
Greensleeveswasallmyjoy,
Greensleeveswasmydelight,
Greensleeveswasmyheartofgold,
AndwhobutmyladyGreensleeves.

Page56

H
Handel,GeorgeFrederick
GeorgeFrederickHandelwasaGermanborncomposeroftheeighteenthcentury.HespentmostofhislifeinEnglandandisbestrememberedforhisMessiah,a
musicalcompositionforsingersandanorchestra.
harmony
Harmonyisthepleasingsoundthatresultswhendifferentmusicalnotesareplayedorsungtogether.
"HereWeGo'RoundtheMulberryBush"
"HereWeGo'RoundtheMulberryBush"isachildren'ssinginggame:
Herewego'roundthemulberrybush,
Themulberrybush,themulberrybush
Herewego'roundthemulberrybush,
Soearlyinthemorning.

"HomeontheRange"
"HomeontheRange"isacowboysongaboutlifeintheoldAmericanWest:
Oh,givemeahomewherethebuffaloroam,
Wherethedeerandtheantelopeplay,
Whereseldomisheardadiscouragingword
Andtheskiesarenotcloudyallday.

Homer,Winslow
WinslowHomerwasanAmericanpainterofthelate1800sandearly1900s.Heisbestknownforhispaintingsoffishermenandthechangingeffectsoftheseaand
wind.
horizon
Thehorizoninapainting,drawing,orotherartworkisthelinealongwhichtheearthandskyappeartomeet.
"Hush,littlebaby"
Thesearethefirstwordsofawellknownlullaby(asongusedtosootheababytosleep).Thefirstpartgoes:
Hush,littlebaby,don'tsayaword,
Papa'sgoingtobuyyouamockingbird
Ifthatmockingbirdwon'tsing,
Papa'sgoingtobuyyouadiamondring.

hymn
Ahymnisasongthatissungaspartofareligiousserviceaswellasatschoolassembliesandfamilygatherings."GodofOurFathers,""AMightyFortressIsOur
God"(byMARTINLUTHER),"ForAlltheSaints,"and"PraisetotheLord,theAlmighty"arefavoritehymns.Theyarecollectedinbookscalledhymnals.
I
igloo
AniglooisadomedhousebuiltoficeorhardsnowinwhichEskimoslive.(AnEskimoisanativeofthefarnorthernregionsofNorthAmerica.)
impressionism
ImpressionismisastyleofartmainlyassociatedwithFrenchpaintersofthelatenineteenthcentury.Itseekstorecreatetheartist'sorviewer'simpressionofascene,
ratherthanactualreality.
"I'veBeenWorkingontheRailroad"
"I'veBeenWorkingontheRailroad"isanAmericanFOLKSONG:
I'vebeenworkingontherailroad
Allthelivelongday,
I'vebeenworkingontherailroad
Justtopassthetimeaway.
Don'tyouhearthewhistleblowing?
Riseupsoearlyinthemorn.
Don'tyouheartheCaptainshouting,
"Dinahblowyourhorn."

J
jazz
JazzisaformofAmericanmusicinventedbyblackmusiciansinNewOrleans,Louisiana,earlyinthetwentiethcentury.ItisAmerica'smostimportantcontributionto
theworldofmusic.ProminentjazzmusiciansincludedLouisArmstrong,DUKEELLINGTON,BennyGoodman,andEllaFitzgerald.
"JohnBrown'sBody"
"JohnBrown'sBody"isasongwrittenduringtheCIVILWARinhonorofJohnBrown,whofoughtagainstslavery.Itbegins:"JohnBrown'sbodyliesamolderinginthe
grave.""TheBATTLEHYMNOFTHEREPUBLIC"waswrittentothistune.
"JohnHenry"
"JohnHenry"isanAmericanFOLKSONGaboutaracetobuildarailroadbetweenamachineandastrongblackmanwithahammer.JohnHenrytriedtobuildmore
track

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thanthemachineanddiedfromhisheroiceffort.Oneversegoes:
JohnHenrytoldhiscaptain,
Says,"Amanain'tnothin'butaman,
AndbeforeI'dletyoursteamdrillbeatme
down,Lord,
I'ddiewiththehammerinmyhand."

Joplin,Scott
ScottJoplinwasanAfricanAmericanpianistandcomposerofthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies.His"MapleLeafRag"and"TheEntertainer"aretwo
famousworkswritteninragtime,amusicalJAZZstylecharacterizedbyjauntyrhythms.
"JoshuaFittheBattleofJericho"
"JoshuaFittheBattleofJericho"isanAmericanSPIRITUALbasedonthebiblicalstoryofJoshua:
JoshuafitthebattleofJericho,
Jericho,Jericho,
JoshuafitthebattleofJericho,
Andthewallscometumblingdown.

("Fit"means"fought.")SeealsoBATTLEOFJERICHOunder"ReligionandPhilosophy."
K
Key,FrancisScott
FrancisScottKeywasalawyerandpoetofthelate1700sandearly1800s.Hewrotethewordsto"THESTARSPANGLEDBANNER"whenhesawtheUnitedStatesflag
stillflyingoverFortMcHenryinMarylandafteraheavybombardmentbytheBritishduringtheWAROF1812.
L
Lascauxcavepaintings
TheLascauxcavepaintingswerediscoveredinacaveinsouthernFrancein1940.Theydatefromprehistorictimes(perhapsasearlyas14,000B.C.)anddepict
livelyscenesofanimalsandhunters.
Imagenotavailable.
LeaningTowerofPisa

LeaningTowerofPisa
TheLeaningTowerofPisaisatall,roundbuildinginPisa,Italy,thatwasconstructedduringtheRENAISSANCE.Soonafteritwasbuilt,itsfoundationsank,causingitto
lean.
LeonardodaVinci
LeonardodaVinciwasagreatItalianartist,scientist,andinventorwholivedduringtheRENAISSANCE.HepaintedsuchworksasTHELASTSUPPERandtheMONALISA,
perhapsthemostfamouspaintingintheworld.Leonardoalsokeptnotebooksofhissketches,includingdesignsforflyingmachinesandothertechnologicalinventions.
"LondonBridgeIsFallingDown"
"LondonBridgeIsFallingDown"isachildren'ssinginggame:
LondonBridgeisfallingdown,
Fallingdown,fallingdown,
LondonBridgeisfallingdown,
Myfairlady.

lyrics
Lyricsarewordsthataresettomusic.
M
measure
Inmusic,ameasureisthemusicbetweentwoverticalbarsonaSTAFF.ItcontainsadefinitenumberofBEATS(equalunits

Page58

oftime)thatrecurinacomposition.Thefirstbeatofameasureisoftenaccented.SeeMETER.
melody
Amelodyisarecognizabletune.
meter
Inmusic,themeteristhepatternofbeatsinaMEASURE.
Michelangelo
MichelangelowasanItalianpainterandsculptoroftheRENAISSANCE.Consideredoneofthegreatestartistsofalltime,heisbestknownforhisSISTINECHAPELfrescoes
andforhissculpturesDavid(theboywhoslewthegiantGoliathintheOldTestament)andthePiet(apietisthefigureofMary,themotherofJesus,holdingJesus'
deadbody).
mobile
Amobileisasculpturemadeupofsuspendedpartsthatmoveinthewind.AlexanderCalder,anAmericansculptorofthetwentiethcentury,createdmanylivelyand
playfulmobiles.
Imagenotavailable.
MonaLisa.
PaintingbyLeonardodaVinci.

MonaLisa
TheMonaLisaisapaintingbyLEONARDODAVINCIthatportraysawomansittingwithherhandscrossedandwithacurioushalfsmileonherface.Probablythemost
famouspaintingintheworld,ithangsintheLouvre,inParis,France.
mosaic
Amosaicisapictureordesignmadefromsmallpiecesofcoloredtile,glass,orstonethatarecementedtogetheronasurface.Mosaicsareoftenfoundinearly
Christianchurches.
Mozart,WolfgangAmadeus
WolfgangAmadeusMozartwasanAustrianmusicianofthe1700swhobegancomposingmusicwhenhewasonlyfiveyearsold.Amongthegreatvarietyofchoral
andorchestralmusichewrote,twooperas,TheMagicFluteandTheMarriageofFigaro,areespeciallywellknown.
mural
Amuralisapainting,usuallyaverylargeone,madeonawallorceiling.Manymodernmuralsarefoundonthesidesofbuildings.
museum
Amuseumisabuildingthatdisplaysobjectsconsideredtobeoflastinginterestandvalueinaparticularsubject,suchasart,history,science,andsports.Thereare
museumsinalmosteverycitysomeespeciallynotableones,suchastheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,inNewYorkCity,theLouvre,inParis,France,theBritish
Museum,inLondon,England,andtheHermitage,inSt.Petersburg,Russia,exhibitpaintings,drawings,andsculpture.TheNationalAirandSpaceMuseum,partof
theSmithsonianInstitutioninWashington,D.C.,displaysaircraft,oldandnew.TheNationalBaseballHallofFame,inCooperstown,NewYork,isdevotedtothe
historyofbaseball.
musicalcomedy
Amusicalcomedy,sometimescalledamusical,isaplayorfilmthatincludessonganddanceasmajorelements.TheSoundofMusic,MyFairLady,Annie,and
Catsareallmusicals.

Page59

musicalinstruments
Musicalinstrumentsarethedevicesusedtomakemusic.Theyaredividedintofourmaingroups,oftencalledfamilies:BRASS,PERCUSSION,STRINGS,andWOODWINDS.
Imagenotavailable.
Musicalnotation.
ThefirstfewstaffsfromTheReturnQuickStep.

musicalnotation
Thestandardwayofwritingmusicsothatitcanbeplayedorsungiscalledmusicalnotation.
"Mycountry,'tisofthee"
Thesewordsarethefirstlineofthepatrioticsong"AMERICA."
N
nationalanthem
Anationalanthemistheofficialsongofacountry.ThenationalanthemoftheUnitedStatesis"THESTARSPANGLEDBANNER."Itissometimescalled"TheNational
Anthem."TwootherfamiliarnationalanthemsarethoseofCanada,"OCanada,"andFrance,"LaMarseillaise."
"NobodyKnowstheTroubleI'veSeen"
"NobodyKnowstheTroubleI'veSeen"isanAmericanSPIRITUAL.Itbegins:"NobodyknowsthetroubleI'veseen,/NobodyknowsbutJesus."
NotreDame(nohtruhDAHM)
NotreDameisacathedralbuiltduringtheMiddleAgesonanislandintheSeineRiverinParis,France.Itisoneofthebestknownexamplesofmedievalarchitecture
andhasnotablewindowsmadeofcolored,orstained,glass.
O
"Obeautifulforspaciousskies"
Thesewordsarethefirstlineofthepatrioticsong"AMERICATHEBEAUTIFUL."
"OSusanna"
"OSusanna"isanAmericanFOLKSONG.Therefrainis:
O,Susanna!O,don'tyoucryforme,
I'vecomefromAlabama,withmybanjoon
myknee.

octave
Inmusic,anoctaveisthedifferenceinPITCHbetweentwotoneswhenoneisexactlytwiceashighinpitchastheother.Tonesthatareanoctaveaparthavethesame
name.Forinstance,themiddletone"A"is440vibrationspersecond,andthe"A"anoctaveaboveitis880vibrationspersecond.Theword"octave"comesfromthe
Latinwordoctavus,meaningeighth,becauseinsomemusicalsystemstheoctaveisdividedintoeighttones.
O'Keeffe,Georgia
GeorgiaO'KeeffewasanAmericanartistofthetwentiethcentury.Sheisknownforherpaintingsofflowers,shells,anddesertscenes.
"OnTopofOldSmoky"
"OnTopofOldSmoky"isanAmericanFOLKSONG:
OntopofoldSmoky
Allcoveredwithsnow,
Ilostmytruelover
Bycourtin'tooslow.

opera
AnoperaisaplaysettomusicinwhichthelinesareallsunginsteadofspokenandisperformedbyanORCHESTRA,singers,andsometimesdancers.Operasusually
havemanycharacters,dramaticaction,andelaboratestagesets.DonGiovanni,MadameButterfly,andAdaarealloperas.
orchestra
AnorchestraisalargegroupofmusicianswhoplaySTRING,WOODWIND,

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,andPERCUSSIONinstruments.ThemusiciansareledbyaCONDUCTOR.

BRASS

organ
Theorganisakeyboardinstrumentthatproducessoundthroughlargepipes.Largeorgansarefoundinchurchesandsynagogues.Smaller,electronicorganscanbe
playedathome.
P
painting
Apaintingisanartworkthatiscreatedbytheapplicationofpainttoasurface.Thereareseveraldifferenttypesofpaintings.Aportraitisapaintingofaperson,for
example,theMONALISA.Alandscaperepresentsscenery.Astilllifeshowsinanimateobjects(thingsthatdonotmove),suchasabowloffruitonatable.Othertypes
ofpaintingareexamplesofABSTRACTART.
Parthenon
TheParthenonwasabeautifultempleoverlookingthecityofAthens,Greece.Itisnowinruins,butitswhitemarblecolumnsareoftenvisitedbytourists.Seealso
ACROPOLIS.
''PataCake,PataCake"
"PataCake,PataCake"isahandclappingsongenjoyedbyyoungchildren:
Patacake,patacake,baker'sman,
Bakemeacakeasfastasyoucan
Patitandprickit,andmarkitwithB,
Putitintheovenforbabyandme.

percussion
Percussiondescribesthefamilyofmusicalinstrumentsthatareplayedbybeingstruck.Theyincludeallkindsofdrums,suchassnare,bass,andkettledrums(also
calledtimpani),aswellastriangles,tambourines,woodblocks,andxylophones.Pianosarealsoconsideredpercussioninstruments,becausethekeyscontrol
hammersthathitstrings.
perspective
Perspectiveisawayofportrayingthreedimensionsonaflatsurface,asinadrawingorpainting,showingasceneasitwouldappearfromasinglepointofviewinthe
realworld,withcloseobjectslarger,andmoredistantonessmaller.
PeterandtheWolf
PeterandtheWolfisapieceofmusicforanORCHESTRAbythetwentiethcenturyRussiancomposerSergeiProkofiev.Throughthemusic,ittellsthestoryofa
disobedientboy'sencounterwithawolf.
Picasso,Pablo
PabloPicassowasaSpanishpainterofthetwentiethcenturyandoneofthemostinfluentialcontemporaryartists.
pitch
Inmusicpitchreferstothehighorlowqualityofamusicalsound.Thepitchisdeterminedbythenumberofvibrationspersecond.
printmaking
Printmakingisanartforminwhichadesigniscreatedonasurface,thencoveredwithinkordyeandstampedorpressedonapieceofpaper,thusprintingacopyof
thedesignonthepaper.Manycopiesoftheoriginaldesigncanbemadeinthisfashion.Postersareoftenmadethisway.
proportion
Proportioninpaintingsandotherartworksisthepleasingorbalancedarrangementofthepartsofthewhole,asinastilllifePAINTINGoffruitsorvegetables.
Imagenotavailable.
Pyramids

Pyramids
ThePyramidsarehugestonestructures,shapedlikefourtrianglesthatrisetoapoint,thatwerebuiltastombsfortherulersofancientEgypt.Threeofthegreatest
PyramidsarestillstandingatGiza,nearCairo,Egypt.

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Q
quartet
Inmusic,aquartetisagroupoffoursingersorfourmusicians.Itisalsoapieceofmusicwrittenforfourpeopleorinstruments.
R
Rembrandt
RembrandtwasaDutchpainteroftheseventeenthcenturyandisconsideredoneofthegreatestEuropeanpainters.Heisespeciallyknownforhisfineportraits.
rest
Inmusic,aresttellsthesingersormusicianswhentopauseforacertainlengthoftime.
rhythm
Rhythmisthepatternofstressedandunstressednotesinmusicandpoetry.Thedownbeatisthenameforthemainstressinrhythm.
"RingAroundtheRosies"
"RingAroundtheRosies"isachildren'ssinginggame:
Ringaroundtherosies,
Apocketfullofposies,
Ashes,ashes,
Weallfalldown.

Therearemanywaysofsingingthissong.Sometimesitbegins:"Ringaringo'roses."Sometimesthechildrensay,"Atishoo!Atishoo,"beforetheyallfalldown.
Imagenotavailable.
Rock'n'roll.
DianaRoss(center)andtheSupremes.

rock'n'roll
Rock'n'rollisaformofpopularmusicthatgrewoutofGOSPELMUSICandCOUNTRYANDWESTERNMUSICinthe1950s.ElvisPresley,theSupremes,andtheBeatleswere
earlyrock'n'rollstars.
round
Aroundisasongthatisbegunatdifferenttimesbydifferentvoicesandresultsinharmonioussinging.Tworoundsare"ROW,ROW,ROWYOURBOAT"and"Frre
Jacques."
"Row,Row,RowYourBoat"
"Row,Row,RowYourBoat"isapopularround:
Row,row,rowyourboat,
Gentlydownthestream,
Merrily,merrily,merrily,merrily,
Lifeisbutadream.

S
scale
Inmusic,ascaleistheseriesofprincipaltonesinanOCTAVE.Onewellknownscaleissung"do,re,mi,fa,sol,la,ti,do."Thesesametonesarealsonamedc,d,e,f,
g,a,b,c.
sculpture
Sculptureistheartofcreatingthreedimensionalfiguresordesignsoutofwood,stone,clay,ormetal.Twocommontypesofsculpturearestatuesandbusts.Astatue
usuallyrepresentsaperson,suchastheSTATUEOFLIBERTYorMICHELANGELO'SDavid.Abustportraysjusttheheadandshouldersofaperson.Modernsculpture
sometimesrepresentsonlyashaperatherthanpeopleorthings.
SistineChapel
TheSistineChapelisachapeladjoiningSt.Peter'sBasilicaintheVATICAN.ItincludesnotablefrescoesbyMICHELANGELOonitswallsandceilings.
skyscraper
Skyscrapersareextremelytallbuildings.Twocitiesknownfortheirsky

Page62

scrapersareNewYork(theEMPIRESTATEBUILDING,theWorldTradeCenter)andChicago(theSearsTower,theJohnHancockBuilding).
soprano
Asopranovoiceisthehighestfemalesingingvoice.
Sousa,JohnPhilip(SOOHzuh)
JohnPhilipSousa,knownas"theMarchKing,"wasabandleaderandcomposerofthelate1800sandearly1900s.Hismanycompositionsinclude"StarsandStripes
Forever."
spiritual
AspiritualisareligiousFOLKSONG,suchas"SWINGLOW,SWEETCHARIOT"and"WHENTHESAINTSGOMARCHINGIN."Manyspiritualswerefirstcomposedandsungby
Africanslaves.
squaredance
AsquaredanceisaFOLKDANCEinwhichgroupsofpeoplemoveinpatterns,suchassquares,circles,andstraightlines,followingthedirectionofacaller.
staff
AstaffisawayofshowingMUSICALNOTATION.Itincludesfivelines,thespacesbetweenthelines,andallthenotesneededtoplayapieceofmusic.
"StarSpangledBanner,The"
"TheStarSpangledBanner,"whichwaswrittenbyFRANCISSCOTTKEYduringtheWarof1812,istheNATIONALANTHEMoftheUnitedStates:
Oh,say,canyouseebythedawn'searlylight,
Whatsoproudlywehailedatthetwilight's
lastgleaming?
Whosebroadstripesandbrightstars,through
theperilousfight,
O'ertherampartswewatchedweresogal
lantlystreaming?
Andtherockets'redglare,thebombsburst
inginair,
Gaveproofthroughthenightthatourflag
wasstillthere.
Oh,say,doesthatstarspangledbanneryet
wave
O'erthelandofthefreeandthehomeofthe
brave?

strings
Thestringsarethefamilyofmusicalinstrumentsthatusestringstoproducesound.Someareplayedbydrawingabowovertheirstrings,suchasviolins,cellos,violas,
anddoublebasses.Othersarepluckedwiththefingersorapicktheseincludeharps,guitars,banjos,andmandolins.
"SwingLow,SweetChariot"
"SwingLow,SweetChariot"isanAmericanSPIRITUAL:
IlookedoverJordan,andwhatdidIsee,
Comingfortocarrymehome?
Abandofangelscomingafterme,
Comingfortocarrymehome.
Swinglow,sweetchariot,
Comingfortocarrymehome.

symphony
Asymphonyisalongpieceofmusicusuallywithfourparts,calledmovements,thatisplayedbyanORCHESTRA.Haydn,MOZART,BEETHOVEN,andBrahmscomposed
someofthegreatestsymphonies.
symphonyorchestra
AsymphonyorchestraisafullsizeORCHESTRAusuallydevotedtoplayingCLASSICALMUSIC.
T
Imagenotavailable.
TajMahal

TajMahal
TheTajMahalisamarblebuildinginIndiabuiltbyanIndianrulerinmemoryofhiswife.Itisoneoftheworld'smostbeautifulbuildingsandapopulartourist
attraction.

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Imagenotavailable.
Tepee.
ChiefOldBull'stepee(foreground)atStandingRockReservation,
NorthDakota.Photographedcirca1900.

"TakeMeOuttotheBallGame"
"TakeMeOuttotheBallGame"isapopularsongaboutbaseball.Itbegins:
Takemeouttotheballgame,
Takemeoutwiththecrowd.
BuymesomepeanutsandCrackerJack,
Idon'tcareifInevercomeback.

tapdance
Apersondoingatapdancewearsspecialshoeswithmetalattachmentsthat"click"againstahardsurface.Tapdancingderivesfromanumberofsourcesandplaces,
includingAfrica.
tempo
Inmusic,thetempoishowfastorslowasongorothermusicalworkissungorplayed.
tenor
Atenoristhehighestadultmalesingingvoice.
tepee
Atepeeisatentshapedlikeaconethatismadeofskinsorbark.ItisusedbyNorthAmericanIndians.
"ThisLandIsYourLand"
"ThisLandIsYourLand"isanAmericanmodernFOLKSONGbyWoodyGuthrie.Itbegins:"Thislandisyourland,thislandismyland."
"TurkeyintheStraw"
"TurkeyintheStraw"isanAmericanFOLKDANCEtune,usuallyplayedonafiddle:
Turkeyinthestraw,turkeyinthehay,
Roll'emupandtwist'emupahightucka
haw,
Andhit'emupatunecalledTurkeyinthe
Straw.

"TwelveDaysofChristmas,The"
"TheTwelveDaysofChristmas"isaChristmasCAROLthatbegins:

Page64
OnthefirstdayofChristmas,
Mytruelovesenttome
Apartridgeinapeartree.

Eachverseofthesongaddsaline,andanewgift,foreachofthetwelvedaysoftheChristmasseason.
V
vanishingpoint
Avanishingpointisthepointinapainting,drawing,orotherartworkatwhichparallellinesdrawninPERSPECTIVEmeetorseemtomeetinthedistance.Anexample
wouldbeadepictionofrailroadtracksthatarefarapartintheneardistanceandgraduallycomeclosertogetheruntiltheymeetinthefardistanceatthevanishing
point.
VenusdeMilo
VenusdeMiloisaGreekstatueofVenusthatisknownforitsbeauty.ItisintheLouvre,inParis,France.
Imagenotavailable.
VenusdeMilo

Versailles(verSEYE)
VersaillesisalargeroyalresidencebuiltintheseventeenthcenturybyKingLOUISXIVnearParis,France.Ithasornatelydecoratedrooms,includingtheHallof
Mirrors,andlavishgardensandfountains.
W
"WaydownupontheSwaneeRiver,/Far,faraway"
ThesewordsarethefirstlinesofaFOLKSONGcalled"TheOldFolksatHome,"bythenineteenthcenturyAmericancomposerStephenFoster:
WaydownupontheSwaneeRiver,
Far,faraway,
There'swheremyheartisturningever
There'swheretheoldfolksstay.

"WhenJohnnyComesMarchingHome"
"WhenJohnnyComesMarchingHome"isasongfromtheCIVILWAR:
WhenJohnnycomesmarchinghomeagain,
Hurrah!hurrah!
We'llgivehimaheartywelcomethen,
Hurrah!hurrah!
Themenwillcheer,theboyswillshout,
Theladies,theywillallturnout,
Andwe'llallfeelgay
WhenJohnnycomesmarchinghome.

"WhentheSaintsGoMarchingIn"
"WhentheSaintsGoMarchingIn"isanAmericanSPIRITUALaboutenteringheaventhatwasplayedbyNewOrleansJAZZmusicians:
Oh,whenthesaintsgomarchingin,
Oh,whenthesaintsgomarchingin,
Lord,Iwanttobeinthatnumber,
Whenthesaintsgomarchingin.

Whistler'sMother
Whistler'sMotheristhepopularnameofawellknownpaintingofthemotherofthenineteenthcenturyAmericanartistJamesWhistler.(Itsrealnameis
ArrangementinGreyandBlack.)
woodwinds
Woodwindsarethefamilyoflong,thinmusicalinstrumentsthatmakeasoftersoundthanthebrassinstruments.(Allwoodwindsusedtobemadeofwood,butnow

Page65

Imagenotavailable.
FrankLloydWright.
TheGuggenheimMuseum,NewYorkCity.

manyaremadeofmetal.)Manywoodwindsusereeds,whicharethinpiecesofwoodthatvibratewhenamusicianblowsairthroughthem.Thewoodwindsinclude
piccolos,flutes,clarinets,oboes,Englishhorns,saxophones,recorders,fifes,andbassoons.
Wright,FrankLloyd
FrankLloydWrightwasanAmericanarchitectofthelate1800sandearly1900sknownforhishighlyoriginalmethodsofunitingstructureswiththeirsurroundings.
Hedesignedbothhousesandpublicbuildings,suchasFallingwater,inBearRun,Pennsylvania,andtheGuggenheimMuseum,inNewYorkCity.
Wyeth,Andrew
AndrewWyethisanAmericanpainterofthetwentiethcenturywhoisknownforhisrealisticpaintings.HisbestknownworkisChristina'sWorld.
Y
"YankeeDoodle"
"YankeeDoodle"isanAmericansongsungduringtheREVOLUTIONARYWAR.TheBritishsoldiersfirstsangittomakefunoftheAmericans,buttheAmericansoldiers
likeditandbegantosingittoo.
YankeeDoodlecametotown
Ridingonapony,
Hestuckafeatherinhishat
Andcalleditmacaroni.
YankeeDoodle,keepitup,
YankeeDoodledandy,
Mindthemusicandthestep,
Andwiththegirlsbehandy.

(TheearlysettlersofNewYorkwereDutch,andtheDutchnameforJohnnyisJanke,pronounced"Yankee."Inthe1600sdoodlemeant"asimple,foolishperson.")

Page66

TheBible
TheBibleistheholybookoftheJewishandChristianreligions.Itisreallytwosetsofbooks,one,theOldTestament,stemmingfromanearlierperiodofhistorythan
theother,theNewTestament.ForChristians,bothsetsarethebasisoftheirbeliefs.ForJews,onlytheearliersetisvalid,andtheyusethetermsoldandnewasa
matterofconvenience.TheOldTestament,principallywritteninHebrew,tellsthestoryoftheancientIsraelitesandtheirspecialrelationshipwithGod.Thelaterset
wasoriginallywritteninGreekandisthestoryofthelifeandteachingsofJesusandtheearlyChristianchurch.
TheBibleisbyfarthebestknownbookinourculture.Hundredsofitssayingshavebecomepartofoureverydayspeech.Biblicalstoriesarefrequentlyreferredtoin
books,newspapers,andmagazines,andontelevision.ManypaintingsandotherworksofartportraypeopleorscenesfromtheBible.Furthermore,theBibleisthe
basisofsomeofourmostimportantideasaboutlawandgovernment.Becauseitissuchabasicpartofourculture,itisimportantforyoutoknowsomethingabout
theBible,regardlessofyourindividualreligiousbelief.
A
AbrahamandIsaac
AccordingtotheOldTestament,AbrahamwasthefirstoftheIsraelites.OnceGoddecidedtotestAbraham'sfaithandorderedhimtokillhissonIsaacandofferhim
toGodasasacrifice.ThoughAbrahamlovedIsaacverymuch,hestartedtoobeyGod'scommand,butanangelappearedandtoldhimnottohurtIsaac.Theangel
saidthatAbrahamalreadyprovedhisfaithinGodwhenhewaswillingtogiveupthesonheloved.
AdamandEve
AccordingtotheOldTestament,AdamandEvewerethefirstmanandthefirstwomanintheworld.AfterGodcreatedAdam,hemadeEveoutofoneofAdam's
ribs.HeplacedAdamandEveinabeautifulgarden,calledEDEN,whereallkindsoffruitgrewonthetrees.GodwarnedAdamnottoeatthefruitononeparticular
tree.OnedayaserpentcameuptoEveandtoldherthatifsheatetheforbiddenfruit,shewouldknowgoodandevil.Eveatesomeofthefruitandthengavesometo
Adam.WhenGodlearnedthatAdamandEvehaddisobeyedhim,hepunishedthembyforcingthemtoleaveEden.
apostles
IntheNewTestament,Jesushadtwelvemainfollowerswhotraveledwithhimashespreadhisreligiousbeliefs.Theyhavebecomeknownastheapostles.Sometimes
the

Page67

Imagenotavailable.
AdamandEve.
AlbrechtDrer'sengravingTheFallofMan.
Courtesy,MuseumofFineArts,Boston.

apostlesarereferredtoasJesus'disciples.Fouroftheapostles,Matthew,Mark,Luke,andJohn,aresaidtohavewrittenthefirstfourbooksoftheNewTestament.
B
Babel,Towerof
ThebuildingoftheTowerofBabelisdescribedintheOldTestament.Thepeoplewhobuiltittriedtomakeitsotallthatitwouldreachuptoheaven,butGod
punishedthemfortheirpridebymakingeachofthemspeakadifferentlanguage.Sincetheycouldnotunderstandeachother,theycouldnotworktogether,andthe
towerwasneverfinished.
beginning,Inthe
ThefirstwordsintheBibleare:"InthebeginningGodcreatedtheheavenandtheearth."SeealsoCREATION.
Bethlehem
TheNewTestamentsaysthatJesuswasborninthetownofBethlehem.SeealsoNATIVITY.
BooksoftheBible
HebrewScriptures
Genesis

IIKings

Nahum

Ruth

Exodus

Isaiah

Habakkuk

Lamentations

Leviticus

Jeremiah

Zephaniah

Ecclesiastes

Numbers

Ezekiel

Haggai

Esther

Deuteronomy

Hosea

Zechariah

Daniel

Joshua

Joel

Malachi

Ezra

Judges

Amos

Psalms

Nehemiah

ISamuel

Obadiah

Proverbs

IChronicles

IISamuel

Jonah

Job

IIChronicles

IKings

Micah

SongofSongs

OldTestament
Jerusalem
Version

KingJames
Version

Jerusalem
Version

KingJames
Version

Genesis

Genesis

SongofSolomon

SongofSolomon

Exodus

Exodus

Wisdom

Leviticus

Leviticus

Ecclesiasticus

Numbers

Numbers

Isaiah

Isaiah

Deuteronomy

Deuteronomy

Jeremiah

Jeremiah

Joshua

Joshua

Lamentations

Lamentations

Judges

Judges

Baruch

Ruth

Ruth

Ezekiel

Ezekiel

ISamuel

ISamuel

Daniel

Daniel

IISamuel

IISamuel

Hosea

Hosea

IKings

IKings

Joel

Joel

IIKings

IIKings

Amos

Amos

IChronicles

IChronicles

Obadiah

Obadiah

IIChronicles

IIChronicles

Jonah

Jonah

Ezra

Ezra

Micah

Micah

Nehemiah

Nehemiah

Nahum

Nahum

Tobit

Habakkuk

Habakkuk

Judith

Zephaniah

Zephaniah

Esther

Esther

Haggai

Haggai

Job

Job

Zechariah

Zechariah

Psalms

Psalms

Malachi

Malachi

Proverbs

Proverbs

IMaccabees

Ecclesiastes

Ecclesiastes

IIMaccabees

NewTestament
Matthew

IICorinthians

ITimothy

IIPeter

Mark

Galatians

IITimothy

IJohn

Luke

Ephesians

Titus

IIJohn

John

Philippians

Philemon

IIIJohn

Acts

Colossians

Hebrews

Jude

Romans

IThessalonians

James

Revelation

ICorinthians

IIThessalonians

IPeter

brother'skeeper
InanOldTestamentnarration,CainkilledhisbrotherAbel.WhenGodaskedCainwhereAbelwas,Cainsaid,"Iknownot:AmImybrother'skeeper?"(Inother
words,"AmIsupposedtolookaftermybrother?")
C
CainandAbel
AccordingtotheOldTestament,CainandAbelweresonsofAdamandEve.Once,whentheybothofferedgiftstoGod,GodlikedAbel'sgiftbutnotCain's.Cain
wassojealousandangrythathekilledAbel,thuscommittingthefirstmurder.GodpunishedCainbysendinghimtoadistantland.

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Calvary
AccordingtotheNewTestament,JesuswascrucifiedonahillnamedCalvary.SeealsoCRUCIFIXION.
chosenpeople
TheOldTestamentsaysthatGodchosetheIsraelitesashisspecialpeople.Hepromisedthattheywouldpossessalandoftheirownandgrowintoagreatnation.
SeealsoHOLYLANDISRAELITES.
coatofmanycolors
InanOldTestamentnarration,Josephwasayoungmanwhosefathergavehimabeautifulcoatofmanycolors.ThiscoatmadeJoseph'sbrotherssoenviousthatthey
decidedtosellhimasaslave.SeealsoJOSEPHANDHISBROTHERS.
Creation
TheOldTestamentsaysthatGodcreatedtheworldinsevendays.BecauseGodrestedontheseventhday,JewsandChristianstaketheseventhdayofeachweek
asadayofprayerandrest.ForJewsitisSaturday,andforChristians,Sunday.SeealsoSABBATH.
crownofthorns
TheNewTestamentsaysthatbeforeJesuswascrucified,hewashandedovertosomesoldierswholaughedathim,sayingthathewantedtobekingoftheJews.
Theymadeaking'scrownoutofsomethornybranchesandforcedJesustowearthiscrownofthorns.SeealsoCRUCIFIXION.
Crucifixion
TheCrucifixionisthenameforthedeathofJesus,asdescribedintheNewTestament.Afterbeingsentencedtodeath,Jesuswasbeatenandmocked.Thenhewas
forcedtocarryhisowncrosstotheplacewherepeoplewerecrucified,ahillcalledCALVARY.ChristiansbelievethatJesusdiedtomakeupforthesinsofallpeople.
ThecrossonwhichhediedhasbecomeasymboloftheChristianfaith.
D
Imagenotavailable.
Danielinthelions'den

Danielinthelions'den
DanielwasanIsraelitewho,accordingtotheOldTestament,wascapturedandtakentoaforeigncountry.Thekingofthatlandmadeitillegaltopraytoanyonebut
thekinghimself.ButDanielprayedonlytoGod.Onedayhewascaughtsayinghisprayers,andhewaspunishedbybeingthrownintoadenoflions.Godsentan
angeltokeepthelionsfromattackinghim.WhenthekingsawthatDanielwasunharmed,helethimgofree.
DavidandGoliath
InanOldTestamentnarration,theIsraeliteswereatwar.Theirenemieshadagreatfighter,agiantnamedGoliath,whostoodalmosttenfeettall.AlloftheIsraelites
wereafraidofhimexceptaboynamedDavid.DavidwentouttofightGoliatharmedwithonlyaslingshotandsomestones.BecauseGodwasonhisside,Davidwas
abletokillthegiant.Later,DavidbecameoneofthegreatestkingsoftheIsraelites.Manyofthepsalmsarethoughttohavebeenwrittenbyhim.

Page69

DayofJudgment
AccordingtotheNewTestament,onthelastdayoftheworld,theDayofJudgment,Jesuswillreturntojudgeallthelivingandthedead.Thegoodwillbesentto
heavenandthewickedtohell.
E
Eden,Gardenof
AccordingtotheOldTestament,theGardenofEdenwasabeautifulplacewhereADAMANDEVEliveduntiltheydisobeyedGodbyeatingtheforbiddenfruit.Edenhas
cometomeanaplacewherelifeisperfect.
Exodus
TheOldTestamentdescribeshowMOSESledtheIsraelitesoutofEgypt,wheretheywerebeingkeptinslavery,acrosstheRedSeatotheirnewhomeinthePROMISED
LAND.ThisjourneyiscalledtheExodus,whichmeans"goingout."
G
Genesis
GenesisisthefirstbookoftheBible.Thewordgenesismeans"beginning"or"origin."
goldencalf
AccordingtotheOldTestament,MOSESwentuptothetopofamountaintoreceivetheTENCOMMANDMENTSfromGod.Whilehewasgone,theIsraelitesmadea
goldenstatueintheshapeofacalfandbegantoworshipit.WhenMosescamedownfromthemountain,hewasveryangry.Hedestroyedthestatueandscoldedthe
peopleforabandoningtheirGodforanidol.
GoodSamaritan
JesustellsthestoryoftheGoodSamaritanintheNewTestament.Onceamantravelingalongaroadwasattackedbyrobbers,whobeathimupandlefthimtodie.
Otherpeoplepassedonthesameroad,buttheyignoredtheinjuredman.Thenamanfromanothercountry,aSamaritan,camealong.Hetookcareoftheinjured
man,bandaginghiswoundsandhelpinghimtoaninn.JesusthentellshisfollowersthattheyshouldactlikethisgoodSamaritan.
Gospel
ThefourbooksthattellaboutthelifeandteachingsofJesusMatthew,Mark,Luke,andJohnarecalledtheGospels.TheyarenamedafterthefourAPOSTLES
whoaretraditionallyconsideredtohavewrittenthesebooks.
H
HolyLand
MostoftheeventsdescribedintheBiblehappenedinaregionintheMiddleEastcalledtheHolyLand.ItisborderedonthewestbytheMediterraneanSea,onthe
eastbytheJordanRiver,onthenorthbyLebanon,andonthesouthbytheSinaiPeninsula.ThisareahasalsobeenknownasthePROMISEDLAND,since,accordingto
theOldTestament,GodpromisedittotheIsraelites.
I
Israelites
TheOldTestamentisthestoryoftheIsraelites,ortheHebrews,apeoplewholivedintheHOLYLANDinancienttimesandwereconsideredGod'sCHOSENPEOPLE.
Later,theybecameknownastheJews.
J
Jehovah
InEnglishtranslationsoftheOldTestament,JehovahisanothernameforGod.
Jericho,Battleof
InanOldTestamentstory,theIsraelitesweretryingtocapturethecityofJerichowhenGodtoldJoshua,theirleader,thatheshouldorderhisprieststoblowtheir
trumpetsandhissoldierstogiveagreatshout.Atthenoise,thewallsofthecityfell,andJoshua'ssoldiersweretriumphant.
Jerusalem
Jerusalem,acityintheHOLYLAND,isaspiritualcenterofJudaismandthecapitalofmodernIsrael.TheOldTestamentdescribeshowSolomonbuiltagreattemplein
Jerusalem.AccordingtotheNewTestament,JesuswascrucifiedinJerusalem.
Jesus
ThemainfigureintheNewTestament,JesusofNazareth,isworshipedbyChristiansasJesusChrist,theSonofGod.AccordingtotheGospels,Jesuswasbornand
broughtupintheHOLYLAND.Hismother,MARY,wasthewifeofacarpenternamedJOSEPH.WhenJesuswasagrownman,hewasbaptizedbyJOHNTHEBAPTIST.
Afterward,hetraveledacrossthe

Page70

HolyLand,teachingaboutthecomingkingdomofGod.ThemostimportantteachingsofJesusaregivenintheSERMONONTHEMOUNT.Inhistravels,Jesushealedthe
sickandperformedmiracles.Soonmanypeoplebecamehisfollowers.However,somepowerfulpeoplethoughtthathewasstirringuptroubleamongthepeopleand
breakingreligiouslaws.Finally,hisenemieshadhimarrestedandsentencedtodeath.OnahillcalledCALVARY,Jesuswascrucified(nailedtoacrossandlefttodie).
TheNewTestamentsaysthat,afterlyinginhistombforthreedays,Jesusaroseandappearedtohisfollowers.ChristiansoftenrefertoJesusasJesusChristorsimply
Christ.Infact,Christisatitle,notaname,andmeans''theanointedone"thatis,theonechosenbyGod.SeealsoAPOSTLESCRUCIFIXIONJUDASISCARIOTLAST
SUPPERLOAVESANDFISHESNATIVITYPILATE,PONTIUSRESURRECTIONandJESUSCHRISTunder"ReligionandPhilosophy."
Job
JobisthecentralfigureintheOldTestamentBookofJob,whichtellsthestoryofamanwhosefaithinGodistestedbygreatsuffering.Apersonwhosuffersfora
longtimewithoutcomplainingissometimessaidtobeaspatientasJob.
JohntheBaptist
JohntheBaptistwasareligiousteacherwholivedatthetimeofJesus.AccordingtotheNewTestament,hewassentbyGodtoprepareforJesus'coming.Afterhe
baptizedJesus,hewasarrestedandbeheadedforspeakingoutagainstthecountry'sleaders.
Imagenotavailable.
Jonah.
Beingswallowedbya"greatfish".

Jonah
AccordingtotheOldTestament,GodcommandedJonahtopreachtoforeigners.JonahtriedtoescapeGod'swillbygoingonavoyage.Godthenraisedagreat
storm,whichnearlysankJonah'sship.Thesailors,knowingthathisdisobediencehadcausedthestorm,threwJonahintothesea,wherehewasswallowedbya
"greatfish"(oftenthoughtofasawhale).Afterstayinginthefish'sbellyforthreedays,heprayedtoGodforforgiveness.GodthenpardonedJonah,andthefish
coughedhimupontodryland.
Joseph
IntheNewTestament,JosephwasthehusbandofMARY,themotherofJESUS.SomeChristiansrefertohimasSaintJoseph.
Josephandhisbrothers
TheOldTestamenttellsthestoryofJoseph,whosebrothersenviedhimbecausehewastheirfather'sfavoriteson.Oneday,hisbrotherssoldJosephintoslaveryin
Egypt.Josephbecameaservantofthepharaoh,whosufferedfromstrangeandfrighteningdreamshedidnotunderstand.Josephwastheonlyonewhocouldexplain
thedreamsheshowedthekinghowtheypredictedthefuture.TorewardJoseph,thekingmadehimrichandpowerful.Yearslater,afaminebrokeoutinJoseph's
owncountry.WhenJoseph'sbrotherscametoEgypttoaskforfood,Joseph

Page71

Imagenotavailable.
TheLastSupper.
LeonardodaVinci'sfresco,intherefectoryof
SantaMariadelleGrazieinMilan.

wastheofficialwhoheardtheirrequest.Atfirst,theydidnotrecognizetheirbrother,butintimeJosephrevealedhisidentity.Heforgavehisbrothers,andtheyhada
joyousreunion.SeealsoCOATOFMANYCOLORS.
Joshua
SeeJERICHO,BATTLEOF.
JudasIscariot
JudasIscariotwasoneoftheAPOSTLES,thetwelveclosestfollowersofJESUS,intheNewTestament.BykissingJesus,Judasbetrayedhimtohisenemies,whoarrested
andcrucifiedhim.Judasfeltsomuchguiltthathehangedhimself.
Judgenot,thatyebenotjudged
IntheSERMONONTHEMOUNTintheNewTestament,Jesussays,"Judgenot,thatyebenotjudged,"thuswarninghisfollowersthatallhumanshaveweaknessesand
shortcomings.
L
landflowingwithmilkandhoney
IntheOldTestament,GodcallsthePROMISEDLAND"thelandflowingwithmilkandhoney."
LastSupper
ThenightbeforeJesuswascrucified,accordingtotheNewTestament,heateamealwiththeAPOSTLESthathasbecomeknownastheLastSupper.Duringthemeal,
heannouncedthatoneofhisfollowerswouldbetrayhim.HispredictioncametruewhenJUDASISCARIOTidentifiedhimtohisenemiesbyakiss.
Lettherebelight
AccordingtotheOldTestamentstoryoftheCREATION,theworldwascompletelydarkuntilGodsaid,"Lettherebelight."
loavesandfishes
TheNewTestamentdescribesthemiracleoftheloavesandfishes.OnedayfivethousandpeoplegatheredtoseeJesushealthesick.Atdinnertimetherewereonly
fiveloavesofbreadandtwofishestofeedthehugecrowd.AfterJesusblessedtheloavesandfishes,theymultiplieduntiltherewasplentyoffoodforeveryone.
Lord'sPrayer
TheLord'sPrayer,intheNewTestament,isthemostimportantChristianprayer:
"OurFather,whichartinheaven,hallowedbethynamethykingdomcomethywillbedone,

Page72
inearthasitisinheaven.Giveusthisdayourdailybread.Andforgiveusourdebtsasweforgiveourdebtors.Andleadusnotintotemptation,butdeliverusfromevil."

SomeversionsoftheBibleaddwordsofpraiseattheend:"Forthineisthekingdom,andthepower,andtheglory,forever.Amen."Jesustaughthisfollowersthis
prayerintheSERMONONTHEMOUNT.
Lot'swife
IntheOldTestamentstory,therewasonceacitysofullofwickedpeoplethatGoddecidedtodestroyit,buthewantedtosaveonegoodman,namedLot.Godtold
Lotandhisfamilytoleavetheirhome,buthewarnedthemnottolookbackatthecity.Lot'swifelookedback,andGodpunishedherbychangingherintoapillarof
salt.
M
Magi
TheMagi,orWiseMen,visitedtheinfantJESUSinBethlehem.AccordingtotheGOSPELS,theyfollowedastarandarrivedonthetwelfthdayafterhisbirth,whichis
nowcalledthefeastofEpiphany.Theybroughtthreegifts:gold,frankincense,andmyrrh.
Imagenotavailable.
Mary.
TheSmallCowperMadonnabyRaphael.
NationalGalleryofArt,WashingtonWidenerCollection.

Mary
ThemotherofJESUSwasnamedMary.AccordingtotheNewTestament,shegavebirthtoJesuswhileshewasstillavirgin.
Moses
MoseswasthegreatestleaderoftheancientIsraelites.AstoldintheOldTestament,hewasborninEgypt,wheretheIsraeliteswerelivingasslaves.Whenhewas
stillababy,theEgyptianruler,thepharaoh,orderedhissoldierstokillallthemalechildrenoftheIsraelites.Moses'mothersavedhislifebyplacinghiminamarsh,
wherehewasfoundbythedaughterofthepharaohandraisedasifhewereherownson.WhenMoseswasgrown,Godspoketohimoutofaburningbushand
commandedhimtoleadtheIsraelitesoutofEgypt.WhenthepharaohrefusedtofreetheIsraelitesfromslavery,MosesappealedtoGod,whosentaseriesof
disasters,orplagues,topersuadetheEgyptians.Eventuallythepharaohgavein,andtheIsraelitesbegantheirlong

Moses

Page73

journey,knownastheEXODUS.ItwasduringthisjourneythatGodgaveMosestheTENCOMMANDMENTS,thelawsGodexpectedtheIsraelitestofollow.Mosesandhis
peoplewanderedinthewildernessforfortyyears.JustastheycamewithinsightofthePROMISEDLAND,Mosesdied.SeealsoPLAGUESOFEGYPTREDSEA,PARTINGOF
THE.
N
Nativity
ThebirthofJESUS,describedintheNewTestament,isalsocalledtheNativity.JesuswasborninBETHLEHEM,wherehisparents,MARYandJOSEPH,werevisiting.
Becausetherewasnoroomforthemintheinn,thecouplespentthenightinastable,anditwastherethatJesuswasborn.Maryhadnocradlefortheinfant,soshe
placedhiminamanger(aboxthatholdsfoodforanimals).WhileJesusandhisparentswerestillinthestable,theywerevisitedbythreewisemenfromtheEast,also
calledMAGI,whobroughtvaluablegiftsforthechild.
NewTestament
TheNewTestament,originallywritteninGreek,isthesecondpartoftheChristianBible.IttellsthestoryofJESUS'lifeandpresentsthemainideasofChristianity.See
alsoOLDTESTAMENT.
Imagenotavailable.
Noah.
DetailfromaFrenchBookofHours,circa1470.

NoahandtheFlood
TheOldTestamentdescribesatimewhenpeopleeverywherewerelivinginevilways.ThismadeGodsoangrythathedecidedtosendagreatfloodtodestroythe
world.Noah,however,hadalwayslivedagoodlife.GodtoldNoahtobuildagreatship,orark,sothatheandhisfamilywouldsurvivetheflood,andtotakeintothe
arkapairofeverykindofanimalonearth.ThenGodmadeitrainforfortydaysandfortynights,untilthewholeworldwasflooded.Everylivingcreatureonearth
drownedexceptthepeopleandanimalsintheark,whicheventuallycametorestonthetopofamountain.Whentherainended,Noahsentoutadovefromtheark.
Thebirdreturnedwithanolivebranchinitsmouth,soNoahknewthatthewaterwasdisappearingfromthelandandhecouldbeginanewlifeonearth.God
promisedthathewouldneveragaindestroytheworldbyflood,andasasign,heplacedarainbowinthesky.
O
OldTestament
TheOldTestamentisthenamecommonlyusedtorefertothefirstpartoftheBible,whichwaswrittenprincipallyinHebrew.ForJews,thebooksoftheOld
TestamentarethewholeBible.TheytellthestoriesoftheancientIsraelites,includingsuchfiguresasNOAH,MOSES,Joshua,Deborah,RUTH,andSAMSON.Seealso
NEWTESTAMENT.
P
Paul
Paul,knownalsoastheApostlePaulandasSaintPaul,wasaninfluentialreligiousleaderwhoconvertedtoChristianityandhelpedspreadthenewreligionthroughhis

Page74

Imagenotavailable.
PlaguesofEgypt.
Theplagueofflies

activitiesasamissionary.HewrotesomeofthebooksoftheNewTestamentintheformofletterstothechurcheshehelpedfound.
Peter
PeterwasoneofthetwelveAPOSTLESofJESUS.HewasoriginallyafishermannamedSimon.JesusgavehimthenamePeter(whichmeans"rock")andsaidthatPeter
wouldbetherockonwhichhewouldbuildhischurch.OnthenightbeforetheCRUCIFIXION,theNewTestamentsays,Jesuspredictedthatbeforethecockcrowed,
PeterwoulddenythreetimesthathewasoneofJesus'followers.Thatnight,afterJesus'arrest,PeterdidasJesushadsaidbecausehewasafraidofbeingarrested.
Despitehismomentarycowardice,PeterwentontobecomethegreatestleaderoftheearlyChristians.SomeChristianscallhimSaintPeter.
Pilate,Pontius
AstoldintheNewTestament,PontiusPilatewastheRomanofficialwhosentencedJESUStodeath.Beforedeliveringthesentence,Pilatewashedhishandsandsaid
thathewasnotresponsibleforJesus'death.
plaguesofEgypt
InthetimeofMOSES,theOldTestamentsaysthatGodwasangrywiththeEgyptiansbecausetheywerekeepingtheIsraelitesinslavery.Sohepunishedthemby
inflictingtendisasters,orplagues,ontheirland.Heturnedthewatersoftheriversintobloodhesentswarmsofinsectstodestroythecropshecoveredthe
Egyptians'bodieswithpainfulsores.Eventuallyhesentthemostterribleplagueofall:hekilledtheoldestchildineachfamily.Afterthisplague,theIsraeliteswere
permittedtoleaveEgypt.SeealsoPASSOVERunder"ReligionandPhilosophy."
prodigalson
IntheNewTestament,JESUStellsthestoryofafatherwhodividedallhehadbetweenhistwosons.Oneofthesonslefthomeandwenttoaforeigncountry,wherehe
livedinawildandfoolishway,thinkingonlyofhisownenjoyment.Soonhehadwastedallhisfather'smoney.Poorandhungry,hereturnedtohisfatherandbegged
hisforgiveness.Thefatherwassopleasedtoseehissonthatheforgavehimandjoyfullyorderedafeasttocelebratehisreturn.

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PromisedLand
GodpromisedtheancientIsraelites,intheOldTestament,thattheywouldruleagreatandbeautifulcountry.WhenMOSESledthemoutofEgypt,theybegantheir
searchforthisPromisedLand.Afterfortyyears,theyfounditintheregionoccupiedtodaybyIsrael.SeealsoHOLYLAND.
psalms
ThepsalmsaresongsandprayersthathavebeenpartofJewishandChristianworshipservicesforthousandsofyears.ThesesongsarecollectedintheOld
TestamentintheBookofPsalms.SeealsoTWENTY THIRDPSALM.
R
RedSea,partingofthe
AccordingtotheOldTestament,whenMOSESledtheIsraelitesoutofEgypt,theywerechasedbyanEgyptianarmy.WhentheyreachedtheRedSea,Godparted
thewaves,makingapathofdryland.WhentheEgyptianstriedtofollow,Godsentbackthewatertostopthem.
Resurrection
ChristiansbelieveintheResurrection(orrising)ofJESUS.TheNewTestamentsaysthatafterhewascrucified,helayinhistombforthreedays.Onthethirddayhe
rosefromthedeadandappearedagaintohisfollowers.
Ruth
AccordingtothebooknamedforherintheOldTestament,RuthwasaMoabitewhomarriedanIsraelitewhohadcometohercountry.Whenhedied,shereturned
tohislandwithhermotherinlaw,Naomi.RuththenmarriedBoaz,arelativeofherhusband's,andbecameknownforherkindnessandfaithfulness.Shewasthe
greatgrandmotherofKingDavid.
S
Sabbath
InJudaismandChristianity,theSabbathisaholyday,onedayeachweekthatissetasideforrestandworship.ForJews,itfallsonSaturday,andforChristians,on
Sunday.SeealsoCREATION.
Samson
TheOldTestamenttellsthestoryofSamson,aleaderoftheIsraelitesandthestrongestmanintheworld.Thesecretofhisstrengthlayinhislonghair,whichhad
neverbeencut.TheenemiesoftheIsraelitespaidDelilahtocutoffSamson'shairandmakehimhelpless.ThentheycapturedSamson,forcinghimintoslavery.
Eventually,though,Samson'shairgrewback,andhisstrengthreturned.Hetookhisrevengeonhisenemiesbypullingdownthepillarsthathelduptheirlargesttemple.
Whenthebuildingcollapsed,SamsonwaskilledalongwithgreatnumbersoftheIsraelites'enemies.
Imagenotavailable.
Satan.
Presidingoverhell.

Satan
IntheNewTestament,Satanisanothernameforthedevil,thespiritofevil.SatanalwaystriestoworkagainstGod'splan.
SermonontheMount
ThemostimportantsermonthatJESUSpreachedisknownastheSermonontheMount,intheNewTestament.ItcontainstheLORD'SPRAYERandmanyotherwell
knownteachings,suchas:"Blessedarethemeek,fortheyshallinherittheearth"(partoftheBeatitudes)and"Whosoevershallsmitetheeontherightcheek,turnto
himtheotheralso."

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Solomon
OneofthegreatestkingsoftheIsraelitesintheOldTestament,SolomonbuiltagreattempleinJerusalem.Hewasfamousforthewisdomwithwhichheruledhis
people.
T
TenCommandments
TheTenCommandmentsarethetenmostimportantlaws,orrules,thatJewsandChristiansaresupposedtofollow.AccordingtotheOldTestament,Godgavethe
commandmentstoMOSESontabletsofstone.Amongthecommandmentsare:"Thoushaltnotkill"and"Thoushaltnotsteal."
TwentythirdPsalm
TheTwentythirdPsalmisthemostfamiliarsongintheOldTestament:
TheLordismyshepherdIshallnotwant.
Hemakethmetoliedowningreenpastures
Heleadethmebesidethestillwaters.
Herestorethmysoul
Heleadethmeinthepathsofrighteousness
forhisname'ssake.
Yea,thoughIwalkthroughthevalleyofthe
shadowofdeath,
Iwillfearnoevil
Forthouartwithme
Thyrodandthystaff,theycomfortme.
Thoupreparestatableformeinthepresence
ofmineenemies
Thouanointestmyheadwithoilmycup
runnethover.
Surelygoodnessandmercywillfollowme
allthedaysofmylife:
AndIwilldwellinthehouseoftheLordfor
ever.

SeealsoPSALMS.

Page77

ReligionandPhilosophy
Someoftheimportantwords,names,andideasthatwillhelpyoubegintounderstandreligionandphilosophyareexplainedbelow.Areligionisasetofbeliefsabout
asupernaturalpowerthatcreatedtheuniverse,aboutwhywearehereonearth,andabouthowweshouldconductourlives.
Philosophy,whichmeans"loveofwisdom,"answersquestionsaboutthenatureofrealityandabouthowtoleadagoodlife.Philosophyismoreconcernedwiththe
natureoftheworldthanwithreligiousbeliefsaboutGod.Peoplewhowriteaboutandstudyphilosophyarecalledphilosophers.Bothphilosophyandreligiontryto
providewiseanswerstoourmostimportantquestions.
A
Allah
InthereligionofISLAM,AllahisthenameforGod,theSupremeBeing.
Aristotle
AristotlewasagreatphilosopherofancientGreece.HewasastudentofPLATO'sandstudiedandwroteaboutmanysubjects,includingpolitics,science,andliterature.
Heplacedparticularimportanceonthedirectobservationofthenaturalandpoliticalworld.
asceticism
Asceticismisawayoflifethatopposesfancyclothes,expensivepossessions,finefoodanddrink,andphysicalpleasures.Itfavorsasimple,thoughtfulwayoflife
devotedtoGodandhelpingotherpeople.
B
baptism
BaptismisareligiousceremonypracticedbyChristians.Thepersonbeingbaptizedissprinkledwithwater,thoughsomechurchesimmersethepersoncompletely.
ThewaterrepresentsGod'spowertocleanseaperson'ssoul.ApersonbeingbaptizedasaChristianisbeingacceptedintotheChristianfaithandisthoughttobe
unitedwithGodandJesusChrist.SeealsoCHRISTIANITY.
barmitzvah
Abarmitzvah,aJewishreligiousceremonyforthirteenyearoldboys,marksthepointatwhichboystakeonadultreligiousandsocialresponsibilities.SeealsoBAT
MITZVAHJUDAISM.CompareCONFIRMATION.
batmitzvah
Abatmitzvah,areligiousceremonyforthirteenyearoldgirls,isperformedbysomeReformJewstomarkthetimewhengirlstakeonadultreligiousandsocial
responsibilities.SeealsoBARMITZVAHJUDAISM.CompareCONFIRMATION.

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Bible
TheBibleisthesacredbookofJUDAISMandCHRISTIANITY.Seealsothesectioncalled"TheBible."
bishop
Abishopisahighchurchofficialwhodirectstheactivitiesofotherreligiousofficials.TheROMANCATHOLICCHURCH,theEASTERNORTHODOXCHURCHES,andsome
PROTESTANTCHURCHEShavebishops.
Buddha(BOOHduh)
TheBuddhawasaholymaninancientIndia.HisteachingsformthebasisofBUDDHISM.
Buddhism(BOOHdizuhm)
BuddhismisamajorreligionofAsiabasedontheteachingsoftheBUDDHA.Buddhistsseekwisdom,meaning,innerpeace,andfreedomfromdesirethroughphysical
andspiritualdiscipline.Meditation,awayofthinkingdeeplyandcalmlythattakesmanyyearstolearn,isoneBuddhistdiscipline.
Imagenotavailable.
Buddha.
StatueoftheGreatBuddhainKamakura,Japan.

C
Calvin,John
JohnCalvinwasaFrenchreligiousreformerofthesixteenthcentury.DuringtheREFORMATION,hefoundedareligioncalledCalvinism,whichstressedthatpeopleare
savedthroughGod'sgraceratherthantheirownmerits.
Catholicism
SeeROMANCATHOLICCHURCH.
Chanukah
SeeHANUKKAH.
charity
CharityintheNewTestamentmeansloveofothersandisconsideredoneofthegreatestvirtues.Ithasalsocometomeanhelpingpeopleinneed.
Christianity
ChristianityisareligionbasedonthelifeandteachingsofJESUSCHRIST.Itsmainethicalbeliefisloveofothers.TherearemanydifferentChristianchurchesandforms
ofworship,butallChristiansbelievethatJesusChrististhesonofGodandthathewassentbyGodtoredeem,orsave,humankind.Christianityisthemajorreligion
ofEuropeandofNorthandSouthAmerica.SeealsoEASTERNORTHODOXCHURCHESPROTESTANTCHURCHESROMANCATHOLICCHURCH.
Christmas
ChristmasistheholidayonwhichChristianscelebratethebirthofJESUSCHRIST.FormostChristians,itfallsonDecember25.InthecountrieswhereCHRISTIANITYis
thedominantfaith,suchastheUnitedStates,itisanationalholidayaswell.
Communion
CommunionisapartofthereligiousservicepracticedbymanyChristians.ItisalsocalledtheEucharist.Apriestorministergivesbreadtothechurchmembers.Some
churchesalsousewineintheceremony.Whentheworshiperseatthebreadanddrinkthewine,theyarecelebratingtheirunionwithJESUSCHRIST.Seealso
CHRISTIANITYMINISTERPRIEST.
confession
ConfessionisareligiousceremonythatisespeciallyimportantintheRO

Page79

CATHOLICCHURCH.ApersonspeaksprivatelytoaPRIEST,admits(confesses)tohavingdonewronginsomeway,andaskstobeforgiven.

MAN

confirmation
ConfirmationistheceremonyinChristianchurchesthatmarksthepointatwhichapersonbecomesafullmemberofthechurchafterreceivingreligiouseducation.
SomeReformJewishtemplesalsoconfirmfifteenorsixteenyearoldswhentheyhavecompletedtheirreligiousstudy.CompareBARMITZVAHBATMITZVAH.
Confucianism
ConfucianismisanimportantreligioninChinaandJapanbasedontheteachingsofCONFUCIUS.
Imagenotavailable.
Confucius

Confucius
ConfuciuswasanancientChineseteacherknownforhiswisdom.HedevelopedasystemofethicsthatisstillinfluentialinChinaandotherpartsofAsia.
D
DayofAtonement
SeeYOMKIPPUR.
devil
InCHRISTIANITYandotherreligions,thedevilisthesourceofevilintheuniverse,forhetriestoleadpeopleawayfromGodandgoodness.AlsocalledSatan,heis
oftenpicturedwithhornsonhishead,atail,andhooveslikeagoat's.Somereligionsbelieveinlesserdevilsordemonsaswell.
E
Easter
EasteristheholidayonwhichChristianscelebratethereturntolife,orResurrection,ofJESUSCHRIST.AccordingtotheNewTestament,Jesuswascrucified(nailedto
awoodencross),died,andwasburied,butafterthreedaysherosefromthedead.TheEasterholidayisobservedeveryspring.SeealsoLENT.
EasternOrthodoxchurches
TheEasternOrthodoxchurches,whichincludetheGreek,Russian,andSyrianOrthodoxchurches,amongothers,formoneofthethreebranchesofCHRISTIANITY.
(TheothersaretheROMANCATHOLICCHURCHandthePROTESTANTCHURCHES.)ThebuildingsusedbyOrthodoxChristiansareusuallysquare,withdomes,andhave
likenessesofholypeople,calledicons,ontheirwalls.EasternOrthodoxyisthedominantformofChristianityinmostofEasternEuropeandinGreece.Therearealso
manyOrthodoxChristiansintheUnitedStates.
ethics
Ethicsisasetofbeliefsaboutwhatisrightandwronginpeople'sactions.Ethicalrulessometimescomefromreligion,forexample,fromtheTENCOMMANDMENTSandthe
SERMONONTHEMOUNT,andsometimesfromsocialtraditions.
F
fasting
Fastingmeansgoingwithoutfoodorcertainfoodsforaperiodoftime.Inmanyreligions,itisusedtohelpcleansethesoulofsinandguilt.
Friends,ReligiousSocietyof
SeeQUAKER.
G
God
GodisthenamefortheSupremeBeingworshipedbyJews,Christians,Moslems,and

Page80

followersofotherreligions.IntheBIBLE,Godcreatedtheuniverseandallhumankind.MoslemscallGodbythenameAllah.SeealsoCHRISTIANITYISLAMJUDAISM.
gods
Godsarethesupernaturalbeingsorspiritsworshipedinreligionsthatbelieveinmanygodsratherthanone.
GoodFriday
GoodFridayistheFridaybeforeEASTERSunday,whenChristiansremembertheCRUCIFIXIONofJESUSCHRIST.ItiscalledgoodbecauseJesus'deathledtothe
Resurrection,orreturntolife,whichiscelebratedonEaster.
H
Hanukkah(KHANnuhkuh,HANnuhkuh)
HanukkahisaJewishfestivalthatoccurseachDecember.ItlastseightdaysandcommemoratesthevictoryoftheJewsovertheSyriansinthesecondcenturyB.C.and
therededicationofthetempleinJERUSALEM.ObserversofHanukkahlightonecandleeachnightforeightnightsinacandleholdercalledaMENORAH,inmemoryofa
legendthatafterthetemplewasrededicated,itslampburnedmiraculouslyforaweekononlyaday'ssupplyofoil.ThewordHanukkahisalsospelledChanukah.
heaven
Inmanyreligions,heavenisthehappyandpeacefulplacewheregoodpeoplewillgotolivewithGodafterdeath.Itisoftenthoughttobeabovethecloudsandis
depictedasaplacewhereangelsplayharps.
hell
Inmanyreligions,hellistheplaceofdamnationwherebadpeoplewillgotobepunishedafterdeath.Itisoftenthoughttobebelowtheearthandisdepictedasa
placewithflamesanddevils.
Hinduism
HinduismistheancientreligionofIndiaandispracticedbypeoplecalledHindus.Hindusbelievethatthesoulisrebornintoanewbodyafterdeaththroughaprocess
calledreincarnation.ThemajorreligiousgoaloftheHindusistoescapethecycleofdeathandrebirthsothatthesoulmaybereleasedintoeternity.SomeHindus
worshiponegodorgoddesswhileothersworshipmanygodsandgoddesses.SeealsoGODSREINCARNATION.
I
Islam
IslamisthereligionbasedontheteachingscommunicatedbyMOHAMMED,anArabianprophet,intheKORAN.PeoplewhopracticeIslam,calledMoslemsorMuslims,
believeinstrictobediencetothewillofGod,orALLAH.Religiousobservancessuchasprayer,FASTING,andgivinggiftstothepoorarecentraltotheMoslemfaith.
CongregationalprayertakesplaceonFridays.Onceintheirlives,MoslemstrytomakeaPILGRIMAGEtoMECCA,thecitywhereMohammedwasborn.Islamisthe
majorreligionoftheArabcountries,centralAsia,andIndonesia.
J
JesusChrist
JesuswasareligiousleaderfromPalestine,inwhatisnowcalledtheMiddleEast.Hislifeandteachingsarethebasisof
Imagenotavailable.
JesusChrist.
PortrayedinaByzantinemosaic.

Page81

CHRISTIANITY.JesusbecameknownasChrist,whichmeans''theanointedone,"theonewhoischosenbyGod.TheimportanteventsofJesus'lifearemarkedby
majorChristianholidays.CHRISTMAScelebrateshisbirthdayandEASTER,hisResurrection,orreturntolife.SeealsoJESUSunder"TheBible."
Judaism
JudaismisareligionbasedontheteachingsoftheJewishBible,orOldTestament,especiallytheTORAH,whichconsistsofthefirstfivebooksoftheBIBLE.Ithasthree
branches,Orthodox,Conservative,andReform.PeoplewhofollowJudaismarecalledJewsandbelieveinoneGod.Manyoftheirlawsandideas,suchas
"Rememberthesabbathday,tokeepitholy,"aresharedwithChristianity,whichgrewoutofJudaism.JudaismisthedominantreligioninIsrael,anationintheMiddle
East.TherearealsomanyJewsintheUnitedStatesaswellasinEuropeandpartsofAsia.SeealsoTALMUD.
K
KingJamesBible
TheKingJamesBibleisanimportantEnglishtranslationoftheBIBLEfamousforitsnoblelanguage.(TheBiblewasfirstwrittenintheancientlanguagesofHebrewin
theOldTestamentandGreekintheNewTestament.)ItisnamedafterJamesI,akingofEnglandinthe1600s,whocommissionedthisparticulartranslation.Many
familiarbiblicalquotationscomefromthistranslation.
Koran
TheKoranisthesacredbookofISLAMandcontainstherulesandidealsthatMoslemsfollow.MoslemsbelievethatGod(orALLAH)revealedtheKorantothe
prophetMOHAMMEDandthatitisthedirectwordofGod.KoranisalsospelledQur'an.
L
Lent
InCHRISTIANITY,LentisthesolemnperiodofFASTINGandrepentancethatbeginsonAshWednesdayandendsonEASTER.
Locke,John
JohnLockewasanEnglishphilosopheroftheseventeenthcentury.Lockearguedagainstthebeliefthathumanbeingsarebornwithcertainideasalreadyintheir
mindsrather,hesaid,themindislikeablankslateuntilexperiencebeginsto"write"onit.LockealsoarguedagainstthedoctrinethatkingsandqueenshaveaGod
givenrighttoruleandmustbeobeyedhedeclaredthatallgovernmentsdependontheconsentofthegoverned.
logic
Logicisthescienceconcernedwiththerulesofreasoning.Animportantlogicalprincipleisthesyllogism,themostfamousexampleofwhichis:Allmenaremortal.
SOCRATESisaman.Therefore,Socratesismortal.
Imagenotavailable.
MartinLuther

Luther,Martin
MartinLutherwasaGermanreligiousleaderofthe1500s.HefoundedProtestantismafterprotestingagainstthepoliciesoftheROMANCATHOLICCHURCHthathefelt
werewrong.SeealsoPROTESTANTCHURCHES.

Page82

Imagenotavailable.
Mecca.
ThesacredKaabaisastonebuildinginthecourtyard
oftheGreatMosque.TheBlackStone,ameteor
believedtohavebeensentfromheavenatthetime
ofAdam,isenclosedwithinthewalloftheKaaba.

M
Madonna
TheMadonna,whichisItalianfor"mylady,"isaChristiantitlefortheVIRGINMARY,themotherofJESUSCHRIST.PaintingsorstatuesofMaryholdingthebabyJesus
arecalledMadonnas.
MagenDavid
SeeSTAROFDAVID.
Mary,Virgin
SeeVIRGINMARY.SeealsoMARYunder"TheBible."
mass
ThemassisthemainceremonyofworshipintheRomanCatholicfaith.SeealsoCOMMUNIONROMANCATHOLICCHURCH.
Mecca
Mecca,inmodernSaudiArabia,isthebirthplaceoftheprophetMOHAMMEDandthustheholycityofISLAM.AllMoslemstrytomakeaPILGRIMAGEtoMeccaatleast
onceintheirlives.Thewordmeccaisoftenusedtomeanadestinationthatattractsmanypeople.
menorah
AmenorahistheeightprongedcandleholderusedduringtheJewishfestivalofHANUKKAH.
minister
AministeristheleaderofthecongregationofworshipersinaProtestantchurch.Ministerspreach,celebrateCOMMUNION,BAPTISMS,andmarriages,andadvisethe
membersoftheirchurches.SeealsoPROTESTANTCHURCHES.
Mohammed
MohammedwastheArabianprophetwho,accordingtoMoslems,receivedGod'srevelationandpasseditonintheKORAN.Theseteachingsformthebasisofthe
Moslemreligion,orISLAM.HeisalsoknownasMuhammadorsimplyastheProphet.
monk
Amonkisamanwhodevoteshimselftoaholylifeofstudy,prayer,andgoodworks.Mostmonksliveinbuildingscalledmonasteries.SeealsoNUN.
Moslems
AMoslem(orMuslim)isapersonwhobelievesinISLAM.
mosque
AmosqueisaMoslemhouseofworshipthatusuallyhasadome.SeealsoISLAM.
N
nun
Anunisawomanwhodevotesherselftoalifeofstudy,prayer,andgoodworks.Nunsoftenliveinbuildingscalledconvents.SeealsoMONK.
O
Orthodoxchurches
SeeEASTERNORTHODOXCHURCHES.
P
PalmSunday
PalmSundayistheSundaybeforeEASTER,whenChristiansrememberthedayJesusenteredJERUSALEM.Thepeopleofthecitywelcomedhimbyspreadingpalm
leavesinhispath.TodaysomechurcheshandoutpalmleavesduringPalmSundayservices.
Paradise
Paradiseisaplacewhereeverythingisperfectandeveryoneishappy.SeealsoEDEN,GARDENOFunder"TheBible"HEAVEN.
Passover
PassoveristheJewishfestivalthatcelebratestheEXODUS,theescapeoftheancientISRAELITESfromslaveryinEgypt.The

Page83

eightdayholidayisobservedinthespring.SeealsoSEDER.
philosopher
Aphilosopherisapersonwhothinksandwritesaboutbasicquestions,suchas,WhatisTruth?WhatistheGood?Howshouldweact?
pilgrimage
Apilgrimageisajourneytoaholyplace.
Plato
PlatowasanancientGreekphilosopherwhowasastudentofSOCRATESandtheteacherofARISTOTLE.Inhiswritings,hesearchesforanswerstobasicquestionsabout
humanlife,suchas,WhatistheGood?andWhatisTruth?HisbestknownbookisTheRepublic,whichdescribesanidealgovernment.
Imagenotavailable.
Pope.
PopeJohnPaulIIduringavisittoBostonin1980.

pope
ThepopeistheleaderandultimateauthorityoftheROMANCATHOLICCHURCH.HelivesandworksintheVATICANinRome,Italy.ThefirstpopewasPETER,who
CatholicsbelievewasappointedbyJESUSCHRIST.OtherpopeswerethenchosentosucceedSaintPeter,andhisauthoritywaspassedontothem.
prayer
PrayersarethoughtsorwordsaddressedtoGod.Sometimestheyarespokenbyseveralpeopleusingthesamewords,sometimesbyindividualsoutloudorsilently.
Mostoften,prayersgivethanksoraskforhelp.
priest
ApriestisthepersonwholeadsworshipersinRomanCatholic,EasternOrthodox,andEpiscopalianchurches.AllRomanCatholicandOrthodoxpriestsaremen
someEpiscopalpriestsarewomen.SeealsoEASTERNORTHODOXCHURCHESROMANCATHOLICCHURCHSACRAMENT.
Protestantchurches
ProtestantchurchesasagroupmakeuponeofthethreegreatbranchesofCHRISTIANITY.(TheothersaretheROMANCATHOLICCHURCHandtheEASTERNORTHODOX
CHURCHES.)ProtestantsbelievethattheultimatereligiousauthorityistheBIBLEratherthanpriestsorthechurch.ProtestantismoriginatedinGermanyinthe1500s,when
MARTINLUTHER"protested"againstcertainpracticesoftheRomanCatholicChurch.ProtestantismisamajorreligioninWesternEuropeaswellastheUnitedStates,
wheretheProtestantchurcheswiththelargestmembershipsareBaptist,Episcopal,Lutheran,Methodist,andPentecostal.
Q
Quaker
AQuakerisamemberoftheReligiousSocietyofFriends,aChristianfaiththatbelievesinsimplicityoflifeandworship.Services,calledmeetings,consistmainlyof
silentmeditation.
Qur'an
SeeKORAN.
R
rabbi
ArabbiisaJewishreligiousteacherandspiritualguide,similartoaPRIESTorMINISTER.RabbisstudytheTORAHandTALMUDinordertopassontheirteachingsto
others.SeealsoJUDAISM.

Page84

Ramadan(RAMuhdahn)
RamadanistheholymonthinISLAM.Inordertopurifythemselves,MoslemsFAST(eatnofood)fromsunrisetosunsetthroughoutthemonth.
reincarnation
Reincarnationisthebeliefthatthesoullivesonafterdeathandreturnstoexistenceinanotherbody.HindusandsomeBuddhistsbelieveinreincarnation.Seealso
HINDUISM.
RomanCatholicChurch
TheRomanCatholicChurch,orRomanCatholicism,isoneofthethreebranchesofCHRISTIANITY.(TheothertwoaretheEASTERNORTHODOXCHURCHESandthe
PROTESTANTCHURCHES.)ThePOPEistheleaderoftheRomanCatholicChurch.ManyCatholicslooktohisjudgmentsandteachingsonreligiousmatters,whichare
passedontothembytheirBISHOPSandPRIESTS(incontrasttoProtestants,whorelymoredirectlyontheBIBLE).CatholicismisthemajorreligionofsouthernEurope,
Ireland,andLatinAmerica.TherearealsomanyCatholicsintheUnitedStates.
RoshHashanah(roshhuhSHAHnuhroshhuhSHOHnuh)
RoshHashanahmarksthebeginningoftheJewishNewYear.Thefirsttendaysoftheyeararespecialdaysofpenitence,whichendonYOMKIPPUR.Theholiday
usuallyfallsinSeptemberorearlyOctober.SeealsoJUDAISM.
S
sacrament
Asacramentisaveryholyreligiousceremony.FormanyChristians,BAPTISM,COMMUNION,andmarriageareconsideredsacraments.
sacred
Somethingthatissacredisworshipedorhastodowithreligiousandspirituallife.
saint
InsomeChristianchurchesandinotherreligions,saintsareveryholypeoplewhohavediedandgonetoheavenandwhomaybecalledupontoaskGodforhelp.A
personwholivesaholylifeissometimescalledsaintly.
Imagenotavailable.
Saint.
St.GeorgeKillingtheDragon,
byanunknownartistoftheearlyfifteenthcentury.

salvation
Inreligion,salvationmeansbeingsavedfromsinandthepenaltiesofsin.InChristianity,JESUSCHRISTpromisedsalvationtohisfaithfulfollowers.
seder
Thesederistheceremonialdinnerheldatthebeginningand,forsomeobservers,theendoftheJewishfeastofPASSOVER.ThestoryoftheJews'EXODUSfromEgyptis
readduringthemeal.
sermon
Asermonisapreparedtalk,oftenbasedonstoriesfromtheBIBLE,givenbytheleadersofmanyreligionstoagroupofworshipers.Itispartoftheserviceinmany
churchesandsynagogues.
Shinto
ShintoisanancientJapanesereligionthattodayhasbeeninfluencedbyCON

Page85

Imagenotavailable.
Socrates.
JacquesLouisDavid'spaintingTheDeathofSocrates.

andBUDDHISM.ItsfollowerstakePILGRIMAGESandshowspecialreverencefortheirancestors.

FUCIANISM

Socrates
SocrateswasagreatGreekphilosopherandteacherwhotaughthisstudentsbyaskingthemquestionsratherthanbytellingthemwhattothink.Inthisway,his
studentslearnedtofindandcorrecttheirownerrors.ThistypeofteachingiscalledtheSocraticmethod.SeealsoPHILOSOPHERPLATO.
Imagenotavailable.
StarofDavid

StarofDavid
TheStarofDavidisasymbolofJUDAISM.Itisasixpointedstarformedbyplacingtwotrianglestogether,oneinvertedovertheother.ItisalsocalledaMagenDavid.
synagogue
AsynagogueisaJewishhouseofworshipandstudy.ItisalsocalledaTEMPLE.SeealsoJUDAISM.
T
Talmud
TheTalmudisthecollectionofwritingsthatcontainthereligiouslawsandtraditionsofJUDAISM.ItincludescenturiesofinterpretationofJewishideas.
Taoism
TaoismisanimportantreligionofChinabasedonthewritingsofthesixthcenturyB.C.philosopherLaoTzu.Itstressesmeditationandserenityinthefaceoflife's
troubles.

Page86

temple
Atempleisabuildingusedforreligiousworship.Thefollowersofmanyreligions,suchasJUDAISM,HINDUISM,andBUDDHISM,calltheirhousesofworshiptemples.See
alsoSYNAGOGUE.
Torah(TOHruhTAWRuh)
TheTorahisthegroupofreligiouswritingssacredtoJUDAISM.ItconsistsofthefivebooksofMoses,whicharethefirstfivebooksoftheJewishBible(calledtheOld
TestamentbyChristians).ThewordtorahalsorefersinageneralwaytothesacredlawsandteachingsofJudaism.SeealsoTALMUD.
Trinity
ManyChristiansthinkofGODasatrinity,orabeingmadeupofthreeparts,orpersons:theFather,theSon,andtheHolyGhost(alsocalledtheHolySpirit).
Together,thesethreepersons,makingoneGod,areknownastheTrinity.SeealsoCHRISTIANITY.
V
Vatican
TheVaticanistheheadquartersoftheROMANCATHOLICCHURCHandthehomeofthePOPE.ItisanindependentstatewithinthecityofRome,Italy.
VirginMary
TheVirginMarywasthemotherofJESUSCHRIST.SheisespeciallyhonoredbyRomanCatholicandOrthodoxChristians.SeealsoMARYunder"TheBible."
W
WailingWall
SeeWESTERNWALL.
Imagenotavailable.
WesternWall.
MenprayingattheWesternWallinJerusalem.
Menandwomenprayseparatelyatthewall.

WesternWall
TheWesternWallisawallinJerusalem,wheretheancienttempleoftheJewsoncestood.TheareainfrontofthewallistheholiestplaceinJUDAISM,whereJewish
peoplegotopray.SomepeoplecallittheWailingWallbecauseitremindsthemofthepastsorrowsoftheJews.SeealsoJUDAISM.
Y
YomKippur(YOHMkiPOORYOMKIPuhr)
YomKippur,alsocalledtheDayofAtonement,isthemostimportantJewishholiday.OnthisdayJewsatone,ormakeamends,fortheirsinsthroughPRAYERand
FASTING.SeealsoJUDAISMROSHHASHANAH.

Page87

UnitedStatesHistoryto1865
ThissectioncoverstheperiodofUnitedStateshistoryuptoandincludingtheCivilWar.WhenColumbussailedtoAmericain1492andreturnedtoSpainto
announcehisdiscovery,IndianpeopleswerealreadywellestablishedinNorthAmerica.ThefirstBritishsettlersdidnotarriveinNorthAmericauntiltheearly1600s,
andasmoreandmoreBritishandotherEuropeanssettledinAmerica,theyfoundthemselvesstrugglingwiththeIndiansovertheland.In1776,thecolonists,who
camemainlyfromBritainandwerelivingunderBritishrule,declaredtheirindependence.AftertheRevolutionaryWaragainstBritain,theConstitutionbecamethe
foundationofthegovernment.
Fromtheearliestdaysofthecolonies,soonafterthefirstEuropeansestablishedtheirsettlements,slaveshadbeenbroughttoAmericafromAfrica.TheUnitedStates
graduallybegantodivide,NorthagainstSouth,overtheissueofslavery,resultingintheCivilWar.ItendedinvictoryfortheNorth,whichwantedtofreetheslaves,
andthenationwasreunited.Theentriesbelowareaboutsoldiersandbattles,ideasandspeeches,Indianpeoples,andpresidentsandpatriotswhowereanimportant
partofthefirstcenturiesofUnitedStateshistory.
1492
In1492,theItalianexplorerCHRISTOPHERCOLUMBUSdiscoveredtheAmericancontinents.
1776
TheAmericancoloniesdeclaredtheirindependencefromEnglandin1776.SeealsoREVOLUTIONARYWAR.
18611865
TheCIVILWARwasfoughtfrom1861to1865.
A
abolition
Abolitionwasamovementtoend,orabolish,slavery.Peoplewhospokeoutagainstslaverywerecalledabolitionists.SomewellknownabolitionistswereFREDERICK
DOUGLASS,SOJOURNERTRUTH,andHARRIETTUBMAN.AbolitionwasanimportantmovementleadingtotheCIVILWAR.
Adams,John
JohnAdamswasoneoftheFOUNDINGFATHERSwhohelpeddrafttheDECLARATIONOFINDEPENDENCE.Hewasthefirstvicepresidentandthesecondpresidentofthe
UnitedStates.

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Alamo(ALuhmoh)
TheAlamowasabuildinginwhatisnowSanAntonio,Texas.Afamousbattlewasfoughtthereintheearly1800s,whenTexasbelongedtoMexico,andagroupof
Americans,wantingtogainindependenceforTexas,heldoffamuchlargerMexicanarmyuntiltheAmericans,includingDAVYCROCKETT,wereallkilled.Seealso
REMEMBERTHEALAMO!
Algonquins
TheAlgonquinsareanAmericanIndianpeoplelivingineasternCANADA.Duringcolonialtimes,theAlgonquinswerealliesoftheFrenchgovernmentinawaragainst
ENGLANDanditsIndianallies,theIroquois.
allmenarecreatedequal
Thesewords,fromtheDECLARATIONOFINDEPENDENCE,expressabasicbeliefheldbythefoundersoftheUnitedStates.TheDeclarationstates:"Weholdthesetruthsto
beselfevident:ThatallmenarecreatedequalthattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerightsthatamongthesearelife,liberty,andthepursuit
ofhappiness."ABRAHAMLINCOLNalsousedthephrase"allmenarecreatedequal"inhisGETTYSBURGADDRESS.
AmericanRevolution
SeeREVOLUTIONARYWAR.
Apaches(uhPACHeez)
TheApachesareanAmericanIndianpeoplewholiveinthesouthwestUnitedStates.ManyApachesfoughttheUnitedStatesarmyinthelate1800sratherthanmove
ontoRESERVATIONS.
Appleseed,Johnny
JohnnyAppleseedwasthenicknameofanAmericanpioneerandfolkherooftheearly1800s.HetraveledthroughfrontierAmericaplantingappletreesandstarting
orchards.HisrealnamewasJohnChapman.
AppomattoxCourtHouse(apuhMATuhks)
AppomattoxCourtHouse,incentralVirginia,iswheretheCIVILWARcametoanendin1865whentheSoutherngeneral,ROBERTE.LEE,surrenderedtotheNorthern
general,ULYSSESS.GRANT.
Arapahos
TheArapahosareanAmericanIndianpeopleofthewesternGreatPlains.ArapahoswereformerlybuffalohunterswhofollowedthetraditionalPLAINSINDIANwayof
life.
Arnold,Benedict
BenedictArnoldwasanAmericangeneraloftheREVOLUTIONARYWARandafamoustraitor.In1780hewasgivencommandofanAmericanfort,whichheplannedto
giveovertotheBritish.Theplotwasdiscovered,butBenedictArnoldescaped.HespenttherestofhislifeindisgracelivinginexileinEnglandandCanada.
ArticlesofConfederation
Aconfederationisacomingtogetherofdifferentgroupsforsomespecialpurpose.WhentheTHIRTEENCOLONIESdeclaredtheirindependencefromEngland,theArticles
ofConfederationformedthebasisofthenationalgovernment.ThisdocumentprovedtobetooweaktogoverntheUnitedStates,anditwasreplacedsoonafterby
theCONSTITUTION.
Attucks,Crispus
CrispusAttuckswasablacksailorandoneoffivecolonistswhowerekilledbytheBritishintheBOSTONMASSACRE.
B
Banneker,Benjamin
BenjaminBannekerwasablackmathematicianandscientistofthelateeighteenthandearlynineteenthcenturies.Hetaughthimselfadvancedmathematicsinorderto
makeastronomicalcalculationsforhisalmanacs.Abolitionistscitedhisachievementsasproofoftheintellectualequalityofblacks.
BillofRights
TheBillofRightsisthenameforthefirsttenamendmentstotheCONSTITUTION.TheseamendmentswereaddedsoonaftertheConstitutionwasadoptedbecausethe

Page89

originaldocumentdidnotofferenoughprotectionforindividualrights.SeealsoBILLOFRIGHTSunder"PoliticsandEconomics."
Blackfeet
TheBlackfeetareanAmericanIndianpeopleofthenorthernGreatPlains.TheBlackfeetwereformerlybuffalohunterswhofollowedthetraditionalPLAINSINDIANway
oflife.
Boone,Daniel
DanielBoonewasapioneerofthelate1700sandearly1800swhoexploredandsettledKentucky.
Booth,JohnWilkes
JohnWilkesBoothassassinatedPresidentABRAHAMLINCOLNin1865.Booth,awellknownactor,supportedSLAVERYandtheCONFEDERACY.

BostonMassacre.
AfteranengravingbyPaulRevere.

BostonMassacre
TheBostonMassacreoccurredin1770.Britishtroopsfiredintoacrowdthatwastauntingthem,killingfivepeople,includingCRISPUSATTUCKS.Thekillingsincreased
thetensionsbetweentheBritishandthecolonistsleadinguptotheREVOLUTIONARYWAR.
BostonTeaParty
TheBostonTeaPartywasoneoftheeventsthatledtotheREVOLUTIONARYWAR.AgroupofAmericanswhowantedtoprotestEnglishtaxesandotherlawsboarded
threeBritishshipsinBostonHarboranddumpedmorethanthreehundredchestsofteaoverboard.
BunkerHill,Battleof
TheBattleofBunkerHillwasoneofthefirstbattlesoftheREVOLUTIONARYWAR.AmericansoldiersdefendedahillnearBoston,Massachusetts,againsttwoBritish
attacks.TheBritishtookthehillonthethirdattack,whentheAmericansranoutofammunition,butthebattleprovedthattheAmericanscouldfighteffectivelyagainst
theBritish.
C
CaliforniaGoldRush
SeeGOLDRUSHOF1849.
Cherokees(CHERuhkeez)
TheCherokeesareanAmericanIndianpeoplewhooriginallyfarmedandhuntedinthemountainsofthesoutheastUnitedStates.Inthe1830s,theAmerican
governmentforcedtheCherokeestomovewesttoOklahoma.TheroutetheytraveledisnowcalledtheTRAILOFTEARS.
Cheyennes
TheCheyennesareanAmericanIndianpeopleofthewesternandnorthernGreatPlainswhoformerlyfollowedthePLAINSINDIANwayoflife.Cheyennewarriors
foughtalongsidetheSIOUXintheBattleoftheLittleBighorn,alsoknownasCUSTER'SLASTSTAND.
CivilWar
TheAmericanCivilWarwasfoughtbetweentheNorthern(Union)andSouthern(Confederate)statesfrom1861to1865.Thewarhadmanycauses,butthemain
issuedividingthecountrywasSLAVERY.TheSouthernstateswantedslaverytobepermitted

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inthenewterritoriesofthewesternUnitedStates.TheNorthernstatesopposedthespreadofslaverytotheseterritories.TheSouthernstatesdecidedtosecede
(separate)fromtheUnitedStatesandformanewnation,whichwascalledtheCONFEDERACY.Afterfouryearsofbloodyfighting,theSouthsurrenderedtotheNorthat
APPOMATTOXCOURTHOUSE.SeealsoLINCOLN,ABRAHAM.
Confederacy
TheConfederacywasthegroupofstatesthatseceded(separated)fromtheUnitedStatesin1860and1861toformanewnation.SouthCarolinawasthefirstto
secede,followedbyMississippi,Florida,Alabama,Georgia,Louisiana,Texas,Virginia,Arkansas,NorthCarolina,andTennessee.SeealsoCIVILWAR.
Constitution
TheConstitutionisthedocumentthatestablishedthenationalgovernmentoftheUnitedStates.ItwaswrittenandadoptedaftertheREVOLUTIONARYWARandsetforth
thebasiclawsofthenewnation.SeealsoARTICLESOFCONFEDERATIONBILLOFRIGHTSFOUNDINGFATHERS.SeealsoCONSTITUTIONunder"PoliticsandEconomics."
ConstitutionalConvention
TheConstitutionalConventionof1787wasagatheringofdelegatesfromtwelveofthethirteenoriginalstates.IttookplaceinPhiladelphiaandresultedinthedrafting
oftheCONSTITUTIONoftheUnitedStates.
ContinentalArmy
TheContinentalArmywasthemilitaryforceledbyGEORGEWASHINGTONthatdefeatedtheBritishintheREVOLUTIONARYWAR.
Cornwallis,Charles(kawrn WAHlis)
CharlesCornwalliswastheBritishgeneralwhocommandedtheBritishforcesintheREVOLUTIONARYWAR.TheRevolutionaryWarendedwhenLordCornwallis
surrenderedtoGEORGEWASHINGTONatYORKTOWNin1781.
Creeks
TheCreeksareanAmericanIndianpeoplewhooriginallylivedasfarmersandhuntersinthesoutheastUnitedStates.Inthe1830s,theAmericangovernmentforced
mostoftheCreekstomovewesttoOklahomasothatwhitesettlerscouldhavetheirlands.
Crockett,Davy
BorninTennessee,DavyCrockettwasafrontiersettler,politician,andfolkherooftheearly1800s.Hewasknownforhisshootingabilityanddieddefendingthe
ALAMO.
D
Dakota
DakotaisanothernamefortheSIOUXpeople.
Dare,Virginia
VirginiaDarewasthefirstchildborninAmericaofEnglishparents.Shewasbornin1587,butdisappearedwiththeothermembersoftheLOSTCOLONYofRoanoke
Island.
Davis,Jefferson
JeffersonDaviswasthepresidentoftheCONFEDERACYduringtheCIVILWAR.
DeclarationofIndependence
TheDeclarationofIndependencewaswrittenin1776largelybyTHOMASJEFFERSON.ItdeclaredthattheAmericancolonieswereanindependentnation,nolongerruled
bytheBritishking,andproclaimedthatallpeoplehavetherightto"life,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness."TheDeclarationwasadoptedonJuly4,1776,theday
henceforthcelebratedasthenation'sbirthday.
Delawares
TheDelawaresareanAmericanIndianpeoplewhooriginallylivedinthenortheastUnitedStates.TheDelawareslivedpeacefullywiththeDutchandEnglishsettlers.
Aftertheysoldtheirlandsinthe1600s,theDelawareswereforcedtomovewesttonewlandsinOklahoma,Wisconsin,andCanada.
Douglass,Frederick
FrederickDouglassescapedfromSLAVERYbeforetheCIVILWAR

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Imagenotavailable.
DeclarationofIndependence.
Left:Thedocument.Right:AdetailofJohnTrumbull'spainting
TheDeclarationofIndependence.

andbecameaneloquentspeakerandwriterfortheABOLITIONISTcause.
E
EmancipationProclamation(imansuhPAYshuhn)
Toemancipatemeanstosetfree.TheEmancipationProclamationwasthedocumentissuedduringtheCIVILWARinwhichPresidentABRAHAMLINCOLNdeclaredthat
alltheslavesheldintheConfederatestatesshouldbefreed.However,slaverywasnotactuallyabolisheduntilthewarwasover.SeealsoCONFEDERACY.
F
fatherofhiscountry
GEORGEWASHINGTONisoftencalledthefatherofhiscountrybecausehewastheheadoftheAmericanarmiesduringtheREVOLUTIONARYWARandthefirstpresidentof
theUnitedStates.
FortMcHenry
FortMcHenry,amilitarypostinBaltimoreHarbor,wasbombardedbyaBritishfleetonthenightofSeptember13,1814,duringtheWarof1812.TheAmerican
defenseofthefortinspiredFRANCISSCOTTKEYtowrite''THESTARSPANGLEDBANNER."
FortSumter
FortSumter,attheentrancetotheharborofCharleston,SouthCarolina,wasthesiteofthefirstmilitaryengagementoftheCIVILWAR.In1860SouthCarolina
secededfromtheUNIONanddemandedthesurrenderofFortSumter.Whenthecommanderofthefortrefusedtosurrender,theSouthCaroliniansopenedfire.
Fortyniners
ThefortyninerswerethethousandsofpeoplewhoflockedtoCaliforniain1849insearchofgold,whichhadbeendiscoveredtherein1848.SeealsoGOLDRUSHOF
1849.

FoundingFathers
TheFoundingFatherswerethemenwhosignedtheDECLARATIONOFINDEPENDENCEandhelpedwritetheCONSTITUTIONoftheUnitedStates.Themostfamousonesare
BENJAMINFRANKLIN,THOMASJEFFERSON,GEORGEWASHINGTON,JAMESMADISON,ALEXANDERHAMILTON,andJOHNJAY.
Fourscoreandsevenyearsago
ThesewordsbeginABRAHAMLINCOLN'SGETTYS

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ADDRESS.Ascoreequalstwenty.Fourscoreandsevenequalseightyseven.Thecountrywasfoundedin1776,eightysevenyearsbeforeLincoln'saddress,
whichwasdeliveredin1863.
BURG

FourthofJuly
TheFourthofJulyisthenationalholidaythatcelebratesthefoundingoftheUnitedStates.OnJuly4,1776,theDECLARATIONOFINDEPENDENCEwasadoptedbythe
THIRTEENCOLONIES.
Imagenotavailable.
BenjaminFranklin.
Testinghistheorythatlightningiselectricity.

Franklin,Benjamin
BenjaminFranklin,oneoftheFOUNDINGFATHERSoftheUnitedStates,wasoneofthemosttalentedmeninAmericanhistory.HewroteabookofsayingscalledPoor
Richard'sAlmanackandanautobiographythatbecamefamous.Manyofhissayings,suchas"Earlytobedandearlytorise/Makesamanhealthy,wealthy,and
wise"arestillquoted.Inadditiontobeingaprinter,patriot,statesman,andauthor,Franklinwasascientistandinventor.Inhismostfamousexperiment,heflewakite
inathunderstormtoprovethatlightningwaselectricity.
G
Gettysburg,Battleof
TheBattleofGettysburgwasthemostimportantbattleoftheCIVILWAR.TheNortherntroopsdefeatedtheSoutherntroops,thuspreventingtheConfederatearmy
frommovingfartherintoUnionterritory.ThebattlewasfoughtnearthesmalltownofGettysburg,insoutheastPennsylvania,andisoftencalledtheturningpointofthe
war.SeealsoCONFEDERACY.
GettysburgAddress
TheGettysburgAddresswasashortspeechgivenbyPresidentABRAHAMLINCOLNonthebattlefieldatGettysburg,Pennsylvania,fourmonthsafterthebattle.Inthe
speech,LincolnhonoredthemenwhodiedatGettysburgandstatedtheidealsforwhichtheyfought.Thespeechbegins:"FOURSCOREANDSEVENYEARSAGOourfathers
broughtforthonthiscontinentanewnation,conceivedinlibertyanddedicatedtothepropositionthatallmenarecreatedequal."Itendswiththesewords:
"governmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth."
Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath!
ThesewordswerespokenbyPatrickHenry,aVirginiapatriot,inanaddressurgingAmericanstorevoltagainstEngland.SeealsoREVOLUTIONARYWAR.
GoldRushof1849
In1849,aftergoldwasdiscoveredinCalifornia,thousandsofpeople,whocametobeknownasFORTY NINERS,movedwesttotrytomaketheirfortunes.
Grant,UlyssesS.
UlyssesS.GrantwastheleaderoftheUNIONarmiesattheendoftheCIVILWAR.HelaterbecametheeighteenthpresidentoftheUnitedStates.
H
Hamilton,Alexander
AlexanderHamiltonwasoneoftheFOUNDINGFATHERSwhohelpeddrafttheConstitution.Heservedunder

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GEORGEWASHINGTONfirstasasoldierandadvisorduringtheREVOLUTIONARYWARandlaterasfirstsecretaryofthetreasuryinthenewgovernment.
HonestAbe
AbrahamLincolnwascalledHonestAbebecausehewaswellknownforhisgreatsincerityandintegrityandstrengthofcharacter.
Hopis
TheHopisareanAmericanIndianpeoplelivinginnortheastArizona.Hopivillagesareusuallybuiltonhigh,flathillscalledmesas.TheHopisareoneofthePUEBLO
peoples.
Hutchinson,Anne
AnneHutchinsonwasaPURITANreligiousleaderwhowasbanishedfromMASSACHUSETTSforherreligiousbeliefs.
I
IonlyregretthatIhavebutonelifetoloseformycountry
ThesewordsaresaidtobethelastspokenbyNathanHale,anAmericanRevolutionaryWarsoldierwhovolunteeredtospyontheBritish.Hewascapturedand
executedbyBritishtroops.
IndependenceDay
SeeFOURTHOFJULY.
Indianremovalpolicy
Duringtheearly1800stheUnitedStatesgovernmentforcedmanyIndiantribestogiveuptheirtraditionalhomelandsandmovewestsothatwhitesettlerscouldhave
theirland.TheCHEROKEES,CREEKS,SEMINOLES,andothersoutheastpeopleswereamongthefirsttoberemoved.Afewofthesepeoplerefusedtogo,buttodaymost
ofthesoutheastIndiansliveinOklahoma,alongwithmanyIndianpeoplesfromotherpartsofthecountry.
IroquoisLeague(IRuhkwoiIRuhkwoiz)
TheIroquoiswereanallianceoffive(eventuallysix)AmericanIndianpeopleslivinginnorthernNewYorkState.TheIroquoiswerefarmersandhunterswhowere
importantalliesoftheEnglishduringtheircolonialwarsagainstFrance.
J
Jackson,Andrew
AndrewJackson,whowasnicknamed"OldHickory,"wasamilitaryheroandtheseventhpresidentoftheUnitedStates.
Jamestown
Jamestown,Virginia,becamethefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinAmericawhenEnglishcolonistsarrivedthereearlyinthe1600s.
Jefferson,Thomas
ThomasJeffersonwastheprincipalauthoroftheDECLARATIONOFINDEPENDENCEandthethirdpresidentoftheUnitedStates.Whilehewaspresident,hearrangedwith
FrancefortheLouisianaPurchase,atreatythatgavetheUnitedStatesanimmenseterritorythatstretchedfromtheMississippiRivertotheRockyMountains,
doublingitssize.Jeffersonwasatalentedarchitect,scientist,andinventorandastrongdefenderofreligiousandpoliticalfreedom.SeealsoLEWISANDCLARK
EXPEDITION.
K
Kosciusko,Thaddeus(koseeUSkoh)
ThaddeusKosciuskowasaPolishgeneralwhofoughtwiththeAmericancolonistsintheREVOLUTIONARYWAR.
L
Lafayette,Marquisde(lahfeeET)
TheMarquisdeLafayettewasaFrenchnoblemanwhoservedasageneralintheAmericanarmyduringtheREVOLUTIONARYWAR.WhenhereturnedtoFrancehealso
servedintheFrenchRevolution.
Lee,RobertE.
RobertE.LeewasthebrilliantgeneralwhocommandedtheConfederatearmiesduringtheCIVILWAR.Hewonseveralimportantvictoriesbutultimatelyhadto
surrendertoGeneralULYSSESS.GRANTatAPPOMATTOXCOURTHOUSE,endingthewar.
LewisandClarkExpedition
Intheearly1800s,MeriwetherLewisandWilliamClarkweresentbyPresidentTHOMASJEFFERSONtoexplorethelandacquiredintheLouisianaPurchase.Theyleda
groupofmenthroughthenewterritorieswestoftheMississippiRiver,

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reachedtheRockyMountains,andcontinuedonthroughOregontothePacific.TheydrewmapsandclaimedtheOregonTerritoryfortheUnitedStates.Their
expeditionencouragedthefurthersettlementoftheWest.
LibertyBell
TheLibertyBellisasymbolofAmericanindependenceandfreedombecauseitwasoneofthebellsrungonJuly4,1776,toproclaimthesigningoftheDECLARATION
OFINDEPENDENCE.Thebell,whichisondisplayinIndependenceHallinPhiladelphia,Pennsylvania,iseasilyrecognizedbythelargecrackinit.
life,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness
ThesewordsfromtheDECLARATIONOFINDEPENDENCEdescribetherightsproclaimedforallAmericans.
Imagenotavailable.
AbrahamLincoln

Lincoln,Abraham
AbrahamLincolnwaspresidentduringtheCIVILWARandoneofthegreatestAmericanleaders.BorninalogcabininKentucky,heeducatedhimselfandbecamea
politicianandlawyerinIllinoiswhowasrespectedforhissincerityandcharacter.Aspresident,heopposedtheextensionofslaveryandfoughttopreservetheUNION.
DuringtheCivilWar,heissuedtheEMANCIPATIONPROCLAMATION,whichledtotheendofslaveryinAmerica.HisGETTYSBURGADDRESSandhisSecondInaugural
Address,inwhichheurgedthenationtoreuniteinaspiritofforgiveness,areamongthefinestspeechesinAmericanhistory.Afterthewar,hewasassassinatedby
JOHNWILKESBOOTH.
LostColony
TheLostColonyofRoanokewasanEnglishsettlementonRoanokeIslandoffthecoastofNorthCarolina.Settlershadcometotheislandin1587,butwhensupply
shipsreturnedin1591allthesettlershaddisappeared.
LouisianaPurchase
SeeJEFFERSON,THOMAS.
M
Madison,James
JamesMadisonisknownasthefatheroftheCONSTITUTIONbecauseofhisideasaboutorganizingtheUnitedStatesgovernment.Hebecamethefourthpresidentofthe
UnitedStates.
manifestdestiny
"Manifestdestiny"wasapopularsloganinthe1840s.ItreferstothebeliefheldbymanypeopleofthetimethattheUnitedStateswasdestined,somesaidbyGod,to
expandacrossNORTHAMERICAallthewaytothePACIFICOCEAN.TheideaofmanifestdestinywasusedtojustifytheacquisitionoflargepartsoftheWestand
Southwest.SeealsoMEXICANWAR.
Mann,Horace
HoraceMannwasalegislatorandreformerofthenineteenthcenturywhoworkedtoimprovethepublicschoolsinhishomestateofMassachusetts.Hehasbeen
calledthefatheroftheAmericanpublicschool.
MasonDixonline
TheMasonDixonline,whichrunsbetweenPennsylvaniaandMaryland,isthetraditionalboundarybetweentheNorthandtheSouth.BeforetheCIVILWAR,it

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wassaidtodividefreestatesfromslavestates,andtoday"belowtheMasonDixonline"stillreferstotheSouth,althoughMarylandisalsoconsideredaMiddle
Atlanticstate.
Massachusets
TheMassachusetswereanAmericanIndianpeoplelivinginthenortheastUnitedStatesnearwherethePILGRIMSfirstsettled.MostoftheMassachusetsdiedinthe
early1600sfromthenewdiseasesthatcamewiththewhitesettlers.
MassachusettsBayColony
TheMassachusettsBayColonywasoneofthefirstsettlementsinNewEngland.Itwasestablishedintheearly1600sbythePURITANS.Theirmainsettlementbecame
thecityofBoston,Massachusetts.
Mayflower
TheMayflowerwastheshipthatcarriedthePILGRIMSfromEnglandtoAmericaintheearly1600sandlandedinwhatisnowMassachusetts.SeealsoPLYMOUTH
COLONY.
MayflowerCompact
TheMayflowerCompactwasanagreementsignedbythePILGRIMSontheshiptheMAYFLOWERin1620justbefore

Mayflower

theylandedatPLYMOUTHROCK.ItservedasthelawofPlymouthColonyuntilthecolonywasabsorbedintoMassachusettsinthelate1600s.
MexicanWar
TheMexicanWarwasfoughtbetweentheUnitedStatesandMexicofrom1846to1848andresultedintheUnitedStates'gainingterritoryintheSouthwest.Seealso
ALAMO.
minuteman
AminutemanwasavolunteersoldierintheyearsbeforetheREVOLUTIONARYWAR.Volunteerswereorganizedandtrainedtobereadytofight"ataminute'snotice."
MonroeDoctrine
TheMonroeDoctrinewasaforeignpolicystatementissuedbyPresidentJamesMonroein1823.ItdeclaredthattheUnitedStateswouldnottoleratetheintervention
ofEuropeannationsintheaffairsofcountriesineitherNorthorSouthAmerica.
Mormons
TheMormonsaretheAmericanreligiousgroupthatsettledUtahundertheleadershipofBrighamYoungandfoundedSaltLakeCityinthe1800s.
N
Navajos(NAVuhhohz)
TheNavajosareanAmericanIndianpeopleofthesouthwest
Imagenotavailable.
Navajos

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UnitedStates.ShortlyaftertheCIVILWAR,theywereforcedbytheUnitedStatesgovernmenttomoveontoaRESERVATION.TheNavajosarefarmersand
sheepherderswhoareknownfortheirfinejewelryandcrafts.
notaxationwithoutrepresentation
Inthemid1700sBritaintriedtoimposecertaintaxesontheAmericancolonists.Thisangeredthecolonists,whofeltthatBritaindidnothavetherighttotaxthem
sincetheywerenotrepresentedintheBritishParliamentandhadnosayinsuchdecisions.Theissueoftaxationwithoutrepresentationwasoneofthecausesofthe
REVOLUTIONARYWAR.
O
OldIronsides
OldIronsidesisthenicknameoftheConstitution,afamousAmericanwarshipoftheeighteenthcentury.
P
Paine,Thomas
ThomasPainewasapatriotandleaderintheREVOLUTIONARYWARwhowrotethepamphletCommonSense,inwhichhearguedforAmericanindependencefrom
Britain.
Penn,William
WilliamPennwasacolonistofthelateseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturiesandthefounderofPennsylvania.Thecolonyheestablishedtherewasarefugefor
manyQuakerswhohadbeenpersecutedinEngland.
Pilgrims
ThePilgrimswerethesettlerswhocametoAmericaintheearly1600sbecausetheirSeparatistreligionhadbeenoutlawedinEngland.TheSeparatists,likethe
PURITANS,wereProtestantswhofoundtheChurchofEnglandcorrupt.WherethePuritanssoughttopurifythedoctrineandpracticeoftheestablishedchurch,the
Separatistssoughtcompleteseparationbyfoundingtheirownreligiouscommunity.ThefirstgroupofPilgrimscametoAmericaontheMAYFLOWERandfoundedthe
PLYMOUTHCOLONY,whichbecameMassachusetts.Theoriginalmeaningofpilgrimis"someonewhogoesonapilgrimage,"whichisajourneyinsearchofasacred
goal.
Pitcher,Molly
MollyPitcherwasthenicknameofMaryLudwigHaysMcCauley,anAmericanRevolutionaryheroinewhocarriedwatertothesoldiersduringaREVOLUTIONARYWAR
battle.
PlainsIndians
ThePlainsIndiansarealargegroupofAmericanIndianpeopleswholivedbyhuntingbuffaloontheGreatPlains.MostPlainsIndianslivedintepees,rodehorses,
andmovedtheirvillagesfromplacetoplaceatdifferenttimesoftheyear.TheSioux,Blackfeet,Arapahos,andCheyennesareallPlainsIndians.
PlymouthColony(PLIMuhth)
ThePlymouthColonywasthesettlementstartedbythePILGRIMSintheearly1600sinwhatisnoweasternMassachusetts.
PlymouthRock
PlymouthRockisalargeboulderinPlymouth,Massachusetts.ThePILGRIMSlandednearthisspotattheendoftheirvoyagefromEngland.
Pocahontas(pohkuhHONtuhs)
Pocahontas,thedaughteroftheIndianchiefPOWHATAN,livedinVirginiaintheearly1600s.AccordingtotheEnglishexplorerCaptainJOHNSMITH,Pocahontas
preventedherfatherfromtakingSmith'slife.
PonyExpress
ThePonyExpresswasamethodofdeliveringmailthroughthewesternterritories.Ridersonfasthorsescarriedthemailinpouchesandswitchedtoafreshhorse
abouteverytenmiles.ThePonyExpresscametoanendinthemid1800swhenthetelegraphbegantobeusedtosendimportantmessages,andregularmailcould
betakenbystagecoachwithoutdangerofIndianattack.
Powhatan(powHATn)
PowhatanwasthechiefofanAmericanIndianpeoplelivingin

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VirginiaduringthetimewhenJAMESTOWNwasfounded.PowhatanmadepeacewiththeEnglishcolonistsandagreedtolethisdaughterPOCAHONTASmarryJohnRolfe,
oneofthesettlers.
Pueblos(PWEBlohz)
ThePueblosareagroupofAmericanIndianpeopleslivinginpermanentvillagesinthesouthwestUnitedStates.Pueblovillagesareusuallymadeupoflargeadobe
buildingscenteredaroundapublicsquare.ThePueblosareknownfortheirskillatfarmingandfortheircrafts,suchaspotteryandbasketry.
Puritans
ThePuritanswereEnglishProtestantswhosettledtheMASSACHUSETTSBAYCOLONYinNewEngland.SeealsoPILGRIMS.
Q
Quakers(KWAYkuhrs)
TheQuakerswereanEnglishreligiousgroupthatcametoAmericaandsettledinwhatisnowPennsylvaniainthe1600s.
R
Redcoat
RedcoatwasthenamegiventoaBritishsoldierfightingintheREVOLUTIONARYWAR.
RemembertheAlamo!(ALuhmoh)
"RemembertheAlamo!"wasthebattlecryusedbytheTexansintheirwartowinindependencefromMexicointheearly1800s.SeealsoMEXICANWAR.
reservation
AreservationisanareaoflandsetasidebytheUnitedStatesgovernmentasahomeforcertainAmericanIndianpeoples.
Revere,Paul
PaulReverewasaREVOLUTIONARYWARpatriot.HeisfamousforhismidnightridefromBostontoLexington,Massachusetts,towarnthecoloniststhattheBritish
troopswerecoming.Seealso"PAULREVERE'SRIDE"under"Literature."
RevolutionaryWar
TheRevolutionaryWarwasthewarforindependencefoughtinthelate1700sbytheAmericancoloniesagainstGreatBritain.ThecolonistsopposedtheBritish
controlofAmericantradeandresentedhavingtopaytaxestoBritain.SeealsoBOSTONTEAPARTYDECLARATIONOFINDEPENDENCETHIRTEENCOLONIES.
Ross,Betsy
BetsyRosswasaPhiladelphiaseamstressduringtheREVOLUTIONARYWARwho,itissaid,madethefirstofficialAmericanflagintheformoftheSTARSANDSTRIPES.
S
Sacajawea(sakuhjuhWEuh)
SacajaweawasayoungShoshonewomanwhoservedasaguideandinterpreterontheLEWISANDCLARKEXPEDITION.HerknowledgeofthelandandoftheIndians
wholivedtherehelpedmaketheexpeditionasuccess.
Salemwitchtrials
Inthelate1600s,manypeoplebelievedinwitchcraft.AnumberofpeopleinSalem,Massachusetts,wereaccusedofbeingwitchesandweretried,convicted,and
hanged.
secession
SecessionreferstothewithdrawalfromtheUnitedStatesofelevenSouthernStatesin1860and1861.Thesecedingstatesformedagovernment,theCONFEDERACY,in
early1861.ThewarthatbrokeoutbetweentheConfederacyandtheremainingUnitedStates,theUNION,iscalledtheCIVILWAR.TheCivilWarissometimesalso
calledtheWarofSecession.
Seminoles
TheSeminolesareanAmericanIndianpeoplefromFlorida.TheUnitedStatesgovernmentforcedmostofthemtomovewestintheearly1800s,butsomekepttheir
landsintheEverglades,alargeswampinsouthernFlorida.
SenecaFallsConvention
TheSenecaFallsConventionwasthefirstconventioninAmericadevotedtowomen'srights.ItmetinSenecaFalls,NewYork,in1848,andpassed

Page98

severalresolutions,includingademandthatwomenbegiventherighttovote.
Sequoya(siKWOYuh)
SequoyawasaCherokeescholarwhodevelopedawrittenalphabetfortheCherokeelanguage.Sequoya'salphabetmadeitpossibleforhispeopletolearntoread
andwriteintheirownlanguage.
Shawnees(shawNEEZ)
TheShawneesareanAmericanIndianpeoplewhooriginallyinhabitedpartsofwhatisnowtheMidwestoftheUnitedStates.Theyfoughtseveralwarsagainstthe
whitesettlers.
Shoshones(shohSHOHneez)
TheShoshonesareanAmericanIndianpeoplelivinginthenorthernRockyMountains.TheLEWISANDCLARKEXPEDITIONpassedthroughShoshonelandsonitsway
acrossthemountainstothePacificOcean.
shotheardroundtheworld,the
Thephrase"theshotheardroundtheworld"referstothefirstshotfiredintheREVOLUTIONARYWARatLexingtonandConcord,Massachusetts.Thewordscomefrom
apoembyRALPHWALDOEMERSONcommemoratingtheevent.
Sioux(SOOH)
TheSiouxareanAmericanIndianpeopleontheGreatPlainsoftheAmericanMidwest.Theyfoughtmanybattlesagainstthewhitesettlersandgovernmenttroops
untiltheywerefinallydefeatedandmovedtoRESERVATIONSinthelate1800s.TheSiouxwerethepeoplewhofoughtagainstLieutenantColonelGeorgeA.Custerat
CUSTER'SLASTSTAND.TwofamousSiouxchiefswereSITTINGBULLandCRAZYHORSE.
Imagenotavailable.
Slavery.
Thescarsfromawhipping.

slavery
Slaveryisasysteminwhichhumanbeingsaretreatedaspersonalpropertyandforcedtoworkwithoutpay.IntheUnitedStates,slaverywasabolishedaftertheCIVIL
WAR.SeealsoEMANCIPATIONPROCLAMATION.
Smith,CaptainJohn
CaptainJohnSmithwasanEnglishsoldierandexplorerwhohelpedtofoundthesettlementatJAMESTOWN,Virginia,intheearly1600s.SeealsoPOCAHONTAS.
Stanton,ElizabethCady
ElizabethCadyStantonwasareformerofthe1800sandearly1900s.Shehelpedorganizethefirstwomen'srightsconventioninSenecaFalls,NewYork,in1848.
Asawriter,lecturer,andorganizer,ElizabethCadyStantonworkedtirelesslyforlegalandpoliticalequalityforwomen.
StarsandStripes
TheStarsandStripesisanicknamefortheofficialflagoftheUnitedStates.Thedesignofwhitestarsonabluefield(onestarforeachstate)andthirteenalternating
redandwhitestripes(forthethirteenoriginalcolonies)wasadoptedduringtheREVOLUTIONARYWAR.
T
thirteencolonies
BeforetheREVOLUTIONARYWAR,theEnglishspeakingpeopleontheeastcoastofNorthAmericawereorganized

Page99

Imagenotavailable.
HarrietTubman.
HarrietTubman(farleft)withformerslaves.

intothirteencoloniesgovernedbyEngland.OnJuly4,1776,theybecametheoriginalUnitedStatesofAmerica.TheywereConnecticut,Delaware,Georgia,
Maryland,Massachusetts,NewHampshire,NewJersey,NewYork,NorthCarolina,Pennsylvania,RhodeIsland,SouthCarolina,andVirginia.
totempole
AtotempoleisalargewoodenpolemadebytheIndiansofthePacificNorthwestthatoftenhastheheadsofanimals,gods,andpeoplecarvedonit.Thesecarvings
expressafamily'skinshipwithnonhumancreatures.
TrailofTears
TheTrailofTearsistheroutealongwhichtheCHEROKEESwereforcedtomovefromtheirtraditionalhomelandsintheSoutheasttonewlandswestoftheMississippi
River.Thoseonthemarchsufferedgreatlyfromsicknessandhunger,andmanydiedalongtheway.
transcontinentalrailroad
ThetranscontinentalrailroadconnectedtheeasternpartoftheUnitedStateswiththePacificOcean.Constructionbeganin1865inNebraskaandCalifornia,andafter
yearsofhardlaborthetwolinesmetinUtahin1869.
Truth,Sojourner
SojournerTruthwasanescapedslavewhobecamefamousasaspokeswomanagainstslaveryduringthemid1800s.SeealsoABOLITION.
Tubman,Harriet
HarrietTubman,anabolitionistofthe1800s,wasanescapedslavewhohelpedhundredsofotherslavesgaintheirfreedomthroughtheUNDERGROUNDRAILROAD.
DuringtheCIVILWAR,sheservedintheUNIONarmy.SeealsoABOLITION.

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Imagenotavailable.
GeorgeWashington.
EmanuelLeutze'spaintingWashingtonCrossingtheDelaware.

Turner,Nat
NatTurnerwasaslaveintheearly1800swholedaslaverevoltinVirginia.Later,hewascapturedandhanged.
U
UncleTom
UncleTomisacharacterinafamousnovelwrittenbyHarrietBeecherStowebeforetheCIVILWAR,UNCLETOM'SCABIN,whichexposedtheterribleconditionsof
SLAVERY.UncleTomwasakindandreligiousslavewholivedunderacruelmaster.AblackpersonwhoacceptswhitedominationissometimescalledanUncleTom.
UndergroundRailroad
TheUndergroundRailroadwasanetworkofhousesandotherbuildingsusedtohelpslavesescapetofreedomintheNorthernstatesorCanada.Itoperatedfor
manyyearsbeforeandduringtheCIVILWAR.SeealsoABOLITIONSLAVERYTUBMAN,HARRIET.
Union
TheUnionwasthegroupofNorthernstatesthatfoughtagainsttheSouthernstates(theCONFEDERACY)intheCIVILWAR."TheUnion"isalsousedinageneralsenseto
refertotheentireUnitedStates.
V
ValleyForge
GEORGEWASHINGTONandtheAmericanarmycampedatValleyForge,Pennsylvania,nearPhiladelphia,duringonewinterearlyintheREVOLUTIONARYWAR.Itwasa
harshseason,andtherewasnotenoughfoodorclothing.Manyofthemendeserted,butWashingtoninspiredtheremainingsoldierstocontinuethefightandshaped
themintoaskilledarmy.
W
Warof1812
TheWarof1812wasfoughtbetweenBritainandtheUnitedStates.Duringthewar,theBritishattackedWashington,D.C.,andburnedtheWhiteHouseandthe
Capitol.
Washington,George
GeorgeWashington,theleaderoftheAmericanarmiesduringtheREVOLUTIONARYWAR,becamethefirstpresidentoftheUnitedStates.Oneofthemosthonoredmen
inAmericanhistory,heiscalled

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theFATHEROFHISCOUNTRY.Thenation'scapital,WASHINGTON,D.C.,isnamedafterhim,andhispictureisontheonedollarbill.SeealsoFOUNDINGFATHERSVALLEY
FORGE.
Williams,Roger
RogerWilliamswasaPURITANreligiousleaderwhowasbanishedfromMassachusettsforhisreligiousbeliefs.HefoundedthecolonyofRhodeIslandasaplaceof
religioustoleration.
Y
Yorktown,Battleof
TheBattleofYorktownwasthelastbattleoftheREVOLUTIONARYWAR.Itwasfoughtin1781atYorktownonthecoastofVirginia.TheretheBritishgeneralCHARLES
CORNWALLISsurrenderedhisarmytoGeneralGEORGEWASHINGTON.

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UnitedStatesHistorysince1865
ThissectioncoverstheperiodofUnitedStateshistoryaftertheCivilWar,whentheUnitedStates,andtheworldingeneral,changedfasterthanduringanyothertime
inhumanhistory.DuringthisperiodtheUnitedStatesfoughtinfivewarsandbecameaworldpower.AmericansofAfricanancestrystruggledagainstracialprejudice
tosecuretheircivilrights,whichwerenotfullyrecognizeduntilthe1960s,onehundredyearsaftertheCivilWarbroughtslaverytoanend.Americansinventedthe
telephone,phonograph,tractor,andhandheldcamera,flewthefirstairplane,andputamanonthemoon.Thissectionofthedictionarylistsleadersandimportant
events.ItalsolistsoutlawsandmarshalsoftheWildWest,Indianchiefs,inventors,athletes,entertainers,andastronautsproofofhowmuchAmericanculturehas
changed.
A
Addams,Jane
JaneAddamswasareformerofthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies.ShefoundedaSETTLEMENTHOUSE,HullHouse,inChicago,andshealsoworkedfor
peaceandforwomen'srights.
Ali,Muhammad(MOOhamidalEE)
MuhammadAliwasaheavyweightboxingchampionduringthe1960sand1970sknownforhiscleverfightingstyle.Heoftenboasted,''Iamthegreatest,"and
proveditinthering.
Imagenotavailable.
SusanB.Anthony

Anthony,SusanB.
SusanB.Anthonywasareformerofthe1800sandearly1900sandanadvocateofwomen'srighttovote.BeforetheCIVILWAR,shewasanABOLITIONIST.
Armstrong,Neil
In1969,NeilArmstrongbecamethefirstmantowalkonthemoon.As

Page103

hesteppedfromthespacecraftontothemoon'ssurface,hesaid,"That'sonesmallstepforaman,onegiantleapformankind."
Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou
Inhisinauguraladdress,PresidentJOHNF.KENNEDYtoldAmericans,"Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyouaskwhatyoucandoforyourcountry."
atomicbomb
Anatomicbombisanextremelypowerfulexplosiveweapon.AtthestartofWORLDWARIIAmericanscientistsbeganworkinginsecrettodevelopsuchabomb.To
endthewar,PresidentHARRYS.TRUMANorderedanatomicbomb,orAbomb,droppedonHIROSHIMA,Japan,onAugust6,1945.Asecondbombwasdroppedon
NAGASAKI,Japan,onAugust9,andJapansurrenderedshortlyafter,onAugust14.SeealsoMANHATTANPROJECT.
B
Barnum,P.T.
P.T.Barnumwasashowmanofthe1800s.HestartedtheBarnumandBaileyCircusandwasaskillfuladvertiserandpromoterwhoclaimed,"There'sasuckerborn
everyminute."
Bell,AlexanderGraham
AlexanderGrahamBellinventedthetelephoneinthelate1800s.
BillytheKid
BillytheKidwasanoutlaw,akiller,andacattlethiefwholivedinNewMexicointheWILDWESTofthe1870sand1880s.HisrealnamewasWilliamBonney.
BlackPower
BlackPowerwasamovementthatgrewoutoftheCIVILRIGHTSMOVEMENTinthe1960s.ItcalledforpoliticalandeconomicempowermentofblackAmericansand
emphasizedprideinblackculture.
Bloomer,Amelia
AmeliaBloomerwasareformerandwomen'srightsadvocateofthenineteenthcentury.Sheworeashortskirtandlongloosetrousersgatheredattheankles.These
trouserscametobecalled"bloomers."
boycott
Aboycottisarefusaltocommunicateorcarryontrade,usuallyasaformofprotest.FromDecember1955toDecember1956,blacksinMontgomery,Alabama,
boycottedthecity'spublicbusesinordertoprotestagainstSEGREGATIONlaws.SeealsoMONTGOMERYBUSBOYCOTT.
BrownversusBoardofEducation
BrownversusBoardofEducationofTopeka,Kansas,isafamousandveryimportantcasethatwasdecidedbytheSUPREMECOURTin1954.Thecaseconcerned
SEGREGATION,ortheseparationofblackchildrenandwhitechildrenintodifferentpublicschools.TheCourtruledthatsegregationinschoolswasnotallowedbythe
CONSTITUTION.THURGOODMARSHALLledthelegalteamthatwonthiscase.
BuffaloBill
BuffaloBillwasabuffalohunter,Indianfighter,andscoutinthewesternUnitedStatesinthe1860sand1870s.Helaterbecameacircusperformerknownforhis
shootingskill.HisrealnamewasWilliamCody.
Bush,George
GeorgeBushbecamepresidentoftheUnitedStatesin1988,afterservingasvicepresidentunderRonaldReagan.BorninMassachusetts,BushwasaTexasoilman
beforeturningtopolitics.HispositionsincludeddirectoroftheC.I.A.,U.S.representativetothePeople'sRepublicofChina,U.S.ambassadortotheUnitedNations,
andmemberoftheHouseofRepresentatives.
C
Carnegie,Andrew
AndrewCarnegiewasawealthyindustrialistwhosesteelcompanybecameoneofthelargestintheworld.Heusedhisenormouswealthtobenefithumanityby
buildinglibrariesandsupportinguniversitiesandthearts.
carpetbagger
CarpetbaggerswereNorthernerswhowenttotheSouthaftertheCIVILWARtomakemoney.ResentfulSouthernerscalled

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Imagenotavailable.
Civilrightsmovement.
CivilrightssupportersmarchingfromSelma,Alabama,
tothestatecapitalinMontgomeryin1965.

themcarpetbaggersbecausetheycarriedtheirbelongingsinsuitcasesmadeofcarpeting.
Carter,Jimmy
Presidentfrom1977to1981,JimmyCarterhadbeenanavalofficerandpeanutfarmerbeforehebecamegovernorofGeorgiaandthenranforthepresidency.
Carver,GeorgeWashington
GeorgeWashingtonCarver,thechildofslaves,wasascientistandagriculturalresearcherofthelate1800sandearly1900s.Heimprovedfarmingmethodsinthe
Southanddiscoveredmanyusesforpeanuts,whichincreasedthedemandforthisimportantsoutherncrop.
Chaplin,Charlie
CharlieChaplinwasacomedianandmoviestaroftheearly1900s.HismostfamouscharacterwastheLittleTramp,amanwithasmallmustachewhoworeabowler
hat,fancygloves,araggedsuit,andshoesthatweretoobig.
Chavez,Cesar
CesarChavezwasanAmericanbornlaborleaderwhoorganizedmigrantfarmworkersinthe1960sand1970s.Heworkedtirelesslyformanyyearstoraisethe
salariesandimproveworkingconditionsforfarmworkers.
ChiefJoseph
ChiefJosephwasaleaderofanAmericanIndianpeopleofthenorthwestUnitedStates.Whenwhitesettlersmadelifedifficultforhispeople,ChiefJosephledthem
onalongmarchinhopesofreachingsafetyinCanada,buthesurrenderedtotheUnitedStatesArmybeforehecouldgetthere.ChiefJosephisrememberedforthe
movingspeechhegavewhenhesurrendered.
CivilRightsActof1964
TheCivilRightsActof1964wasalawthatmaderacialdiscriminationandpublicsegregationillegal.Thepassingofthislawwasanimportantvictoryforthecivil
rightsmovement.
civilrightsmovement
Thecivilrightsmovementwasanationaleffort,especiallyduringthe1950sand1960s,toachieveequal

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Imagenotavailable.
BillClinton.
ThepresidentialinaugurationofJanuary1992.

rightsforblacks.CivilrightsworkersusedNONVIOLENCEasamethodtoprotestagainstSEGREGATION.Oneoftheprincipalleadersofthecivilrightsmovementwasthe
ReverendMARTINLUTHERKING,JR.
Clinton,WilliamJefferson
BillClintonisapoliticalleaderofthelatetwentiethcenturywhowasgovernorofArkansasandthefortysecondpresident.
ColdWar
TheColdWarreferstothetensionbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionbetweenWORLDWARIIandthelate1980s.Aftertheendofthe"hot"waragainst
Germany,theSovietUnionkeptcontrolofEastGermanyandmuchofEasternEurope,andtheUnitedStatesbecametheleaderofthefreecountriesofWestern
Europe.Theresultingdisputes,whichdidnotleadtoopenwarfarebetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion,wereconsideredtobea"cold"conflict.
CrazyHorse
CrazyHorsewasaSiouxchiefwhojoinedSITTINGBULLindefeatingtheUnitedStatesArmyintheBattleoftheLittleBighorn,alsoknownasCUSTER'SLASTSTAND.
Cubanmissilecrisis
TheCubanmissilecrisiswasaconfrontationbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSOVIETUNIONthatoccurredin1962duringtheCOLDWAR.TheleaderoftheSoviet
Union,NikitaKhrushchev,hadplacedmissilesinCubathatcouldbeusedtoattacktheUnitedStates.PresidentJohnF.KennedysetupanavalblockadeofCuba
andinsistedthatKhrushchevremovethemissiles,whichhedid.
Custer'sLastStand
Custer'sLastStandisthenicknameoftheBattleoftheLittleBighorn,whichwasfoughtintheDakotaTerritoryinthelate1800s.WhenUnitedStatestroopsledby
LieutenantColonelGeorgeCusterwereattackedbytheSIOUX,Custerandallhismenwerekilled.SeealsoCRAZYHORSESITTINGBULL.
D
DDay
DDaywasJune6,1944,thedaythatBritishandAmericantroopsinvadedGermanoccupiedFranceduringWORLDWARII.TheforceswereledbytheAmerican
generalDWIGHTD.EISENHOWER.SeealsoWORLDWARII.
Depression
SeeGREATDEPRESSION.
Disney,Walt
WaltDisney,whocreatedthecartooncharactersMickeyMouseandDonaldDuck,wasthefirstpersontomakefulllengthanimatedcartoons,earlyinthe1900s.
Disneyland,inCalifornia,andWaltDisneyWorldandEPCOTCenter,inFlorida,areamusementparksbasedonhisideas.
DuBois,W.E.B.(doohBOYS)
W.E.B.DuBoiswasablackauthorandteacherofthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies.HehelpedfoundtheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancement
ofColoredPeople(NAACP).
E
Earhart,Amelia(AIRhahrt)
AmeliaEarhartisafamousaviatoroftheearlytwentiethcentury.Earhartwasthefirstwomantopilotan

Page106

Imagenotavailable.
AmeliaEarhart.
Beforethe1937flightaroundtheworldfromwhichshedidnotreturn.

airplaneacrosstheAtlanticOcean.ShedisappearedinaflightoverthePacificin1937.
Earp,Wyatt(URP)
WyattEarpwasaUnitedStatesmarshalandagunfighterintheWILDWEST.
Imagenotavailable.
ThomasA.Edison.
Seatedbesidehistinfoilphonograph.

Edison,ThomasA.
ThomasA.Edisonwasaninventorofthelate1800sandearly1900swhoperfectedtheelectriclightbulbandthephonograph,anearlyformoftherecordplayer.
Eisenhower,DwightD.(EYEzuhnhowuhr)
DwightD.Eisenhower,nicknamed"Ike,"wasanAmericangeneralandthecommanderoftheAlliedforcesinEuropeinWORLDWARII.Hewasthepresidentofthe
UnitedStatesfrom1953to1961.
EllisIsland
EllisIslandisasmallislandinNewYorkHarbor,neartheSTATUEOFLIBERTY.Intheearly1900s,peoplemovingtotheUnitedStatesfromothercountrieshadtostop
firstatEllisIslandtoregisterbeforetheycouldenterthecountry.

Page107

F
FDR

SeeROOSEVELT,FRANKLIND.
FreedomRiders
TheFreedomRiderswerepeople,bothblackandwhite,whotraveledthroughthesouthernstatesinthe1960stoprotestagainstSEGREGATIONandracialinjustice.
TheywereanimportantpartoftheCIVILRIGHTSMOVEMENT.
Friedan,Betty(friDAN)
BettyFriedanisatwentiethcenturyauthorwhohasworkedforwomen'srights.HerbookTheFeminineMystiquehelpedrevivetheWOMEN'SMOVEMENTinthe1960s.
G
Garvey,Marcus
MarcusGarveywasablackJamaicanbornleaderofthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturieswhoadvocatedblackselfhelpandseparationoftheraces.He
encouragedblacksintheUnitedStatesandtheCaribbeantoreturntoAfrica.
Geronimo(juhRONuhmoh)
GeronimowasanAPACHEleaderwhowasoneofthelastIndianwarriorstofightagainstwhites.
Glenn,John
In1962,JohnGlennwasthefirstAmericanastronauttoorbittheearth.

JohnGlenn

GreatDepression
TheGreatDepressionwastheworsteconomicperiodinAmericanhistoryandbeganwhenthestockmarketcollapsed,orcrashed,in1929.Businesses,banks,and
factorieshadtoclose,leavingmanypeopleunemployed.TheDepressionlastedfornearlytenyears.

GreatDepression.
Menstandinginlineforafreemealfromasoupkitchen.

Page108

GreatSociety
Inthe1960s,PresidentLYNDONJOHNSONchallengedthefederalgovernmenttocreatea"greatsociety"inAmericabyestablishingprogramsforimprovingsocialjustice
andthequalityoflifeintheUnitedStates.SomeGreatSocietygoalsincludedensuringcleanairandwater,increasingeducationalopportunities,anddecreasing
povertyanddisease.
H
Hickok,WildBill
James"WildBill"HickokwasaUnitedStatesmarshalintheWILDWESTwhowasfamousforhisgunfightswithoutlaws.
Hoover,J.Edgar
J.EdgarHooverwastheheadoftheFEDERALBUREAUOFINVESTIGATION(FBI)fromthe1920stotheearly1970s.
I
Ihaveadream
ThesewordsarefromaspeechgivenbytheReverendMARTINLUTHERKING,JR.,attheMARCHONWASHINGTONduringthestruggleforcivilrightsinthe1960s.The
speechdescribedhisdream,whichwastoseepeaceandequalityamongblacksandwhites.SeealsoCIVILRIGHTSMOVEMENT.
integration
Integrationistheactofbringingpeople,especiallyofdifferentraces,togetherinschools,neighborhoods,andpublicplacessuchasrestaurantsandbusstationsthat
wereoncesegregated.TheintegrationofblacksandwhiteswasoneofthegoalsoftheCIVILRIGHTSMOVEMENT.CompareSEGREGATION.
IwoJima(EEwuhJEEmuh)
IwoJimaisanislandinthePACIFICOCEAN.ItwastakenfromtheJapanesebyUnitedStatesMarinesneartheendofWORLDWARIIafterabattleinwhichmanylives
werelost.ThebattlehasbeenimmortalizedbyafamousphotographandasculpturebasedonthephotographofhalfadozenMarinesraisingtheAmericanflagon
IwoJima.
J
James,Jesse
JesseJameswastheleaderofagangofoutlawsintheWILDWEST.Thegangbecamelegendaryforitsdaringrobberiesofbanksandtrains.
JFK
SeeKENNEDY,JOHNF.
JimCrowlaws
JimCrowlawswereenactedinthelate1800sinthesouthernstatestolegalizeseparationoftheraces.Thelawsbarredblackpeoplefrommanypublicplaces.These
lawswerenotabolisheduntilthemiddleofthetwentiethcentury.
Johnson,Andrew
AndrewJohnsonwasapoliticalleaderofthenineteenthcentury.Hewaselectedvicepresidentin1864andbecamepresidentwhenABRAHAMLINCOLNwas
assassinatedthefollowingyear.AndrewJohnsonistheonlypresidenttohavebeenimpeached.TheHOUSEOFREPRESENTATIVESchargedhimwithillegallydismissinga
governmentofficial.TheSENATEtriedhim,andhemissedbeingconvictedbyasinglevote.SeealsoIMPEACHMENTunder"PoliticsandEconomics."
Johnson,LyndonB.
LyndonB.JohnsonbecamepresidentoftheUnitedStatesin1963,afterJOHNF.KENNEDYwasassassinated,andserveduntil1969.HestartedtheWARONPOVERTY
andincreasedAmericanparticipationintheVIETNAMWAR.
K
Keller,Helen
HelenKeller,whowasblindanddeafasachild,learnedtoreadandwriteandusesignlanguage.Shegraduatedfromcollegeintheearly1900sandinspiredmany
peoplebyovercomingherhandicaps.TheplayandthemovieTheMiracleWorkerareaboutHelenKellerandthewomanwhotaughthersignlanguage.
Kennedy,JohnF.
JohnF.Kennedy,alsoknownasJFK,wasthepresidentoftheUnitedStatesforonlytwoyears.Heisrememberedforhisyouth,goodlooks,andimpressive
speakingstyle.HewasthefirstRomanCatholicpresidentandtheyoungestmaneverelectedtothatoffice.Heencouragedthedevelopmentofthe

Page109

Imagenotavailable.
JohnF.Kennedy

spaceprogramandpromisedthatonedayanAmericanwouldwalkonthemoon.Kennedywasassassinatedin1963inDallas,Texas.SeealsoASKNOTWHATYOUR
COUNTRYCANDOFORYOU.
Imagenotavailable.
MartinLutherKing,Jr.
Deliveringhis"Ihaveadream"speechin
Washington,D.C.,onAugust28,1963.

King,MartinLuther,Jr.
MartinLutherKing,Jr.,wasaclergymanwholedtheCIVILRIGHTSMOVEMENTintheSouthinthe1960s.HeorganizedmarchestoprotestSEGREGATIONandracialinjustice
anddeliveredoneofthemostpowerfulspeechesinAmericanhistory,inwhichhetoldthenation,"IHAVEADREAM"ofpeaceandracialequality.Heurgedhisfollowers
tousenonviolentmeans,knownas"passiveresistance,"tocallattentiontothewrongssufferedbyblacks.Duringvariousprotestactivities,civilrightsworkerswere
oftenattackedbythepoliceorangrywhites,butthecivilrightsworkersdidnotfightback.Theircourageeventuallywonsupportfortheircausefrommanypeople.
KoreanWar(kuhREEuhn)
TheKoreanWarwasfoughtbetweenNorthKoreaandSouthKoreaintheearly1950s.NorthKoreawassupportedbytheSovietUnionandthePeople'sRepublic
ofChina.SouthKoreawassupportedbytheUnitedNations,butmostofthetroopswereUnitedStatessoldiers.Atruce,orendtothefighting,wasdeclared,but
thereisstillgreattensionbetweenthetwoKoreas.
KuKluxKlan
TheKuKluxKlanwasagroupofwhitepeopleintheSouthwhocommittedactsofterrorandviolenceagainstblacksaftertheCIVILWAR.Theyworewhitesheets
andwhite,pointedhoodstodisguisethemselvesandfrightentheirvictims.OtherracistgroupscallingthemselvestheKuKluxKlanwereformedinthe1920s.Inthe
1960s,similargroupsopposedtheCIVILRIGHTSMOVEMENT.
L
LaborDay
LaborDayisanAmericanholidayhonoringworkersandiscelebratedonthefirstMondayinSeptember.

Page110

Lindbergh,Charles(LINDburg)
CharlesLindberghwasafamousaviatorofthetwentiethcentury.In1927heflewalonefromLONGISLANDtoPARISacrosstheATLANTICOCEAN,travelingnonstopinhis
plane,THESPIRITOFST.LOUIS.HiswasthefirstnonstopflightacrosstheAtlantic.
M
MalcolmX
MalcolmXwasablackpoliticalleaderofthetwentiethcentury.HeconvertedtoIslamwhilehewasinprisonandwentontobecomeaMoslemministeranda
powerfulspeakeronthesubjectofBLACKPOWER.Hewasassassinatedin1965whilegivingaspeech.
ManhattanProject
TheManhattanProjectwasthecodenameforthedevelopmentoftheATOMICBOMBintheUnitedStatesduringWORLDWARII.Theprojectwascarriedoutwithgreat
secrecy.AfteratestexplosioninJuly1945,theUnitedStatesdroppedatomicbombsontheJapanesecitiesofHIROSHIMAandNAGASAKI.
MarchonWashington
InAugust1963blackleaders,includingA.PHILIPRANDOLPH,organizedaMarchonWASHINGTON,D.C.,inordertogathersupportfortheCIVILRIGHTSAC T.Themarch
wasanenormoussuccess.Morethanaquarterofamillionpeopleattended.AddressingthemarchersfromthestepsoftheLincolnMemorial,theReverendMARTIN
LUTHERKING,JR.,gavehisfamous"IHAVEADREAM"speech.
Marshall,Thurgood
In1967ThurgoodMarshallbecamethefirstblackjudgeappointedtotheSUPREMECOURT.AsalawyerbeforehisappointmenttotheCourt,hehadarguedbeforethe
CourtagainstSEGREGATIONinthecaseofBROWNVERSUSBOARDOFEDUCATION.AsaSupremeCourtjusticehewasknownforhisLIBERALrecordandforadvocatingthe
rightsofwomenandminorities.
MarshallPlan
TheMarshallPlan,alsocalledtheEuropeanRecoveryProgram,wasaprograminwhichtheUnitedStatesmadedonationstocountriesinEuropetohelprebuildtheir
ruinedeconomiesafterWORLDWARII.Theplan,whichwasagreatsuccess,wasnamedafterGeneralGeorgeC.Marshall,whowassecretaryofstatewhenhe
proposedtheplanin1947.
MemorialDay
MemorialDayistheholidayobservedonthelastMondayinMayinhonorofAmericansoldierskilledinwartime.
Montgomerybusboycott
InDecember1955,blacksinMontgomery,Alabama,organizedaBOYCOTTofpublicbusesinordertoprotestthecity'sSEGREGATIONlaws.Theboycottwassparked
whenROSAPARKSrefusedtogiveupherseatonacitybustoawhiteman.Theboycottendedayearlaterwhenpublictransportationwasdesegregated.
Mott,Lucretia
LucretiaMottwasanabolitionistandreformer.WithELIZABETHCADYSTANTON,sheorganizedthefirstconventionforwomen'srights,heldatSenecaFalls,NewYork,
in1848.SeealsoSENECAFALLSCONVENTION.
N
Nixion,Richard
RichardNixonwasthepresidentoftheUnitedStatesfrom1969to1974.Hewaselectedtoasecondtermbyalargemargin,butbecauseoftheWATERGATEscandal
hebecamethefirstpresidentevertoresignfromoffice.
nonviolence
Nonviolence,ornonviolentresistance,isamethodofprotestthatwasusedbymembersoftheCIVILRIGHTSMOVEMENTinthe1950sand1960s.Toprotestagainst
SEGREGATIONinpublicareassuchasbusesandrestaurants,blackswouldsitinplacesmeantforwhites,andwhiteswouldsitinplacesmeantforblacks.Evenwhenthey
weretauntedorbeatenbypeoplewhowantedtomaintainsegregation,theprotesterswouldnotfightback.Someofthemwereseriouslyinjuredinthese
demonstrations,buttheirmethodssucceeded

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Imagenotavailable.
PearlHarbor.
WreckageofthesuperdreadnoughtU.S.S.
ArizonainPearlHarbor.

ingainingsympathyforthecivilrightsmovement.Nonviolentmethodsofprotesthavealsobeenusedtofurtherotherpoliticalandsocialcauses.
O
Oakley,Annie
AnnieOakleywasatheatricalperformerandsharpshooterofthelatenineteenthandearlytwentiethcenturies.ShestarredwithBUFFALOBILLinhisWildWestShow.
onlythingwehavetofearisfearitself,the
ThesewordswerespokenbyPresidentFRANKLIND.ROOSEVELTduringtheGREATDEPRESSION.HewastryingtoencourageAmericansnottopanicduringthistrying
economiccrisis.
P
Parks,Rosa
RosaParksisacivilrightsactivist.HerrefusalinDecember1955togiveupherseatonabustoawhitemaninMontgomery,Alabama,ledtotheMONTGOMERYBUS
BOYCOTT.
PearlHarbor
PearlHarborisalargeAmericannavalbaseinHawaii.EarlyinWORLDWARII,onDecember7,1941,Japaneseplanesmadeasurpriseattackonthebase,killing
manypeopleanddestroyingshipsandplanes.PresidentFRANKLIND.ROOSEVELTcalledthedayoftheattack"adaywhichwillliveininfamy"anddeclaredthatthe
UnitedStateswasatwarwithJapan.

Prohibition.
Afederalagentsmashesbeerbarrels.

Prohibition(prohuhBISHuhn)
Prohibitionisthecommonnameforthelawpassedinthe1920stoprevent,orprohibit,alcoholicdrinkssuchasbeer,wine,andliquorfrombeingmadeorsold.
Becausealcoholicdrinksweremadeandsoldwidelydespitethelaw,Prohibitionwashardtoenforce.Asaresult,thelawwasrepealedinthe1930s,makingalcohol
legalagain.
R
Randolph,A.Philip
A.PhilipRandolphwasablacklaborandcivilrightsleaderofthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies.HeorganizedaLABORUNIONin1925forblackportersontrains
anddirectedthe1963MARCHONWASHINGTON.
Reagan,Ronald
RonaldReagan,aformermovieactorandgovernorofCalifornia,was

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thepresidentoftheUnitedStatesfrom1981to1989.
Reconstruction
ReconstructionisthenameforthetenyearsaftertheCIVILWAR,whenthedefeatedSouthernstateswerereorganizedandadmittedbackintotheUNION.
RoaringTwenties
TheRoaringTwentiesreferstotheperiodfrom1921untilthebeginningoftheGREATDEPRESSIONin1929.ThesametimeperiodissometimesreferredtoastheJazz
Age.ManypeopleignoredPROHIBITION,adoptednewstylesofdressinganddancing,andrejectedmanytraditionalmoralstandards.
Robinson,Jackie
JackieRobinsonwasthefirstblackmantoplaymajorleaguebaseballinthetwentiethcentury.BeforehejoinedtheBrooklynDodgers,nomajorleagueteamsince
thelate1800shadhiredblackplayers.Robinsoncametorepresentthestruggleofblackstoachievesocialequalitywithwhites.Whenhisbaseballcareerended,he
becameabusinessmanandaspokesmanfortheCIVILRIGHTSMOVEMENT.
Roosevelt,Eleanor(ROHzuhvelt)
EleanorRoosevelt,thewifeofPresidentFRANKLIND.ROOSEVELT,wasahumanitarian,socialreformer,politicalactivist,andwriter.
Imagenotavailable.
FranklinD.Roosevelt

Roosevelt,FranklinD.(ROHzuhvelt)
FranklinDelanoRoosevelt,alsoknownasFDR,wasthepresidentoftheUnitedStatesduringtheGREATDEPRESSIONandWORLDWARII.Hissocialandeconomic
policieshelpedtoendtheDepression.Acalmandencouragingleader,heoftenspoketotheAmericanpeopleovertheradioinwhatbecameknownasfiresidechats.
Hewastheonlypresidenttobeelectedtofourtermsofoffice.SeealsoWORLDWARII.
Roosevelt,TheodoreR.(ROHzuhvelt)
TheodoreRooseveltwasthepresidentoftheUnitedStatesintheearly1900s.Hewassicklyasachildbutovercamehisailmentstobecomearobustandphysically
activerancher,biggamehunter,andoutdoorsman.DuringtheSPANISHAMERICANWAR,heledatroopofvolunteercavalrysoldierscalledtheRoughRiders.As
president,heconductedanaggressiveforeignpolicy,particularlyinLatinAmerica.Hesummeduphispolicybysaying,''Speaksoftly,andcarryabigstick."
Ruth,Babe
GeorgeHerman"Babe"RuthwasabaseballplayerfortheNewYorkYankeesinthe1920sand1930s.Hewasthefirstgreathomerunhitterandisconsideredby
manyfanstobethegreatestplayerofalltime.
S
segregation
Segregationisthepracticeofkeepingpeopleseparated,especiallyonthebasisofrace.Asegregatedschoolisaschoolthatadmitsstudentsofonlyonerace.A
segregatedneighborhoodisonewherepeopleofonlyoneracelive.SegregationisillegalintheUnitedStates.CompareINTEGRATION.
settlementhouse
SettlementhousesweresocialandculturalcentersestablishedbyreformersinslumareasofAmericancitiesduringthe1890sandtheearly1900s.Afamous

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settlementhouse,HullHouse,wasfoundedinCHICAGObyJANEADDAMSin1889.
sitin
Asitinisaformofnonviolentprotestthatwasusedinthe1960sintheCIVILRIGHTSMOVEMENTandlaterinthemovementagainsttheVIETNAMWAR.Inasitin,
demonstratorsoccupyaplaceopentothepublic,suchasaraciallysegregatedlunchcounterorbusstation,andthenrefusetoleave.Peoplewhoparticipateinasitin
areusuallyarrested,whichbringsattentiontotheircause.SeealsoSEGREGATION.
Imagenotavailable.
SittingBull

SittingBull
SittingBullwastheSiouxchiefofthelate1800swholedhiswarriorsattheBattleoftheLittleBighorn,alsoknownasCUSTER'SLASTSTAND.
SpanishAmericanWar
TheSpanishAmericanWarwasabriefwarbetweenSpainandtheUnitedStatesthatwasfoughtinCubaandinthePhilippinesattheendofthe1800s.The
AmericanvictorygavetheUnitedStatescontroloverPuertoRico,Guam,Hawaii,andthePhilippines.
SpiritofSt.Louis,The
TheSpiritofSt.LouisisthenameoftheplanethatCHARLESLINDBERGHflewfromLONGISLANDtoPARISin1927.ItwasthefirstsolononstopflightacrosstheATLANTIC
OCEAN.
Steinem,Gloria
GloriaSteinemisatwentiethcenturywriterandactivistwhohasworkedforwomen'srights.ShewasthefoundingeditorofMs.,afeministmagazine.Shealsohelped
foundseveralgroupsthatfightdiscriminationagainstwomen.
T
Thorpe,Jim
JimThorpe,anathleteintheearly1900s,isconsideredoneofthefinestallaroundathletesofalltime.AnAmericanIndianbyancestry,heplayedcollegeand
professionalfootball,professionalbaseball,andwonanumberofOlympiceventsintrackandfield.
Truman,HarryS.
HarryS.TrumanbecamethepresidentoftheUnitedStateswhenFRANKLIND.ROOSEVELTdiedattheendofWORLDWARII,andserveduntil1953.PresidentTruman
madethedecisiontodropATOMICBOMBSontheJapanesecitiesofHIROSHIMAandNAGASAKIin1945.AfterWorldWarII,hesupportedprogramstoaidEuropeanand
Japaneserecovery.
V
VietnamWar(veeetNAHM)
TheVietnamWarwasfoughtinSoutheastAsiabetweenSouthVietnamandcommunistNorthVietnaminthe1960sand1970s.TheUnitedStatesbecameseriously
involvedinthewarintheearly1960s,hopingtopreventcommunistsfromtakingoverSoutheastAsia.Fromthebeginning,someAmericansobjectedtoUnitedStates
participationinthewar,andantiwar

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sentimentgrewstrongerandmorewidespreadduringthe1960s.ConflictsintheUnitedStatesbetweensupportersandprotestersofthewarbecameextremelybitter
andsometimesviolent.ThewarendedwhenNorthVietnamconqueredSouthVietnamin1975.
VotingRightsActof1965
TheVotingRightsActof1965wasalawthatwaspassedduringtheCIVILRIGHTSMOVEMENT.Itspurposewastoeliminatevariousdevices,suchasliteracytests,that
hadtraditionallybeenusedtorestrictvotingbyblackpeople.Itauthorizedtheenrollmentofvotersbyfederalregistrarsinstateswherefewerthan50percentofthe
eligiblevoterswereregisteredorvoted.AllsuchstateswereintheSouth.
W
WaronPoverty
TheWaronPovertyisthenamegiventothesocialandeconomicprogramsofthe1960s,startedbyPresidentLYNDONB.JOHNSON,thatweredesignedtoendpoverty
intheUnitedStates.
Washington,BookerT.
BookerT.Washingtonwasablackeducatorandleaderwhoattemptedtoimprovethesituationofblackpeopleinthe1800sandearly1900s.Hefoundedthe
TuskegeeInstitute,acollegededicatedtoeducatingblacks.
Watergate
Watergate,theworstpoliticalscandalinAmericanhistory,occurredintheearly1970sduringthereelectioncampaignofPresidentRICHARDNIXON.Itsnamecomes
fromtheWatergateHotelinWashington,D.C.,wherefivemenwerecaughtbreakingintotheheadquartersoftheDEMOCRATICPARTY.Itwaslaterdiscoveredthatthe
menwereoperatingunderordersfromhighofficialsinNixon'sadministration,andthepresidenthimselfwasfoundtobeinvolvedinanefforttocoverupthecrime.
ManypeoplebelievedthatNixonshouldbeimpeached,orformallychargedwithcommittingcrimeswhileinoffice,butheresignedfromofficebeforehecouldbe
broughttotrial.Hebecamethefirstpresidenttoresignfromthepresidency.
WildWest
TheWildWestisanamegiventothestatesandterritorieswestoftheMississippiRiverduringthelate1800s.Theoutlaws,gunfighters,sheriffs,andcowboysofthe
timearedepictedinmanymoviesandbooks.
Wilson,Woodrow
WoodrowWilsonwasthepresidentoftheUnitedStatesearlyinthe1900s,whenthecountryenteredWORLDWARI.Afterthewar,hehelpedfoundtheLeagueof
Nations,apeacekeepingorganizationthattheUnitedStatesdidnotjoin.TheleagueprovedimportantasaforerunneroftheUNITEDNATIONS.SeealsoWORLDWARI.
women'smovement
Thewomen'smovementisanefforttosecurelegal,economic,andsocialequalityforwomen.Itisalsocalledthefeministmovement.Thewomen'smovementbeganin
thenineteenthcentury,whenreformerssought,amongotherthings,tosecurepropertyrightsandvotingrightsforwomen.Theearlyleadersofthemovementincluded
SUSANB.ANTHONY,ELIZABETHCADYSTANTON,andLUCRETIAMOTT.Theywerecalledsuffragistsbecausetheyworkedforwomen'ssuffrage,therighttovote,which
wasfinallywonin1920.Themodernwomen'smovementbeganinthe1960sinanefforttosecuregreatereducationalandprofessionalopportunitiesforwomenas
wellaspoliticalandeconomicpower.LeadersofthismovementincludeBETTYFRIEDANandGLORIASTEINEM.
WorldWarI
WorldWarIbeganinEuropein1914.Germanyanditsalliesfoughtagainstothercountries,ledbyBritainandFrance.TheUnitedStatesatfirsttriedtostayneutral
thatis,ittriednottotakesides.In1917,however,theUnitedStatesenteredthewaronthesideofBritainandFrance.Thewarendedin1918whenGermany
surrendered.SeealsoWORLDWARIunder"WorldHistorySince1600."

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Imagenotavailable.
Wrightbrothers.
ThefirstflightatKittyHawk,NorthCarolina.
OrvilleisatthecontrolswhileWilburremainsontheground.

WorldWarII
WorldWarIIbeganin1939withtheGermaninvasionofPoland.TheUnitedStatesenteredthewarformallyin1941,aftertheJapaneseattackonPEARLHARBOR.
Duringthewar,Americanworkersproducedanastonishingnumberofplanes,ships,weapons,andammunitiontosupporttheAlliedforcesinEurope,ledbyBritain,
France,andtheSovietUnion.ThewaralsorequiredAmericanstoworklonghoursandconserveessentialsupplies,suchasgasoline.InEurope,Alliedtroopsunder
theAmericangeneralDWIGHTD.EISENHOWERlandedinFranceonJune6,1944,whichisknownasDDAY.DuringthenextyeartheAlliespushedthroughFrance,
liberatedParis,enteredGermany,andracedtowardBerlin.GermanysurrenderedinMay1945.ThewaragainstJapanendedwhenAmericanplanesdroppedATOMIC
BOMBSontheJapanesecitiesofHIROSHIMAandNAGASAKI.SeealsoWORLDWARIIunder"WorldHistorySince1600."
WoundedKnee
WoundedKneeisacreekinSouthDakotawherein1890soldiersoftheUnitedStatesArmy,alarmedbyarifleshot,killedsome150unarmedAmericanIndians,
includingmanywomenandchildren.TheWoundedKneemassacrewasthelastmajorconflictinthewarsbetweentheUnitedStatesgovernmentandthePLAINS
INDIANSduringthelate1800s.
Wrightbrothers
OrvilleandWilburWrightinventedtheairplanewhentheyflewthefirstmotordriven,heavierthanairflyingmachineatKittyHawk,NorthCarolina,intheearly
1900s.

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PoliticsandEconomics
Politicsconcernsthewayasocietyisorganizedandgoverned.Itpertainsbothtonationalgovernmentsandtosmallergroups,suchasstates,cities,andevenclubs
andbusinesses.Thereareanumberofdifferentpoliticalsystems,includingdemocracies,monarchies,anddictatorships.Therearealsodifferentideasabouthowa
governmentshouldoperate.HerewefocusespeciallyontheAmericanpoliticalsystem.
Economicsisthestudyofhowpeopleearnandspendmoneyandmakeandsellgoods.Aneconomicsystemisaparticularwayofproducing,distributing,and
consumingthegoodsandservicesofsocietysothatmembersofthatsocietycanprosper.Justastherearedifferentpoliticalsystems,so,too,therearedifferent
economicsystems.Twoofthemostimportantonesarecapitalismandsocialism.
A
amendment
Anamendmentisachangemadeinalaw.ThefirsttenamendmentstotheCONSTITUTIONarecalledtheBILLOFRIGHTS.
B
BillofRights
ThefirsttenamendmentstotheCONSTITUTION,calledtheBillofRights,definetherightsandfreedomsofAmericancitizensinrelationtotheirgovernment.They
concern:(1)freedomofreligion,speech,press,assembly,andpetition(2)therighttobeararms(3)therightnottoquartersoldiers(4)protectionfrom
unreasonablesearchesandseizures(5)therightsofthoseaccusedofcrimes(6)therighttoajurytrialincriminalcases(7)civilsuits(8)protectionfrom
unreasonablebailandcruelpunishment(9)otherrightsnotspecificallydiscussedintheConstitutionand(10)powersnotenumeratedintheConstitutionandkeptby
thestatesorthepeople.
budget
Abudgetisaplanforspendingmoney.ThenationalbudgetintheUnitedStatesistheyearlyplanforhowmuchmoneythegovernmentwillspendondifferent
programs.
C
capitalism
Capitalismistheeconomicsystemunderwhichmosteconomicdecisionsaremadeandownershipretainedbyindividualsratherthanthegovernment.Forinstance,an
individualownerofabusinesscandecidewhethertomakeacertainproductandhowmuchtocharge.Capitalismissometimes

Page117

calledFREEENTERPRISE.ItisoftenconsideredtheoppositeofSOCIALISM.
Capitol,the
TheCapitolisthewhite,domedbuildingonCapitolHill,inWashington,D.C.,wheretheUnitedStatesCONGRESSmeets.
checksandbalances
ChecksandbalancesareafundamentalprincipleofAmericangovernmentguaranteedbytheCONSTITUTION,whichgiveseachbranchofgovernmentsomepoweror
influenceovertheotherbranches.Checksandbalancespreventanyonebranchfromaccumulatingtoomuchpowerandencouragecooperationbetweenbranches.
Forexample,inordertoenactalaw,theCONGRESS,comprisingtheSENATEandtheHOUSEOFREPRESENTATIVES,mustvoteonit.IfitpassesinbothhousesofCongress,
itgoestothepresident,whocanapprovethelawbysigningitorrejectthelawbyvetoingit.Evenifthepresidentvetoesthelaw,theCongresscanvoteagainand,by
atwothirdsmajority,overridethepresident'sveto.SeealsoEXECUTIVEBRANCHJUDICIALBRANCHLEGISLATIVEBRANCH.
CIA
TheCIA,orCentralIntelligenceAgency,isagovernmentagencythatkeepstrackofinformation,or"intelligence,"regardingothernations.Somepeoplewhowork
fortheCIAarespies.
civilrights
IntheUnitedStates,peoplehavetherighttobetreatedthesameregardlessoftheirrace,sex,orreligion.Theserights,whichareguaranteedbylaw,areoftencalled
civilrights.
communism
Communismisaneconomicandpoliticalmovementstartedinthe1800sbyKARLMARX.MarxcalledforaformofSOCIALISMinwhichallpropertyisownedbythe
community.Communistsbelievethatworkersshouldtakepowerandcontrolallaspectsofsocialandeconomiclife.
Congress
Legislativemeans"lawmaking."IntheUnitedStates,thepartoftheFEDERALGOVERNMENTthatmakesthelaws,thelegislativebranch,iscalledCongress.Itconsistsof
twogroups,orhouses:theSENATEandtheHOUSEOFREPRESENTATIVES.Membersofbothhousesareelectedbythepeople.
conservative
Aconservativeisapersonwhobelievesthatthemainpurposeofgovernmentistomaintainorchangegraduallytheestablishedorderandtradition.Conservatives
oftenopposetheviewpointsofLIBERALS.SeealsoLIBERAL.
Constitution
TheConstitutionisthedocumentthatestablishedtheUnitedStatesgovernmentanditssystemoflaws.Itdescribesthedifferentbranchesofthegovernmentand
definestherightstowhichallAmericansareentitled.ThePreambletotheConstitutionreads:
We,thepeopleoftheUnitedStates,inordertoformamoreperfectUnion,establishjustice,insuredomestictranquillity,provideforthecommondefense,promotethegeneral
welfare,andsecuretheblessingsoflibertytoourselvesandourposterity,doordainandestablishthisConstitutionfortheUnitedStatesofAmerica.

consumer
Aconsumerbuysgoodsorusesservices.Thingsthatpeopleuseupandwearout,suchasfoodandclothing,arecalledconsumergoods.
corporation
Acorporationisabusinessownedbyagroupofpeople,calledshareholders,eachofwhomhasboughtsharesofthebusiness.SeealsoSTOCK.
credit
Apersonwhobuyssomethingnowandagreestopayforitlaterisbuyingitoncredit.
D
debt
Adebtisasumofmoneythatonepersonowesanother.Tobeindebtistoowemoney.
DeclarationofIndependence
TheDeclarationofIndependence,writtenmainlyby

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THOMASJEFFERSON,isthedocumentthatdeclaredtheUnitedStatestobeanindependentnation.Itbegins:
When,inthecourseofhumanevents,itbecomesnecessaryforonepeopletodissolvethepoliticalbandswhichhaveconnectedthemwithanotherandtoassume,amongthe
powersoftheearth,theseparateandequalstationtowhichthelawsofnatureandnature'sGodentitlethem,adecentrespecttotheopinionsofmankindrequiresthattheyshould
declarethecauseswhichimpelthemtotheseparation.
WeholdthesetruthstobeselfevidentThatallmenarecreatedequalthattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerightsthatamongthesearelife,liberty,
andthepursuitofhappiness.

democracy
Democracyistheformofgovernmentinwhichpowerisheldbythepeopleandgrantedtotheirfreelyelectedrepresentativesforthepurposeofrunningthe
government.
Democraticparty
Apartyisagroupofpeopleholdingarangeofviewsincommon,whoworktogetitsmemberselectedtooffice.TheDemocraticpartyisoneofthetwomainparties
inAmericanpolitics.MembersoftheDemocraticpartyarecalledDemocrats.TheothermainpartyintheUnitedStatesistheREPUBLICANPARTY.
deposit
Adepositisasumofmoneythatisputinabank.
Imagenotavailable.
Dictatorship.
Mussolini(secondfromright)walking
besideAdolfHitler.

dictatorship
Agovernmentinwhichallthepowerisheldbyonepersonorasmallgroupofpeopleiscalledadictatorship.
discount
Adiscountisthelowering,orreduction,ofaprice.Ifsomethingusuallycosts$5butamerchantisnowsellingitfor$4,thebuyerbenefitsfromadiscountof$1.
downpayment
Whenyoubuysomethingforalargeamountofmoney,yousometimespayonlypartofthepricerightawayandagreetopaytherestlater.Thepartyoupayright
awayiscalledadownpayment.
E
epluribusunum
EpluribusunumisaLatinphrasemeaning"Outofmany,one."Itisamotto,orspecialsaying,oftheUnitedStatesbecauseweareonenationmadeupofmany
states.
election
Anelectionistheprocessofvoting,throughwhichwechooseapersonforanelec
Imagenotavailable.
Epluribusunum.
TheGreatSealoftheUnitedStates.

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tiveposition.Inanationalelection,wechooseapresident.
EqualRightsAmendment
TheEqualRightsAmendment,alsoknownastheERA,wasanamendmenttotheCONSTITUTIONthatwaspassedbyCongressin1972,butneverapproved,bythe
numberofstatesrequired.Theamendmentguaranteedequalrightsforwomenandmen.ItwasanimportantissuefortheWOMEN'SMOVEMENT.
ERA
SeeEQUALRIGHTSAMENDMENT.
executivebranch
Theexecutivebranchisoneofthethreemainparts,orbranches,oftheFEDERALGOVERNMENT.ItismadeupofthePRESIDENT,thevicepresident,andotherofficials.Its
functionistocarryoutlawspassedbytheLEGISLATIVEBRANCH,alsoknownasCONGRESS.
export
Toexportmeanstosendgoodsoutofthecountry.Thegoodsthemselvesarecalledexports.
F
fascism
Fascismisasystemofgovernmentdominatedbyonestrongleader,oftencalledadictator.
FBI

TheFBI,orFederalBureauofInvestigation,isanationallawenforcementgroupthatgathersinformationandinvestigatesthebreakingoffederallaws.
federalgovernment
TheUnitedStateshasanational,orfederal,government,whichisbasedinWashington,D.C.Ithelpstogovernthefiftystates,eachofwhichhasitsownSTATE
GOVERNMENT.
feminism
Feminismisapoliticalmovementthatworkstoachieveequalrightsforwomenandmen.
Imagenotavailable.
Feminism.
BettyFriedan(foreground)andGloriaSteinemin1977,
collectingsignaturestosendtoPresidentCarterin
supportoftheEqualRightsAmendment.

FifteenthAmendment
Adoptedin1870,theFifteenthAmendmenttotheCONSTITUTIONguaranteesallmaleinhabitantsoftheUnitedStatestherighttovote,includingformerslaves.Itwas
oneofthethreeamendmentsthatmarkedtheendoftheCIVILWAR.
FourteenthAmendment
TheFourteenthAmendmenttotheCONSTITUTIONwasadoptedin1868andwasoneofthethreeamendmentsthatmarkedtheendoftheCivilWar.Itdealswiththe
reintegrationofthesouthernstatesafterthewaranddefinessomeoftherightsoftherecentlyfreedslaves.Byguaranteeingeverycitizen"equalprotectionofthelaws,"
itbecamethefoundationofmanylatercivilrightsdecisionsandlaws.
freeenterprise
FreeenterpriseisanothernameforCAPITALISM.Inafreeenterprisesystem,mosteconomicdecisionsaremadebyindividualsratherthanbythegovernment.
freedomofthepress
TheUnitedStatesCONSTITUTIONgrantsfreedomofthepress,whichmeansthatallAmericansmaywritewhattheypleaseandmakepublicwhattheythinkinbooks,
magazines,newspapers,radio,andtelevision.

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freedomofreligion
TheUnitedStatesCONSTITUTIONgrantsfreedomofreligion,whichmeansthatallAmericansareallowedtopracticewhateverreligiontheychoosewithoutinterference.
freedomofspeech
TheUnitedStatesCONSTITUTIONgrantsfreedomofspeech,whichmeansthatallAmericansmayexpresstheirideaseveniftheydisagreewithandcriticizethe
government.
G
governor
IntheUnitedStates,theheadofeachofthefiftystatesiscalledthegovernor.
H
HouseofRepresentatives
Oneofthetwogroups,orhouses,intheUnitedStatesCONGRESSistheHouseofRepresentatives.Thenumberofrepresentatives,eachofwhomiselectedforaterm
oftwoyears,isbasedonthenumberofpeoplewholiveineachstate.ThechiefofficeroftheHouseiscalledtheSpeakeroftheHouse.SeealsoSENATE.
I
immigration
TheUnitedStatesisacountrythatwasbuiltbyimmigrants.Manycametoescapereligiouspersecutionorpovertyintheirnativelands.Inthethirteenoriginalcolonies,
theimmigrantsweremainlyEnglish,Welsh,andGerman.Duringthe1800s,thenumberofimmigrants,mostlyfromnorthernEurope,thenfromeasternandsouthern
Europe,increaseddramatically.ImmigrationrateswerekeptlowinthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcenturybyWORLDWARI,theGREATDEPRESSION,andWORLDWARII.
FollowingWorldWarII,Europeanscontinuedtomakeupthelargestnumberofimmigrants,butafter1965adrasticshiftoccurred,andimmigrantsfromAsiaand
LatinAmericabegantooutnumberthosefromEurope.ImmigrantshavecontinuedtocontributeenormouslytotheeconomicvigorandculturalrichnessoftheUnited
States.
impeachment
Impeachmentisaformalaccusationofwrongdoingagainstapublicofficial.AccordingtotheCONSTITUTION,theHOUSEOFREPRESENTATIVEScanvotetoimpeachan
official,buttheSENATEactuallytriesthecase.OnepresidentoftheUnitedStates,ANDREWJOHNSON,wasimpeachedaftertheCIVILWAR,buthewasacquitted.
PresidentRICHARDNIXONresignedfromofficeastheHouseofRepresentativespreparedtobegintheimpeachmentprocess.
import
Whenonecountrybringsinaproductthatwasmadeinanothercountry,itissaidtoimportthatproduct.Theproductitselfisalsocalledanimport.CompareEXPORT.
inflation
Inflationisaneconomictermthatmeanspricesarerising.Onedollarbuyslessasaresultofinflation.
interest
Interestisanextrasumofmoneyyoumustpaytosomeonewhohaslentyoumoneywhenyoupaybacktheloan.Forinstance,ifyouwerecharged10%interestona
$500loan,youwouldhavetopayback$550,theextra$50,whichis10%of$500,beingtheinterest.
investment
Aninvestmentissomethingyoupaymoneyforinthehopethatitwillbecomemorevaluableovertime.Forinstance,youcouldinvestinpianolessonsbecauseyou
hopetoearnmoneyorgainenjoymentbyplayingwellinthefuture.
J
judge
Ajudgerulesoveracourtoflawandmakesdecisionsaboutlegalprocedures.
judicialbranch
Thejudicialbranchisoneofthethreemainparts,orbranches,oftheFEDERALGOVERNMENT.Itismadeupofthecourts,whichexplainandapplythelawspassedbythe
LEGISLATIVEBRANCH.SeealsoEXECUTIVEBRANCH.
L
laborunion
Alaborunionisagroupofworkersformedtogetitsmembersbetterpay,betterworkingconditions,andjobsecurity.
legislativebranch
Thelegislativebranchisoneofthethreemainparts,orbranches,oftheFEDERALGOVERNMENT.Itisresponsiblefor

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makingthelawsandismadeupofthetwohousesofCONGRESS.SeealsoEXECUTIVEBRANCHJUDICIALBRANCH.
liberal
Aliberalisapersonwhobelievesthatthemainpurposeofgovernmentistoincreasefreedomandequality.LiberalsoftenopposetheviewpointsofCONSERVATIVES.
LibraryofCongress
TheLibraryofCongress,inWashington,D.C.,isthelargestlibraryintheUnitedStates.Itisrunbythefederalgovernment.

LincolnMemorial

LincolnMemorial
TheLincolnMemorialisalargemonumentinWashington,D.C.,builtinmemoryofAbrahamLincoln,thepresidentoftheUnitedStatesduringtheCIVILWAR.The
memorialcontainsastatueofLincolnandthetextsofhisSecondInauguralAddressandGettysburgAddressengravedinstone.
loan
Aloanisasumofmoneythatonepersonorinstitutiongivesanotherwiththeexpectationofbeingrepaid.
localgovernment
LocalgovernmentusuallymeanscityorcountygovernmentasdistinctfromSTATEGOVERNMENTandFEDERALGOVERNMENT.Amayorispartoflocalgovernment.
M
Marx,Karl
KarlMarxwasaGermanwriterinthe1800swhobelievedthatCAPITALISMwouldbedestroyedandtheworkerswouldcometopower.Marxismformedthebasisof
COMMUNISM.WithFriedrichEngels,Marxwrotetwoimportantbooks,DasKapital(Capital)andTheCommunistManifesto.
monarchy
Agovernmentthatisheadedbyakingoraqueeniscalledamonarchy.Kingsandqueensarenotelectedbythepeople.Theirpowerisinherited,thatis,passedonto
themthroughtheirfamilies.
N
NASA
NASA,ortheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration,istheUnitedStatesgovernmentagencythatrunsthespaceprogram.
nationalism
Nationalismisthedevotiontotheinterestsandcultureofone'snation.Peoplewhoshareacommonlanguage,history,andcultureoftenidentifythemselvesasanation.
NineteenthAmendment
Adoptedin1920,theNineteenthAmendmenttotheCONSTITUTIONgiveswomentherighttovote.
P
Pentagon
ThePentagonisalarge,fivesidedbuildingthatistheheadquartersoftheUnitedStatesarmedforces.ItisinArlington,Virginia,acrosstheriverfromWashington,
D.C.
PledgeofAllegiance
ThePledgeofAllegianceisaformalpromiseofloyaltytotheUnitedStatesthatisoftenrecitedatpublicevents.Itsays:"IpledgeallegiancetotheflagoftheUnited
StatesofAmericaandtotheRepublicforwhichitstands,onenation,underGod,indivisible,withlibertyandjusticeforall."
president
ThepresidentisthechiefexecutiveoftheUnitedStatesandthusholdsthehighestelectedpositioninthegovernment.HeistheheadoftheEXECUTIVEBRANCHof

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theFEDERALGOVERNMENTandcommanderinchiefofthearmedforces.IntheUnitedStates,apresidentialelectionisheldeveryfouryears.Apresidentmayserveno
morethantwofouryearterms.
propaganda
Propagandaisrhetoric,whetherspoken,written,orvisual,thatseekstopersuadepeopletobelievecertainpoliticalideas.Propagandaisoftenslyanddishonest.
R
republic
Arepublicisatypeofdemocracyinwhichpowerisdistributedtoofficialswhoareelectedbythepeople.
Republicanparty
Apartyisagroupofpeople,holdingarangeofviewsincommon,whoworktogetitsmemberselectedtooffice.TheRepublicanpartyisoneofthetwomainparties
inAmericanpolitics.MembersoftheRepublicanpartyarecalledRepublicans.TheothermainpartyistheDEMOCRATICPARTY.
S
Senate
Oneofthetwogroups,orhouses,intheUnitedStatesCONGRESSistheSenate.Eachstateisrepresentedbytwosenators,eachofwhomiselectedforatermofsix
years.ThepresidingofficeroftheSenateisthevicepresident.SeealsoHOUSEOFREPRESENTATIVES.
socialism
Undertheeconomicsystemcalledsocialism,thegovernmentrunstheeconomyandtriestospreadthewealthsothatnobodywillbepoor.Naturalresourcesare
controlledbythegovernment,whichalsoownstheFACTORIES.SocialismisoftenopposedtoCAPITALISM.SeealsoCOMMUNISM.
socialsecurity
Socialsecurityisasystemofmonthlypaymentsforretiredworkersaftertheyreachtheageofsixtyfive.Themoneyforsocialsecuritypensionsisraisedthroughtaxes
onemployersandemployees.Thisimportantsocialprogramwasestablishedin1935duringthepresidencyofFRANKLIND.ROOSEVELT.
stategovernment
StategovernmentiscontrolledbytheGOVERNOR.ItisdistinctfromLOCALGOVERNMENTandtheFEDERALGOVERNMENT.
Imagenotavailable.
TheStatueofLiberty

StatueofLiberty
TheStatueofLibertyisthelargestatueofawomanholdingatorchinonehandandabookintheotherattheentrancetoNewYorkHarbor.Thestatue,which
representsLiberty,wasgiventotheUnitedStatesbyFranceinthelate1800s.ThebaseoftheStatueofLibertyisinscribedwithapoembyEmmaLazarusthat
includesthelines:''Givemeyourtired,yourpoor,/Yourhuddledmassesyearningtobreathefree."
stock
Stockistheownershipofacorporationandisdividedintoparts,orshares.Astockcertificateisissuedtorepresentoneormoreofthoseshares.
strike
Astrikeoccurswhenagroupofpeoplestopworkingbecausetheybelievetheyarebeingtreatedunfairly.Peopleoftengoonstrikeforhigherwages.

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Imagenotavailable.
UncleSam.
AWorldWarIarmyposter.

SupremeCourt
Thehighest,ormostpowerful,courtintheAmericanjudicialsystemiscalledtheSupremeCourt.Itcanoverturn,orreject,thedecisionsoflowercourtsandhasthe
finalsayonhowourlawsareapplied.TheSupremeCourtmeetsinWashington,D.C.
U
UncleSam
UncleSamisasymboloftheUnitedStatesandisshownasatalloldmanwithawhitebeard,dressedinclothesthatlooklikepartsoftheAmericanflag.UncleSam's
initialsU.S.arethesameasthoseoftheUnitedStates.Heisoftenseenonpostersandinnewspapercartoons.
union
Aunionisanorganizationofworkers.Itsleadersrepresenttheworkers'interestsinbargainingwithemployers.
W
WashingtonMonument
TheWashingtonMonumentisanarrow,tallshaftofwhitestoneinWashington,D.C.ItwasbuilttohonorGeorgeWashington,thefirstpresidentoftheUnitedStates.
We,thepeople
ThesearetheopeningwordsoftheCONSTITUTIONoftheUnitedStates.
Imagenotavailable.
TheWashingtonMonument

Imagenotavailable.
TheWhiteHouse

WhiteHouse
TheWhiteHouse,inWashington,D.C.,isboththehomeandtheofficeofthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.

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WorldHistoryto1600
Thissectionlistsimportantpeopleandeventsinworldhistoryfromtheearliesttimesthroughthe1500s.WepayparticularattentiontoEuropeanhistorybecause
EuropeissocloselyrelatedtotheUnitedStates.Infact,theculturesofEuropeandtheAmericas,takentogether,areoftenreferredtoasWesternculture.The
culturesofAsiaarereferredtoasEasternculture.InAmerica,wearejustbeginningtolearnmoreabouttheculturesofAfrica.
WesternculturehasitsrootsintheancientcivilizationsofIsrael,Greece,andRome.ThehistoryandcultureofancientIsraelaredescribedintheBiblesection.Here
wefocusonancientGreeceandRome,whichhavegivenusmanyofourcentralideasaboutpolitics,law,art,nature,andthemeaningofhumanlife.Wealsoinclude
twolaterperiodsofEuropeanhistory,theMiddleAgesandtheRenaissance.IntheMiddleAges,ChristianitywasthemajorforceinEuropeanlife.TheRenaissance
(whichmeans"rebirth")wasanagewhengreatartistsandexplorersflourishedandwhenAmericawasdiscoveredbyEuropeans.
A
A.D.

isanabbreviationusedwithadatetoindicateayearafterthebirthofJesus.ItstandsforannoDomini,aLatinphrasemeaning"intheyearoftheLord."Many
writersnowusetheabbreviationC.E.,whichmeans"ofthecommonera,"insteadofA.D.CompareB.C.
A.D.

AlexandertheGreat
AlexandertheGreat,oneofthegreatestmilitaryleadersofalltime,wasakingofancientGreecewhoconqueredmostofwesternAsia.Accordingtolegend,he
conqueredthewholeancientworldandthenweptbecausehehadnomoreworldstoconquer.
AngloSaxons
TheAngloSaxonswereagroupofGermanicspeakingpeopleswhoinvadedENGLANDaround500A.D.andwhoruledmostofthecountryuntiltheNORMANCONQUEST
in1066.ThelanguageoftheAngloSaxonswasthebasisofmodernEnglish.
Ashantis
TheAshantisareapeopleofwesternAfricawhojoinedtogethertocreate

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apowerfulkingdomfromthe1600stotheearly1900s.
Athens
AthensisthecapitalofGREECE.Inancienttimes,itwasacitystateandthefirstdemocracy.Itwasalsothehomeofgreatartists,poets,playwrights,andphilosophers.
Imagenotavailable.
Aztecs.
TheAztecCalendarStonewasusedinceremonies
tohonorthesungodTonatiuh.Tonatiuh'sface
canbeseeninthecenterofthecalendar.

Aztecs
TheAztecswereAmericanIndianswhoonceruledagreatempireinMexico.Inthe1500s,theAztecempirewasconqueredbytheSpanish.SeealsoCORTS,
HERNANDOMONTEZUMA.
B
Babylon(BABuhlon)
BabylonwasacityintheancientMIDDLEEASTthatwasknownforitsgreatwealth.
Bantus
TheBantusarealargegroupofAfricanpeopleswhospeakrelatedlanguages.Manyofthepeoplesofcentral,eastern,andsouthernAfricaareBantus.
B.C.

EventsthattookplaceinancienttimesoftenbeartheabbreviationB.C.,whichmeans"beforeChrist."ManywritersnowusetheabbreviationB.C.E.,whichmeans
"beforethecommonera,"instead.Inthesedates,thelargerthenumber,theearliertheyear.CompareA.D.
BlackDeath
BlackDeathisanameforadeadlydisease,alsocalledbubonicplague,thatkilledasmanyashalfthepeopleinEuropeinthelateMIDDLEAGES.ManypeopleinAsia
diedaswell.TheBlackDeathwascausedbybacteriaspreadbyfleasthatinfestedrats.
BronzeAge
TheBronzeAgewastheperiodofhistory,fromabout4000toabout2000B.C.,whenpeoplelearnedtousemetalinmakingtoolsandweapons.Themostimportant
metaltheyusedwasbronze,analloyofcopperandtin.TheBronzeAgewasfollowedbytheIRONAGE.
Brutus(BROOHtuhs)
BrutuswasapoliticalleaderinancientRomewhoisrememberedforbetrayingJULIUSCAESAR.AlthoughCaesarhadbeenafriend,Brutushelpedtomurderhim.
ByzantineEmpire
TheByzantineEmpire,centeredatCONSTANTINOPLE,beganastheeasternpartoftheROMANEMPIREinthethirdcenturyA.D.ItincludedthepartsofEuropeandAsiathat
bordertheeasternendoftheMediterraneanSea.AftertheFALLOFROME,theByzantineEmpirecontinuedmanyoftheRomancustomsandideasuntilitwas
conqueredbyMoslemarmiesinthemiddle1400s.SeealsoCONSTANTINOPLE.
C
Cabot,John
JohnCabotwasanEnglishexplorerborninItalywhomadetwovoyagestoNorthAmericainthelate1400sintheserviceoftheEnglishkingHenryVII.Like
COLUMBUS,CabotwaslookingforawesternroutetotheFarEast.
Caesar,Augustus(awGUStuhsSEEzuhr)
AugustusCaesarwasthefirstruleroftheROMANEMPIRE.ThemonthofAugustisnamedafterhim.SeealsoCAESAR,JULIUS.

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Caesar,Julius(JOOHLyuhsSEEzuhr)
JuliusCaesarwasaRomangeneralwhobecametherulerofRome.HewaskilledbyagroupofRomanswhowereunhappywithhiscommand.Amongthe
murdererswasCaesar'sfriendBRUTUS.Caesar'sfamilycontinuedtoreignthroughthedaysoftheRomanEmpire.ThemonthofJulywasnamedafterhim.Seealso
CAESAR,AUGUSTUSROMANEMPIRE.
Cartier,Jacques
JacquesCartierwasaFrenchexplorerwhodiscoveredtheST.LAWRENCERIVER.HemadethreevoyagestoNorthAmericaintheearly1500sinsearchofthe
NORTHWESTPASSAGE.HeestablishedFrance'sclaimtolandsthatwouldlaterbecomepartofFrenchspeakingCanada.
Champlain,Samuelde
SamueldeChamplainwasaFrenchexplorerwhofoundedQUEBECintheearly1600s.ThoughQuebecwaslatertakenbytheBritishandbecamepartofCanada,its
mainlanguagetodayisstillFrench.
Charlemagne(SHARluhmayn)
Charlemagne,alsoknownasCharlestheGreat,wasthekingofFranceandtheemperorofseveralotherEuropeancountriesduringtheMIDDLEAGES.
China
China,oneoftheprincipalcivilizationsofAsia,hashadacontinuoushistoryfromancienttimestothepresent.
chivalry
ChivalrywasthecodeofbehaviorbywhichtheKNIGHTSoftheEuropeanMIDDLEAGESwereexpectedtolive.Achivalrousknightfoughtfairlyandbravelyinbattleand
treatedwomenwithspecialcourtesy.ThelegendsofKingArthurandhisknightsportraytheageofchivalry.Theideaofbehaving"likeagentleman"isbasedonthe
knights'codeofconduct.
civilization
Acivilizationisalargeandcomplexculturewithsystemsoftransportationandcommunication.Itisrunbyanorganizedgovernmentthatmakesandkeepsthelaws.A
civilizationoftenhasitsownwrittenlanguage,religion,literature,andart.Therearelargebuildings,andatleastsomeofthepeopleliveincities.(Thewordcivilization
isderivedfromtheLatinwordfor"city.")Someoftheworld'sfirstgreatcivilizationswerethoseofEGYPT,INDIA,andCHINA.ThecivilizationsofancientGREECEand
ROMEwereespeciallyimportantinthedevelopmentofWesternCULTURE.
Cleopatra(KLEEuhPATruh)
CleopatrawasafamousqueenofancientEGYPTwhofellinlovewiththeRomangeneralMarcAntony.

ChristopherColumbus.
PresentingNewWorldtreasurestoKing
FerdinandandQueenIsabellaofSpain.

Columbus,Christopher
ChristopherColumbuswasanItalianexplorerwhodiscoveredAmericain1492,whenhewassearchingforanewroutetotheIndies.HisthreeshipsweretheNia,
thePinta,andtheSantaMara.SeealsoFERDINANDANDISABELLA.

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conquistadors
TheconquistadorsweretheSpanishsoldierswhodefeatedtheAZTECSandMAYASinMexicoandtheINCASinSouthAmerica.HernandoCORTSandFrancisco
PIZARROaretwoofthemostfamousconquistadors.ConquistadorisaSpanishwordthatmeans"conqueror."
ConstantinetheGreat
ConstantinetheGreatwasaRomanemperorwhofoundedthecityofCONSTANTINOPLEinthefourthcenturyA.D.HewasthefirstRomanemperortoallowChristiansto
practicetheirreligionwithoutbeingpunishedbythegovernment.
Constantinople
ConstantinoplewasthecityfoundedbyCONSTANTINETHEGREATinthefourthcenturyA.D.astheeasterncapitaloftheROMANEMPIRE.Lateritbecamethecapitalofthe
BYZANTINEEMPIRE.ConstantinopleisattheeasternendoftheMediterraneanSeainwhatisnowthecountryofTurkey.ItsmodernnameisISTANBUL.
Coronado,Franciscode
FranciscodeCoronadowasaSpanishsoldierwhoexploredpartsofMexicoandthesouthwestUnitedStatesinthemiddle1500s.Hespentseveralyearssearching
forcitiesofgoldthathehadheardstoriesabout,butheneverfoundanytreasure.HisexpeditionmadecontactwithseveralPUEBLOIndianpeoples,andsomeofhis
menbecamethefirstEuropeanstoseetheGRANDCANYON.
Corts,Hernando(kawrTEZ)
CortswasaSpanishexplorerwhoconqueredtheAztecEmpireinthe1500s.SeealsoMONTEZUMA.
Crusades
DuringtheEuropeanMIDDLEAGES,theHOLYLAND(theareathatisnowIsrael)wasruledbyMOSLEMS.ManyChristiansinEuropebelievedthatthisregion,where
Jesuslivedanddied,shouldbegovernedbyChristians.ChristianarmiesfromalloverEuropetriedtoconquertheHolyLandbuteventuallyhadtowithdraw.From
theCrusadeswenowhavetheterm"acrusade,"meaningastrongeffortforanideaorcause.
culture
Thecultureofaparticulargroupisitstotalwayoflife.Itincludesallthethingsthegroupasawholethinks,believes,anddoes.Tostudyagroup'scultureistostudyits
art,literature,religion,philosophy,sports,clothing,politics,customs,andhabits.Wemayspeakofthecultureofacountry(Americanculture),thecultureofaregion
oftheworld(SoutheastAsianculture),orthecultureofaracialgroup(blackculture).AculturethatisespeciallylargeandcomplexiscalledaCIVILIZATION.
D
DeSoto,Hernando
HernandoDeSotowasaSpanishsoldierwhoexploredpartsofthesouthernUnitedStatesinthemiddle1500sinsearchofgoldandtreasure.Heandhismenwere
thefirstEuropeanstoseetheMississippiRiver.DeSotoandmanyothersdiedontheexpeditionwithoutfindinganytreasure.
Drake,SirFrancis
SirFrancisDrakewasanEnglishadmiralandexplorerwhomadeseveralvoyagestotheAmericasinthelate1500s.HeraidedmanySpanishcitiesinCentraland
SouthAmerica,andhebecamethefirstEnglishmantosailaroundtheworld.DrakealsofoughtagainsttheSPANISHARMADAandhelpedtodestroyit.
E
Egypt
Egypt,acountryinnortheastAfrica,wasthehomeofoneoftheworld'soldestcivilizations.TheancientEgyptiansbuiltgreatmonuments,suchasthePYRAMIDSandthe
SPHINX.ManypreservedbodiesofancientEgyptians,calledmummies,canstillbeseeninmuseums.TheEgyptiansusedasystemofpicturewritingcalled
HIEROGLYPHICS.SeealsoPHARAOH.
ElizabethI
ElizabethIwasaqueenofEnglandinthe1500s.Duringherreign,WILLIAMSHAKESPEAREgainedfameasaplaywrightand

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Imagenotavailable.
ElizabethI

theSPANISHARMADAwasdefeated.HertimeonthethroneiscalledtheElizabethanperiod.
Ericson,Leif
LeifEricsonwasanIcelandicandNorwegianexplorerwhomadeseveralvoyagesinthenorthernAtlanticOceanaroundtheyear1000.Heprobablylandedin
AmericafivehundredyearsbeforeCOLUMBUS,butthereisnowaytoknowforcertain.
F
FallofRome
TheROMANEMPIRElastedforsome500years,butitfinallygrewweakandwasdestroyedbygroupsofpeoplefromnorthernEuropeinthefifthcenturyA.D.Afterthe
FallofRome,theBYZANTINEEMPIREcontinuedforanotherthousandyears.
FerdinandandIsabella(IZuhBELuh)
KingFerdinandandQueenIsabellaweretherulersofSpaininthelate1400swhosponsoredCHRISTOPHERCOLUMBUS'SvoyagetoAmerica.
feudalism
FeudalismwasthepoliticalsystemofEuropeduringtheMIDDLEAGES.Underthissystem,rulersgrantedlandtocertainpeopleundertheirauthoritycalledVASSALS.In
return,thevassalspromisedtosupporttheirrulersintimeofwar.Thosewhoownedlandwerecallednobles.Thepoorpeoplewholivedandworkedontheland
werecalledSERFS.
FountainofYouth
TheFountainofYouthisalegendaryspringwhosewaterwassupposedtomakepeopleyoungagain.TheSpanishexplorerPONCEDELENwassaidtobesearching
fortheFountainofYouthwhenhediscoveredFlorida.
G
GenghisKhan
GenghisKhanwasaMongolemperorwhoconqueredalargepartofnorthernChinaandwesternAsiaaroundtheyear1200.Hewasbothafiercewarrioranda
skilledrulerwhoseempirewasadmiredforhowwellitwasrun.
gladiators
GladiatorsweremenwhofoughttothedeathwithswordsorotherweaponsfortheentertainmentofcrowdsinancientRome.Gladiatorsfoughtagainsteachotheror
againstwildanimalsinlargestadiumsliketheCOLOSSEUM.
Greece
GreeceisacountryinsoutheastEurope.OneoftheearliestcivilizationsappearedinancientGreeceandlastedfromabout3000toabout300B.C.Itshighpointwasin
Athensfrom700to300B.C.Thefirstgreatpoets,artists,playwrights,andphilosophersofEuropelivedinGreeceduringthisperiod.Amongthemwerepoetslike
HOMER,playwrightslikeSophocles,andphilosopherslikePLATOandARISTOTLE.AncientGreecewasdividedintocitystates(citiesthatruledthemselvesasifthey
wereseparatecountries).ThetwomostimportantcitystateswereATHENS,thefirstDEMOCRACY,andSPARTA.Later,whentheRomansconqueredGreece,theytook
overmuchofGreekculture,includingthemythsdescribedinthemythologysectionofthisdictionary.TheinfluenceofancientGreececan

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stillbefeltintheliterature,art,philosophy,andpoliticalideasofEuropeandAmerica.
guild
AguildwasanorganizationofworkersduringtheMIDDLEAGESandRENAISSANCEinEurope.Eachguildwasmadeupofindividualswhoparticipatedinthesamecraft,
profession,orbusiness.Guildssetstandardsofqualityandtriedtoensurethattheirmemberswerepaidafairpricefortheirwork.Someoftheimportantguildsin
Europeinthe1400swerethoseforjudges,bankers,doctors,woolandsilkmanufacturers,shoemakers,stoneandwoodcarvers,innkeepers,carpenters,armorers,
andbakers.
H
Hannibal
HannibalwasageneralfromtheancientcityofCarthage,innorthernAfrica.WhenCarthagewenttowarwithRome,HannibalsetofftoinvadeItaly.Heledhisarmy
andalargenumberofelephantsacrossthetallmountainscalledtheALPS,oneofthemostnotableaccomplishmentsinmilitaryhistory.
HenryVIII
HenryVIIIwasakingofEnglandintheearly1500s.HedeclaredhimselfinsteadofthepopetobetheheadoftheChristianchurchinEngland,andfromthattimeon
EnglandhasofficiallybeenaPROTESTANTnationinsteadofaROMANCATHOLICone.HenryVIIImarriedsixtimesandwasthefatherofELIZABETHI.
Imagenotavailable.
Hieroglyphics.
FromthetombofHesire.

hieroglyphics
HieroglyphicsisatypeofwritingusedinancientEGYPTandelsewhere.Thissystemusesdesignsratherthanletterstostandforlanguage.Thewordhieroglyphics
comesfromaGreektermmeaning"holywriting,"becausetheancientEgyptiansbelievedthatThoth,thegodoflearning,hadinventedwriting.
Hudson,Henry
HenryHudsonwasanEnglishexploreroftheearly1600s.HediscoveredtheHUDSONRIVERwhilesailingfortheDutchandHUDSONBAYwhilesailingfortheEnglish.
Huns
TheHunswereawarlikepeoplefromAsiawhofoughttheRomansinthelastdaysoftheROMANEMPIRE.
I
Icame,Isaw,Iconquered
JULIUSCAESARwasageneralofancientRome.Afteroneofhismilitaryvictories,hetoldtheRomangovernment,"Icame,Isaw,Iconquered."
IbnBatuta
IbnBatutawasanArabtravelerandwriterduringthelateMIDDLEAGES.HisbookoftravelsdescribedlifeintheMoslemworldofSpain,NorthAfrica,andthe
MiddleEast,aswellasthelandshevisitedinIndiaandChina.
IceAges
TheIceAgesdescribethetimethatGLACIERScoveredmuchofNorthAmericaandEurope.Thisperiodlasteduntilabout10,000yearsago.
Incas
TheIncaswereagroupofAmericanIndianswhoruledanempireinwesternSouthAmericaandbuiltgreatcitieshighintheAndesMountains.Theywereconquered
bytheSpanishinthe1500s.SeealsoPIZARRO,FRANCISCODE.
India
India,oneofthechiefcivilizationsofAsia,hashadacontinuoushistoryfromancienttimestothepresent.TheancientIndiancultureisoftencalledtheIndusValley
civilizationbecauseitflourishedinthevalleyoftheIndusRiver.

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Imagenotavailable.
Incas.
RuinsofMachuPicchu,nearCuzco,Peru.

IronAge
TheIronAgewastheperiodofhistoryfollowingtheBRONZEAGEwhenironwasthemostimportantmetalusedintools,weapons,andmachines.TheIronAgebegan
around2000B.C.andhascontinuedintomoderntimes.
IvantheGreat
IvantheGreat(IvanIII)wasaRussianrulerofthelate1400s.ItwasduringhisrulethatRUSSIAstartedtobecomeaunifiedstate.HewasthegrandfatherofIVANTHE
TERRIBLE.
IvantheTerrible
IvantheTerrible(IvanIV)wasaRussianrulerofthemiddle1500s.Hewasfamousforhisfitsofrageandforhiscrueltytowardthoseheconsideredhisenemies.
J
JoanofArc
JoanofArcwasayoungFrenchgirlintheMIDDLEAGESwhobecameoneofthenationalheroinesofFrance.ShelivedduringaperiodwhenFranceandEnglandwere
atwarandEnglandoccupiedmuchofFrance.JoanheardvoicesthatshebelievedwerethoseofGodandcertainChristiansaintsthevoicesinspiredhertoleadthe
Frenchinbattle.ShewaseventuallycapturedbytheEnglish,triedforwitchcraft,andburnedatthestake.Later,shewasnamedasaintoftheROMANCATHOLIC
CHURCH.
K
knight
IntheEuropeanMIDDLEAGES,aknightwasasoldierofthenobleclasstrainedasahorseman.Hesometimesworearmor,metalprotection,overhisbody.Aknight
pledgedloyaltytoaparticularruler,whogavehimlandinreturn.KnightswereexpectedtofollowtheidealsofCHIVALRY.
M
MachuPicchu
MachuPicchuwasacitybuiltbytheINCASinaremotepartoftheAndes

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MountainsinSouthAmerica.Itwasprobablybuiltasafortifiedcityaround1500butwaslaterabandoned.MachuPicchuwasrediscoveredin1911andisnowa
popularplacefortouriststovisit.
Magellan,Ferdinand(muhJELuhn)
FerdinandMagellanwasaPortugueseexplorerofthe1500swholedthefirstgroupofshipsthatsailedaroundtheworld.Magellanhimselfdiedonthevoyage,but
someofhissailorswereabletocompletethejourney.
MagnaCarta
TheMagnaCartawasthegreatcharterofCIVILRIGHTSgrantedbytheEnglishkingtohisnoblesintheMIDDLEAGES.ItisonesourceofAmericanidealsofliberty.
MiddleAges
TheperiodofEuropeanhistorybetweentheFALLOFROMEandtheRENAISSANCE,fromabout500toabout1500,iscalledtheMiddleAges.Duringthistime,the
ChristianchurchhadanespeciallystronginfluenceonallaspectsofEuropeanlife.FEUDALISMwasthedominantpoliticalsystem.ThefirsthalfoftheMiddleAgesis
sometimescalledtheDarkAges.SeealsoROMANEMPIRE.
Marathon,Battleof
MarathonisthesiteofafamousbattleinwhichtheancientGreeksdefeatedthePersianarmyduringthePERSIANWARS.Themodernmarathon,alongdistancerace,is
sonamedbecauseaccordingtolegend,amessengerranwithoutstoppingalltwentysixmilesfromMarathontoAthenswiththenewsoftheGreekvictory,afterwhich
hecollapsedanddied.
Maya
TheMayaareagroupofAmericanIndianswhobuiltagreatcivilizationinMexicoandCentralAmerica.Theyareknownfortheirhighlyaccuratecalendar,their
HIEROGLYPHICwriting,andtheirtemplesbuiltonthetopofPYRAMIDS.Mayancivilizationbegantodeclinearoundtheyear900A.D.,andtheMayawerelaterconquered
bytheSpanishCONQUISTADORS.
Mesopotamia
MesopotamiaisanareabetweentheTIGRISandEUPHRATESRiversinwesternAsia.Itisknownasthe"cradleofcivilization"becauseitwasherethatsomeofthe
world'sfirstcitieswerebuiltandthatthepracticeofwritingfirstdeveloped.
Montezuma
MontezumawasaruleroftheAZTECSwhoseempirewasconqueredbyHernandoCORTSintheearly1500s.MontezumadidnotwanttofightCortsbecausehe
thoughtCortsmightbeagod.LaterCortstookMontezumaprisoner,andwhentheAztecsrebelled,Montezumawasstonedbyhisownsubjectsanddiedafew
dayslater.SeealsoCORTS,HERNANDO.
N
Nero
NerowasanemperorofancientRomewhoisfamousforhiscruelty.Accordingtolegend,whichmodernscholarsreject,NerosetRomeonfireandplayedhisfiddle
whilehewatcheditburn.
NormanConquest
In1066,EnglandwasconqueredbyanarmyofNormans(peoplefromNormandy,innorthernFrance)attheBattleofHastings,insouthernEngland.Afterthe
NormanConquest,FrenchlanguageandculturebecameapartofEnglishlife.SeealsoWILLIAMTHECONQUEROR.
NorthwestPassage
TheNorthwestPassageisasearoutearoundNorthAmericabetweentheAtlanticandPacificOceans.ManyEuropeanexplorerstriedinvaintofindaNorthwest
PassagesothattradingshipswouldnothavetomakethelonganddangerousjourneyaroundSouthAmericainordertoreachtheFarEast.Itisnowknownthatsuch
apassagedoesexist,butitistoofarnorthtobeofuse,sincemostoftheyearitisclosedbyice.
P
PersianEmpire
ThePersianEmpirewasanancientempireinwesternAsia,centeredinwhatisnowthecountryofIran.ThePersianEmpirechallengedancientGREECEinaseriesof
battlesknownasthePERSIANWARS.IntheendPersiawasdefeatedbytheGreeks.

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PersianWars
ThePersianWarswereaseriesofbattlesbetweenancientGREECEandthePERSIANEMPIRE.ThemostfamousbattlewasatMARATHON,inwhichtheGreeksdefeatedthe
Persiansandsavedtheircitiesfrominvasion.
pharaoh(FAIRoh)
InancientEGYPT,therulerwascalledthepharaoh.
Pizarro,Francisco
FranciscoPizarrowasaSpanishsoldierwhoconqueredtheINCAEmpireinthe1500s.PizarrocapturedtheruleroftheInca,whoofferedtogivePizarroaroomfulof
goldifhewouldsethimfree.Pizarroacceptedthegold,butinsteadoffreeingtheIncaruler,heorderedhimtobekilled.
Polo,Marco
MarcoPolowasanItalianexplorerduringtheMIDDLEAGES.HetraveledasfarasChinaandlaterreturnedtotelltheEuropeansabouthistravelsinAsia.MarcoPolo
wroteaboutanumberofthingsknowntothepeopleofAsiathatEuropeanshadneverheardof,suchaspapermoney,coal,andthefireproofmaterialcalled
asbestos.
PoncedeLen,Juan
JuanPoncedeLenwasaSpanishsoldierwhoconqueredtheislandofPUERTORICOintheearly1500s.HealsodiscoveredandnamedFlorida,supposedlywhile
searchingforthelegendaryFOUNTAINOFYOUTH.
Pyramids
ThePyramidsarehugestonemonumentsinEgypt.Eachonehasfourtriangularsides,whichcometoapointatthetop,andasquarebase.Theywerebuiltinancient
timesastombsfortheEgyptianPHARAOHS.Othercivilizations,suchastheMAYAS,havealsobuiltpyramidsforuseastombsortemples.
R
Reformation,the
Inthe1500s,manyRomanCatholicsrebelledagainsttheauthorityofthechurchandbrokeawaytosetupnewchurches,whichbecameknownasProtestant
churches.ThisrebellioniscalledtheReformationbecauseitbeganasanefforttoreformChristianity.AftertheReformation,muchofnorthernEuropebecame
ProtestantwhilemostofsouthernEuroperemainedCatholic.
Renaissance(RENiSANS)
TheperiodofEuropeanhistoryfromabout1400toabout1600iscalledtheRenaissanceandmarkstheendoftheMIDDLEAGES.TheRenaissancewasatimeofgreat
achievementsinartandliteraturewhenartistssuchasLEONARDODAVINCIandMICHELANGELOandwriterssuchasCERVANTESandSHAKESPEAREwereactive.The
Renaissancewasalsothegreatageofexploration,whenCHRISTOPHERCOLUMBUSdiscoveredtheNewWorld.
RichardtheLionHearted
RichardtheLionHeartedwasanEnglishkingofthelate1100s.HefoughtintheCRUSADESandwasknownforhisbraveryandchivalryinbattle.SeealsoSALADIN.
RomanEmpire
Inancienttimes,Rome(whichtodayisthecapitalofItaly)wasthecenterofagreatempire.Attheheightofitspower,theRomanEmpireincludedItaly,Greece,
France,Britain,Spain,andpartsofNorthAfricaandtheeasternMediterranean.TheRomanswereremarkablesoldiers,engineers,andlawmakers.Theirempirewas
connectedbyahugenetworkofroads,manyofwhichcanstillbeseeninEurope.TheRomanEmpirealsoleftitsmarkonthelanguagesofEurope,forItalian,
French,andSpanishallcomefromLatin,thelanguageoftheRomans.English,too,hasmanyLatinwords.TheRomanEmpirelastedfromjustbeforethebirthof
JesustoaboutA.D.500.SeealsoCAESAR,AUGUSTUSCAESAR,JULIUSROMANREPUBLIC.
RomanRepublic
TheRomanRepublicwasthegovernmentthatruledancientRomeforhundredsofyearsuntilthebeginningoftheROMANEMPIREunderAUGUSTUSCAESAR.

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Therepublicwasruledbyasenateofnoblemenwhomettodiscussimportantmattersandmakedecisionsaboutwhattodo.Incontrast,theRomanEmpirewasruled
byasinglepersonknownastheemperor.
Rome
SeeROMANEMPIRE.
S
Saladin
SaladinwasaMoslemrulerofEgyptandotherregionsoftheMiddleEastinthelate1100s.HerecapturedthecityofJerusalemduringoneoftheCRUSADESandis
consideredagreatheroofMoslemhistory.
Imagenotavailable.
Samurai

samurai
ThesamuraiweretrainedsoldierswhobelongedtotheJapanesenobleclassduringthetimeoftheSHOGUNS.Theyfollowedastrictcodeofbehaviorthatvaluedhonor
morethanlife.
serf
UnderthefeudalsystemoftheMIDDLEAGES,thelandwasfarmedbypoorpeoplewhowerecalledserfs.Theserfswereunderthecompletecontrolofthenobleswho
ownedtheland.SeealsoFEUDALISM.
shoguns
TheshogunswereJapanesemilitaryleaderswhoruledthecountryforhundredsofyears.ModernJapanesehistorybeginswhenthelastshogunwasoverthrowninthe
middle1900s.
SpanishArmada
TheSpanishArmadawasahugefleetofshipsthatthekingofSpainsenttoattackEnglandinthe1500s.TheArmadawasdestroyedbytheEnglishships.Seealso
ELIZABETHI.
Sparta
SpartawasoneofthetwomostimportantcitystatesofancientGreece.TheSpartanswereknownasawarlike,disciplinedpeople.SeealsoATHENS.
Sphinx
TheSphinxisanenormousstonestatuebuiltbytheancientEgyptians.Ithastheheadofamanandthebodyofalion.
StoneAge
TheStoneAgewastheearliestperiodofhumanhistory.Duringthistime,beforepeoplelearnedhowtoshapemetal,alltoolsweremadeofstone.SeealsoBRONZE
AGEIRONAGE.
Stonehenge
StonehengeisacircleofhugestonesstandinguprightonanopenplaininEngland.Thestonesweresetinplaceinancienttimes,butnooneknowswhoputthemthere
orwhatpreciselytheywereusedfor.
T
Tangdynasty
Adynastyisaseriesofrulerswhobelongtothesamefamily.TheTangdynastyruledinChinaduringoneofthegreatestperiodsofitshistory.Thedynastylastedfor
300years(618907),duringwhichtimemanyimportantadvancesweremadeinthesciences,technology,andthearts.
Tutankhamen
TutankhamenwasanEgyptianPHARAOHwholivedaround1400B.C.Histombremainedundiscoveredformorethanthreethousandyears.Whenitwasfinally

Page135

opened,inthe1920s,itwasfoundtocontainmanytreasuresandobjectsthatshowhowpeoplelivedinancientEgypt.TutankhamenisalsoknownasKingTut.
V
vassal
Inthefeudalsystem,aKNIGHTwhosworeloyaltytoaparticularrulerbecamethevassal,orfollower,ofthatruler.SeealsoFEUDALISM.
Imagenotavailable.
Vikings

Vikings
TheVikingswereseagoingwarriorsfromScandinaviawhowerefamousfortheirskillassailors.DuringtheMIDDLEAGES,theyrepeatedlyraidedthecoastsofEurope,
attackingandlootingtowns.
W
WilliamtheConqueror
WilliamtheConquerorwastheleaderoftheNormans,whoconqueredEnglandin1066.SeealsoNORMANCONQUEST.
Z
Zulus
TheZulusareanAfricanpeoplewhospeakaBANTUlanguageandliveinthecountryofSouthAfrica.TheZulusfoughtmanybattlesagainsttheEuropeanswhocame
intotheirlandsinthe1900s.TodaymanyZulusliveinlargecitiesorworkonfarmsormininggold,diamonds,andotherminerals.

Page136

WorldHistorySince1600
Herewedescribeimportantpeopleandeventsinthelastfourhundredyearsorso.Thisperiodhasseenthreeworldshakingrevolutions,whentheAmerican,French,
andRussianpeoplesoverthrewtheirgovernments.TheseyearshavealsoseentwoworldwarsandtheriseofdictatorssuchasHitlerandStalin.Inthisperiod,the
expansionofscienceandtechnologyhasenabledpeopletoliveinincreasingcomfort,toconquerdisease,andtoventureasfarasthemoon.Thespreadoftechnology
hasbroughtproblems,however,especiallythatofpollution.Inthefirstpartofthisperiod,thenationsofEuropeweredominant.Today,thenationsofAsia,Africa,
andLatinAmericahavegainedtheirindependencefromEuropeanruleandareplayingagrowingroleinshapingworldevents.
A
Allies
TheAllieswerethevictoriousnationswhofoughttogetherinWORLDWARIandWORLDWARII.TheywerecalledtheAlliesbecausetheywereallied,orunited,intheir
effort.InWorldWarI,theAlliesincludedBritain,France,Italy,Russia,andtheUnitedStates.InWorldWarII,theAlliesincludedBritain,France,theSovietUnion,
andtheUnitedStates.
apartheid(uhPAHRTheyet)
InthenationofSouthAfrica,formanyyearsawhiteminorityruledoverablackmajority.Thegovernmentenforcedapolicyofsegregationoftheracesknownas
apartheid.Thispolicy,whichhelpedtokeepblackspowerless,wascondemnedbymostofthecountriesintheworld.Intheearly1990s,theactsthatmadeapartheid
legalwererepealed,andwhitesvotedtoendtheirminorityrule.
armsrace
ThearmsracereferstothecompetitionbetweenvariouscountriesafterWORLDWARIItohavethemostsophisticatedandthegreatestnumberofweapons,especially
NUCLEARWEAPONS.ThemajorityoftheseweaponswerecontrolledbytheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnion.Sincethe1970sanumberoftreatieshavebeensignedto
limitnuclearweapons.
B
Bastille(basTEEL)
TheBastillewasalargeprisoninParis,France.In1789,atthebeginningoftheFRENCHREVOLUTION,itwasattackedandtakenoverbytherevolutionaries.

Page137

Thedayoftheattack,July14,isnowanationalholidayinFrancecalledBastilleDay.
Imagenotavailable.
BerlinWall.
TearingdowntheBerlinWallin1989.

BerlinWall
EastGermanybuilttheBerlinWallinthe1960stopreventcitizensofEastBerlinfromescapingtoWestBerlin,apartofWestGermanythatwassurroundedbyEast
Germany.Thewallwastorndownin1989duringthepeacefulpopularuprisingthatledtothe1990reunificationofGermany.SeealsoGERMANY.
BoerWar(BOHR)
TheBoerWarwasfoughtfrom1899to1902betweenBritishandDutchsettlersinwhatisnowSouthAfrica.Afteralongstruggle,theDutchsettlers,orBoers,were
defeatedbytheBritish.
Bolvar,Simn(seeMOHNbuhLEEvahr)
SimnBolvarwasaVenezuelansoldierandrevolutionaryleaderwhohelpedtheSouthAmericancolonieswinindependencefromSpainintheearly1800s.Hewas
knownas''theLiberator,"andthecountryofBOLIVIAisnamedinhishonor.
bourgeoisie(boorzhwahZEE)
BourgeoisieistheFrenchwordformiddleclass.TheFrenchRevolutionwasbroughtaboutinpartbythebourgeoisie,whichsoughtmorepersonalandeconomic
freedom.
C
Castro,Fidel
FidelCastro,acommunist,isthedictatorofCuba.
CatherinetheGreat
CatherinetheGreatwasanempressofRUSSIAinthelate1700swhogreatlyexpandedtheRussianEmpirebymilitaryanddiplomaticconquests.LikePETERTHEGREAT
beforeher,sheisknownforbringingEuropeanartandculturetoRussia.
ChiangKaishek(CHANGKEYESHEK)
ChiangKaishekwasaChinesemilitaryandpoliticalleaderofthetwentiethcentury.HewaspresidentofChinabutwasdriventotheislandofTaiwanin1949bythe
communists.Heestablishedagovernmentthereandbecamepresident.
Churchill,Winston
WinstonChurchill,asprimeministerofGreatBritainduringWORLDWARII,inspiredtheBritishpeopletostanduptoHITLER.
ColdWar
BetweenWorldWarIIandthe1980s,astateoftensionandmilitaryrivalryexistedbetweentheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates.ThiswascalledtheColdWar,
becausetherewasno"hot"war,withactualfighting.Butbecauseeachcountrybelievedthattheotherthreateneditsexistence,bothstockpiledthousandsofnuclear
weapons,anumberbeingreducedslowlythroughdisarmamenttalksandtreaties.
colonialism
Acolonyisasettlementestablishedinadistantlandthatmaintainssocialandeconomictieswiththecountryoforigin.

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Colonialismusuallymeansgoverningcoloniestobenefitnotthecolonizedlandandpeoplebutthecolonizingcountryandpeople.Inunpopulatedorsparselypopulated
areas,suchastheAmericas,colonizedbytheBritish,French,Spanish,andPortugueseinthe1500sand1600s,coloniescanleadtothecreationofnewnations.In
morepopulatedareas,suchasthepartsofAsiaandAfricacolonizedbytheBritish,French,Belgians,Dutch,andGermansinthe1700sand1800s,coloniesareoften
absorbedorrejectedbythelocalpeople,whoestablishorreestablishtheirownnations.
Imagenotavailable.
Concentrationcamps.
PrisonersintheBuchenwaldconcentrationcamp.

concentrationcamp
Aconcentrationcampisakindofprisonusedbygovernmentstoconfinelargegroupsofpeopleforpoliticalreasons.DuringWorldWarII,millionsofpeoplediedin
concentrationcampsrunbytheNAZIS.SeealsoHITLER,ADOLFHOLOCAUST.
Cook,CaptainJames
CaptainJamesCook,anEnglishexplorerofthe1700s,wasthefirstEuropeantovisittheHawaiianIslands.
czar(ZAHR)
CzarwasthenamegiventotheRussianrulersoremperorsbeforetheRUSSIANREVOLUTION.
D
Imagenotavailable.
DDay.
Americantroopslandingonthenorthern
coastofFrance,June6,1944.

DDay
DuringWORLDWARII,ahugearmyofAmericanandBritishtroopslandedonthecoastofNORMANDYinFrancetofighttheGermans,whohadtakencontrolofmost
ofEurope.ThisinvasionwastheturningpointofthewarandthebeginningofGermany'sdefeat.Thedayofthelanding,June6,1944,isknownasDDay.
DeGaulle,Charles(diGOHL)
CharlesDeGaullewasaFrenchpresidentinthemid1900s.DuringWORLDWARII,heledtheFrenchResistance,thosepeoplewhodefiedGermany'soccupationof
France.
E
EastIndiaCompany
TheEastIndiaCompanywasabusinessorganizationthatwasformedinthe1600sforthepurposeoftrad

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ingbyseabetweenEuropeandvariouscountriesofsouthernAsia.Therewereactuallyseveralcompanieswiththisname,includingtheDutchEastIndiaCompany,
whichtradedmainlywiththeislandsofINDONESIA,andtheBritishEastIndiaCompany,whichtradedmainlywithINDIA.
F
Imagenotavailable.
AnneFrank

Frank,Anne
AnneFrank,aDutchJewishgirl,spenttwoyearshidingfromtheNAZISinAmsterdamduringWORLDWARII.ShewaseventuallycapturedandsenttoaCONCENTRATION
CAMP,whereshedied.HerdiaryfromhertimeinAmsterdamwasfoundandpublishedandisnowafamousbook,AnneFrank:TheDiaryofaYoungGirl.See
alsoHOLOCAUST.
FrenchRevolution
In1789,theFrenchpeoplerevoltedagainsttheirgovernment.TherevolutionbeganwiththestormingoftheBASTILLE,aprison.Thekingwasoverthrownand
executedandFrancewasdeclaredarepublic,butthestruggleforfreedomlastedseveralyearsandincludedtheperiodknownastheREIGNOFTERROR.The
revolutionarygovernmentwaseventuallyoverthrownbyNAPOLEON,whomadehimselfrulerofFrance.SeealsoMARIEANTOINETTE.
G
Imagenotavailable.
MohandasGandhi.TheIndianleader,frequently
shownspinningtosymbolizehisplan
forIndia'seconomicselfsufficiency.
PhotographbyMargaretBourkeWhite.

Gandhi,Mohandas(GAHNdee)
MohandasGandhiwasthegreatestpoliticalandspiritualleaderofmodernIndia.Usingnonviolentmethods,heledIndiatoindependencefromBritishruleinthemid
1900s.
GeorgeIII
GeorgeIIIwasthekingofEnglandduringtheAmericanRevolution.
H
Hidalgo,Miguel
MiguelHidalgowasaMexicanpriestwholedanuprisingagainsttheSpanishgovernmentintheearly1800s.Thoughtheuprisingwasunsuccessful,itinspiredfurther
rebellion,andMexicowonitsindependencefromSpainafewyearslater.MiguelHidalgoisknownas"thefatherofMexicanindependence."September16,whenhe
proclaimedhisrevolt,iscelebratedasIndependenceDay.
Hiroshima
DuringWORLDWARII,AmericanforcesdroppedanATOMICBOMBontheJapanesecityofHiroshimathefirsttimeanucleardevicehadbeenusedasaweaponin
wartime.
Hitler,Adolf
AdolfHitlerwastheleaderoftheNazimovement.TheNAZIScalledhim

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Imagenotavailable.
AdolfHitler

DerFhrer(theLeader).AfterhebecamedictatorofGermany,HitlerstartedWORLDWARIIin1939byinvadingneighboringcountries,becausehebelievedthat
GermanywasdestinedtoruleEurope.HehatedtheJewishpeopleandspreadthishatredamonghisfollowers.MillionsofJewsandothergroupsofpeoplewere
murderedinCONCENTRATIONCAMPSinaprogramofdeathandsufferingthatisknownastheHOLOCAUST.
Holocaust
DuringWORLDWARII,theNAZISmurderedmorethansixmillionJewsandotherpeoplewhomHitlerconsideredinferior.Thismassmurderhasbecomeknownasthe
Holocaust.SeealsoHITLER,ADOLFNAZIS.
I
IndustrialRevolution
Beforethe1700s,mostpeopleinEuropelivedandworkedonfarms.Inthe1700sand1800s,manynewmachineswereinvented,andtheyproducedgoodsona
scalethathadneverbeenknownbefore.Factorieswerebuilttohousethemachines.Peoplemovedfromthecountrytofindworkinthefactories,andindustrialtowns
sprangup.Alongwiththemachinescamenewmethodsoftransportation,suchastherailroad.Together,allthesechangesbroughtaboutbytheriseofindustryare
calledtheIndustrialRevolution.Ithadbothgoodandbadeffectsonpeople'slives.Moregoodswereavailablethaneverbefore.Bettermeansoftransportationand
communicationwereinvented.Ontheotherhand,mostfactoryworkerswerepoor,andfactorytownsweredirtyandpolluted.
IronCurtain
Theterm"IronCurtain,"firstusedbytheBritishprimeministerWinstonChurchill,referstoanimaginarydividinglinebetweentheindependentnationsofWestern
EuropeandthenationsofEasternEuropethatcameunderthecommunistdominationoftheSOVIETUNIONafterWORLDWARII.TheEasternEuropeancountriesonce
saidtobe"behindtheIronCurtain"begantoregaintheirautonomyinthe1980s.SeealsoCOMMUNISM.
J
JollyRoger
TheJollyRogerisaflagthatshowsawhiteskullandcrossbonesagainstablackbackground.Itwasflownbypirateshipswhenpirateswereactive,inthe1600sand
1700s.
K
KGB

TheKGBwasthesecretpoliceforceintheSovietUnion.
Kidd,Captain
CaptainKiddwasafamouspirateofthe1600s.
KoreanWar
TheKoreanWarwasfoughtintheearly1950s.TheUnitedStateshelpedSouthKoreadefenditselfagainstaninvasionfromcommunistNorthKorea.
L
LeagueofNations
TheLeagueofNationswasanorganizationestablishedafterWORLDWARIthatwastheforerunneroftheUNITEDNATIONS.TheLeaguebroughtaboutinternational
cooperationonhealthissues,laborproblems,andrefugeeaffairs.AlthoughPresidentWOODROWWILSONwasafounderoftheLeagueofNations,theUnitedStates
neverjoinedit.
Lenin,V.I.
V.I.LeninwastheleaderofthecommunistgroupthatseizedpowerduringtheRUSSIANREVOLUTIONandbecamethefirstpoliticalleaderoftheSovietUnion.

Page141

Liberty,Equality,Fraternity
ThisphrasewasthemottooftheFrenchRevolution.
Livingstone,David
DavidLivingstonewasaScottishmissionaryinAfricainthemiddle1800s.HeexploredalargepartofcentralAfrica,includingmanyplacesnoEuropeanhadgone
before.Livingstonewasastrongopponentofblackslavery.
LouisXIV
LouisXIV,knownastheSunKing,wasakingofFranceduringthe1600s,whenFrancewasthemostimportantcountryinEurope.Heisfamousbecauseofthe
absolutepowerheheldoverhispeopleandforhissupportofthearts.
M
MaoZedong(mowdzuhDOONG)
MaoZedong,alsospelledMaoTsetung,wastheleaderofmainlandChinaafterheledthecommuniststovictoryinthelate1940s.Hebecameaverypowerful
dictatorandcontrolledeveryaspectofhispeople'slives.
MarieAntoinette(muhREEantwuhNET)
MarieAntoinettewasthequeenofFranceatthetimeoftheFRENCHREVOLUTION.Sheandtheking,LouisXVI,wereexecutedbytherevolutionaries.
Mart,Jos
JosMartwasaCubanpoetinthelate1800swhoinspiredmanyCubanstofightforindependencefromSpain.HewaskilledinabattlefightingSpanishsoldiers.
Mussolini,Benito(moohsuhLEEnee)
BenitoMussoliniwasthepoliticalleaderofItalyduringWORLDWARII.
N
Nagasaki
DuringWORLDWARII,AmericanforcesdroppedanATOMICBOMBontheJapanesecityofHIROSHIMA.Threedayslateranotheratomicbombwasdroppedonthecityof
Nagasaki.
Imagenotavailable.
Napoleon

Napoleon(nuhPOHleeuhn)
NapoleonBonapartewasageneralandtheemperorofFranceintheearly1800s.HeconqueredmuchofEuropebeforebeingdefeatedbytheBritishattheBattleof
WATERLOO.
Nazis(NAHTseez)
TheNazisweremembersofthepoliticalpartythatruledGermanybeforeandduringWORLDWARII.TheyhatedJewsandothergroupsofpeopleandbelievedthat
Germansweresuperiortoallotherpeoplesandshouldruletheworld.TheirleaderwasADOLFHITLER,whosepoliciesledtotheHOLOCAUST.
Nightingale,Florence
FlorenceNightingalewasanEnglishnurseofthe1800s.Shebecamefamousforherworktendingwoundedsoldiersandhelpedestablishthemodernprofessionof
nursing.
Normandy
NormandyisaregionofnorthernFranceontheEnglishChannel.ItsbeacheswerewheretheAmericanandBritishtroopslandedonDDAYinWORLDWARII.
P
PearlHarbor
OnDecember7,1941,theJapaneseattackedtheUnitedStatesnavalbase

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atPearlHarbor,Hawaii.Aftertheattack,theUnitedStatesdeclaredwaronJapan,whichledtodirectAmericanparticipationinWORLDWARIIinEuropeaswellas
inAsia.
PetertheGreat
PetertheGreatwasaRussianCZARofthelate1600sandearly1700swhohelpedunifyandmodernizehiscountry.HevisitedthegreatcitiesofEuropeandbrought
backideasforhowRussiansocietycouldbeimproved.HebuiltthecityofSt.Petersburg.
R
ReignofTerror
TheReignofTerrorwasaphaseoftheFrenchRevolutionduringwhichmanypeopleweresenttotheguillotinebecausetheywereconsideredenemiesofthe
Revolution.
RussianRevolution
In1917and1918,theRussianpeopleoverthrewtheirgovernment.TheBolsheviks,acommunistgroup,cametopowerandcreatedtheUnionofSovietSocialist
Republics(USSR),whichwasalsocalledtheSovietUnion.SeealsoLENIN,V.I.
S
SantaAnna
SantaAnnawasaMexicangeneralandpoliticalleaderintheearlyandmiddle1800s.HehelpedwinMexico'sindependencefromSpain,buthisarmywasdefeated
bytheUnitedStatesintheMEXICANWAR.ItwasSantaAnna'ssoldierswhowonavictoryovertheTexansattheALAMO.
slavetrade
Inthe1500s,Europeans,withthehelpofAfricans,begantobringpeoplefromAfricatoworkasslavesonthefarmsandplantationsofNorthandSouthAmerica.
TheslavetradedidnotendinAmericaandEuropeuntilthe1800s,whenmanyEuropeancountriespassedlawsagainstslavery.
Sputnik
SputnikisthenameofaRussianSATELLITEthatwaslaunchedin1957.ItwasthefirstartificialsatellitetoorbittheEarth.ThesuccessofSputnikandotherRussian
satellitescausedtheUnitedStatestoworkharderonitsownspaceprogram.
Stalin,Joseph(STAHlin)
JosephStalinwastheleaderoftheSovietUnionintheearlyandmiddle1900s,includingWORLDWARII.Notoriousforhiscruelty,hecausedthedeathsofmillionsof
hispeople.
T
Teresa,Mother
MotherTeresa,aRomanCatholicnunwholivesinIndia,wontheNo
Imagenotavailable.
TheTitanic

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belPeacePrizein1979forhelpingunfortunateandpoorpeople.
Titanic
TheTitanicwasanoceanlinerthatstruckanicebergandsankduringitsfirstvoyage,fromEnglandtoNewYork,inApril1912.Theship,aluxuryliner,hadbeen
consideredunsinkable.
ToussaintL'Ouverture
ToussaintL'OuverturewasaHaitianwholedaslaverevoltagainsttheFrenchinthelate1700s.Laterheledthefightforthecountry'sindependence.Hewasfinally
captured,butheishonoredtodayasoneofthefoundersofHaiti.
U
UnitedNations
TheUnitedNations,orU.N.,isanorganizationthatwasformedafterWorldWarIItopromoteworldpeace.Almostallofthenationsoftheworldbelongtothe
UnitedNationsandsendrepresentativestoitsheadquartersinNewYorkCity.
V
Imagenotavailable.
QueenVictoria

Victoria,Queen
QueenVictoriawastherulerofGreatBritainduringthelate1800s,nowknownastheVictorianperiod.Duringherlengthyreign,GreatBritainbecametheworld's
mostpowerfulnation.
Imagenotavailable.
VietnamWar.
U.S.Armysoldierspreparedtofight.

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WorldWarII.
London,1940:thedomeofSt.Paul'sCathedralcanbeseenthroughthefireandsmoke.

VietnamWar
TheVietnamWar,betweenNorthandSouthVietnam,lastedfromthe1950sto1975.BecauseNorthVietnamwasacommunistcountry,theUnitedStatessent
troopstohelptheSouthVietnamesegovernment.ThewarendedwiththedefeatoftheSouthVietnamese.SeealsoVIETNAMWARunder"AmericanHistorySince
1865."
Villa,Pancho
PanchoVillawasaMexicanrevolutionaryleaderoftheearly1900s.Villawasconsideredanoutlawbysomepeople,buttoothershewasapopularhero.Whenhe
crossedtheborderandraidedatowninNewMexico,theUnitedStatesgovernmentsentalargeforceintoMexicotocapturehim,butVillaalwaysmanagedto
escape.
W
Waterloo
WaterlooisthevillageinBelgiumwhereNAPOLEONwasfinallydefeatedattheBattleofWaterlooin1815.
Wellington,Dukeof
ArthurWellesley,theFirstDukeofWellington,wasaBritishgeneralofthenineteenthcenturywhodefeatedNAPOLEONattheBattleofWATERLOO.
WorldWarI
WorldWarIwasfoughtinEuropebetween1914and1918.GreatBritain,Russia,andFrancejoinedforcesagainstGermanyandAustriaHungary,whichwasan
empiremadeupofanumberofeasternEuropeancountries.In1917,theUnitedStatesenteredthewaronthesideofGreatBritainanditsallies.WorldWarIwas
thelargestandbloodiestwarthathadeverbeenfoughtinEurope.Itwasespeciallyshockingbecauseoftheuseofdestructivedevicessuchasairplanes,poisongas,
andmachineguns.Muchofthefightingtookplaceintrenches,orspecialholesdugbythesoldiers.ThewarendedwiththedefeatofGermanyandAustriaHungary.
SeealsoWORLDWARIunder"AmericanHistorySince1865."
WorldWarII
WorldWarIIwasfoughtinEuropeandAsiabetween1939and1945.On

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onesideweretheAxispowers,Germany,Italy,andJapan,andontheothersideweretheAllies,includingtheUnitedStates,GreatBritain,theSovietUnion,and
China.ThewarbeganwhenGermanyandJapaninvadedneighboringcountries.TheturningpointofthewarinEuropecamewhenAlliedtroopslandedinFranceon
DDAY,June6,1944.Germanysurrenderedearlyin1945.Japangaveupseveralmonthslater,aftertheUnitedStatesdroppedATOMICBOMBSontheJapanesecities
ofHIROSHIMAandNAGASAKI.SeealsoDEGAULLE,CHARLESHITLER,ADOLFPEARLHARBORSTALIN,JOSEPH.SeealsoWORLDWARIIunder"AmericanHistorySince
1865."
Z
Imagenotavailable.
EmilianoZapata

Zapata,Emiliano
EmilianoZapatawasaMexicanrevolutionaryleaderoftheearly1900s.Hetriedtobringaboutreformsthatwouldtakelandfromthewealthylandownersanddivide
itamongthepoorIndianfarmers.Hewasassassinatedin1919.SeealsoVILLA,PANCHO.

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UnitedStatesGeography
Geographyisthestudyofthesurfaceoftheearth,itsdivisionintoregions,andthedifferentcharacteristicsofthoseregions.Thissectionofthedictionaryfocuseson
theUnitedStates.Itlistsandlocatesthefiftystatesandsomeofthecountry'sterritories,themajornaturalformations,suchasmountainrangesandrivers,thedifferent
regionsofthecountry,andsomeofthemajorcities.
A
AdirondackMountains(aduhRONdack)
TheAdirondacksareamountainrangeinnortheastNewYorkState.
Alabama
AlabamaisastateintheSOUTH.
Alaska
Alaska,whichisnorthandwestofCanada,isthelargeststate.
AlleghenyMountains(aluhGAYnee)
TheAllegheniesareamountainrangeextendingfromnorthernPennsylvaniatosouthwestVirginia.
Annapolis(uhNAPuhlis)
AnnapolisisthecapitalofMarylandandthesiteoftheUnitedStatesNavalAcademy.
AppalachianMountains(APuhLAYcheeuhn)
TheAppalachiansareamountainchainthatextendsalmosttheentirelengthoftheEastCoast,fromQuebec,Canada,toAlabama.TheAppalachianTrail,theworld's
longestcontinuoushikingpath,runsthroughpartoftheAppalachianMountains.
Arizona
ArizonaisastateintheSOUTHWEST.
Arkansas(AHRkuhnsaw)
ArkansasisastateintheSOUTH.
Atlanta
AtlantaisthecapitalofGeorgiaandthestate'smostpopulouscity.ItisoneofthemajorcitiesoftheSouth.
B
Badlands
TheBadlands,inSouthDakota,isanareaofbarrenhillsandgulliescausedbyerosion.
BlueRidgeMountains
TheBlueRidgeMountains,partoftheAppalachianmountainchain,aremostlyinVirginiaandNorthCarolina.
Boston
BostonisthecapitalofMassachusettsandthelargestcityinNewEngland.
Brooklyn
Brooklynisapart,orborough,ofNewYorkCity.TheBROOKLYNBRIDGE,betweenMANHATTANandBrooklyn,isafamousstructure.

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Page149

Imagenotavailable.

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Page151

C
California
California,oneofthePACIFICCOASTSTATES,isthemostpopulousstate.TwoofitsmostimportantcitiesareLosAngelesandSanFrancisco.
CapeCanaveral(kuhNAVuhruhl)
Acapeisanareaoflandthatextendsoutintothewater.CapeCanaveral,inFlorida,isthesiteoftheJohnF.KennedySpaceCenter,wherethespaceprogram
launchesrockets.
CapeCod
CapeCodisaresortareaontheAtlanticOceaninsoutheasternMassachusetts.
Charleston
Charleston,SouthCarolina,isanoldseacoastcity.AnothercitynamedCharlestonisthecapitalofWestVirginia.
ChesapeakeBay
Abayispartofalargerbodyofwaterandextendsintotheland.TheChesapeakeBayisintheAtlanticOcean,borderedbyMarylandandVirginia.
Chicago(shiKAHgoh)
Chicago,Illinois,isamajormidwestcityandthecountry'sthirdmostpopulouscity.OntheshoresofLakeMichigan,itisnicknamedtheWindyCitybecauseofthe
strongwindsthatblowoffthelake.
Colorado
ColoradoisoneoftheROCKYMOUNTAINSTATES.
ColoradoRiver
TheColoradoRiver,intheSouthwest,isoneofthecountry'slongestrivers.
ColumbiaRiver
TheColumbiaRiverisinthePacificNorthwest.
Connecticut(kuhNETikuht)
ConnecticutisoneoftheNEWENGLANDstatesandwasoneoftheoriginalthirteenstates.
D
Dallas
DallasisalargecityinTexasandamajorcityintheSouthwest.
DeathValley
DeathValleyisadesertvalleyineasternCaliforniathatissonamedbecauseofitsharshclimate.Insummer,itisoneofthehottestplacesintheUnitedStates.Death
Valley,at280feetbelowsealevel,isthelowestpointinNorthAmerica.
Delaware
DelawareisoneoftheMIDDLEATLANTICSTATESandwasoneoftheoriginalthirteenstates.
Denver
DenveristhecapitalofColoradoanditslargestcity.ItisthemajorcityoftheRockyMountainregion.
Detroit(diTROIT)
Detroit,inMichigan,iscalledtheMotorCitybecauseitisthecenterofautomobilemanufacturinginthecountry.
DistrictofColumbia
SeeWASHINGTON,D.C.
E
EastCoast
TheEastCoastisthenameforthepartofthecountryontheAtlanticOcean.
ErieCanal(EERee)
TheErieCanalwasacanalinNewYorkStatethatconnectedtheAtlanticOceantotheGreatLakes.Itwasamajortransportationandshippingrouteinthe1800s,
inthedaysbeforetherailroadandautomobile,whenfreightwascarriedonboats.
Everglades
TheEvergladesisalarge,marshyregioninsouthernFloridafamousforitswildlife,includingalligators.
F
FarWest
TheFarWestisthepartofthecountrywestoftheRockyMountains,onthePacificOcean.
Florida
Florida,astateintheSOUTH,isthesouthernmoststateontheEastCoast.
FloridaKeys
TheFloridaKeysarealongchainofislandsoffthesoutherntipofFlorida.
G
Georgia(JAWRjuh)
GeorgiaisastateoftheSOUTH,ontheEastCoastjustnorthofFlorida,andwasoneoftheoriginalthirteenstates.
GrandCanyon
TheGrandCanyonisadeep,widecanyoninArizonaformedbythe

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ColoradoRiver.Itisknownforitsspectacularscenery.
GreatLakes
TheGreatLakesareagroupoffivelakesinthenorthcentralpartoftheUnitedStatesalongtheCanadianborder:LakeSuperior,LakeMichigan,LakeHuron,Lake
Erie,andLakeOntario.Theyarethelargestgroupoffreshwaterlakesintheworld.
GreatPlains
TheGreatPlainsisthevast,flatareaofprairie,orgrassland,thatextendsthroughpartsoftheMidwest,theWest,andtheSouthwest.Theprairiehasveryrichsoil
andgrowsvastquantitiesofcornandwheat.
GreatSaltLake
TheGreatSaltLakeisalargesaltwaterlakeinnorthernUtah.
GreatSmokyMountains
TheGreatSmokiesarethepartoftheAppalachianMountainsalongtheTennesseeNorthCarolinaborder.Theyarenamedforthesmokelikehazethathangsover
them.
GulfofMexico
Agulfisalargebodyofoceanthatispartlyenclosedbyland.TheGulfofMexicoisthepartoftheAtlanticOceanborderedbythesoutherncoastoftheUnited
StatesandtheeasterncoastofMexico.
H
Hawaii(huhWHYee)
Hawaii,theonlystateinthePacificOcean,isagroupoftropicalislandsfartothesouthwestoftheUnitedStatesmainland.
Hollywood
Hollywood,thetraditionalcenterofthemovieindustry,ispartofLosAngeles,California.
Honolulu(HONuhLOOHlooh)
HonoluluisthecapitalofHawaii.
Imagenotavailable.
TheGrandCanyon

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Houston(HYOOHstuhn)
HoustonisthelargestcityinTexasandoneofthemajorcitiesoftheSouthwest.
HudsonRiver
TheHudsonisariverinNewYorkState.ItflowstotheAtlanticOceanpastthewestsideofManhattanIsland.
I
Idaho(EYEduhHOH)
IdahoisoneoftheROCKYMOUNTAINSTATES,famousforitspotatoes.
Illinois(ILuhNOI)
IllinoisisastateintheMIDWESTnotedforitslargestcity,Chicago.
Indiana(INdeeANuh)
IndianaisastateintheMIDWEST.
Indianapolis
IndianapolisisthecapitalofIndianaanditslargestcity.
Iowa(EYEuhwuh)
IowaisastateintheMIDWEST.
J
JamesRiver
TheJamesRiverisariverofcentralVirginiaflowingintoChesapeakeBay.Nearitsmouth,JAMESTOWNwasestablishedintheearly1600sasthefirstpermanent
settlementinAmerica.
K
Kansas(KANzuhs)
KansasisastateintheMIDWEST.
KansasCity(KANzuhs)
KansasCityisamajormidwestcityinMissouriasmallerpartofthecityliesinKansas.
Kentucky
KentuckyisastateintheSOUTH.
L
LakeErie
LakeErieisoneoftheGreatLakesnorthofOhio.
LakeHuron(HYOORuhn)
LakeHuron,oneoftheGreatLakes,isnortheastofMichigan.
LakeMichigan(MISHiguhn)
LakeMichiganisoneoftheGreatLakes,borderedbyMichigantotheeastandWisconsintothewest.
LakeOntario
LakeOntario,oneoftheGreatLakes,isnorthofNewYorkState.
LakeSuperior
LakeSuperior,thelargestGreatLake,isnorthofMichigan.
LasVegas
LasVegasisacityinNevadafamousforitsentertainmentandgamblingcasinos.
LongIsland
LongIslandisanislandeastofNewYorkCitythatcontainspartofthecityandmanyofitssuburbs.Theeasternendoftheislandisalsoknownasaresortarea.
LosAngeles(lawsANjuhluhs)
LosAngeles,insouthernCalifornia,isthesecondmostpopulouscityintheUnitedStates.
Louisiana(loohEEzeeANuh)
LouisianaisastateintheSOUTH.
M
Maine
Maine,oneoftheNEWENGLANDstates,isthenorthernmoststateontheEastCoast.
Manhattan
ManhattanisanislandandthepartofNewYorkCitynotedforitsskyscrapers,theaters,andfinancialdistrict,knownasWallStreet.Inthe1600s,ManhattanIsland
wasboughtfromthenativeAmericansbyDutchsettlersfor$24worthoftrinkets.
Maryland(MERuhluhnd)
MarylandisoneoftheMIDDLEATLANTICSTATESandwasoneoftheoriginalthirteenstates.
Massachusetts(MASuhCHOOHsits)
MassachusettsisastateinNEWENGLANDandwasoneoftheoriginalthirteenstates.
Miami(meyeAMee)
MiamiisthelargestcityinFlorida.MiamiBeach,justeastacrossBiscayneBay,isafamousresorttown.
Michigan(MISHiguhn)
MichiganisastateintheMIDWEST.Detroitisitslargestcity.
MiddleAtlanticstates
TheMiddleAtlanticstates,Pennsylvania,NewYork,NewJersey,Delaware,andMaryland,areontheeast

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coast.AllbutPennsylvaniatouchtheAtlanticOcean,althoughPhiladelphiaisconnectedwiththeAtlanticbytheDelawareRiver.Thisregionisthemostdensely
populatedareainthecountry.
Midwest
TheMidwest,orMiddleWest,isthevast,flatareainthenorthernmiddlesectionoftheUnitedStates.MainlyontheGreatPlains,ithassomeoftherichestfarmland
intheworld.ThemidweststatesareNorthDakota,SouthDakota,Nebraska,Kansas,Minnesota,Wisconsin,Iowa,Missouri,Illinois,Indiana,Michigan,andOhio.
Minnesota(MINiSOHtuh)
MinnesotaisastateintheMIDWEST.
Mississippi
MississippiisastateintheSOUTH.
MississippiRiver
TheMississippi,inthecenterofthecountry,isthelongestriverintheUnitedStatesandanimportantshippingchannel.ItrunsfromMinnesotainthenorthtoLouisiana
inthesouthandemptiesintotheGulfofMexico.
Missouri(muhZOORuhmuhZOORee)
MissouriisastateintheMIDWEST.
MissouriRiver(muhZOORuhmuhZOORee)
TheMissouriisalargeriverintheWestandMidwestandflowsintotheMississippiRiver.
MojaveDesert(mohHAHvee)
TheMojaveDesertisinsouthernCalifornia.
Montana(monTANuh)
MontanaisoneoftheROCKYMOUNTAINSTATES.
MountMcKinley
MountMcKinley,inAlaska,isthehighestmountainintheUnitedStates.
MountRainier(rayNEERruhNEER)
MountRainierisahighmountaininthestateofWashington.
Imagenotavailable.
MountRushmore.
Fromlefttoright:GeorgeWashington,ThomasJefferson,
TheodoreRoosevelt,andAbrahamLincoln.

MountRushmore
MountRushmoreisahighcliffintheBlackHillsofSouthDakotawherethefacesoffourAmericanpresidents(GEORGEWASHINGTON,THOMASJEFFERSON,ABRAHAM
LINCOLN,andTHEODOREROOSEVELT)arecarved.Eachfaceisaboutsixtyfeettall.
MountSaintHelens
MountSaintHelensisanactivevolcanointhestateofWashington.
MountWhitney
MountWhitneyisintheSierraNevadarangeofeasternCalifornia.At14,280feet,itisthehighestpeakinthe48lowerUnitedStates.MountMcKinleyinAlaskaat
20,320feetisthehighestpeakinNorthAmerica.
N
Nashville
NashvilleisthecapitalofTennesseeandthecenterofthecountrymusicindustry.

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Nebraska
NebraskaisastateintheMIDWEST.
Nevada(nuhVADuh)
NevadaisoneoftheROCKYMOUNTAINSTATES.ItsbestknowncityisLasVegas.
NewEngland
NewEnglandisthenortheastregionoftheUnitedStates.Itisahillyandforestedarea,withmanypicturesquesmalltowns.TheNewEnglandstatesareMaine,New
Hampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,Connecticut,andRhodeIsland.
NewHampshire
NewHampshireisastateinNEWENGLANDandwasoneoftheoriginalthirteenstates.
NewJersey
NewJerseyisoneoftheMIDDLEATLANTICSTATESandwasoneoftheoriginalthirteenstates.
NewMexico
NewMexicoisastateintheSOUTHWEST.
NewOrleans(AWRleeuhnzAWluhnzawLEENZ)
NewOrleansisaportcityinLouisiana,nearthemouthoftheMississippiRiver,knownforayearlyfestivalcalledMardiGras.
NewYork
NewYorkisaMIDDLEATLANTICSTATEandwasoneoftheoriginalthirteenstates.
NewYorkCity
NewYorkCity,aportcityontheAtlanticOcean,isthemostpopulouscityintheUnitedStates.Ithasbeenanimportantbusinessandculturalcentersincethe1800s
andisnowconsideredthefashioncapitalandcommercialandfinancialcenterofthecountry.
Imagenotavailable.
NiagaraFalls

NiagaraFalls(neyeAGruhneyeAGuhruh)
NiagaraFallsisapairofspectacularwaterfallsinwesternNewYorkStateontheCanadianborder.
NorthCarolina
NorthCarolinaisastateintheSOUTHandwasoneoftheoriginalthirteenstates.
NorthDakota
NorthDakotaisastateintheMIDWEST.
Northeast,the
TheNortheastistheregionoftheUnitedStatesthatincludesNEWENGLANDandtheMIDDLEATLANTICSTATES.
O
Ohio
OhioisastateintheMIDWEST.
OhioRiver
TheOhioRiverflowsalongthesouthernbordersofOhio,Indiana,andIllinoisbeforejoiningtheMississippiRiver.
Oklahoma
OklahomaisastateintheSOUTHWEST,northofTexas.
Oregon(AWRiguhn)
OregonisoneofthePACIFICCOASTSTATES,northofCalifornia.
P
PacificCoaststates
ThePacificCoaststates,onthewestcoastalongthePacificOcean,areWashington,Oregon,andCalifornia.Theyareknownfortheirscenicmountainsand
shoreline.
PacificNorthwest
ThePacificNorthwestisanameforthenorthwestpartoftheUnitedStates.ItincludesWashington,Oregon,andnorthernCalifornia.
Pennsylvania(PENsuhlVAYNyuh)
PennsylvaniaisoneoftheMIDDLEATLANTICSTATESandwasoneoftheoriginalthirteen

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states.ItwasnamedforWilliamPenn,aQuakerwhosettledtheareawhenhewasgrantedthelandbythekingofEngland.
Philadelphia(filuhDELfeeuh)
PhiladelphiaisthelargestcityinPennsylvania.Notedforitshistoricalsites,itwasthecapitaloftheUnitedStatesforashorttimeinthelate1700s.
PikesPeak
PikesPeakisamountaininColorado.
Pittsburgh
PittsburghisanindustrialcityinwesternPennsylvaniaknownforitssteelmills.
Portland
PortlandisthelargestcityinOregonandamajorcityinthePacificNorthwest.
PotomacRiver(puhTOHmuhk)
ThePotomacRiverflowsalongthesouthwestborderofWashington,D.C.,thenation'scapital.
PuertoRico(pawrtuhREEkohpwertuhREEkoh)
PuertoRico,anislandsoutheastofFlorida,intheCaribbeanSea,isacommonwealthoftheUnitedStates.ItspeopleareUnitedStatescitizens,althoughtheymaynot
voteinnationalelections.
R
RhodeIsland
RhodeIslandisastateinNEWENGLANDandwasoneoftheoriginalthirteenstates.
RioGrande(REEohGRAND,REEohGRANDee)
TheRioGrande(Spanishfor''BigRiver")isariverintheSouthwest.ItflowsalongthesouthernborderofTexasanddividestheUnitedStatesfromMexico.
RockyMountainstates
TheRockyMountainstatesarethelandlockedstatesinthewesternpartofthecountry:Idaho,Montana,Wyoming,Nevada,Colorado,andUtah.Theyareknown
fortheirspectacularmountainsandwildernessareas.
RockyMountains
TheRockyMountains,intheWestandSouthwest,runfromAlaskainthenorth,throughCanada,andsouthtoMexico.
S
St.LawrenceRiver
TheSt.LawrenceisariverineasternCanadathatconnectstheAtlanticOceantotheGreatLakes.PartofitbordersNewYorkState.
St.LawrenceSeaway
TheSt.LawrenceSeawayisasystemofdamsandcanalsineasternCanadaandalongtheNewYorkStateborderthatwasbuiltbyAmericanandCanadian
engineers.TheseawaymakesitpossibleforshipstotransportgoodsalongtheSt.LawrenceRiverfromtheAtlanticOceantotheGreatLakes.
St.Louis(sayntLOOHuhs)
St.LouisisamajormidwestcityinMissouriontheMississippiRiver.ItwascalledtheGatewaytotheWestinthe1800sbecauseitservedasastartingplacefor
wagontrains.
SaltLakeCity
SaltLakeCityisthecapitalofUtahandisthecenteroftheChurchofJesusChristofLatterdaySaints,calledtheMormonChurch.
SanAndreasFault
TheSanAndreasFault,inCalifornia,iswherepartsoftheearth'ssurfacerubeachotherandcauseearthquakes.
SanFrancisco(fruhnSISkoh)
SanFranciscoisthelargestcityinnorthernCaliforniaandisknownfortheGOLDENGATEBRIDGE.
Seattle(seeATl)
SeattleisthelargestcityinWashingtonandamajorcityinthePacificNorthwest.
ShenandoahValley(shenuhnDOHuh)
TheShenandoah,inVirginia,isnotedforitsscenicbeautyanditsimportanceasasiteofmilitaryactionintheCIVILWAR.
SierraNevada(seeERuhnuhVAHduh)
TheSierraNevadaisamountainrangeineasternCalifornia.

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South
TheSouthismadeupofthestatesinthesoutheastregionofthecountry:Arkansas,Louisiana,Kentucky,Tennessee,WestVirginia,Virginia,NorthCarolina,South
Carolina,Mississippi,Alabama,Georgia,andFlorida.
SouthCarolina
SouthCarolinaisastateintheSOUTHthatwasoneoftheoriginalthirteenstates.
SouthDakota
SouthDakotaisastateintheMIDWEST.
SouthwestTheSouthwestistheregionofthecountryknownforitsmagnificentdesertsceneryandoil,gas,andmineraldeposits.ThesouthweststatesareArizona,
NewMexico,Oklahoma,andTexas.
T
Tennessee
TennesseeisastateintheSOUTH.
Texas
TexasisastateintheSOUTHWESTand,afterAlaska,thebiggeststate.
TimesSquare
TimesSquareisasectionofManhattan,inNewYorkCity,wherepeoplegathereveryyeartocelebrateNewYear'sEve.
U
Utah(YOOHtaw)
UtahisoneoftheROCKYMOUNTAINSTATES.
V
Vermont
VermontisastateinNEWENGLAND,knownforitsmaplesyrup.
VirginIslands
TheVirginIslandsareresortareasintheCaribbeanSea.SomeoftheislandsbelongtotheUnitedStatesothersbelongtotheBritishcommonwealth.
Virginia(vuhrJINyuh)
VirginiaisastateintheSOUTHthatwasoneoftheoriginalthirteenstates.
W
Washington
WashingtonisoneofthePACIFICCOASTSTATES,northofOregon.
Washington,D.C.
Washington,D.C.,thecapitaloftheUnitedStates,isonthePotomacRiverbetweenMarylandandVirginia.TheinitialsD.C.standforDistrictofColumbia,whichis
afederaldistrictestablishedinthe1800sbyactsofCongress.
Imagenotavailable.
YosemiteNationalPark.
"CathedralSpires"inYosemiteValley.

WestCoast
TheWestCoastisthenameforthepartoftheUnitedStatesonthePacificOcean.
WestPoint
WestPointisasmalltownontheHudsonRiverinNewYorkStatewheretheUnitedStatesMilitaryAcademyislocated.TheschoolisoftenreferredtoasWest
Point.
WestVirginia(vuhrJINyuh)
WestVirginiaisastateintheSOUTH.
Wisconsin
WisconsinisastateintheMIDWEST,knownforitsdairyproducts.
Wyoming(weyeOHming)
WyomingisoneoftheROCKYMOUNTAINSTATES.

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Y
YellowstoneNationalPark
Yellowstone,intheRockyMountains,wasthefirstnationalparkintheUnitedStates.Itisfamousforitsspectacularscenery,wildlife,andgeysers,includingOld
Faithful.
YosemiteNationalPark(yohSEMuhtee)
YosemiteNationalPark,ineasternCalifornia,isnotedforitsviewsandwaterfalls,includingYosemiteFalls,thehighestwaterfallinNorthAmerica.

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WorldGeography
Geographyisthestudyofthesurfaceoftheearth.Physicalgeographyconcernsphysicalfeaturessuchasmountains,continents,andoceans.Politicalgeography
concernscountriesandcities.Fewpeoplecannameallthenationsoftheworld,butmosteducatedpeoplerecognizethenamesofmostcountriesandhaveageneral
ideaofwheretheyare.YouprobablycouldnotnamethecountriesofeasternAfrica,butifyoucameacrossKenyainyourreading,youshouldbeabletoknowitisa
countryinAfrica.
Listedbelowarethecontinents,countries,importantcities,bodiesofwater,andmajorlandformationsoftheworldaswellasthechiefmountainsanddeserts.In
manycountries,thenameoftheofficiallanguageisrelatedtothenameofthecountryforexample,Polish(Poland)andFrench(France).Insomecaseswherethatis
notso,weindicatethemostfrequentlyspokenlanguageorlanguagesofthecountry.
A
Acapulco(akuhPOOLkoh)
AcapulcoisaresortcityinMexicoonthePacificOcean.
AconcaguaMountain(akuhnKAHgwuh)
Aconcagua,inArgentina,isthehighestpeakintheAndes.ItisalsothehighestmountaininSouthAmericaandthehighestintheworldoutsideAsia.
AegeanSea(iJEEuhn)
TheAegeanSeaisthenortheastpartoftheMediterraneanSeabetweenGreeceandTurkey.ManyofthefamousGreekislandsarefoundthere.
Afghanistan(afGANistan)
AfghanistanisamountainouscountryinsouthernAsiabetweenRussiaandPakistan.
Africa
Africaisthesecondlargestcontinent.ItisborderedonthenorthbytheMediterraneanSea,ontheeastbytheIndianOcean,andonthewestbytheAtlanticOcean.
ManytribalandEuropeanlanguagesarespoken.
Albania(alBAYneeuh)
Albania,acountryinsoutheastEurope,isnorthwestofGreece.
Alexandria
AlexandriaisacityinnorthernEgyptontheNileRiverandtheMediterraneanSea.ItwasfoundedbyALEXANDERTHEGREAT.
Algeria(alJEEReeuh)
AlgeriaisanArabicspeakingcountryinnorthernAfricaontheMediterraneanSeabetweenMoroccoandLibya.
Alps
TheAlpsarearangeofhighmountainsthatcoverpartsofGermany,France,Italy,Switzerland,andAustria.
AmazonRiver
TheAmazonisthelongestriverinSouthAmerica.AftertheNile,itis

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Imagenotavailable.
Antarctica.
CampofU.S.Navymeterologists.

thelongestriverintheworldandcarriesmorewaterthananyotherriver.MostofitslengthrunswesttoeastinnorthernBrazil.TheAmazonRiverisnamedafterthe
mythologicalfemalewarriorscalledAMAZONS.
Amsterdam
AmsterdamisthecapitaloftheNetherlandsandisnotedforitsmanycanals.
Andes(ANdeez)
TheAndesareamountainrangealongthewesterncoastofSouthAmericaonthePacificOcean.
Angola(angGOHluh)
AngolaisaBantuandPortuguesespeakingcountryinsouthwestAfricaontheAtlanticOcean.
AntarcticCircle(antAHRKtikantAHRtik)
TheAntarcticCircleisanimaginarylatitudelinearoundtheearthabout1600milesfromtheSouthPoleandparalleltotheequator.Southofthislineisthepolarregion
ofAntarctica,whereitstayscoldallyear,muchcolderthanintheArcticCircle.
Antarctica(antAHRKtikuh)
AntarcticaisthecontinentattheSouthPole.Mostofitiscoveredwithice.
Arabia(uhRAYbeeuh)
Arabiaisalarge,oilrichpeninsulainsouthwestAsiathatisboundedontheeastbythePersianGulf,onthesouthbytheIndianOcean,andonthewestbytheRed
Sea.SeealsoSAUDIARABIA.
ArcticCircle(AHRKtikAHRtik)
TheArcticCircleisanimaginarylatitudelinearoundtheearthabout1600milesfromtheNorthPoleandparalleltotheequator.Northofthislineisthepolarregionof
theArctic,whereitstayscoldallyear.
ArcticOcean
TheArcticOceansurroundstheNorthPole.Itistheworld'ssmallestoceanandismostlycoveredbysolidice,icefloes,andicebergs.

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Argentina(ahrjuhnTEEnuh)
ArgentinaisaSpanishspeakingcountryinsouthernSouthAmericathatextendsallthewaytothetipofthecontinentontheAtlanticside.Itscapitalandmost
populouscityisBuenosAires.TothewestisChile.InSpanish,argentinameans"ofsilver,"ametalthathasbeenminedthere.
Armenia
ArmeniaisacountryinsouthwestAsia,borderedbyGeorgiatothenorth,Azerbaijantotheeast,Irantothesouth,andTurkeytothesouthandwest.Armeniawasa
partoftheSovietUnionfrom1922to1991.
Asia
Asiaistheworld'slargestcontinentandispopulatedbymorethanhalfoftheworld'speople.ItisborderedontheeastbythePacificOcean,onthesouthbythe
IndianOcean,andonthewestbyEurope.BecauseEuropeandAsiaareconnected,theyaresometimesreferredtoasEurasia.
Athens
AthensisthecapitalofGreeceandthesiteofthePARTHENON.
AtlanticOcean
TheAtlanticOcean,thesecondlargestoceanintheworld,extendsfromtheArcticOceantoAntarctica.ItiseastofNorthandSouthAmericaandwestofEurope
andAfrica.
atlas
Anatlasisabookofmaps.
AtlasMountains
TheAtlasMountainsareaseriesofmountainrangesinnorthwestAfricainMoroccoandAlgeria.
Australia(awSTRAYLyuh)
Australia,thesmallestcontinent,isborderedontheeastbythesouthernPacificOceanandonthewestbytheIndianOcean.ItsmainlanguageisEnglish.Australiais
theonlycountryonthecontinent.ItsmostpopulouscityisSydney.
Austria(AWstreeuh)
AustriaisaGermanspeakingmountainouscountryintheAlpsofsoutheastEurope,eastofSwitzerland.ItsmostpopulouscityandcapitalisVienna.
axis
Theearth'saxisistheimaginarylinearoundwhichtheearthspins.ItliesbetweentheNorthandSouthpolesandgoesthroughthecenteroftheearth.
Azerbaijan(azuhrbeyeJAHN)
AzerbaijanisacountryinsouthwestAsia,southofRussiabetweentheBlackSeaandtheCaspianSea.AzerbaijanwasapartoftheSovietUnionfrom1922to
1991.
B
Bahamas
TheBahamasisanEnglishspeakingcountryintheAtlanticOcean,southeastofFlorida,thatismadeupofhundredsofislands.
BalkanMountains
TheBalkanMountainsareamountainrangeinsoutheastEurope.
Balkans
ThecountriesintheregionoftheBalkanMountainsontheBalkanPeninsulaareknownastheBalkancountries,ortheBalkans:Albania,Bulgaria,andpartsof
Greece,Romania,Turkey,andtheformercountryofYugoslavia.
BalticSea
TheBalticSea,innorthernEurope,isborderedbytheScandinaviancountriesonthewestandRussiaandotherformerrepublicsoftheSovietUnionontheeast.
Bangkok(BANGkok)
BangkokisthecapitalofThailandanditsprincipalportandcommercialcenter.
Beijing(BAYJING)
Beijing(orPeking)isthecapitalofChina,knownforitsgrandpalacesandtemples.
Beirut(bayROOHT)
BeirutisthecapitalofLebanon.
Belarus(beluhROOHS)
BelarusisacountryinnorthernEurope.ItisborderedbyRussiatothenorthandeastandbyPolandtothewest.BelaruswasapartoftheSovietUnionfrom1922to
1991.
Belfast
BelfastisthecapitalofNorthernIreland,whichispartoftheUnitedKingdom.

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Belgium(BELjuhm)
BelgiumisaFrenchandFlemishspeakingcountryinwesternEuropethatisnorthofFranceandsouthoftheNetherlands.ItscapitalisBrussels.
Belgrade
Belgrade,ontheDanubeRiver,isthecapitalofpresentdayYugoslavia.ItwasalsothecapitaloftheformercountryofYugoslavia.
BeringSea(BEERing)
TheBeringSeaisthepartofthePacificOceanbetweenAlaskaandRussia.
Berlin
BerlinisthecapitalofGermany.DividedafterWorldWarIIintoEastBerlin,thecapitalofEastGermany,andWestBerlin,apartofWestGermany,itwasreunified
alongwithGermanyin1990.SeealsoBERLINWALL.
Bermuda(buhrMYOOHduh)
BermudaisanEnglishspeakinggroupofislandsintheAtlanticOcean,about600mileseastoftheUnitedStates.ItisaselfgoverningBritishcolony.
BlackSea
TheBlackSealiesbetweenEuropeandAsiaandisalmostcompletelyenclosedbylandexceptforanarrowconnectiontotheAegeanSea.
Bolivia(buhLIVeeuh)
BoliviaisaSpanishspeakingcountryinwesternSouthAmericaandisnamedforSIMNBOLVAR,aSouthAmericanrevolutionaryleaderandstatesman.
Bonn(BON)
Bonn,acityontheRhineRiver,wasthecapitalofWestGermany.
BosniaandHerzegovina(BOZneeuhhurtsuhgohVEEnuh)
BosniaandHerzegovinaisaBalkancountryinsoutheastEurope.ItwasapartoftheformercountryofYugoslaviafrom1945to1991.
Bosporus(BOSpuhruhs)
TheBosporusisastrait,ornarrowchannel,thatseparatestheEuropeanandAsianportionsofTurkey.
Brazil(bruhZIL)
Brazil,ineasternSouthAmerica,isthelargestcountryonthecontinent.ItstwomostpopulouscitiesareSoPaulo,thenRiodeJaneiro.Thecapitalistheplanned,
twentiethcenturycityofBraslia.Brazil'sofficiallanguageisPortuguese.
Britain
SeeUNITEDKINGDOM.
BritishColumbia
BritishColumbiaisaprovinceinwesternCanada,onthePacificOcean.
BritishIsles
TheBritishIslesareEnglishspeakingislandsinwesternEuropecomprisingtheUnitedKingdomandtheRepublicofIreland.Therearetwomainislands.Oneholds
England,Scotland,andWalestheother,NorthernIrelandandtheRepublicofIreland.
Brussels
BrusselsisthecapitalofBelgiumandtheheadquartersofNATO.
Budapest(BOOHduhpest)
BudapestisthecapitalofHungary.Itcombinestwooldertowns,BudaandPest,whichfacedeachotheracrosstheDanube.
BuenosAires(BWAYnuhsEYERiz)
BuenosAiresisthecapitalofArgentinaandoneofthemostpopulouscitiesinSouthAmerica.
Bulgaria
BulgariaisaBalkancountryinsoutheastEurope,southofRomania.
Burma
BurmaisacountryinSoutheastAsia,southofChina.ItisnowofficiallyknownasMyanmar.
C
Cairo(KEYEroh)
CairoisthecapitalofEgyptandthemostpopulouscityinAfrica.
Calcutta
CalcuttaisacityineasternIndiaandthemostpopulousinthenation.
Cambodia(kamBOHdeeuh)
CambodiaisacountryinSoutheastAsia,southofThailand.ItisofficiallyknownasKampuchea.

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Canada
Canada,thecountrynorthoftheUnitedStates,istheworld'ssecondlargestcountry.ItscapitalisOttawa,intheprovinceofOntario.Itsmostpopulouscitiesare
Toronto,Montreal,andVancouver.SomeofitsprovincesareNovaScotia,Quebec,Ontario,andBritishColumbia.ThelanguagesofCanadaareEnglishand,inthe
provinceofQuebec,French.
Caracas(kuhRAHkuhs)
CaracasisthecapitalandmostpopulouscityofVenezuela.
CaribbeanSea(karuhBEEuhnkuhRIBeeuhn)
TheCaribbeanSeaisthepartoftheAtlanticOceanborderedbyCentralAmerica,SouthAmerica,andtheWestIndies.ItisalsocalledsimplytheCaribbean.
cartography
Cartographyistheartorpracticeofmakingmapsandnavigationcharts.Apersonwhodesignsmapsiscalledacartographer.
CaspianSea
TheCaspianSeaisthelargestbodyofwaterintheworldthatiscompletelysurroundedbyland,makingitreallyahugesaltwaterlake.ItliesbetweenRussiaand
KazakhstaninthenorthandIraninthesouth.
CentralAmerica
CentralAmericaisthenameforthenarrowstripoflandbetweenMexicoandSouthAmerica.ItissometimesconsideredpartofSouthAmericabecauseitspeople
speakSpanishandareculturallyrelatedtothepeopleofSouthAmerica.Geographically,however,itisconsideredpartofNorthAmerica.ThecountriesofCentral
AmericaareBelize,Guatemala,ElSalvador,Honduras,Nicaragua,CostaRica,andPanama.
Ceylon
SeeSRILANKA.
Chad
ChadisalandlockedFrenchandArabicspeakingcountryinnorthcentralAfrica.
ChangJiang
SeeYANGTZERIVER.
Chile(CHILee)
ChileisaSpanishspeakingcountryonthewesternslopesoftheAndesinsouthwestSouthAmerica.Longandnarrow,itgoesalongthePacificCoasttothesouthern
tipofSouthAmerica.
China
China,ineasternAsia,hasthelargestpopulationofanycountryintheworld.Officially,itiscalledthePeople'sRepublicofChina.ItscapitalisBeijing(Peking).
Colombia
ColombiaisaSpanishspeakingcountryinnorthernSouthAmerica,eastofPanama.ItisnamedforCHRISTOPHERCOLUMBUS.
Congo
SeeZAIRE.
CongoRiver
TheCongo,incentralAfrica,isthesecondlongestriverinAfrica.
coordinates
CoordinatesshowwheresomethingislocatedonamapbygivingtheLATITUDEandLONGITUDE.
Copenhagen(KOHpuhnhayguhn)
CopenhagenisthecapitalofDenmarkanditsmostpopulouscity.
CostaRica(KOStuhREEkuh)
CostaRicaisaSpanishspeakingcountryinCentralAmerica,westofPanama.Itsnamemeans''richcoast"inSpanish.
Croatia(krohAYshuh)
CroatiaisaBalkancountryinsoutheastEuropenorthandwestofBosniaandHerzegovina.CroatiawasapartoftheformercountryofYugoslaviafrom1946to
1991.
Cuba(KYOOHbuh)
CubaisaSpanishspeakingislandcountrybetweentheCaribbeanSeaandtheAtlanticOcean,southofFlorida.ItsmostpopulouscityisHavana.
Cyprus(SEYEpruhs)
CyprusisaGreekandTurkishspeakingislandcountryintheMediterraneanSea,southofTurkey.Itsname

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comesfromtheGreekwordforcopper,whichwasminedthereinancienttimes.
CzechRepublic(CHEK)
TheCzechRepublicisacountryincentralEuropeeastofGermanyandsouthofPoland.ItscapitalisPrague.TheCzechRepublicandSlovakiaformedtheformer
countryofCzechoslovakiafrom1918to1993.
D
DanubeRiver(DANyoohb)
TheDanubeisthesecondlongestriverinEurope.Itformspartoftheborderbetweenseveralcountries,includingSlovakia,Hungary,Romania,andBulgaria.
DeadSea
TheDeadSeaisasaltlakebetweenIsraelandJordaninsouthwestAsia,inwhatiscommonlycalledtheMiddleEast.Itssurfaceisthelowestpointonthesurfaceof
theearth.Itiscalleddeadbecauseitswateristoosaltyforfishtosurvive.
Delhi(DELee)
DelhiisaregioninIndiaaswellasapopulouscityinthisregion.SeealsoNEWDELHI.
Denmark
DenmarkisaScandinaviancountryinnorthernEuropebetweentheNorthandtheBalticseas.ItscapitalisCopenhagen.
DominicanRepublic(duhMINikuhn)
TheDominicanRepublicisaSpanishspeakingcountryintheWestIndies.Itistheeasternpartofthesameisland,eastofCuba,thatcontainsHaiti.
DonRiver
TheDonRiverisariverinsouthwestRussia.
Dublin
DublinisthecapitaloftheRepublicofIrelandandthebirthplaceofseveralfamouswriters,suchasJamesJoyceandW.B.Yeats.
E
EastAsia
TheregionoftheworldcalledtheFarEastismoreappropriatelyknownasEastAsia.Itisonly"far"fromthewesternpointofview.SeealsoFAREAST.
Ecuador
EcuadorisaSpanishspeakingcountryinnorthwestSouthAmerica.Itliesontheequator,withitswestcoastonthePacificOcean.
Edinburgh(EDnbuhruh)
EdinburghisthecapitalofScotland,whereanartsfestivaltakesplaceeachsummer.
Egypt(EEjipt)
EgyptisanArabicspeakingcountryinnortheastAfrica,neartheregionknownastheMiddleEast.Itwasthehomeofagreatancientcivilization,whichwasruledby
thepharaohs.TheNileRiverflowsthroughit,andthePYRAMIDSandtheSPHINXarefoundthere.ItscapitalisCairo.
ElSalvador(SALvuhdawr)
ElSalvadorisaSpanishspeakingcountryinCentralAmerica.ItscapitalisSanSalvador.InSpanish,salvadormeansSavior,atermforJesus.
England
EnglandisacountryinnorthwestEurope.AlongwithScotland,NorthernIreland,andWales,itispartoftheUnitedKingdom.Englandisonanisland,calledGreat
Britain,withScotlandandWales.
EnglishChannel
TheEnglishChannelisaverynarrowpartoftheAtlanticOceanthatseparatesEnglandandFrance.StrongathleteshaveswumacrosstheEnglishChannel.
equator
Theequatoristheimaginarylinethatcirclesthemiddleoftheearthbetweenthetwopolesanddividesitintotwohalves,theNorthernandSouthernhemispheres.Itis
thezerolineoflatitude.
Estonia(eSTOHneeuh)
EstoniaisacountryinnorthernEuropeontheBalticSea.ItwasapartoftheSovietUnionfrom1940to1991.
Ethiopia(eetheeOHpeeuh)
EthiopiaisamountainouscountryineasternAfrica,whosemainproductiscoffee.
EuphratesRiver(yoohFRAYteez)
TheEuphratesisariverinsouthwestAsiathatflows

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tothePersianGulf.Itwasanimportantcenterofancientcivilization.
Eurasia
SeeASIAEUROPE.
Europe(YOORuhp)
EuropeisthecontinentwestofAsia.ItisborderedonthenorthbytheArcticOcean,onthesouthbytheMediterraneanSea,andonthewestbytheAtlanticOcean.
BecauseEuropeandAsiaareconnected,theyaresometimesreferredtoasEurasia.
F
FarEast
TheFarEastisanameusedpopularlyintheWesternworldtorefertothecountriesofeasternAsia:China,Japan,NorthKorea,SouthKorea,andTaiwan.Theterm
sometimesincludesthecountriesofSoutheastAsiaaswell.
Finland
FinlandisaScandinaviancountryinnorthernEuropebetweenSwedenandRussia.ItscapitalisHelsinki.
France
FranceisalargecountryinwesternEuropeandthesecondmostpopulouscountryontheEuropeancontinent.ItscapitalisParis.
G
GangesRiver(GANjeez)
TheGangesisariverinIndiathatissacredtomembersoftheHindureligion.SeealsoHINDUISM.
Geneva(juhNEEvuh)
GenevaisacityinSwitzerlandwheremanyinternationalconferencesareheld.
Georgia
GeorgiaisacountryinsoutheastEuropeontheBlackSea.ItwasapartoftheSovietUnionfrom1922to1991.
Germany
GermanyisacountryincentralEuropeborderedonthewestbytheNether
Imagenotavailable.
GangesRiver.
HindudevoteesbatheintheGangesRiverduringareligiousfestival.

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lands,Belgium,andFranceontheeastbyPolandandtheCzechRepubliconthenorthbyDenmarkandonthesouthbySwitzerlandandAustria.Itscapitalis
Berlin.Originallyunifiedinthelate1800s,GermanywasdividedafterWorldWarIIintocommunistEastGermanyanddemocraticWestGermanyandwasnot
reunifieduntil1990.
Ghana(GAHnuh)
GhanaisacountryinwesternAfrica.Itsmainexportisrawchocolate.ItsofficiallanguageisEnglish.
Gibraltar(jiBRAWLtuhr)
GibraltarisapeninsulainsouthernSpainoverlookinganarrowsealanebetweentheAtlanticOceanandtheMediterraneanSea.ItisoftencalledtheRockof
Gibraltar.
GobiDesert(GOHbee)
TheGobiDesertisinMongolia.Dinosaureggshavebeenfoundthere.
GreatBritain
GreatBritainistheislandinnorthwestEuropecontainingEngland,Scotland,andWales.SeealsoUNITEDKINGDOM.
GreatRiftValley
TheGreatRiftValleyisaseriesofgeologicfaults,ordepressions,insouthwestAsiaandeasternAfrica.
Greece
GreeceisaBalkancountryinsouthernEurope,ontheMediterraneanSea,thesiteofagreatancientcivilization.
Greenland
Greenlandistheworld'slargestislandthatisnotacontinent.ItisinthenorthernAtlanticOceanandispartofDenmark.
Greenwich
SeeLONGITUDEPRIMEMERIDIAN.
Guam(GWAHM)
Guam,anislandinMicronesia,isaterritoryoftheUnitedStates.
Guatemala(gwahtuhMAHluh)
GuatemalaisaSpanishspeakingcountryinCentralAmerica.
GulfofMexico
Agulfisalargebodyofoceanthatispartlyenclosedbyland.TheGulfofMexicoisthepartoftheAtlanticOceanborderedbythesoutherncoastoftheUnited
StatesandtheeasterncoastofMexico.
H
Haiti(HAYtee)
HaitiisaFrenchandCreolespeakingcountryintheWestIndies.Itisthewesternpartofthesameisland,eastofCuba,thatcontainstheDominicanRepublic.
Havana(huhVANuh)
HavanaisthecapitalofCuba,knownforitscigars.
Helsinki(HELsingkee)
HelsinkiisthecapitalofFinland.
hemisphere
AhemisphereisonehalfoftheplanetEarth.Hemimeans"half"andspheremeans"aroundballorglobe."TheearthcanbedividedintotheNorthernandSouthern
hemispheres.TheNorthernHemisphereisthehalfoftheglobenorthoftheequatortheSouthernHemisphereisthehalfoftheglobesouthoftheequator.Theearth
canalsobedividedintotheEasternandWesternhemispheres.TheEasternHemisphereisthepartoftheworldeastofzerolongitudeandcontainsAfrica,Asia,
Australia,andEurope.TheWesternHemisphereisthepartwestofzerolongitudeandcontainsNorthAmericaandSouthAmerica.
Himalayas(himuhLAYuhzhuhMAHLyuhz)
TheHimalayasareamountainrangeinsouthcentralAsia.Thehighestmountainsintheworldarefoundthere,includingtheveryhighest,MountEverest.
Holland
SeeNETHERLANDS,THE.
Honduras(honDOORuhs)
HondurasisaSpanishspeakingcountryinCentralAmerica.
HongKong
HongKongisaBritishcrowncolonyineasternAsia,whichwillbecomepartofChinain1997.MostofHongKongisonan

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Imagenotavailable.
Istanbul.
TheBlueMosque.

islandintheSouthChinaSeaoffthesoutheastcoastofChina.
Honshu
HonshuisthelargestislandofJapan,inthecentralpartoftheSeaofJapan.
HudsonBay
HudsonBayisaseainnortheastCanadathatisalmostcompletelysurroundedbyland.ItconnectswiththeAtlanticOcean.
Hungary
HungaryisacountryincentralEurope.ItscapitalisBudapest.
I
Iceland
IcelandisanislandcountryinnorthwestEuropeinthenorthAtlanticOcean,northofEnglandandwestofNorway.
India
Indiaisthesecondmostpopulouscountryintheworld.Numerouslanguagesarespokenthere,butHindiandEnglishareitsofficiallanguages.ItscapitalisNewDelhi.
IndianOcean
TheIndianOcean,thethirdlargestoceanintheworld,liesbetweentheAtlanticandthePacificoceans.ItissouthofAsia,eastofAfrica,andwestofAustralia.
Indochina
IndochinaisthenameofaregioninSoutheastAsiathatcontainsBurma(Myanmar),Thailand,Laos,Cambodia(Kampuchea),Vietnam,andpartsofMalaysia.
Indonesia(induhNEEzhuh)
IndonesiaisacountryinSoutheastAsiamadeupofastringofislands.
IndusRiver
TheIndusisariverinsouthcentralAsiaflowingtotheArabianSea,alargebodyofwateroffIndiaandPakistan.TheInduswasthesiteofanadvancedcivilizationin
ancienttimes.
internationaldateline
Theinternationaldateline,the180thmeridian,isthelongitudelinewhere,byinternationalagreement,adaybeginsandends.Ifitis3:00P.M.onMarch21eastofthe
line,itis3:00P.M.onMarch22westoftheline!SeealsoLONGITUDEMERIDIAN.

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Iran(iRAN)
IranisaPersianspeakingcountryinsouthwestAsia,inwhatiscalledtheMiddleEast,westofAfghanistanandeastofIraq.ItscapitalisTehran.
Iraq(iRAK)
IraqisanArabicspeakingcountryinsouthwestAsia,inwhatiscalledtheMiddleEast,westofIranandeastofSyria.ModernIraqincludesthesiteofancient
MESOPOTAMIA.
Ireland
SeeNORTHERNIRELANDREPUBLICOFIRELAND.
Israel(IZreeuhl)
IsraelisaHebrewspeakingcountryattheeasternendoftheMediterraneanSea,insouthwestAsia,inwhatiscalledtheMiddleEast.Itisinaregionalsoknownas
Palestine.ItscapitalandmostpopulouscityisJerusalem.
Istanbul(istanBOOHL)
ThemostpopulouscityinTurkey,IstanbulislocatedmostlyintheEuropeansectionofthecountryandisknownforitsbeautifuldomesandtowers.Inthepast,the
citywascalledConstantinopleand,beforethat,Byzantium.
Italy
ItalyisacountryinsouthernEurope.Onamap,itlookslikeabootjuttingoutintotheMediterraneanSea.ItwasthesiteoftheancientRomancivilizationandthe
homeofmanygreatartists.ItscapitalisRome.
J
Jamaica(juhMAYkuh)
JamaicaisanEnglishspeakingislandcountryintheWestIndies.ItissouthofCuba,intheCaribbeanSea.
Japan
JapanisacountrymadeupofislandsineasternAsia,eastofKoreaandRussia.ItscapitalisTokyo,whichisoneofthemostpopulouscitiesintheworld.
Jerusalem(juhROOHsuhluhm)
JerusalemisthecapitalofIsraelandaholycityforChristians,Jews,andMoslems.
Jordan
JordanisanArabicspeakingcountryinsouthwestAsia,eastofIsrael,inwhatiscalledtheMiddleEast.
JordanRiver
TheJordanisariverinsouthwestAsia,inwhatiscalledtheMiddleEast.ItisinIsraelandJordanandissacredtoChristians.
K
Kazakhstan(kahzahkSTAHN)
KazakhstanisacountryinwestcentralAsiasouthofRussiaandwestofChina.ItwasapartoftheSovietUnionfrom1936to1991.
Kenya(KENyuh)
KenyaisaSwahiliandEnglishspeakingcountryineasternAfrica,southofEthiopia.ImportantarchaeologicaldiscoverieshavebeenmadeinKenya,suchasthe
remainsoftheworld'searliestknownhumans.
Kilimanjaro(kiluhmuhnJAHRoh)
Kilimanjaro,inTanzania,isthehighestmountaininAfrica.
Korea
SeeNORTHKOREASOUTHKOREA.
Kuwait(koohWAYT)
Kuwaitisasmall,oilrich,ArabicspeakingcountryinsouthwestAsia,inwhatiscalledtheMiddleEast.ItissouthofIraqandnorthofSaudiArabiaontheArabian
Peninsula.
L
LakeMaracaibo(maruhKEYEboh)
LakeMaracaiboisalakeinnorthwestVenezuela.ItisthelargestlakeinSouthAmerica.
LakeTanganyika(tanguhnNEEkuh)
LakeTanganyikaisalakeineastcentralAfricabetweenTanzaniaandZaire.
LakeTiticaca(titiKAHkuh)
LakeTiticaca,alargefreshwaterlakeinSouthAmerica,isintheAndesonthePeruBoliviaborder.
LakeVictoria
LakeVictoria,incentralAfrica,isthesecondlargestfreshwaterlakeintheworld.ItisasourceoftheNileRiver.
Laos(LAHohslahAWS)
Laos,acountryinSoutheastAsia,liessouthofChinaandwestofVietnam.

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LatinAmerica
LatinAmericaisanamefortheSpanishandPortuguesespeakingcountriesofNorthandSouthAmerica,includingMexicoandthecountriesofCentralandSouth
America.ThenameLatinAmericaarosebecauseboththeSpanishandPortugueselanguagesdevelopedfromLatin,anancientlanguage.CentralAmericaand
MexicoareculturallyrelatedtoSouthAmerica,thoughgeographicallytheyarepartofNorthAmerica.
latitude
Latitudeisawayofmeasuring,indegrees,thedistancenorthandsouthoftheequator.Linesoflatitudeareimaginarylinesaroundtheearththatareparalleltothe
equatorandruneastandwest.Aplaceontheearthcanbelocatedonamapbymarkingtheplacewhereitslineoflatitudeanditslineoflongitudecrosseachother.
Latvia(LATveeuh)
LatviaisacountryinnorthernEuropeontheBalticSea.LatviawasapartoftheSovietUnionfrom1940to1991.
Lebanon(LEBuhnuhn)
LebanonisanArabicspeakingcountryinsouthwestAsia,inwhatiscalledtheMiddleEast.ItliesattheeasternendoftheMediterraneanSea,northofIsrael.
Libya(LIBeeuh)
LibyaisanArabicspeakingcountryinnorthernAfricathatlieswestofEgyptontheMediterraneanSea.
Lisbon(LIZbuhn)
LisbonisthecapitalofPortugalanditsmostpopulouscity.
Lithuania(lithoohAYneeuh)
LithuaniaisacountryinnorthernEuropeontheBalticSea.ItwasapartoftheSovietUnionfrom1940to1991.
LoireRiver(LWAHR)
TheLoireisthelongestriverinFrance.
London
LondonisthecapitalofEnglandandoftheUnitedKingdom.OneofthemostpopulouscitiesofEurope,itisthesiteofBIGBEN.ItisontheThamesRiver.
longitude
Longitudeisawayofmeasuring,indegrees,thedistanceeastandwestoftheprimemeridian.TheprimemeridianisanimaginarylinethatrunsfromtheNorthPoleto
theSouthPolethroughthecityofGreenwich,England,andiszerodegreeslongitude.Linesoflongituderunnorthandsouththroughthetwopoles,wheretheycome
together.Theyarefarthestapartattheequator.Aplaceontheearthcanbefoundonamapbymarkingthespotwhereitslineoflongitudeanditslineoflatitudecross
eachother.
M
Macedonia(masuhDOHneeuh)
MacedoniaisaBalkancountryinsoutheastEurope.ItwasapartoftheformercountryofYugoslaviafrom1946to1991.Macedoniaisalsothenameofaregionof
southeastEuropeincludingpresentdayMacedonia,northernGreece,andsouthwestBulgaria.
Madagascar(maduhGASkuhr)
MadagascarisanislandcountryintheIndianOcean,offthesoutheastcoastofAfrica.
Madrid(muhDRID)
MadridisthecapitalofSpainanditsmostpopulouscity.
Magellan,Straitof
SeeSTRAITOFMAGELLAN.
MalayPeninsula
TheMalayPeninsulaisanareainsoutheastAsiathatincludespartsofThailandandMalaysiaandtheislandofSingapore.
Malaysia(muhLAYzhuh)
MalaysiaisacountryinSoutheastAsiaandliessouthofThailand.
Manila(muhNILuh)
ManilaisthemostpopulouscityofthePhilippines.
map
Amapisasimplifiedpicturethatusuallydepictsareasonthesurfaceoftheearth.

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mapscale
Amapscaleistherelationbetweendistancesontheearthanddistancesonamap.
Maracaibo
SeeLAKEMARACAIBO.
Matterhorn
TheMatterhornisamountainintheEuropeanAlpsbetweenSwitzerlandandItaly.Itisfamousforitsdistinctivepointedpeak.
MediterraneanSea(medituhRAYneeuhn)
TheMediterraneanSeaisborderedbysouthernEurope,Asia,andnorthernAfrica.ItisthelargestinlandseaintheworldandconnectswiththeAtlanticOcean
throughthenarrowStraitofGibraltar.
Mercatorprojection(muhrKAYtuhr)
AMercatorprojectionisakindofmapthatismadebydrawingthelandmassesoftheglobeonaflatsurface.TheMercatorprojectioniseasiertolookatthana
globebecauseallthemajorcontinentscanappearonthesamemap.However,thiskindofmapmakesthenorthernandsouthernlandmassesappearlargerthanthey
reallyare.
meridian
Ameridianisalineoflongitude.
Mexico
Mexico,thecountrydirectlysouthoftheUnitedStates,bordersCalifornia,Arizona,NewMexico,andTexas.ItscapitalisMexicoCity,oneofthelargestcitiesinthe
world.Inancienttimes,MexicowasthehomeoftheMayanandtheAzteccivilizations.ItslanguageisSpanish.
MexicoCity
MexicoCityisthecapitalandmostpopulouscityofMexico.ItisalsothemostpopulouscityinNorthAmerica.
Micronesia(meyekrohNEEzhuh)
MicronesiaisagroupofmanyislandsinthewesternPacificOcean.Itsnamemeans''smallislands."
MiddleEast
TheMiddleEastisanameusedpopularlyintheWesternworldtorefertocertaincountriesofwesternAsiaandthenortheastpartofAfrica.Itiscalled"Middle"
because,fromtheWesternpointofview,itliesbetweentheWesternworldandthe"FarEast."TheregionincludestheAfricancountriesofEgyptandLibyaandthe
AsiancountriesofIran,Iraq,Israel,Jordan,Kuwait,Lebanon,Syria,SaudiArabia,andothercountriesoftheArabianpeninsula.TurkeyandCyprusaresometimes
consideredpartofthisregion.ItisalsosometimescalledtheNearEast.
Moldova(molDOHvuh).
MoldovaisacountryineasternEuropeborderingonnortheastRomania.ItsofficiallanguageisRomanian.MoldovawasapartoftheSovietUnionfrom1940to
1991.
Mongolia
MongoliaisacountryineasternAsiathatliesnorthofChina.ItcontainstheGobiDesert.
MontBlanc
MontBlanc,intheAlps,isthehighestmountaininwesternEurope.
Montreal(montreeAWL)
MontrealisthesecondmostpopulouscityinCanada.ItisintheprovinceofQuebec,wheretheprincipallanguageisFrench.
Morocco(muhROKoh)
MoroccoisanArabicspeakingcountryinthenorthwestcornerofAfrica,westofAlgeria,ontheAtlanticOceanandtheMediterraneanSea.
Moscow
MoscowisthecapitalandthemostpopulouscityofRussia.
MountEverest
MountEverest,intheHimalayasofcentralAsia,isthehighestmountainintheworld.
Munich(MYOOHnik)
Munich,acityinsouthernGermanyandthecapitalofthestateofBavaria,isthemostpopulouscityinthatregionofthecountry.
Myanmar(MYAHNmahr)
MyanmarhasbeentheofficialnameofBurmasince1989.

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N
Nairobi(neyeROHbee)
NairobiisthecapitalandmostpopulouscityofKenya.
Netherlands,the
TheNetherlands(sometimescalledHolland)isaDutchspeakingcountryinwesternEurope,northofBelgiumacrosstheseafromEngland.Itsnamemeans"Low
Countries"becausemuchofthecountryisbelowsealevel.ItscapitalisAmsterdam.
NewDelhi(DELee)
NewDelhi,theadministrativesectionoftheoldcityofDelhi,isthecapitalofIndia.
NewZealand(ZEEluhnd)
NewZealandisanEnglishspeakingislandcountryinthesouthernPacificOcean,southeastofAustralia.Itincludestwoislands,SouthIslandandNorthIsland.
Newfoundland(NOOHfuhnluhnd)
NewfoundlandisaprovinceineasternCanada,ontheAtlanticcoast.
Nicaragua(nikuhRAHgwuh)
NicaraguaisaSpanishspeakingcountryinCentralAmerica,northofCostaRica.
Nigeria(neyeJEEReeuh)
NigeriaisanEnglishspeakingcountryincentralwestAfrica.
NileRiver
TheNileisthelongestriverintheworld.ItisinAfrica,mainlyinEgypt,andemptiesintotheMediterraneanSea.TheNileRivervalleyinEgyptisthesiteofoneofthe
firstgreatcivilizations.
NorthAmerica
NorthAmericaisthenortherncontinentwiththeAtlanticOceanonitseastandthePacificOceanonitswest.ItincludesCanada,theUnitedStates,Mexico,andthe
countriesofCentralAmerica.
NorthKorea(kuhREEuh)
NorthKoreaisacountryineasternAsia,eastofChinaandwestofJapan.
NorthSea
TheNorthSeaisthepartoftheAtlanticOceanbetweenGreatBritainandcontinentalEurope.
NorthernIreland
NorthernIrelandisthepartofIrelandthatisincludedintheUnitedKingdom.SeealsoREPUBLICOFIRELAND.
Norway
NorwayisaScandinaviancountryinnorthernEurope,westofSweden,knownforitsfjords.ItscapitalisOslo.
NovaScotia(NOHvuhSKOHshuh)
NovaScotiaisaprovinceineasternCanada,ontheAtlanticcoast.Itsnamemeans"NewScotland"inLatin.
O
Oceania(ohsheeANeeuh)
OceaniaisanameforthethousandsofislandsinthecentralandsouthernPacificOcean.OceaniaissometimesreferredtoastheSouthSeas.
OderRiver
TheOderisariverincentralEuropeflowingthroughPolandandGermanytotheBalticSea.
Ontario(onTAIReeoh)
OntarioisaprovinceofCanadanorthoftheGreatLakes.ItincludesToronto,thecountry'smostpopulouscity,andOttawa,theCanadiancapital.
Orient,the
TheOrientisanameusedpopularlyintheWesternworldtorefertothecountriesofeasternAsia.Itmeans"theEast,"fromtheLatinwordfortherisingsun,because
thesunrisesintheeast.AwordthatissometimesopposedtoOrientisOccident,meaning"theWest."
OrinocoRiver(ahruhNOHkoh)
TheOrinocoisariverinVenezuelaflowingpartlyalongtheVenezuelaColombiabordertotheAtlanticOcean.
Oslo(OZloh)
OsloisthecapitalandmostpopulouscityofNorwayandislocatedonafjord.
Ottawa(OTuhwuh)
Ottawa,intheprovinceofOntario,isthecapitalofCanada.
P
PacificOcean
ThePacificisthelargestoceanintheworld,extendingfromtheArctic

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OceantoAntarctica.ItiswestofNorthandSouthAmericaandeastofAsiaandAustralia.
Pakistan
PakistanisanUrduandEnglishspeakingcountryinsouthernAsiathatliesnorthwestofIndia.
Palestine
PalestineisaregioninsouthwestAsia,ontheMediterraneanSea,thatcomprisespartsofIsrael,Jordan,andEgypt.ItisoftenreferredtoastheHolyLand.
pampas
Thepampasarethepartlygrassy,partlyaridplainsthatcovermostofcentralArgentina.
Panama
PanamaistheSpanishspeakingCentralAmericancountrythatbordersSouthAmerica.AtitsnarrowestpointisthePanamaCanal,whichallowsshipstomove
betweentheAtlanticandPacificoceanswithoutgoingaroundthesoutherntipofSouthAmerica.
PanamaCanal
ThePanamaCanal,intheCentralAmericancountryofPanama,wasbuiltbyAmericanengineersintheearly1900s.ShipsusethePanamaCanaltosailbetweenthe
AtlanticandthePacificoceans,avoidingthelengthyjourneyaroundthetipofSouthAmerica.
PapuaNewGuinea(PAPyoohuhNOOHGINee)
PapuaNewGuineaisanEnglishspeakingtropicalcountryinthewesternPacificOceannorthofAustralia.
Paraguay(PARuhgway)
ParaguayisaSpanishspeakingcountryincentralSouthAmerica,northofArgentina.
Paris
ParisisthecapitalofFrance,ontheSeineRiver.ItisthesiteoftheEIFFELTOWER.
Peking
SeeBEIJING.
PersianGulf(PURzhuhn)
ThePersianGulfisaninletoftheIndianOcean,betweenIrantothenorthandSaudiArabiatothesouth.ItisborderedbyseveralotherArabcountriesaswell.
Peru(puhROOH)
PeruisaSpanishspeakingcountryinwesternSouthAmericaonthePacificOcean,southofEcuador.ItwasthehomeoftheoldcivilizationoftheIncas.
Philippines(FILuhpeenz)
ThePhilippinesisaFilipinoandEnglishspeakingcountrymadeupofagroupofislandsinthesouthwestPacificOcean.ItsmostpopulouscityisManila.
Poland
PolandisacountryincentralEurope,betweenGermanyonthewestandBelarusontheeast.ItscapitalisWarsaw.
pole
Apoleisanimaginarypointateachendoftheearth'saxis.SeealsoNORTHPOLESOUTHPOLE.
Polynesia(poluhNEEzhuh)
PolynesiaisagroupofthousandsofislandsinthecentralandsouthernPacificOcean.Itsnamemeans"manyislands."HawaiiisinPolynesia.
Portugal(PAWRchuhguhl)
PortugalisacountryinsouthwestEuropeontheAtlanticOcean,westofSpain.ItscapitalisLisbon.
Prague(prahg)
PragueisthecapitaloftheCzechRepublicanditsmostpopulouscity.
primemeridian
TheprimemeridianisanimaginarylinethatrunsfromtheNorthtotheSouthPolethroughthecityofGreenwich,England.Theprimemeridianisthefirstmeridian
(primemeans"first")becausealltheothersarenumberedfromit.SeealsoLONGITUDE.
Pyrenees(PEERuhneez)
ThePyreneesareamountainrangeinEuropebetweenFranceandSpain.
Q
Quebec(kwiBEK)
QuebecisaprovinceineasternCanada.MostofthepeopleinQuebechaveFrenchancestors,andtheprincipallanguageisFrench.

Page186

R
RedSea
TheRedSeaisalong,narrowpartoftheIndianOceanbetweenSaudiArabiaandAfrica.ItisjoinedtotheMediterraneanSeabytheSuezCanalinEgypt.
reliefmap
Areliefmapisamapthatshowsthephysicalfeaturesoftheland,suchasmountainsanddeserts,byusingvariouscolors,shading,andcontourlines.
RepublicofIreland
TheRepublicofIrelandisanEnglishspeakingcountryinnorthernEurope.ItscapitalisDublin.SeealsoNORTHERNIRELAND.
RhineRiver
TheRhineisamajorriverincentralEuropeandcarriesmoreboattrafficthananyotherriverintheworld.
Rhodesia
SeeZIMBABWE.
RhoneRiver(ROHN)
TheRhoneisariverinsouthernEuropethatemptiesintotheMediterraneanSeainsouthernFrance.
RingofFire
TheRingofFireisanextensiveareaofvolcanicactivitythatcorrespondsroughlytothebordersofthePacificOcean.Volcaniceruptionsandearthquakesoftenoccur
inthezone.
RiodeJaneiro(REEohdayzhuhNAIRoh)
RiodeJaneiroisapopulouscityinBrazil.ItissometimescalledsimplyRio.Rioisfamousforitsyearlycarnival,featuringparadesofpeoplewithspectacular
costumes.
RodelaPlata(PLAHtuh)
TheRodelaPlataisanestuary,orwidelowercourseofariver,insoutheastSouthAmericabetweenArgentinaandUruguay,openingontheAtlanticOcean.
RockofGibraltar
SeeGIBRALTAR.
Romania(rohMAYneeuh)
Romania(orRumania)isaBalkancountryinsoutheastEurope,eastofHungaryandsouthofUkraine.
Imagenotavailable.
Sahara

Rome
RomeisthecapitalofItalyandisknownforitsancientruinsandtheVatican.TheTiberRiverflowsthroughRome.
Rumania
SeeROMANIA.
Russia
Russia,theworld'slargestcountryinarea,stretchesfromeasternEuropeacrossnorthernAsiatothePacificOcean.Itwasthemostpowerfulrepublicoftheformer
SovietUnion.InfacttheentireSovietUnionwassometimescalledRussia.ItscapitalandlargestcityisMoscow.SeealsoUNIONOFSOVIETSOCIALISTREPUBLICS.
S
Sahara
TheSaharaisthelargestdesertintheworld.ItliesinnorthernAfrica.
St.LawrenceRiver
SeeST.LAWRENCERIVERunder"UnitedStatesGeography."
Samoa
SamoaisagroupofislandsinPolynesia.

Page187

SoPaulo(SOUNPOWlooh)
SoPaulo,Brazil,isthemostpopulouscityinSouthAmericaandoneofthelargestcitiesintheworld.
SaudiArabia(SOUdeeuhRAYbeeuh)
SaudiArabiaisanoilrich,ArabicspeakingcountryinsouthwestAsia,inwhatiscalledtheMiddleEast.
Scandinavia(skanduhNAYveeuh)
ScandinaviaisthenameofagroupofneighboringcountriesofnorthernEurope:Denmark,Finland,Iceland,Norway,andSweden.
Scotland
ScotlandisanEnglishspeakingregionnorthofEnglandontheislandofGreatBritain.ItispartoftheUnitedKingdom.
Seine(SEN)
TheSeineisariverinFrancethatflowsthroughParisandeventuallyemptiesintotheAtlanticOceanattheEnglishChannel.
Shanghai(shangHEYE)
ShanghaiisthemostpopulouscityinChinaandoneofthelargestintheworld.
Siberia(seyeBEEReeuh)
Siberiaisalargenorthernregionintheeastern,orAsian,partofRussia.
Sicily(SISuhlee)
SicilyisthelargestislandintheMediterraneanSea.PartofItaly,itisoffthesoutherntipofItaly's"boot."
Singapore
SingaporeisanislandcountryinSoutheastAsia,betweenMalaysiaandIndonesia.Itisoneoftheworld'sbiggestandbusiestports.
Slovakia(slohVAHkeeuh)
SlovakiaisacountryincentralEuropesouthofPoland.ItwasapartoftheformercountryofCzechoslovakiafrom1918to1993.
SloveniaslohVEEneeuh)
SloveniaisaBalkancountryinsoutheastEuropenorthofCroatia.ItwasapartoftheformercountryofYugoslaviafrom1946to1991.
SouthAfrica
SouthAfricaisthecountryatthesoutherntipofAfricaandfamousforitsproductionofgoldanddiamonds.SeveralBantulanguagesarespokenthere,butitsofficial
languagesareEnglishandAfrikaans,adialectofDutch.
SouthAmerica
SouthAmericaisacontinentintheSouthernHemispherewiththeAtlanticOceanonitseastandthePacificOceanonitswest.ItsmainlanguagesareSpanishand
Portuguese.
SouthKorea(kuhREEuh)
SouthKoreaisacountryonapeninsulaineasternAsia,southofNorthKoreaandwestofJapan.
SouthSeas
TheSouthSeasisanameforthesouthernpartofthePacificOcean,whichcontainsmanyofthePolynesianislands,includingSamoaandTahiti.
SoutheastAsia
SoutheastAsiaisanamethatreferstothecountriesthatliesoutheastofChina:Burma(Myanmar),Thailand,Laos,Cambodia(Kampuchea),Vietnam,Malaysia,
Singapore,Indonesia,andthePhilippines.
SovietUnion
TheSovietUnionisanothernamefortheformercountryoftheUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics(USSR),orRussia.SeealsoUNIONOFSOVIETSOCIALISTREPUBLICS.
Spain
SpainisacountryinsouthwestEurope,eastofPortugalandsouthofFrance,atthewesternendoftheMediterraneanSea.ItscapitalisMadrid.
SriLanka(sreeLAHNGkuh)
SriLankaisanislandcountryoffthesoutheastcoastofIndiathatisnotedforitstea.ItusedtobecalledCeylon.
steppes
ThesteppesarevastgrassyplainsfoundmainlyineasternRussiaandSiberia.

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Stockholm
StockholmisthecapitalofSwedenandwheretheNobelPrizesareawardedeachyear.
StraitofMagellan(muhJELuhn)
TheStraitofMagellanisachanneljustnorthofthesoutherntipofSouthAmericathatjoinstheAtlanticandPacificoceans.SeealsoMAGELLAN,FERDINAND.
Sudan(sooDAN)
TheSudanisanArabicspeakingcountryineasternAfrica,southofEgypt.
SuezCanal(soohEZ)
TheSuezCanal,inEgypt,connectstheMediterraneanSeaandtheRedSea.ShipsuseittotravelfromtheMediterraneanSeatotheIndianOcean,avoidingthe
lengthyjourneyaroundtheAfricancontinent.
Sweden(SWEEDn)
SwedenisaScandinaviancountryinnorthernEurope,eastofNorway.
Switzerland
SwitzerlandisasmallcountryincentralEuropethatliesintheAlps.Itisknownforitsneutrality,thatis,itsrefusaltotakesidesinanyargumentsbetweenother
countries.Switzerland'smostpopulouscityisZurich,anditsofficiallanguagesareFrench,German,Italian,andRomansh.
Sydney(SIDnee)
SydneyisthemostpopulouscityinAustralia.
Syria(SEEReeuh)
SyriaisanArabicspeakingcountryinsouthwestAsia,inwhatiscalledtheMiddleEast.ItliesattheeasternendoftheMediterraneanSea,northofLebanonand
westofIraq.
T
Tahiti(tuhHEEtee)
TahitiisanislandinPolynesia,famousforitsbeauty.
Taiwan(TEYEWAHN)
Taiwan,alsocalledtheRepublicofChina,isaChinesespeakingislandcountryinthePacificOceanineasternAsia,eastofChina.ItwasoncenamedFormosaand
waspartofChina.
Tanganyika
SeeLAKETANGANYIKA.
Tanzania(tanzuhNEEuh)
TanzaniaisaSwahiliandEnglishspeakingcountryineasternAfrica,southofKenya,ontheIndianOcean.
Tehran(teRAHN)
TehranisthecapitalofIran.
TelAviv(TELuhVEEV)
TelAvivisalargecityinIsrael.
Thailand(TEYEland)
ThailandisacountryinSoutheastAsia.PartofIndochina,itliessouthofBurma(Myanmar)andLaosandnorthofCambodia(Kampuchea)andMalaysia.Thailand
wasformerlycalledSiam.ItscapitalisBangkok.
Imagenotavailable.
Thailand

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Thames(TEMZ)
TheThamesisariverinEnglandthatflowsthroughLondon.
TiberRiver
TheTiberisariverinItalythatflowsthroughRome.
Tibet(tiBET)
TibetisaregionintheHimalayasinsouthwestChina.
TigrisRiver(TEYEgris)
TheTigrisisariverinsouthwestAsiaflowingthroughIraqtotheEuphratesRiver.Itwasanimportantcenterofancientcivilization.
Titicaca
SeeLAKETITICACA.
Tokyo(TOHkeeoh)
TokyoisthecapitalandmostpopulouscityofJapan.Itisalsooneofthelargestcitiesintheworld.
Toronto(tuhRONtoh)
TorontoisthemostpopulouscityinCanadaaswellasthecapitaloftheprovinceofOntario.
TropicofCancer
TheTropicofCancerisanimaginarylinearoundtheearthintheNorthernHemisphere.Itisabout1600milesnorthofandparalleltotheequatorandmarksthe
northernboundaryofthetropicalregions,whereitstayshotallyear.
TropicofCapricorn
TheTropicofCapricornisanimaginarylinearoundtheearthintheSouthernHemisphere.Itisabout1600milessouthofandparalleltotheequatorandmarksthe
southernboundaryofthetropicalregions,whereitstayshotallyear.
Turkey
TurkeyisacountrybetweentheBlackSeaandtheMediterraneanSea,lyingmostlyinsouthwestAsiaandpartlyinsoutheastEurope.Itispartofaregionthat
historically,sinceancienttimes,wascalledAsiaMinor.ItsmostpopulouscityisIstanbul.
U
Uganda(yoohGANduh)
UgandaisacountryineasternAfrica,westofKenya.
Ukraine(yoohKRAYN)
UkraineisacountryineasternEurope.ItwasapartoftheSovietUnionfrom1922to1991.
UnionofSovietSocialistRepublics(USSR)
TheUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics,alsoknownastheSovietUnionandpopularlyasRussia,isaformercountryofeasternEuropeandwesternandnorthern
Asia.TheSovietUnioncametoanendofficiallyin1991.
UnitedKingdom(U.K.)
TheUnitedKingdomisanEnglishspeakingcountryinnorthwestEuropemadeupofEngland,Scotland,Wales,andNorthernIreland,whichareunitedunderone
government,basedinLondon.GreatBritainisofficiallythenameoftheislandthatcontainsEngland,Scotland,andWales,butsometimesGreatBritain,orsimply
Britain,isusedtorefertotheUnitedKingdomasawhole.
UralMountains(YOORuhl)
TheUralsareamountainrangeinRussiathatdivideEuropeandAsia.
Uruguay(YOORuhgweye)
UruguayisaSpanishspeakingcountryontheAtlanticOcean,ontheeastcoastofSouthAmerica.ItliessouthofBrazilandnorthofArgentina.
V
Vancouver(vanKOOHvuhr)
Vancouver,BritishColumbia,isthethirdmostpopulouscityinwesternCanada.
VaticanCity
InRome,VaticanCityistheseatoftheRomanCatholicChurchandthehomeofthepope.
Venezuela(venuhZWAYluh)
VenezuelaisaSpanishspeakingcountryinnorthernSouthAmerica.ItisatthenortherntipofthecontinentontheCaribbeanSea.
Venice(VENis)
VeniceisacityinnorthernItaly.ItisbuiltonislandsintheAdriaticSea,whichisapartoftheMediterraneanSeabetweenItalyandtheBalkanPeninsula.Theislands
areconnectedlargelybycanals,andpeopleandgoodsarecarriedbyboats,mostnotablythetraditionallong,blackgondolas.
Victoria
SeeLAKEVICTORIA.

Page190

VictoriaFalls
VictoriaFallsisa355foothighwaterfallontheZambeziRiverinsouthcentralAfricaontheZimbabweborder.
Vienna(veeENuh)
ViennaisthecapitalandmostpopulouscityofAustria.
Vietnam(veeetNAHM)
VietnamisacountryinSoutheastAsia.ItliessouthofChina.ItscapitalisHanoi.
Volga
TheVolga,inwesternRussia,isthelongestriverinEurope.
W
Wales(waylz)
WalesisaregionwestofEnglandontheislandofGreatBritain.ItispartoftheUnitedKingdom.
Warsaw
WarsawisthecapitalofPolandanditsmostpopulouscity.
WestIndies
TheWestIndiesarethegroupofislandseastandsouthofFloridaandnorthofSouthAmericathatliebetweentheAtlanticOceanandtheCaribbeanSea.Theywere
discoveredbyColumbusin1492.AmongtheislandsaretheBahamas,Cuba,Jamaica,andPuertoRico.
Y
YangtzeRiver(YANGsee)
TheYangtze,inChina,isthelongestriverinAsia.TheChinesecallittheChangJiang.
YellowRiver
TheYellowRiverisariverinnorthernChina.Itisnamedfortheyellowdepositsthatitcarriestoitsdelta.TheChinesenameisHuangHeorHuangHo.
Yucatn(yoohkuhTAN)
TheYucatnisaregioninsouthernMexicothatwasthehomeoftheancientMayancivilization.ItisalsoapeninsulathatincludespartsofGuatemalaandHonduras.
Yugoslavia(yoohgohSLAHveeuh)
YugoslaviaisaBalkancountryinsoutheastEurope.In1991fourofYugoslavia'ssixrepublics,BosniaandHerzegovina,Croatia,Macedonia,andSlovenia,decided
tobecomeindependentcountries,markingthebeginningofalongwar.
YukonTerritory(YOOHkon)
TheYukonTerritoryisinnorthwestCanada,eastofAlaska.ThousandsofpeoplerushedtotheYukonTerritoryinthe1890s,whengoldwasdiscoveredinthe
Klondikeminingdistrict.
Z
Zaire(zeyeEER)
ZaireisaFrenchandSwahilispeakingcountryincentralAfricathatusedtobecalledtheBelgianCongo.
Zimbabwe(zimBAHBway)
ZimbabweisacountryinsouthernAfricathatusedtobecalledRhodesia.Englishisitsofficiallanguage.
Zurich(ZOORik)
ZurichisthelargestcityinSwitzerland.

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Mathematics
Mathematicsisawayofthinkingthatoftenusesnumbersandsymbolsinsteadofwords.Atypicalstatementinmathematicsis2+2=4(twoplustwoequalsfour).
Moststatementsinmathematicscanbeexpressedasequations,althoughmanyscientistsindifferentfieldsuseadvancedmathematics.Forexample,anastronomer
usesmathematicalequationstodiscoverhowfarcertainstarsarefromtheearthorfromeachother.Almosteveryoneusesbasicarithmeticlikeadditionand
subtractionineverydaylife.Whenweshop,weusenumberstocompareprices.Insports,weusenumberstocompareplayersorteams.Forexample,calculating
abattingaverageisamathematicaloperation.
Herewedefinethebasicmathematicaltermsandoperationsthatmostpeoplefinduseful.Knowingthemisespeciallyhelpfulifyouwanttolearnmoreadvanced
scientificandmathematicalideas.

Angle.
Fromlefttoright:Acuteangle,obtuseangle,andrightangle.

A
acuteangle
AnacuteangleisanANGLEthatmeasureslessthanaRIGHTANGLE,thatis,lessthan90DEGREES(90).
addition
AdditionisoneofthefourbasicoperationsofARITHMETIC(alongwithSUBTRACTION,MULTIPLICATION,andDIVISION).Itssymbolistheplussign:+.Toaddtwonumbers
meanstocombinethemtogetatotalnumber,whichiscalledtheSUM.Forexample,thesumof7and5is127+5=12(sevenplusfiveequalstwelve).
angle
AnangleiscreatedwhentwolinesmeetatthesamePOINT.TheresultingangleisalwaysmeasuredinDEGREES.SeealsoACUTEANGLEARCOBTUSEANGLERIGHTANGLE.

Page192

arc
AnarcisapartoftheCIRCUMFERENCEofaCIRCLEandismeasuredinDEGREES.AnyANGLEcanformanarconthecircumferencewhenthetwolinesoftheangleareRADII
ofthecircle.Afullcirclehas360degrees.
area
Areaistheamountofsurfacecontainedbyafigure,suchasaRECTANGLE,aSQUARE,oraCIRCLE.Areaismeasuredinunitssuchasthesquareinch,whichisanareathe
sizeofasquarewithsides1inchlong.Somecommonunitsofareaare:
squareinch(abbreviatedassqinorin2)
squarefoot(sqftorft2)=144squareinches
squareyard(sqydoryd2)=9squarefeet
acre=4840squareyards
squaremile(sqmiormi2)=640acres

AreacanalsobemeasuredusingtheMETRICSYSTEM:
squarecentimeter(sqcmorcm2)
squaremeter(sqmorm2)=10,000squarecentimeters
squarekilometer(sqkmorkm2)=1,000,000squaremeters

Area

arithmetic
ArithmeticisakindofmathematicsthatstudieshowtosolveproblemswithnumbersandnoVARIABLESinthem.ThefourbasicoperationsofarithmeticareADDITION,
SUBTRACTION,MULTIPLICATION,andDIVISION.
average
TheaverageofasetofnumbersisfoundbyaddingthemtogetheranddividingtheSUMbythenumberofseparatenumbersintheset.Thus,theaverageof5,6,and4
is5,becausethesumof5,6,and4is15andthereare3numbersintheset:153=5(fifteendividedbythreeequalsfive).Anaverageisonewaytodescribeaset
ofnumbers.Forexample,tofindouttheaverageheightofthepeopleinyourclass,youwouldmeasureeachperson,addupalltheheights,anddividethesumbythe
numberofpeople.Theanswerwouldbetheaverageheightofthepeopleinyourclass.SeealsoMEAN.

Bargraph.
Theapproximatelifespanofseveralanimals,
showninyears.

B
bargraph
AbargraphisakindofchartusedtocompareDATA.Forexample,ifyouknowtheaveragelifespanofdifferentanimalsandwanttopresenttheinformationinaway
thatiseasytoseeataglance,youcanmakeabargraph.
braces
Braces{}aresymbolsthatindicateaSET.ComparePARENTHESES.
C
calculator
Acalculatorisamachinethatsolvesmathematicalproblems.Itcanperformavarietyofoperations,includingADDITION,SUBTRACTION,MULTIPLICATION,andDIVISION.
cardinalnumber
Acardinalnumber,suchas1,5,or75,indicatesthequantitybutnottheorderofthings.Acardinalnumberisnotfollowedbyth.CompareORDINALNUMBER.
chord
AchordisastraightlinejoiningtwoPOINTSonthesamecurveorCIRCLE.
circle
Acircleisaround,closedfigure.AllthePOINTSonitsCIRCUMFERENCEarethesamedistancefromthecenter.

Page193

Circle.
Acircleanditsparts.

circumference
ThecircumferenceistheedgeorboundaryofaCIRCLE.
commondenominator
AcommondenominatorisaMULTIPLEsharedbytheDENOMINATORSoftwoormoreFRACTIONS.Forexample,6isacommondenominatorofthefractions1/2(or3/6)
and1/3(or2/6)because6isamultipleofboth2and3.Inordertoaddorsubtractfractions,youmustfindtheirLOWESTCOMMONDENOMINATOR.Forexample,1/2+1/3
=3/6(or1/2)+2/6(or1/3)=5/6.
compute
Tocomputeistosolveproblemsthatusenumbers.ADDITION,SUBTRACTION,MULTIPLICATION,andDIVISIONallinvolvecomputation.SeealsoCOMPUTER.
cone
AconeisathreedimensionalfigurethatrisesfromacircularbasetoasinglePOINT(calledanapex)atitstop.
congruent
Congruentfiguresareidenticalinsizeandshape.Atrianglethatiscongruentwithanothertrianglewilloccupythesameamountofspace.
coordinates
ThetwonumbersthatdefinethepositionofaPOINTonaLINEGRAPHarecalledcoordinates.OnenumberrepresentsverticaldistancefromtheZEROpoint,theother
horizontaldistance.Thecoordinatesdefinethepointwheretheverticalandhorizontallinescross.SeealsoORDEREDPAIR.
cube
Ingeometry,acubeisathreedimensionalfigurethathassixsquarefaces.Apairofdicearecubes.Inmultiplication,whenyoucubeanumber,youmultiplythe
numberbyitselfthreetimes.Thisissometimescalledraisingthenumbertoitsthirdpower.TheoperationofcubingisindicatedbytheuseofanEXPONENT:23=22
2.Intheexpression23,theexponentis3andisalwayssoplacedhalfwayabovetheline.
cylinder
Acylinderisaroundedthreedimensionalfigurethathasaflat,circularfaceateachend,suchasarollingpinorahockeypuck.

Cone

Cylinder

D
data
Dataarefactsthathavebeencollectedbutnotinterpreted.Forinstance,tofindouthowlongtheaveragecatlives,youwouldhavetocollectdataonthelifespansof
manycats.
decimal
AdecimalisaFRACTIONwrittenaccordingtothedecimalnumbersystem.(Decimalmeans''basedonthenumber10.")Decimals,whicharesometimescalleddecimal

Page194

fractions,areexpressedusingaDECIMALPOINTandthePLACEVALUEStenths,hundredths,thousandths,andsoon.Thefraction1/2isthedecimal.5or5/10thefraction
1/4is0.25or25/100.Inadecimal,eachplacevaluetotherightofthedecimalpointhas1/10(onetenth)thevalueoftheplaceimmediatelytoitsleft.Thenumbers
onasimplehandcalculatorappearindecimals.
decimalpoint
Adecimalpointlookslikeaperiod[.]andisusedtomarkthePLACEVALUEinanumberthatcontainsavaluelowerthan1.Forexample,inthenumber3.45(or3
45/100),thedecimalpointtellsyouthatthe3isintheonesplace,the4isinthetenthsplace,andthe5isinthehundredthsplace.Ifthedecimalpointwasmoved
andthenumberwaswrittenas34.5(345/10),the3wouldbeinthetensplace,the4intheonesplace,andthe5inthetenthsplace.
degree
AdegreeisaunitofmeasurementforANGLESandARCSandisindicatedbyasmallcircle()raisedhalfwayabovetheline.Weoftenwrite90degreesas90.Acircle
measures360degreesarightanglemeasures90degrees.
denominator
AdenominatoristhebottomnumberofaFRACTIONandindicatesthenumberofpartsneededtomakeawholeunit.Inthefraction2/3,thedenominatoris3(3/3=1).
SeealsoNUMERATOR.
diagonal
Inafoursidedplane(flat)figure,adiagonalisastraightlinefromonecornerofthefiguretotheoppositecorner.
diameter
ThediameterofaCIRCLEisastraightlineacrossthecirclethroughitscenter.SeealsoCIRCUMFERENCERADIUS.
difference
Thedifferencebetweentwonumbersistheansweryougetwhenyousubtractthesmallerfromthelarger.Thedifferencebetween7and4is3,because74=3.
SeealsoSUBTRACTION.

Diagonal

digit
Adigitisasinglenumberfrom0to9thatoccupiesoneplace.Anumbersuchas1368isafourdigitnumberbecauseitusesfourdigitsinfourplaces.Thenumber
1000isalsoafourdigitnumber,eventhoughthreeofthedigitsarethesamenumber.Thenumber5isasingledigitnumber45isatwodigitnumber.Thevalueofa
digitdependsonitsPLACEVALUEwithrespecttothedecimalpoint.
dimension
Dimensionistheindicationofhowfarsomethingextendsinspace.Alinehasonedimension:LENGTH.ASQUAREhastwodimensions:lengthandwidth.(One
dimensionalandtwodimensionalobjectsarePLANES.),Realobjects,andtheobjectsthatarecalledSOLIDSinGEOMETRY,havethreedimensions:length,width,and
height,suchasaCUBE.
dividend
Adividendisanumberthatistobedivided.Intheexpression162=8(or

or16/2=8),16isthedividend.SeealsoDIVISOR.

division
DivisionisoneofthefourbasicoperationsofARITHMETIC(alongwithMULTIPLICATION,ADDITION,andSUBTRACTION).Itssymbolis,whichmeans"dividedby."Todivide
istodeterminehowmanytimesonequantityiscontainedinanother.Therefore,todivideistodeterminehowmanytimesyouhavetosubtractanumbertoreachzero.
Forexample,63=2,becauseyousubtract3from6twotimestoreachZERO.Thisproblemmayalsoberepresentedas6/2=3.Whenyoudividealargernumber
byasmallernumber,yougetawholenumber(82=4)oramixednumber

Page195

(83=22/3).Whenyoudivideasmallernumberbyalargernumber,yougetafraction(38=3/8).SeealsoDIVIDENDDIVISORQUOTIENTREMAINDER.
divisor
AdivisoristhenumberthatdividestheDIVIDEND.Intheexpression204=5,4isthedivisor.SeealsoQUOTIENTREMAINDER.

Ellipse

E
ellipse
Anellipseisaclosed,oval,plane(flat)figurethatisnotasroundasacircle.TheORBITSofthePLANETSareellipses.
equation
Anequationisastatementthattwodifferentnumbersormathematicalexpressionsareequaltoeachother.Forexample,3+12=15isanequation.Equationsuse
theequalssign:=.
equilateraltriangle
AnequilateraltriangleisaTRIANGLEthathasthreesidesofequalLENGTHandthreeANGLESofequalsize.Becausetheanglesofatrianglealwaysaddupto180degrees,
eachangleofanequilateraltriangleis60degrees.
estimate
Anestimateisaroughguessatanumber.Ifsomeoneaskshowlongitwilltakeyoutoreadastoryandyousay,"About30minutes,"youhavemadeanestimate.
Estimatescanhelpyousolveproblems.Ifyouadd9.26and4.21,youcanestimatethattheanswerwillbearound13,because9+4=13.
evennumber
Anevennumberisanumberthatcanbedividedby2withoutleavingaREMAINDER.Thenumbers2,4,6,8,10,andsoon,canbedividedevenlyby2andarethus
evennumbers.CompareODDNUMBER.
exponent
Anexponentisthesmallnumbertotherightandabovethemainnumberthatshowshowmanytimesthenumberistobemultipliedbyitself.Forinstance,inthe
expression23,3istheexponent,orthenumberoftimesthat2istobemultipliedbyitself.Thus,23=222=8.Theexpression23isreadaloudas"twotothe
powerofthree,""twotothethird,"or"twoexponentthree."SeealsoPOWER.
F
factor
Inmultiplication,afactorisanumberthatisbeingmultiplied.Intheexpression39=27,thefactorsare3and9.
formula
Aformulaisageneralmathematicalexpressionthatcanbeappliedinparticularcases.Forexample,tocalculatetheAREA(a)ofaSQUARE,youmultiplytheLENGTHof
oneside(s)ofthesquarebyitself.Thus,theformulafortheareaofasquareisa=s2.Nomatterhowlargethesquareis,ifyoumultiplythelengthofonesidebyitself,
youwillgetitsarea.AformulaisusuallywrittenasanEQUATION.CompareVARIABLE.
fraction
Afractionisanumberthatexpressesapartofawhole.Inthefraction2/3,3istheDENOMINATOR,whichisthenumberofequalpartsthatmakethewhole.Thenumber
2istheNUMERATOR,whichisthenumberofpartsyouaretalkingabout.Ifyouhavetwoapplestodivideamongthreepeople,eachpersonwouldgetafractionofan
apple,or2/3(twothirds)ofanapple.FractionsaresometimesexpressedasDECIMALS:4/10=0.4.Sometimesnumbersgreaterthan1arecalledfractionswhenthey
arewrittenasfractions.Forexample,3/2(or11/2)issometimescalledafraction.
G
geometry
Geometryisthemathematicalstudyofshapes(suchasTRIANGLES),threedimensionalfiguresorSOLIDS(suchasCUBESandCYLINDERS),andpositionsinspace(suchas
POINTS).

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H
hexagon
Ahexagonisaplane(flat)figurewithsixstraightsides.
horizontal
AhorizontallineisPARALLELtotheearth'ssurfaceorthebottomofapageitgoesacrossratherthanupanddown.CompareVERTICAL.
hypotenuse
ThehypotenuseisthelongestsideofaRIGHTTRIANGLEandisoppositetheRIGHTANGLE.
I
improperfraction
AnimproperfractionisafractioninwhichtheNUMERATORisgreaterthanorequaltotheDENOMINATOR,asin9/5or5/4.
infinity
Infinityreferstoasetofnumbersthatgoesonwithoutend,forexample:1,2,3,4,andsoon.Thesymbolforinfinityis .
integer
IntegersarethesetofnumbersthatincludesZEROandthenegativenumbersbutnotfractions.Thesetofintegersincludes0,1,2,3,andsoonitalsoincludes1,2,
3,andsoon.AnintegerisalsocalledaWHOLENUMBER.

Hexagon

Intersect.
Dotsindicatewherethelines
intersectshadingaccentuates
theintersectingarea.

intersect
Ingeometry,twofiguresaresaidtointersectwhentheycrosseachother.ThePOINTSwheretheycrossaretheirintersections.Theplacewheretworoadscrossisalso
calledanintersection.
isoscelestriangle
AnisoscelestrianglehastwostraightsidesofequalLENGTHandtwoANGLESofequalsize.
L
length
Lengthisthestraightlinedistancefromonepointtoanother.Somecommonunitsformeasuringlengthare:
inch(in)
foot(ft)=12inches
yard(yd)=3feet
mile(mi)=5280feet

LengthcanalsobemeasuredusingtheMETRICSYSTEM:
millimeter(mm)=0.1centimeter
centimeter(cm)=0.39inch
meter(m)=100centimetersor39inches
kilometer(km)=1000meteror0.6mile

line
Ingeometry,alineissomethingthathasLENGTHbutnowidth.Ithasonlyonedimension(itslength)andextendsinfinitelyinbothdirections.Onaplane(flat)surface,a
straightLINESEGMENTistheshortestdistancebetweentwopoints.Alineislabeledwithlettersandmaybewritten:lineABor
linegraph
AlinegraphisachartthatshowsDATAclearlyandsimply.Forexample,ifyouwanttoshowhowthecostofmilkhaschangedoverthepasttwentyyears,youcanuse
alinegraph.
linesegment
AlinesegmentispartofaLINE.Intheory,alinecangoonforever.Therefore,whenwedrawaline,wearereallydrawingapartofaline,oralinesegment.Aline
segmentislabeledlinesegmentABor
lowestcommondenominator
ThelowestcommondenominatoristhelowestMULTIPLE

Page197

Linegraph.
Showingtherisingcostofahalfgallon
ofmilkovertwentyyears.

sharedbytheDENOMINATORSoftwoFRACTIONS.Forexample,6isthelowestcommondenominatorof1/2(or3/6)and1/3(or2/6).Toadd1/2and1/3,youmustuse
theirlowestcommondenominator:1/2+1/3=3/6+2/6=5/6.
lowestterms
AFRACTIONisinlowesttermswhenitsNUMERATORandDENOMINATORcannotbothbedividedevenlybyanywholenumbergreaterthan1.Thefraction4/8isnotin
lowesttermsbecauseitsnumerator(4)anditsdenominator(8)caneachbedividedby4,yielding1/2,whichisinlowesttermsbecausenonumberexceptonecan
dividebothnumerator(1)anddenominator(2).Findinglowesttermsisalsoknownasreducingorsimplifyingthefraction.
M
mean
AmeanisthesameasanAVERAGEandisfoundbyaddingasetofamountsanddividingtheirsumbythenumberofdifferentamountsintheset.Themeanof8+4+3
isthesum(15)dividedbythenumberofitems(3):153=5,whichisthemean.
median
Whenasetofnumbersisarrangedinorderfromtheleasttothegreatest,themedianisthemiddlenumber.Intheset1,3,5,7,9,themedianis5.Foraneven
numberofitems,themedianismidwaybetweenthetwomiddlenumbers.ThemediandividestheDATAintotwoequalparts.CompareMEAN.
mixednumber
AmixednumberisanumberthatincludesaWHOLENUMBERandaFRACTION,asin42/3.
multiple
AmultipleisaquantityintowhichanotherquantitycanbedividedwithzeroREMAINDER.Thenumbers4and8aremultiplesof2.ADIVIDENDisamultipleofaDIVISORif
thereiszeroremainder.
multiplication
MultiplicationisoneofthefourbasicoperationsofARITHMETIC(alongwithDIVISION,ADDITION,andSUBTRACTION).Itssymbolisthe"times"sign:.Multiplicationislike
additionbecauseyouaddthesamenumberacertainnumberoftimes.Forexample,23=3+356=6+6+6+6+656alsoequals5+5+5+5+5+
5.Whenyoumultiplynumbers,yougettheirPRODUCT.Theproductof2and3is6because23=6.
N
negativenumber
AnegativenumberislessthanZERO(0)andiswrittenwithaminussigninfrontofit:3.Anegativenumberoftenstandsforameasurementthatisbelowacertain
referencepoint.Forinstance,intheCENTIGRADEtemperaturescale,atemperatureof24Cis24degreesbelowzero,orthefreezingpointofwater.
numeral
Anumeralisasymbolthatstandsforanumber.Thenumeral4standsforthenumberfour.Inthepast,peopleuseddifferentsymbolsfornumbersfromtheoneswe
usenow.Forexample,theancientRomanswrotethenumberthreeasIII.ROMANNUMERALSaresometimesusedtoday,buttodayweusuallyusesymbolscalledArabic
numerals,sonamedbecausetheywerefirsttaughttoEuropeansbyArabs.TheArabicnumeralsare:1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,and0.
numerator
AnumeratoristhetoppartofaFRACTIONandthenumberthatisdividedbytheDENOMINATOR.Therefore,anumeratorisaDIVIDENDandadenominatorisaDIVISOR.Inthe
fraction2/3,thenumeratoris2.
O
obtuseangle
AnobtuseangleisanANGLEgreaterthan90DEGREES(90)andlessthan180degrees(180).

Page198

octagon
Anoctagonisaplane(flat)figurewitheightstraightsides.
oddnumber
Anoddnumberisanumberthatcannotbedividedevenlybytwo.Thenumbers1,3,5,7,9,11,andsoon,areoddnumbers.CompareEVENNUMBER.
oppositenumber
AnytwonumberswhosesumisZEROareoppositenumberstoeachother.Thus,3and3areoppositenumbersbecause3+3=0.Theoppositenumberof5is5.
Zero'soppositenumberisitself,because0+0=0.SeealsoNEGATIVENUMBER.
orderedpair
AnorderedpairisapairofnumbersthatrepresentsapositiononaLINEGRAPH.Forexample,(8,3)isanorderedpairbecause8tellsyouhowfarthePOINTistothe
rightof0and3tellsyouhowfarthepointisabove0.ThesenumbersaresometimescalledCOORDINATES.
ordinalnumber
Anordinalnumberindicatestheorderofathinginaseries:first(1st),second(2nd),third(3rd),twentyfifth(25th),andsoon.After1st,2nd,3rd,andlargernumbers
withthesequantities,like21st,22nd,and23rd,ordinalnumbersusethethending.CompareCARDINALNUMBER.

Octagon

Pentagon

Parallel.
LinesegmentABisparalleltolinesegmentCD.

P
parallel
Parallellinesarelinesthatnevermeet.Theyextendinthesamedirectionandalwaysremainthesamedistancefromeachother,likerailroadtracks.
parallelogram
Aparallelogramisaplane(flat)figurewithfourstraightsides.ThesidesoppositeeachotherarePARALLELandthesameLENGTH.SQUARES,RECTANGLES,andRHOMBUSES
areallparallelograms.
parentheses
Parentheses()areusedinmathematicstoshowthattheoperationinsidetheparenthesesshouldbetreatedasasinglequantity.Intheequation2(3+2)=10,the
digits(3+2)shouldbetreatedasasinglequantity,whichis5.CompareBRACES.
pentagon
Apentagonisaplane(flat)figurewithfivestraightsides.
percent
PercentisawayofexpressinganumberasaFRACTIONof100.(Percentmeans"byhundreds.")Thesymbolforpercentis%.Toexpressthenumber1/2asa
percentage,youchangeittoafractionof100.Thus,1/2=50/100,whichasapercentageiswrittenas50%.Toexpress200asapercentage,youwouldcalculate
that200=200/100,or200%.Similarly,1/3=331/3%,because1/3of100=331/3.Thefraction1/4=25/100,or25%.
perimeter
Aperimeteristhedistancearoundtheedgeofamultisidedfigure.Forexample,ifeachofthefoursidesofaSQUAREmeasures2inches,itsperimeteris8inches.

Page199

perpendicular
TwostraightlinesareperpendicularwhentheyformaRIGHTANGLE(ananglethatmeasures90DEGREES).
pi
PiistheRATIOoftheCIRCUMFERENCEofaCIRCLEtoitsDIAMETER.PiisthenameofaGreekletterthatiswrittenasthesymbol .Theactualnumberisapproximately
3.14159andisusedinmanycalculations.

Piechart

piechart
Apiechart,orgraph,isawaytorepresentpercentagesorFRACTIONS.ApiechartisalsocalledaCIRCLEgraphbecauseitiscircular.ThispiechartshowsthatMike
spends1/2(50%)ofhismoneyonfood,1/4(25%)onschoolsupplies,andtheremaining1/4(25%)ontoys.
placevalue
EachDIGITisgivenaplacevalue,dependingonwhereitisinanumberwithmorethanonedigit.Inthenumber7324,4isintheonesplaceitequals41.The
number2isinthetensplaceitequals210.Thenumber3isinthehundredsplaceitequals3100.Thenumber7isinthethousandsplaceitequals71000.
Higherplacevaluesaretenthousands,hundredthousands,millions,billions,andsoon.Lowerplacevaluesaretenthousandths,hundredthousandths,andsoon.See
alsoDECIMALPOINT.
plane
Ingeometry,aplaneisaflatarea.Onedimensionalfigures,suchasLINES,andtwodimensionalfigures,suchasRECTANGLES,existinplanes.Anythingthree
dimensional,suchasaCUBEoraCONE,existsinspace,notinaplane.SeealsoDIMENSION.
point
Ingeometry,apointrepresentsapositionbuthasnosize.Apointisrepresentedbyasmalldot,liketheperiodattheendofthissentence.
polygon
ApolygonisamanysidedPLANEfigure,suchasaPENTAGONoranOCTAGON.(Polymeans"many"inGreek.)
polyhedron
Ingeometry,apolyhedronisathreedimensionalfigure,suchasaCUBEoraPYRAMID,thatisboundedbypolygons.
positivenumber
Apositivenumberisanumbergreaterthan0.
power
Inmathematics,powerreferstothenumberoftimesanumberistobemultipliedbyitself.Forinstance,2tothepowerof3(or23)equals222.Thesymbolthat
showstowhatpoweranumberisraisediscalledanEXPONENT.Intheexpression23,theexponentis3.
primenumber
Aprimenumberisanumberthatcannotbedividedevenlybyanynumberexceptitselfand1.Thenumber4isnotaprimenumberbecauseitcanbedividedevenly
by1,2,and4.But3isaprimenumberbecauseitcanonlybedividedevenlyby1and3.
probability
Probabilityisthechancethataparticularthingwillhappen.Forinstance,theprobabilityofacoinlandingheadsupis1/2(1outof2,or50%),becauseitisoneoftwo
possibleoutcomes.
product
AproductistheresultofMULTIPLICATION.Forexample,6istheproductof2and3because23=6.SeealsoMULTIPLE.
proportion
AproportionisaRATIOoracomparisonofratiosandcanbeexpressedasaFRACTION.Forexample,1/2istheproportion1to2.Itcanbecomparedwiththe
proportion5to10,or5/10.Theseproportions(orratiosor

Page200

Pyramid

Quadrilateral.
Left:Square.Right,toptobottom:
Rhombusandrectangle.

fractions)areallthesame,sincetheycanallbereducedto1/2.
pyramid
ApyramidisathreedimensionalfigurewhosebaseisaPOLYGONandwhosesidesareTRIANGLESthatcometoapointatthetop.SeealsoPYRAMIDSunder"World
Historyto1600."
Q
quadrilateral
Aquadrilateralisaplane(flat)figurewithfourstraightsides.RECTANGLES,SQUARES,andRHOMBUSESarequadrilaterals.
quotient
AquotientistheresultofDIVISION.Forexample,when10isdividedby2,thequotientis5,because102=5.Thisproblemmayalsoberepresentedas10/2=5or
.
R
radii
SeeRADIUS.
radius
TheradiusofaCIRCLEisthelengthofastraightLINEdrawnfromthecentertotheCIRCUMFERENCE.TheradiusishalftheDIAMETER.ThepluralofradiusisRADII.
rate
Arateisawayofcomparingtwodifferentkindsofquantities.RatesuseRATIOS.IfBillwalked8milesin2hours,youcanfindhisrateofspeedbydividingthenumber
ofmileshewalkedbythenumberofhourshewalked.Therateis8/2milesperhour,or4milesperhour.
ratio
Aratioisawayofcomparingtwonumbersbydividingonebytheother.Forexample,theratioof2to3is2/3.Theratioof6to3is6/3,or2.Ifthereare15boys
and10girlsinyourclass,theratioofboystogirlsis15to10.InLOWESTTERMS,15/10is3/2therefore,theratioofboystogirlsis3to2.
reciprocal
Ifyoumultiplyonenumberbyanotherandget1forananswer,thenumbersbeingmultipliedarereciprocals.Thereciprocalof2is1/2,because21/2=1.Toget
thereciprocalofaFRACTION,yousimplyflipitover,switchingthepositionsoftheNUMERATORandtheDENOMINATOR.Thus,thereciprocalof2/3is3/2,because2/33/2
=6/6=1.(Afractionwhosenumeratoranddenominatorareequal,suchas6/6,willalwaysequal1.Suchafractionisitsownreciprocal.)
rectangle
Arectangleisaplane(flat)figurewithfourstraightsidesthatformfourRIGHTANGLES.ThesidesoppositeeachotherarePARALLELandofequalLENGTH.
remainder
Theremainderisthenumberleftoverwhenonenumberisdividedbyanother.Forexample,whenyoudivide9by2,yougetaQUOTIENTof4witharemainderof1.
repeatingdecimal
ArepeatingdecimalisaDECIMALwithaDIGITorpatternofdigitsthatrepeatsitselfforevertoINFINITY.Thenumbers9.14141414and1.33333arerepeatingdecimals.
Theanswerstosomedivisionproblemsarerepeatingdecimalsforexample,28dividedby3givesananswerof9.333333.
rhombus
ArhombusisaPARALLELOGRAMthathasfourstraightsidesofthesameLENGTHbutnoRIGHTANGLES.Adiamondshapeisarhombus.

Page201

rightangle
ArightangleisanANGLEthatmeasures90DEGREES(90)andisformedwhentwoPERPENDICULARlinesmeet.
righttriangle
ArighttriangleisaTRIANGLEinwhichtwosidesmeettoformaRIGHTANGLE.
Romannumerals
RomannumeralsarethenumbersusedbytheancientRomans,whichresemblethelettersofouralphabet.SomecommonRomannumeralsare:
I=1

VI=6

XI=11

II=2

VII=7

L=50

III=3

VIII=8

C=100

IV=4

IX=9

D=500

V=5

X=10

M=1000

rounding
Roundingissomethingyoudotoanumberwhenitdoesnotneedtobeexact.Inmanycases,anapproximatenumber(onethatisalmostexact)isenough.For
example,68,823peopleattendedafootballgame.Ifyouweretalkingtoafriend,youwouldprobablyroundthenumberuptothenearestthousandandsaythat
about69,000peoplewereatthegame.Numberswithdecimalsareoftenroundedtothenexthighestwholenumberwhenthedecimalis.5orgreaterortothesame
wholenumberwhenthedecimalislessthan.5.Forexample,5.63wouldberoundedto6.005.44to5.00.SeealsoPLACEVALUE.
S
scale
AscaleisaRATIOthatshowsthesizerelationshipbetweenadiagramandtherealthingitrepresents.Forinstance,onamap,thescalemightbe1inch=10miles.This
meansthat1inchonthemaprepresents10milesontheland.
scalenetriangle
AscalenetriangleisaTRIANGLEthathasnosidesofthesameLENGTHorANGLESofequalmeasure.
set
AsetisagroupofthingswithacommonpropertyandisindicatedbyBRACES:{}.Forinstance,asetoffruitsis{oranges,pears,apples}.Asetofoddnumbersis{
3,1,1,3}.

Sphere

solid
Ingeometry,asolidisathreedimensionalfiguresuchasaCUBE,aCONE,oraPYRAMID.
sphere
Asphereisathreedimensionalroundfigure,suchasabasketball.Everypointonasphereisthesamedistancefromitscenter.
square
Ingeometry,asquareisaRECTANGLEwithfourstraightsidesofequalLENGTH.EachsidemeetswithanothersidetoformaRIGHTANGLE.Inarithmetic,tosquarea
numberistomultiplyitbyitselfonce.Forexample,3squared(32)is33,whichequals9.TheoperationofsquaringisindicatedbyusingtheEXPONENT2,asinthe
expression32.
squareroot
Thesquarerootofanynumberisthenumberthat,whensquared(multipliedbyitselfonce),givestheoriginalnumberasaproduct.Thesymbolforsquarerootis
is3because32equals9.
subtraction
SubtractionisoneofthefourbasicoperationsofARITHMETIC(alongwithADDITION,MULTIPLICATION,andDIVISION).Itistheoppositeofaddition,becauseinsteadof

Page202

addingonenumbertoanother,youtakeonenumberawayfromanother.Thesymbolforsubtractionistheminussign:.Whenyousubtractonenumberfromanother
youfindtheDIFFERENCEbetweenthem.Thedifferencebetween12and5is7125=7.
sum
AsumistheanswertoanADDITIONproblem.Forexample,8isthesumof5and3because5+3=8.CompareDIFFERENCE.
surfacearea
Thesurfaceareaofafigureisthemeasureofitssurfaceexpressedinsquareunits,suchassquareinchesorsquaremiles.SeealsoAREA.
symmetry
Ifafigurecanbedividedintotwopartsthataremirrorimagesofeachother,thefigurehassymmetryorissymmetrical.Forexample,regularfiguressuchasCIRCLES
andSQUARESaresymmetrical.
T
trapezoid
Atrapezoidisaplane(flat)figurewithfourstraightsides.OnlytwoofthesidesarePARALLELtoeachother.
triangle
Atriangleisaplane(flat)figurewiththreestraightsides.SeealsoEQUILATERALTRIANGLERIGHTTRIANGLESCALENETRIANGLE.
V
variable
AvariableisasymbolwhosevaluecanchangeinaFORMULAorEQUATION.Itisusuallyrepresentedbyaletter.Forinstance,theAREAofaSQUAREisthesquareofthe
LENGTHofoneside.Theformulaisa=s2whereaisavariablethatstandsforareaandsisavariablethatstandsforthelengthofaside.
vertical
AverticallineisstraightupanddownandisPERPENDICULARtoaHORIZONTALline.

Trapezoid

Triangle

volume
Ingeometry,volumeisthemeasureofspaceoccupiedbyasolidfigure,suchasaCUBE.
W
wholenumber
AwholenumberisanINTEGER.
Z
zero
Zero(0)isthenumberthat,whenaddedtoanothernumber,doesnotchangeit.Thus,3+0=3.Ifanynumberismultipliedby0,theansweris0:30=0.

Page203

PhysicalSciences
Thebasicideasofchemistry,physics,andastronomyarepresentedhere.Inthenextsection,''EarthSciencesandWeather,"importantconceptsfromotherphysical
sciencesareintroduced.
Inmodernscience,theborderlinebetweenchemistryandphysicshasbecomefuzzy.Chemistryisbasicallythescienceofwhatthingsaremadeof,whatidentifies
them,andhowtheychange.Physicsisbasicallythestudyofmatterandmotion.Astronomyusesbothphysicsandchemistrytoinvestigatethesun,moon,stars,and
planets.
Thephysicalsciencesencompassthemostenormousthingsthatexiststarsandplanetsinspacebuttheyalsoareconcernedwiththetiniestthingsmolecules,
atoms,andpartsofatoms,whicharealltoosmalltobeseenwiththenakedeye.Thesescienceshelpusunderstandourplaceintheuniverseandhoweverything
aroundusworks.
A
acid
InCHEMISTRY,anacidistheoppositeofaBASEorALKALI.Whenanacidandbasecometogether,theycounteracteachotherandmakeasaltpluswater.Anacidtastes
sour.Strongacidscanbedangerous.Vinegarisaweakacid.
alkali
InCHEMISTRY,analkaliisastrongBASE,theoppositeofanACID.Strongalkaliscanbedangerous.

ApolloProgram.
LiftoffofApollo16onApril16,1972.

ApolloProgram
TheApolloProgramwasaprojectoftheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration,designedtoputapersononthemoon.In1969,duringtheeleventhApollo
mission,NeilArmstrongbecamethefirstpersontowalkonthemoon.
asteroid
AnasteroidisaverysmallPLANET.

Page204

astronaut
Anastronautisapersontrainedtoserveasamemberofthecrewofaspacecraft.
astronomy
Astronomyisthescienceofheavenlybodies,suchastheSUN,theMOON,theSTARS,andthePLANETS.
atom
AnatomisthesmallestparticleofanyELEMENTthatcanstillberecognizedasthatelement.AtomscombinetoformMOLECULES.
B
base
InCHEMISTRY,abaseistheoppositeofanACID.Whenanacidandabasecometogether,theyreacttoproduceasaltpluswater.Ifyoumixvinegar(anacid)with
bicarbonateofsoda(abase),youwillgetasaltthatisdifferentfromtablesalt.SeealsoALKALI.
BigDipper
TheBigDipperisaCONSTELLATION(groupofSTARS)thatpeoplehaveobservedsinceancienttimes.Itsstarsmakeapatternintheskythatresemblesacupwithalong
handlefordipping.ThedirectionnorthcanbedeterminedalmostexactlybytheNORTHSTAR,whichcanbefoundbyfollowingthepointerstarsoftheBigDipperthe
twostarsthatformtheouterbaseandlipofthecup.
blackhole
Ablackholeisanextremelycompactcelestialobjecthavingsuchastronggravitationalpullthatnothingcanescape,notevenLIGHT.
boilingpoint
Theboilingpointisthetemperatureatwhichsomethingboils,orbeginstochangefromaLIQUIDtoaGAS.Everyliquidhasadefiniteboilingpoint.SeealsoCONDENSATION
POINT.
buoyancy
BuoyancyisthetendencyofsomethingtofloatonaFLUIDbecauseofitspowertoexertanupwardforceonobjects.Aballoonfloatsonair,whichisafluid.Acork
hasbuoyancywhenitisrestingonwater.Abuoyisafloat,attachedbyalonglinetothebottomofalakeorocean,thathelpssailorsknowwheretheyare.
C
carbon
CarbonisachemicalELEMENTusedbyalllivingthingstomaketheirCELLS.
carbondioxide
Carbondioxideisacolorless,odorlessGASthatdoesnotburn.EachmoleculeofcarbondioxideiscomposedoftwoatomsofOXYGENandoneatomofCARBONandis
symbolicallyrepresentedbyCO2.CarbondioxideispresentintheATMOSPHERE,formedwhenanycarboncontainingfuelisburned,andexhaledfromananimal'slungs
duringRESPIRATION.ItisusedbyplantsduringPHOTOSYNTHESIS.
centrifugalforce
Centrifugalforcecausesanobjectgoingaroundinacircletomoveawayfromthecenter.Ifyouwhirlabucketofwaterinacircle,centrifugalforcewilltendtokeep
thewaterinthebucket.
changeofphase
MATTERcanexistasaSOLID,aLIQUID,oraGAS.Whensomethingchangesfromoneoftheseforms(orphases)toanother,itgoesthroughachangeofphase.For
instance,whenwaterfreezes,itgoesthroughachangeofphasefromaliquidtoasolid.
chemicalenergy
Chemicalenergyistheenergystoredinachemicalsubstance.Sometimesthisenergyisreleasedinachemicalreaction,whichoccurswhenonesubstanceischanged
intoanother.Fireisonekindofchemicalreaction.
chemistry
ChemistryisthestudyofMATTER,especiallyatthelevelofATOMSandMOLECULES.
combustion
Combustionmeansburning.InCHEMISTRY,thingsthatcombusttakeonOXYGEN.
comet
AcometisanobjectthatcirclestheSUNinanextremelylongORBIT.ItcanbeseenfromtheEARTHonlywhenitsorbittakesitclosetothesun.
compound
AcompoundisasubstancewhoseMOLECULEShavetwoormoreELEMENTS.

Page205

condensationpoint
ThecondensationpointisthetemperatureatwhichaGAScondensestoaLIQUID.Everysubstancehasadefinitecondensationpoint.SeealsoBOILINGPOINT.
constellation
AconstellationisapatternmadebyagroupofSTARSinthesky.Thesepatternshavebeenobservedsinceancienttimesandhavebeennamedformythicalfiguresand
objectstheyresemble.Forinstance,theconstellationLeo(Latinfor"lion")lookssomewhatlikealion.
Copernicus,Nicolaus
NicolausCopernicuswasaPolishastronomerofthelate1400sandearly1500swhoarguedthattheEARTHandallotherPLANETSrevolvearoundthesun.Seealso
SOLARSYSTEM.
cosmonaut
AcosmonautisanASTRONAUTfromRussiaoranothercountryoftheformerSovietUnion.
crystal
AcrystalisaSOLIDinwhichtheATOMSorMOLECULESarearrangedinatight,orderlypattern.Snowflakesandgrainsofsaltarecrystals.
Imagenotavailable.
MarieCurie

Curie,Marie
MarieCuriewasaFrenchchemistofthelate1800sandearly1900s.ShewasborninPolandand,withherhusband,PierreCurie,discoveredthenaturallyoccurring
radioactiveELEMENTradium.SeealsoRADIOACTIVITY.
D
density
DensityisthemeasureoftheamountofMASSforeachunitofvolumeofasubstance.
distillation
DistillationistheprocessofboilingaLIQUIDandcondensingthevapor.Drinkingwaterandsaltcanbeproducedfromseawaterbydistillation.
E
Earthortheearth
Earthistheplanetonwhichwelive.ItorbitstheSUN,makingonerevolution(completeturn)peryear.Italsorotates(turnsonitsownaxis),makingonerotationper
day.EarthisoneofninePLANETSinourSOLARSYSTEM.SeealsoEARTHunder"EarthSciencesandWeather."
eclipse
AneclipseoccurswhenoneheavenlybodyblockslighttravelingfromtheSUNtoanotherheavenlybody.AneclipseofthesunoccurswhentheMOONpassesdirectly
betweenthesunandtheEARTH(sothatthesuncannotbeseenorcanbeseenonlyinpart).Aneclipseofthemoonoccurswhentheearthpassesdirectlybetweenthe
sunandthemoon(sothatashadowmovesacrossthesurfaceofthemoon).
Einstein,Albert
AlbertEinsteinwasabrilliantscientistoftheearly1900swhowontheNobelPrizeinphysics.HisideasaboutconvertingmasstoENERGYprovedcorrectwhenATOMS
werefirstsplit.Theexplosiveenergy

Page206

Imagenotavailable.
AlbertEinstein.
WritingouttheequationforthedensityoftheMilkyWayin1931.

ofsplittingatomsisthepowerintheatomicbomb.
electron
Anelectronisaverysmall,lightparticlethatrevolvesaroundtheNUCLEUSofanATOM.Electronshaveanegativeelectriccharge.Whenfreeelectronsflowthrougha
wireorotherCONDUCTOR,ELECTRICITYresults.
element
Anelementisasubstancethatcannotbebrokendownintosimplersubstances.TheATOMSofeachelementhaveauniquestructure.Somecommonelementsare
aluminum,hydrogen,iodine,iron,mercury,nitrogen,oxygen,sodium,andzinc.
energy
EnergyistheabilitytodoWORK.Toascientist,workisdonewhenaFORCEisusedtomoveanobject.Forexample,gasolineisasourceofenergy.Whenitisburned
inacarengineandthecarmoves,theenergyhasbeenturnedintowork.
equilibrium
Equilibriummeansbalance.Inchemicalreactions,anequilibriumisreachedwhennofurthermeasurablechangeoccurs.
evaporation
EvaporationoccurswhenaLIQUIDturnsintoaGAS,orevaporates.
experiment
Inscience,anexperimentisastrict,highlycontrolledtestofanidea.Experimentsareoftencarriedoutinlaboratories.
extraterrestrial
Anextraterrestrialobjectisonethatcomesfromouterspace.Meteoritesareonetypeofextraterrestrialobjects.
F
fluid
AfluidissomethingthatflowsandincludesbothLIQUIDSandGASES.
freezingpoint
Thefreezingpointisthetemperatureatwhichsomethingfreezes,orchangesfromaLIQUIDtoaSOLID.Everysubstancehasadefinitefreezingpoint.CompareMELTING
POINT.
G
galaxy
AgalaxyisanenormousgroupofSTARS.ThegalaxythatcontainsourSUNiscalledtheMilkyWay.
Galileo(galuhLEEoh,galuhLAYoh)
GalileoGalileiwasanItalianscientistofthe1600s.HeimprovedtheoriginalTELESCOPESandwasthefirsttousethemforASTRONOMY.
Imagenotavailable.
Galaxy.
TheWhirlpoolGalaxy.

Page207

gas
MattercanexistasaSOLID,aLIQUID,oragas.Agashasnoparticularshapeandcanexpandindefinitely,anditsmoleculesarefartherapartthanthoseofaliquidora
solid.Airandsteamarebothgases.
gravity
Gravityistheforcethatpullsobjectstowardeachother.TheEARTH'sgravitypullseverythingonearthtowardthecenteroftheearth.Thus,objectsfalltowardthe
ground.TheSUN'sgravitykeepsthePLANETSintheirORBITS.GravitywasfirstexplainedbyISAACNEWTON.
H
Halley'scomet
Halley'scometisthemostfamousCOMETinthestudyofastronomy.Itappearsapproximatelyevery76yearsandisnamedafterEdmondHalley,aBritishastronomer
ofthelate1600sandearly1700s,whofirstpredictedthecomet'sregularreappearance.
H2O
H2OisthescientificsymbolforawaterMOLECULE.TWOATOMSofhydrogen(H)andoneatomofoxygen(O)jointoformamoleculeofwater.
hydrocarbons
ORGANICcompoundsthatcontainonlyCARBONandHYDROGEN.Manyhydrocarbons,suchasgasolineandmethane,areusedasfuels.
hydrogen
HydrogenisthelightestELEMENT.EachmoleculeofwateriscomposedoftwoatomsofhydrogenandoneatomofOXYGEN.ThesymbolforthewatermoleculeisH2O.
Therearemanymorehydrogenatomsthananyotherkindintheuniverse.
I
inertia
Inertiaisaresistancetochangeinmotionthatis,thetendencyofanobjecttokeepmovinginthesamepathortostaystillifitisnotmoving.
infraredradiation
InfraredradiationisinvisiblelightattheoppositeendoftheSPECTRUMfromULTRAVIOLETRADIATION.Itisfeltasheat,andmuchoftheheatfromtheSUNcomesfromits
infraredlight.
inorganic
InorganicisadescriptivetermforcompoundsthatgenerallydonotcontainCARBON,andareusuallynotfoundinlivingthings.CompareORGANIC.
ions
AnionisanATOMorgroupofatomsthathasanelectriccharge.PositiveionslackoneormoreELECTRONSwhilenegativeionshaveasurplusofelectrons.
J
Jupiter
JupiteristhelargestPLANETintheSOLARSYSTEM.
L
light
LightisaformofENERGYthatisvisibletothehumaneye.Itismadeupofwaves,calledelectromagneticwaves,thattravelatabout186,282milespersecond.
lightyear
Alightyearisthedistancetraveledbylightinayear,aboutsixtrillionmiles.Distancesbetweenobjectsinouterspaceareoftenmeasuredinlightyears.SeealsoSPEED
OFLIGHT.
liquid
canexistasaSOLID,aGAS,oraliquid.Inaliquid,themoleculesareclosetogetherbutlooselyconnected,sothattheymovearound.Aliquidtakestheshapeof
itscontainer.Waterandmilkarebothliquids.
MATTER

M
magnet
Amagnetisanobjectthatattracts(pullsin)certainsubstances,especiallyiron.
Mars
MarsisoneofthePLANETSintheSOLARSYSTEM.Becauseitappearstobered,itissometimescalledtheredplanet.

Mars.
Photographofthesurfaceoftheplanet.

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mass
ThemassofasubstanceistheamountofMATTERcontainedinaphysicalbody.MassisdifferentfromWEIGHTbecauseitremainsthesameregardlessoftheforceof
gravity.
matter
Matteris"stuff"anythingtakingupspacethatyoucansee,hear,feel,touch,ortaste.Air,stone,water,wood,skin,andtheearthitselfareallexamplesofmatter.
meltingpoint
Themeltingpointisthetemperatureatwhichsomethingmelts,orchangesfromaSOLIDtoaLIQUID.Everysubstancehasadefinitemeltingpoint.CompareFREEZING
POINT.
Mercury
MercuryisthePLANETinourSOLARSYSTEMclosesttothesun.MercuryisalsoasilverymetalthatisLIQUIDatroomtemperatureitisusedinthermometerstomeasure
thebodytemperatureofaperson.
meteor
Ameteorisachunkofstoneormetalthatenterstheearth'sATMOSPHEREfromouterspace.Whenameteorplowsthroughtheatmosphere,itburnsup,makingastreak
oflightacrossthesky,oftencalleda"fallingstar"ora"shootingstar."
meteorite
AMETEORthatfallstoearthiscalledameteorite.
MilkyWay
TheMilkyWayistheGALAXYthatcontainsourSOLARSYSTEM.
Mitchell,Maria
MariaMitchellwasanAmericanastronomerandeducatorwholivedinthemid1800s.SheisknownforherstudyofSUNSPOTSandforherdiscoveryofaCOMET,
whichnowbearshername.
molecule
AmoleculeisatinystructurethatismadeupoftwoormoreATOMS.
moon
ThemoonistheEART'SnaturalSATELLITE.Itismuchsmallerthantheearth.ThemoonrevolvesaroundtheearthastheearthrevolvesaroundtheSUN.Ittakesone
monthforthemoontorevolvearoundtheearth.Onceamonththewholemoonisvisibleasaroundball.Atothertimes,onlypartofthemoonisvisible.Itis
describedasa"halfmoon"whenitlookslikeadiskslicedinhalf.Itisdescribedasa"crescentmoon"whenonlyitscurvededgeisvisible.Thedarkpatchesonthe
moon'ssurfacearecraters,orlargepits.In1969,NeilArmstrongbecamethefirstpersontowalkonthemoon.
N
NeptuneNeptuneisoneofthePLANETSintheSOLARSYSTEM.
neutron
AneutronisanelectricallyneutralsubatomicparticleofMATTERthatisoneofthebuildingblocksofthenucleus,orcenter,ofanATOM.Itismorethanathousandtimes
heavierthananELECTRON.
neutronstar
AneutronstarisacelestialbodymadeupalmostentirelyofanextremelydensemassofNEUTRONS.Neutronstarshaveapowerfulgravitationalpull.
Newton,Isaac
SirIsaacNewtonwasagreatEnglishscientistandmathematicianofthe1600sand1700s.HeissaidtohavediscoveredGRAVITYwhenhesawanapplefallfroma
tree.
nitrogen
NitrogenisachemicalELEMENTthatisabundantintheearth'sATMOSPHERE.ItisanecessarypartofallplantandanimalTISSUES.
NorthStar(Polaris)
TheNorthStarisfoundinthepatternofstarscalledtheLittleDipper.YoucanfinditbyfollowingthepointerstarsintheBIGDIPPER.TheNorthStarshinesalmost
directlyabovetheNORTHPOLEandthereforealwaysseemstostandveryclosetotruenorthintheNORTHERNHEMISPHERE.Theotherstarsseemtoturnaroundthe
NorthStarbecausetheEARTHspinsonanaxisthatrunsthroughtheNorthandSouthpoles.
nucleus
ThenucleusofanATOMisthepartinthecenterthatcontainsmostofitsmass.

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TheELECTRONSoftheatomrevolvearoundthisnucleus.
O
orbit
Toorbitsomethingmeanstogoaroundit.Theearthorbitsthesunandthemoonorbitstheearth.TheforceofGRAVITYkeepstheearthandthemoonintheirorbits.
organic
Organicisadescriptivetermforcompoundsthatareoftenfoundinlivingthings.ORGANICmoleculesarecomposedofatomsofCARBONtowhichatomsofHYDROGEN,
NITROGEN,andOXYGENmaybeattached.CompareINORGANIC.
oxidation
Oxidationoccurswhenasubstancecombineswithoxygen.Themostfamiliarformofoxidationisrust,whichisaCOMPOUNDofoxygenandiron.Whenfoodssuchas
applesorpotatoesturnbrownonexposuretotheair,theyhaveundergoneoxidation.
oxygen
OxygenisanELEMENTthatmakesupanimportantpartoftheairwebreathe.Plants,animals,andmostotherorganismsdependonoxygentolive.
ozone
OzoneisaformofOXYGENpresentintheATMOSPHERE,especiallyafterathunderstorm.Intheupperatmosphere,ozoneactsasascreen,protectinglivingthingsfrom
exposuretoexcessiveamountsofultravioletradiation.Aregionofhighozoneconcentration,calledtheozonelayer,existsabovetheEARTHataltitudesbetween10
and15miles.Duringthepastdecadeorso,thedestructionofatmosphericozonebyvariouschemicalcompoundshascausedathinningofthislayer,particularly
abovethePOLARREGIONS,formingwhatisknownastheozonehole.
P
periodictable
TheperiodictableisachartofELEMENTSshowingtheatomicnumber,orthenumberofprotonsineachelement'snucleus,sidebysideinascendingorder.Thetable
groupsincolumnselementsthathavesimilarproperties.
phasesofmatter
MATTERcanexistasaSOLID,aLIQUID,oraGASatdifferenttemperaturesandunderdifferentpressures.Forexample,watercanbealiquid,asolid(ice),oragas(steam
orwatervapor).Thedifferentformsofmatterarecalledphases.SeealsoCHANGEOFPHASE.
physics
PhysicsisthesciencethatstudiesMATTERandENERGYandthewaytheyinteract.
planet
AplanetisaheavenlybodythatorbitsaSTAR.TheplanetsinourSOLARSYSTEMorbitthestarwecalltheSUN.Unlikestars,planetsdonotgiveofflight.EARTHisa
planet.
Pluto
PlutoisthePLANETinourSOLARSYSTEMwhoseorbittakesitfarthestfromthesun.
Polaris
SeeNORTHSTAR.
proton
AprotonisanelementaryparticlethatisfoundintheNUCLEUSofanATOM.Ithasapositiveelectriccharge.ProtonsareaboutathousandtimesheavierthanELECTRONS,
andwithNEUTRONS,makeupmostofanatom'smass.
R
radiation
Radiationisthegeneralnameforvariouskindsoflight,includingkindsthatcannotbeseen,suchasINFRARED,ULTRAVIOLET,andXRAYS.
radioactivity
Radioactivityisapropertyofcertainsubstancesthatcausesthemtodecaynaturally,orchange,overtime.Astheydecay,theyreleaseENERGY.Uraniumandplutonium
areradioactivesubstances.
reflection
Reflectionoccurswhenlightbouncesoffasurface.Amirrorisagoodreflectoroflight.
refraction
Refractionoccurswhenlightbendsasitpassesthroughaclearsubstancelikeairorwater.Thedenserthesubstance,themorethelightbends.

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Satellite.
TheHubbletelescopeinorbit.

S
salt
InCHEMISTRY,asaltisaCOMPOUNDthatisproducedbythereactionbetweenanACIDandaBASE.Thechemicalnameoftablesaltissodiumchloride.
satellite
InASTRONOMY,abodythatorbitsalargerbodyiscalledasatellite.TheEARTH'snaturalsatelliteistheMOON.Therearealsomanyartificialsatellitesorbitingtheearth.
Theytransmittelevisionsignals,gatherinformationaboutspace,surveymilitaryinstallations,andhelppredicttheweather.
Saturn
SaturnisoneofthePLANETSinourSOLARSYSTEMandisdistinguishedbythecoloredringsthatsurroundit.Theseringsarehugebandsoficyparticlesinorbitaroundthe
planet.
scientificmethod
Scientistshavedevelopedcertainspecialresearchprocedures.Takentogether,theyarecalledthescientificmethod.Oneimportantpartofthescientificmethodisthe
rigoroustestingofideasbyEXPERIMENTS.Anuntestedideaisnotconsideredscientificallysound.
solarsystem
ThesolarsystemismadeupoftheSUNandtheninePLANETSthatrevolvearoundit:MERCURY,VENUS,EARTH,MARS,JUPITER,SATURN,URANUS,NEPTUNE,andPLUTO.
Solarmeans"ofthesun."
solid
Mattercanexistasasolid,aGAS,oraLIQUID.Inasolid,moleculesarelockedtogether.Unlikeagasoraliquid,asolidhasafixedsizeandshape.Acandybar,a
rock,anicecube,andapieceofclothareallsolids.
solution
InCHEMISTRY,asolutionisauniformmixture,usuallyaLIQUID.Ifyoudissolvesaltinwater,youwillgetasaltsolution.
spectrum
Thevisiblespectrumconsistsofthedifferentcolorsoflight,fromredtoviolet.ARAINBOWisavisiblespectrum.Theentirespectrumconsistsofradiowaves,
microwaves,infrared,visiblelight,ultravioletlight,xrays,gammarays,andcosmicrays.SeealsoINFRAREDRADIATIONULTRAVIOLETRADIATION.
speedoflight
Lighttravelsatabout186,262milespersecondwhenthereisnothingtoslow

Solarsystem.
Theplanetsareshownintheirrelativesizesandrelativedistancesfromthesun.

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itdown.Lightfromthesuntakesabouteightminutestoreachtheearthlightfromthemoontakesaboutasecondandahalftoreachtheearth.
star
Astarisaheavenlybodythatgivesofflight,suchastheSUN.ThesunlooksbiggerthanotherstarsonlybecauseitismuchclosertotheEARTH.Atnight,manyother
starsarevisibleastinypointsoflight.SeealsoCONSTELLATION.
sun
ThesunistheSTARatthecenteroftheSOLARSYSTEM.Itisanenormousballofburninggases,thousandsoftimesthesizeofEarth.TheninePLANETSofthesystem,
includingEarth,revolvearoundthesun.AlllifeonEarthdependsonlightfromthesun.
sunspot
AsunspotisadarkspotthatappearsonthesurfaceoftheSUNandthatisassociatedwithstrongmagneticfields.
U
ultravioletradiation
UltravioletradiationistheinvisiblelightbeyondvioletinthelightSPECTRUM.Ultravioletraysfromthesuncancausesunburnandeyedamage.
universe
TheuniverseisthesumofallMATTERandENERGY,includingtheEARTHandthestars,galaxies,andothermatterinouterspace.
Uranus
UranusisoneofthePLANETSintheSOLARSYSTEM.
V
vacuum
AvacuumisspacewithnoMATTERinit.Youcanmakeavacuumbypumpingtheairoutofanairtightcontainer.
Venus
VenusisthePLANETintheSOLARSYSTEMthatisclosesttotheearth.
Imagenotavailable.
Xray

W
watt
AwattisaunitofelectricalENERGY.LightbulbsareratedinwattsaccordingtotheamountofELECTRICITYtheyuse.A100wattbulbusesmoreelectricity(andhence
costsmoretouse)thana40wattbulb.
X
xrays
Xraysareapenetratingkindoflightwithextremelyshortwavelengthsthatcanpassthroughsolidobjects.XraysareattheveryfarendoftheSPECTRUM,beyond
ultravioletlight.SeealsoXRAYunder"MedicineandtheHumanBody."

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EarthSciencesandWeather
Manykindsofscientistsstudytheearthanditsweather.Thosewhostudytheearth'shistoryandstructurearecalledgeologists.Theyexaminefossils,rocks,and
minerals.Otherscientists,calledmeteorologists,studytheweather.Theyexaminethecausesofweatherconditionsandhowweathercanbepredicted.Otherearth
sciencesincludeoceanography,whichisconcernedwithwaterandtheoceans,andgeography,whichstudiesthesurfaceoftheearth.
A
acidrain
AcidrainisrainorotherPRECIPITATIONmadeupofdiluteACIDSthatformintheatmospherewhencoal,gasoline,oroilisburnedinautomobiles,factories,andutilities.
AcidrainisaformofAIRPOLLUTIONthatdamagestrees,plants,andsoilandpollutesriversandlakes,killingfishandotheraquaticlife.
aftershock
AnaftershockisalesspowerfulquakethatoccursafteranEARTHQUAKE.
airpollution
Airpollutioniscausedwhenharmfulgasesandparticlesarereleasedintotheair,makingitsopollutedthatitthreatenspeople'shealth.Exhaustfumesfromcarsand
trucksandsmokefromFACTORIES,powerplants,andincineratorsthatburntrasharemajorcausesofairpollution.SeealsoPOLLUTIONSMOG.
airpressure
Airpressureistheweightoftheairpressingagainstasurface.Airpressurechangesslightlyfromdaytoday.Italsodecreasesaselevationincreases.
aquifer
Anaquiferisanundergroundlayerofsand,gravel,orspongyrockthatcollectslargeamountsofwaterandthroughwhichwaterflowseasily.
atmosphere
Theatmosphereisthelayerofairthatsurroundstheearth.Itismadeupofabout80percentNITROGENand20percentOXYGEN,withsmallamountsofothergases.
axisofrotation
Theaxisofrotationistheimaginarystraightlinethroughanobject,suchastheearth,aroundwhichthatobjectseemstorotate.
B
barometer
AbarometerisadeviceformeasuringAIRPRESSURE.
C
Carson,Rachel
RachelCarsonwasanAmericanscientistofthetwentiethcentury

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whowroteanumberofbooks,includingSilentSpring,aboutthedangersofPOLLUTIONandartificialsubstancestothenaturalenvironment.
cave
Acaveisanaturallyformedholloworpassageundertheearthorinthesideofahillormountainwithanopeningtothesurface.Averylargecaveisknownasa
cavern.
cirrusclouds
Cirruscloudsarefeathery,whitecloudsthatfloathighinthesky.
climate
Theclimateofaregionisitsweatherpatternoveralongperiod:itsheatandcold,moistureanddryness,clearnessandcloudiness,andwindandcalm.Regionsnear
theequatortendtohavehotclimatesthosenearthepoles,coolones.
clouds
Cloudsaremassesofcondensedwateroriceparticlesfloatingintheair.FourtypesofcloudsareCIRRUS,CUMULUS,STRATUS,andTHUNDERHEADS.
coal
Coalisablackorbrownrockfoundinthegroundconsistinglargelyofcarbon.Itcanbedugup,ormined,andusedasFUEL.Coalisformedwhenlayersofearth
buildupformillionsofyearsovertheremainsofplantsandanimals.SeealsoFOSSILFUELS.
coldfront
Afrontisaplaceintheairwheretwoverylargebodiesofairmeet.Acoldfrontistheplacewherecoldairpushesoutwarmair.CompareWARMFRONT.
conservation
Conservationisthepreservationorprotectionoftheearth'sNATURALRESOURCES.Apersonwhobelievesinorworksforconservationisaconservationist.
continent
Acontinentisahugelandmass.Theearthhassevencontinents:Africa,Antarctica,Asia,Australia,Europe,NorthAmerica,andSouthAmerica.
core
Thecoreisthecenteroftheearthandconsistsofhotmetals.
crust
Thecrustistheouterlayeroftheearthandismadechieflyofrock.
cumulonimbusclouds
SeeTHUNDERHEADS.
cumulusclouds
Cumuluscloudsarelarge,white,fluffycloudsthatbeginlowintheskyandriseupveryhigh.
cyclone
AcycloneisastormorwindsmovingaroundacalmcentralareaoflowAIRPRESSURE.IntheSOUTHERNHEMISPHERE,thewindsofacyclonerotateinaclockwise
direction,whileintheNORTHERNHEMISPHEREthesewindsrotateinacounterclockwisedirection.
Imagenotavailable.
Delta.
ViewoftheColoradoRiverdeltainMexico,asseenfromApollo9.

D
delta
Adeltaisanareaoffertilelandthatformsatthemouthofariverfromsoilthathasbeenwashedawayfromotherregionsanddepositedatthemouth.Itiscalleda
deltabecauseitresemblesthetriangularshapeoftheGreekletterdelta.
desert
Adesertisadryregion,oftencoveredbysand,havingfew,ifany,plants.

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Earth.
Cutawayviewoftheearth'slayers.

dew
DewissmallwaterdropsthatformoncoolsurfaceswhenWATERVAPORintheairiscooledtoitsCONDENSATIONPOINT.
E
earth
Theearthistheplanetonwhichwelive.Itisalargeballmadeupofseverallayersofrockandminerals.TheouterlayeriscalledtheCRUST.Beneathitisthemantle,
whichisathicklayerofrock.BelowitistheCORE,orcenteroftheearth,whichismadeofhotmetal.Almostthreefourthsoftheearth'ssurfaceiscoveredbywater.
Rockandsoilcovertherest.AlayerofaircalledtheATMOSPHEREsurroundstheearth.
earthquake
Anearthquakemakesthegroundmoveorshake.ItiscausedbythemovementofPLATES,whicharevast,rigidmassesofrockunderneaththeEARTH'Ssurface.See
alsoFAULTRICHTERSCALE.
ecosystem
Anecosystemincludesalltheplants,animals,andnonlivingthingsthatexistinanENVIRONMENT.
environment
Theenvironmentisthesetofexternalconditionsthataffecttheinternalgrowthanddevelopmentoforganisms.Weatherandlivingspace,otherorganisms,andfood,
alongwiththeircomplexinteractions,makeuptheenvironment.Peoplewhoworktopreservecleanandhealthyconditionsintheenvironmentarecalled
environmentalists.SeealsoCONSERVATIONPOLLUTION.
Imagenotavailable.
Fossils.
Fossilofayoungdinosaur.

epicenter
Anepicenteristhelocationontheearth'ssurfacedirectlyabovethepointundergroundwhereanearthquakebegins.Thisundergroundpointoforiginiscalledthe
focus.
equator
TheequatoristheimaginarylinethatcirclestheearthhalfwaybetweentheNorthandSouthpoles.ThislinedividestheearthintotheNorthernandSouthern
hemispheres.
erosion
Erosionoccurswhensoilandrocksareworndownandmovedaroundbywater,wind,orGLACIERS.Gulliescreatedbyheavyrainareacommonexampleoferosion.
extinction
Extinctionisthedisappearanceofaplantoranimalspeciesfromtheearth.ManyextinctspeciesarestudiedasFOSSILS.
F
fault
AfaultisacrackintheEARTH'Ssurface,usuallyjustbelowtheCRUST.FaultsoccurwheretwoPLATESmeetandgrindagainsteachother.EARTHQUAKESoccuralongfault
lineswhentheplatesmove,causingthesoilandrocksabovethefaulttoshift.

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fossilfuels
Thefossilfuelscoal,oil,andnaturalgasarecreatedovermillionsofyearsfromtheremainsofanimalsandplants.
fossils
Fossilsareformedfromtheremainsofprehistoricanimalsandplantsandarepreservedinrockorothermaterials.Manyprehistoricanimalsandplantsarenow
extinctfossilsaretheonlytracesofthesespeciesofanimalsandplants.
G
geology
GeologyisthestudyofhowtheEARTHisputtogetherandwhatitismadeof.Geologistsstudysurfacerocksandmineralsaswellasthelayersunderneaththeearth's
surface.Geologistslearn,amongotherthings,howmountainsareformedandwhatcausesEARTHQUAKES.
glacier
Glaciersarelargesheetsoficethatdonotmelt.Theymovelikeveryslowriverspulledbytheirownweight.Manyvalleysonourcontinentwerecarvedoutby
glacierslongago,whentheclimatewascolder.
grassland
Agrasslandisanarea,suchasaprairieormeadow,thatiscoveredwithgrassorsimilarplants.Grasslandsareoftenareaswherefoodcanbegrowneasily.
groundwater
Groundwateriswaterthatissoakedupbythesoilandthatslowlymovesbeneaththeearth'ssurface.Groundwaterfillsthewellsandspringsthatprovidewaterto
manycommunities.
gulf
Agulfisaseaoroceanthatispartiallysurroundedbyland.
GulfStream
TheGulfStreamisawarmcurrentintheAtlanticOceanthatisdrivennorthalongthecoastofNorthAmericabywindsfromtheTROPICS.(Acurrentisaflowofwater
intheoceanthatmovesinadefinitedirectioninrelationtothewateraroundit.)
H
hail
Hailisfrozenrainintheformofsmallballscalledhailstones.Sometimeshailstonesbecomequitelargeandcausedamage.
hardwater
WaterthathasMINERALSdissolvedinitiscalledhardwater.Softwaterhasfewmineralsinit.Inthemountains,thewaterissoftbecauseithasnotrunveryfaracross
theEARTH.Lowerdown,nearsealevel,thewatertendstobehardbecauseithashadachancetodissolveminerals.Hardwaterdoesnotmakesoapsudseasily.
humidity
SeeRELATIVEHUMIDITY.
hurricane
AhurricaneisalargeandpowerfulstormoriginatingintheTROPICS,withfast,circularwindsandheavyrains.AhurricanethatoccursinthewesternpartofthePacific
Oceaniscalledatyphoon.Thecalmcenterregionofahurricaneiscalledtheeye.
I
iceage
Aniceageisaperiodfarbackintheearth'shistorywhenmostofthelandwascoveredbyGLACIERS.Therehavebeenseveraliceages.
iceberg
Anicebergisalargemassoficeintheocean,apieceofaGLACIERthathasbrokenoffandfloatedouttosea.Mostoftheiceinanicebergisunderwater,leavingonly
the''tipoftheiceberg"visible.Sometimesweusethisexpressiontomeanthatthemostimportantpartofsomethingishiddenornotobvious.
igneousrock
Igneousrocksaremadefromveryhotliquidmatterthathascooledandhardened.Graniteisanigneousrock.
isthmus
Anisthmusisanarrowstripoflandthatconnectstwolargerlandmasses.
J
jetstream
Thejetstreamisastrong,usuallyswift,currentofwindthatmostoftenblowsfromwesttoeastataltitudesof10to15miles.
L
lava
LavaistheredhotmeltedrockthatflowsfromaVOLCANO.
lightning
LightningiselectricitythatisreleasedfromCLOUDSwhenalargeamountofstaticELECTRICITYhasbuiltupinthem.It

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Imagenotavailable.
Lightning

shootsfromthecloudsinbright,jaggedstreaksorinlargeflashesoflight.LightningcausesTHUNDER.
M
magma
MagmaisredhotrockundertheCRUSToftheEARTH.Wheniteruptsthroughthesurfaceoftheearth,itbecomesmorefluidandiscalledLAVA.
mantle
ThemantleisthelayerofrockbelowtheEARTH'SsurfacethatsurroundstheCORE,orcenter,oftheearth.Itisovertwothousandmilesthick.
MarianasTrench(maireeANuhs)
TheMarianasTrenchisadeepvalleyinthefloorofthePacificOcean.Itisthedeepestplaceontheearth'ssurface.
meridian
Ameridianisanimaginarycirclepassingthroughanyplaceontheearth'ssurfaceandthroughtheNorthandSouthpoles.
metamorphicrock
Metamorphicrockismadewhenonekindofrockischangedintoanotherbyheatandpressure.Forexample,marbleisametamorphicrockthatcomesfrom
limestone.
meteorology
Meteorologyisthescienceofweather.Ameteorologistissomeonewhostudiesmeteorologyandattemptstopredicttheweather.
mineral
MineralsarethevariouschemicalcompoundsthatmakeupROCKS.Amineralispureanduniform,madeofonlyonekindofmaterial.Mostrocksaremadeofseveral
kindsofminerals.
mountain
Amountainisaraisedportionoftheearth'ssurface,usuallyquitehighandrocky,thatformswhenmaterialisliftedorfoldedupwardbymovementsbeneaththe
earth'sCRUST,suchaswhenPLATEScollideorvolcanoeserupt.
Muir,John
JohnMuirwasanAmericannaturalistofthe1800sandearly1900swhowasborninScotland.HewasanearlycrusaderforCONSERVATIONandtheestablishmentof
nationalparksandreservations.
N
naturalgas
NaturalgasisaFUELfoundundertheground.Itcanbeburnedtoprovideheatandenergy.SeealsoFOSSILFUELS.
naturalresources
AnaturalresourceisanymaterialthatcanbetakenfromtheEARTHandused.Trees,oil,andwaterarenaturalresources.Somekindsofresourcesarenonrenewable
thatis,theycannotbereplacedoncetheyareusedup.Coalandoilarenonrenewablebecausetheytakemillionsofyearstoform.Waterandcottonarerenewable
resources,sincewatercanbecollectedorcleanedandusedagainandcottoncanbeplantedandharvestedeachyear.
nimbostratusclouds
Nimbostratuscloudsarethedarkgraycloudsthatproducerainorsnow.Theyareoftencalledrainclouds.
NorthernHemisphere
TheNorthernHemisphereisthehalfoftheearththatis

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northoftheequator.Canada,theUnitedStates,Mexico,France,India,Egypt,andNigeriaaresomeofthemanynationsthatarepartofthishemisphere.
NorthPole
TheNorthPoleisthenorthernendoftheearth'sAXISOFROTATION.
O
ocean
Theoceanisthemassofsaltwaterthatcoversabout72percentoftheearth'ssurface.OceanicdivisionsareknownbyspecificnamessuchastheAtlanticOcean,the
PacificOcean,andtheIndianOcean.SeealsoSEA.
oil
OilisaliquidFUELthatformsbeneaththeEARTH'Ssurface.Itisusedtomakeanumberofproducts,includinggasolineandasphalt.SeealsoFOSSILFUELS.
ore
OreisaMINERALthatcontainsacommerciallyusefulmaterial,suchasgoldoruranium.
P
paleontologist
ApaleontologistisascientistwhostudiesFOSSILSinordertolearnaboutancientformsoflife.
peninsula
Apeninsulaisalongsectionoflandthatextendsintothewater.InLatinitmeans"almostisland."
plate
AplateisavastareaofrigidrockjustbelowtheEARTH'Ssurface.Thecontinentsandsomeoftheocean'sfloorrestonplates,whichareaslargeorlargerthan
continents.
plateau
Aplateauisaflatareahighabovethesurroundingland.
polarregions
ThepolarregionsaretheareasaroundtheNorthandSouthpoles.Itstayscoldallyearintheseareas.
pollution
Pollutioniscausedwhensubstancesthatareharmfultolifearereleasedintotheairorwaterorontotheland.Pollutionoftenhurtsorkillsfishandanimalsandcan
endangerpeople'shealthaswell.SeealsoAIRPOLLUTION.
precipitation
Precipitationiswaterthatfallsfromtheairasrain,sleet,orsnow.
prevailingwinds
Prevailingwindsarethosethatblowconsistentlyinacertaindirection.
R
rainforest
SeeTROPICALRAINFOREST.
rainbow
Arainbowisacurveofcoloredlightintheskycausedbysunlightshiningthroughdropletsofwaterintheair.Thedropletsbreakupthesunlightintocoloredbandsof
violet,indigo,blue,green,yellow,orange,andred.
recycling
Recyclingisaprocessoftreatingdiscardedmaterials,suchasnewspapersoraluminumcans,inordertoextractusablesubstancesandcreatenewmaterialsor
products.
relativehumidity
Relativehumidityistheamountofwaterintheaircomparedtotheamountofwatertheaircanhold.Iftheairisholdingallthewateritpossiblycan,therelative
humidityis100%.Iftheairisholdingonlyhalftheamountofwaterpossible,therelativehumidityis50%.
Richterscale
TheRichterscaleisusedtomeasuretheintensityofEARTHQUAKES.ItshowshowmuchENERGYhasbeenreleasedbythequake.
rock
ArockisamassofMINERALmatter.TheCRUSToftheEARTHiscomposedofrock.SeealsoIGNEOUSROCKMETAMORPHICROCKSEDIMENTARYROCK.
S
SanAndreasFault(SANanDRAYuhs)
TheSanAndreasFaultisalongcrackintheCRUSToftheEARTHalongthewestcoastofCalifornia.ManyEARTHQUAKESoccuralongthisfault.
sea
Aseaisaverylargebodyofsaltwaterthatiscompletelyorpartiallysurroundedbyland.SeaissometimesusedtorefertothemassofsaltwatercalledOCEAN.
sedimentaryrock
SedimentaryrockisformedwhenlayersofmaterialfromSEDIMENTATIONarepressedtogetherandhardened.

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Shaleandlimestoneareexamplesofsedimentaryrock.
sedimentation
Sedimentationoccurswhenparticlesofrockandothermaterialsfalltothebottomofrivers,lakes,oroceans.Theparticlesformlayersofmudanddebriscalled
sediment.
seismograph
AseismographisaninstrumentthatdetectsEARTHQUAKESandmeasurestheirstrength.SeealsoRICHTERSCALE.
smog
Smog(acombinationofthewordssmokeandfog)isthedirtyfogorhazethatformswhenAIRPOLLUTIONcombineswithmoistureintheair.
soil
SoilconsistsofsmallparticlesofMINERALSandorganicdebrismixedwithwateronthesurfaceoftheEARTH.Itisformedbywind,water,freezing,thawing,andthe
actionsofplantsandsmallanimals,creatingamaterialinwhichplantscangrow.
solarenergy
SolarenergyisenergyfromthesunthatcomestoEARTHintheformoflight.Thetermcanalsobeusedtomeantheprocessoftakingenergyfromthesuntogenerate
heatorelectricityforhumanuse.
SouthernHemisphere
TheSouthernHemisphereisthehalfoftheearththatissouthoftheequator.Chile,SouthAfrica,Australia,NewZealand,andAngolaaresomeofthenationsthatare
partofthishemisphere.
SouthPole
TheSouthPoleisthesouthernendoftheearth'sAXISOFROTATION.
stalactites
StalactitesarecylindricalorconicalMINERALdepositsprojectingdownwardfromtheroofofacaveandformedbydrippingmineralwater.
stalagmites
StalagmitesarecylindricalorconicalMINERALdepositsformedupwardfromthefloorofacavebydrippingmineralwater.
stratusclouds
Stratuscloudshanglowintheskyandlooklikeasmoothlayeroffog.
T
temperatezone
AtemperatezoneisanareaoftheEARTHwheretheweatherchangesfromseasontoseason.ThetemperatezonesarebetweenthePOLARREGIONS,whereitstayscold
allyear,andtheTROPICS,whereitstayshot.MostoftheUnitedStatesisinatemperatezone.
thunder
ThunderisthesoundcausedwhenLIGHTNINGheatstheair.Theheatedairexpandssorapidlythatitpushestheairoutinashockwave,whichwehearasthunder.
thunderheads
Thunderheadsaredensecloudsthatrisehighintotheskyinhugecolumns.Theyoftenproducethunderstorms,hailstorms,rain,orsnow.Theyaresometimescalled
thunderstormclouds,buttheirtechnicalnameiscumulonimbusclouds.
tidalwave
Atidalwaveisanunusuallylarge,highmovementofwaterontoaseashore.Itisoftencausedbyalargestormandcanbeverydestructive.
tides
Tidesareregularchangesintheheightoftheocean:twohightidesandtwolowtidesoccureachday.Theyarecausedprimarilybytheforceofthemoon'sgravityon
thewater,butthesunandotherfactorsalsoaffectthem.
topographicmap
Atopographicmapshowsanarea'ssurfacefeatures,suchasitsrivers,mountains,andvalleys.
topsoil
TopsoilisthethinlayerofSOILcontainingorganicmatterandnutrientswhereplantsgetmostoftheirfood.EROSIONcandestroyvaluablefarmlandwhentopsoilis
washedaway.
tornado
Atornadoisaviolentstorminwhichthewindmovesupwardinanarrow,circularfunnel.Thewindsinatornadomovefastenoughtodestroybuildingsanduproot
trees.TornadoesarecommonintheMidwest.
tropicalrainforest
Atropicalrainforestisaregionwheretheweatherishotandwet

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Imagenotavailable.
Tornado.
TornadonearIronRidge,Wisconsin.

allyear.Thisclimatesupportsmanykindsofplantsandtreesaswellasalargevarietyofanimalsandinsects.
tropics
Thetropicsaretheareasnorthandsouthoftheequatorwheretheweatherstayshotallyear.
tsunami(tsooNAmee)
AtsunamiisaTIDALWAVEcausedbyanearthquakeortheeruptionofavolcano.
tundra
Thetundraisthevast,flat,coldareainthenorthernregionsoftheEARTHwherenotreesgrow.TundraisfoundinLaplandandinregionsofAlaska,Canada,and
Russia.
V
volcano
AvolcanoisamountaincreatedbytheflowofmeltedrockthroughanopeningintheEARTH'Ssurface.ItisactivewhenitcanstilleruptandreleaseLAVA,hotgases,
anddust.Itisextinctwhenithasnoteruptedformillionsofyears.
W
warmfront
Afrontisaplaceintheairwheretwoverylargebodiesofairmeet.A

Volcano.
The1980eruptionofMountSaintHelens,
inWashingtonstate.

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warmfrontistheplacewherewarmairpushesoutcoldair.CompareCOLDFRONT.
watercycle
ThewatercycleistheprocessinwhichwaterfromtheoceanevaporatesintotheairandthenfallsbacktotheEARTHasrain,hail,orsnow.Thewaterthenflowsinto
rivers,whichreturnittotheocean,andthecyclebeginsagain.
watervapor
WatervaporiswaterintheairthathaschangedintoaGAS.
weathersatellite
AweathersatelliteisadevicethatorbitstheEARTH.Itcarriesinstrumentsthatdetectthedifferentkindsofweatherontheearth'ssurfaceandtransmitstheinformation
backtometeorologists(peoplewhostudytheweather).
weatherservice
Aweatherserviceisagroupofmeteorologistswhostudytheweatherandpredicthowitwillchange.Farmersandairlinepilots,inparticular,dependonweather
services.
weathering
WeatheringoccurswhenROCKSarebrokendowntoformsoil.Itiscausedbyrain,ice,andplantrootsthatbreakaparttherocks.

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LifeSciences
Manyimportantandusefultermsareemployedinthescientificstudyoflivingthings.Thelifesciencesincludezoology,whichisthestudyofanimals,andbotany,
whichisthestudyofplants.Biologyisanothernameforthelifesciences.Inthenextsectionofthisdictionary,weexplaintermsthatrelatetomedicineandthehuman
body.
A
algae
Algaearered,green,orbrownORGANISMSthatlackstructuressuchasroots,stems,andleaves,growmainlyinwater,andrangeinsizefromsinglecellstolargemarine
plantscalledseaweeds.
amphibians
Amphibiansareanimalsthatlivebothinwaterandonland.Whentheyareyoung,mostamphibiansbreathewaterbymeansofgillsastheygrowolder,theylosetheir
gillsanddeveloplungsforbreathingair.Frogsandtoadsareamphibians.
anatomy
Theanatomyofaplantoranimalisitsstructure.
animals
LikePLANTS,animalsareorganisms(livingthings).AnimalsdifferfromplantsbecausetheycanmovebythemselvesanddonotperformPHOTOSYNTHESIS.Animalsare
dividedintotwogroups:VERTEBRATESandINVERTEBRATES.Vertebratesareanimalswithbackbones,suchasmammals,reptiles,amphibians,birds,andfish.
Invertebratesareanimalswithoutbackbones,suchasinsectsandmollusks.
B
bacteria
BacteriaareMICROORGANISMSthatreproducebysplittingintotwocellsthatthengrowtofullsize.Ortheyreproducebyproducingtiny,onecelledreproductivebodies
calledsporesthatdevelopintoneworganisms.Sometypesofbacteriaareusefultohumans,suchasthebacteriathatliveinthestomachandaiddigestion,whileother
typesofbacteriaarediseasecausingPATHOGENS.Asingleorganismiscalledabacterium.
balanceofnature
Thebalanceofnatureisatermforthewayallpartsofnaturerelyononeanother.Ifonekindofanimalbecomesextinct,thelivesofotheranimalsandplantsare
changed,andthebalanceofnatureisupset.
biology
Biologyisthesciencethatstudieslivingthings.Botany(thestudyofplants)andzoology(thestudyofanimals)arebranchesofbiology.
birds
Birdsareanimalswithwingsandfeathers.Theyarewarmbloodedandlayeggs.Eagles,pigeons,chickens,ducks,sparrows,andparakeetsareallbirds.
botany
Botanyisthebranchofbiologythatstudiesplants.
C
carnivore
Acarnivoreisananimalthateatsmeat.Someplants,suchastheVenus'sflytrap,arealsocarnivores.CompareHERBIVOREOMNIVORE.

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Imagenotavailable.
Bird.
Apelican,alargeandveryinquisitivebird.

cell
Acellisthesmallestpartofanylivingthingthatisabletofunctionbyitself.Plantsandanimalsaremadeupoftinyunitscalledcells.
cellmembrane
ThecellmembraneisthethinstructurethatsurroundsthePROTOPLASMofacellandregulatesthepassageofmaterialssuchasnutrientsandwasteproductsinandoutof
thecell.
cellwall
ThecellwallistherigidouterlayerofaplantcellthatsurroundstheCELLMEMBRANE.ItiscomposedmainlyofastringyORGANICmaterialcalledcellulose.
chlorophyll
ChlorophyllisthesubstanceingreenplantsthatgivesthemtheircolorandhelpsintheprocessofPHOTOSYNTHESIS.
chloroplast
Achloroplastisasmall,greenCHLOROPHYLLcontainingstructurefoundinplantcellsandinsomeMICROORGANISMS.TheprocessofPHOTOSYNTHESISoccursinchloroplasts.
chromosome
AchromosomeisapartofthenucleusofaCELL.SeealsoGENEHEREDITY.
classification
Classificationisawayoforganizinglivingthings.InBIOLOGY,ORGANISMSareclassifiedindecreasinglygeneralcategoriesknownaskingdom,phylum,class,order,family,
genus,andspecies.Forexample,adomesticateddogisclassifiedasbelongingtotheanimalkingdom,thephylumofchordates,theclassofmammals,theorderof
carnivores,thefamilyofcanids,thegenusCanis,andthespeciesCanisfamiliaris.

Cell.
Plantcell(top)andhumancell(bottom)
astheyappearunderanelectronmicroscope.

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coldbloodedanimal
Acoldbloodedanimal'stemperaturechangesaccordingtothetemperatureofitssurroundings.Thus,ifacoldbloodedanimallivesinacoldplace,itsbodywillbe
coldifitlivesinawarmplace,itsbodywillbewarm.Fishandreptilesarecoldbloodedanimals.CompareWARM BLOODEDANIMAL.
Crick,Francis
FrancisCrickisatwentiethcenturyBritishscientistwhoworkedwithJAMESD.WATSONonthediscoveryoftheDOUBLEHELIXofDNA.
cytoplasm
ThecytoplasmisthecellularmaterialthatsurroundstheNUCLEUSandisitselfsurroundedbytheCELLMEMBRANE.
D
Darwin,Charles
CharlesDarwin,agreatEnglishscientistofthe1800s,isknownforhistheoryofEVOLUTION.
deciduous
Treesandshrubsthatlosetheirleavesintheautumnaredeciduous.Oaks,elms,andmaplesaredeciduoustrees.CompareEVERGREEN.
dinosaur
Dinosaurswerereptilesthatlivedmillionsofyearsagoandarenowextinct.Sometypesofdinosaursweresmall,butotherswerelargerthanelephants.
DNA
DNAisalargemoleculethatisdifferentforeachspeciesoflivingthing.ItisanimportantpartofaGENEandhelpsdeterminetheparticulartraitsofeachlivingthing.
dormancy
Manyplants,suchastulipsandcorn,aredormantforpartofeachyear.Duringthisdormancytheflowers,stems,andleavesdie,buttherootsandbulbslive
undergroundstoringNUTRIENTSforthenextgrowingseason.
doublehelix
AdoublehelixformstheshapeoftheDNAmolecule.Ahelixisathreedimensionalspiralintheshapeofaspring.ADNAmoleculeconsistsoftwointertwined
helixes.
E
ecology
EcologyisthesciencethatstudiestherelationshipbetweenlivingthingsandtheirENVIRONMENT,orsurroundings.
egg
Aneggisafemalereproductivecellinaplantorananimal.SeealsoFERTILIZATIONREPRODUCTIONSPERM.

Dinosaur.
Fromlefttoright:Triceratops(30feetlong)Tyrannosaurus(50feetlong)Stegosaurus(29feetlong).

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Imagenotavailable.
Foodchain

embryo
Anembryoisaveryyoungplantoranimal.TheembryosofmanyplantsarecontainedintheirSEEDS.Theembryoofahumanbeingiscarriedinsidethemotherbefore
birth.
evergreen
Treesandshrubsthatstaygreeninthewinterareevergreens.Pines,cedars,andsprucesareevergreentrees.CompareDECIDUOUS.
evolution
Evolutionistheprocessbywhichlivingthingsevolve,orchangeform,fromonegenerationtothenext.AccordingtoCHARLESDARWIN'Stheoryofevolution,allexisting
formsoflifeevolvedfromearlierforms.
F
fertilization
FertilizationispartoftheprocessofsexualREPRODUCTIONinplantsandanimals.Duringfertilization,aneggandaspermjointoformanewcell.Overtime,thiscell
developsintoanewplantoranimal.
fish
Fisharecoldbloodedanimalsthatliveinwater.Theymovebyusingtheirfinsandbreathewithorganscalledgills.Trout,salmon,sharks,minnows,goldfish,eels,and
seahorsesareallfish.
flower
AflowerisaplantpartthatproducesSEEDSandsometimesFRUIT.ItisoftencolorfultoattractinsectstocoverthePISTILwithPOLLENfromtheSTAMEN.Thefertilizedegg
inthepistilmakestheseed.Inmostplants,bothstamenandpistilareinthesameflower.SeealsoFERTILIZATION.
foodchain
Afoodchainisaseriesofplantsandanimalsthatarelinkedtogetherbecausetheyfeedoneachother.Forinstance,ifthesapofaplantiseatenbyaninsect,andthe

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insectiseatenbyabird,andthebirdiseatenbyacat,thentheplant,theinsect,thebird,andthecatarepartsofthesamefoodchain.
fruit
Insomeplants,thefruitisthepartoftheplantthatcomesfromtheFLOWERafteritisfertilized.ThefruitusuallycontainsSEEDS.Somefoodsthatwecommonlythinkof
asvegetables,suchastomatoes,eggplants,andsquash,arereallyfruits.
fungus
AfungusisaplantthatlacksCHLOROPHYLLandlivesbyfeedingoffotherplantsoranimals,aliveordead.Mushrooms,molds,yeasts,andmildewarealltypesof
fungus.ThepluraloffungusisFUNGI.
G
gene
AgeneispartofaCHROMOSOMEinaCELL.Itdetermineswhichtraitswillbepassedonfromparentstochildren.Forinstance,yourparents'genesdeterminedthecolor
ofyoureyes.
genetics
GeneticsisthestudyoftheprinciplesofHEREDITYandthevariationofinheritedcharacteristicsamongsimilarorrelatedORGANISMS.
Goodall,Jane
JaneGoodallisatwentiethcenturyBritishscientistwhoisbestknownforherstudyofthebehaviorandsocialpatternsofchimpanzeesinAfrica.Herbooksinclude
MyFriendstheWildChimpanzees.
H
habitat
Theplacewhereananimalorplantnormallylivesiscalleditshabitat.
herbivore
Aherbivoreisananimalthateatsplants.SeealsoCARNIVOREOMNIVORE.
heredity
Thepassingoftraitsfromparentstochildreniscalledheredityinbothplantsandanimals.Ifyouhavereceivedatraitthroughheredity,youaresaidtohave''inherited"
it.Forinstance,youmayhaveinheritedthecolorofyourhairfromyourmother.
hibernation
Someanimals,likewoodchucks,spendtheentirewintersleeping.Whiletheyaresleepingtheyaresaidtobehibernatingorinhibernation.Hibernatinganimalsstore
upfatbeforethecoldseasoninordertonourishtheirbodies.
Homosapiens
HomosapiensisthescientificLatinnameforhumansasaspeciesofanimal.
hybridization
Hybridizationistheprocessofcrossbreedingplantsoranimalsofdifferentvarieties,strains,orspecies.Hybridizationisusedextensivelyinagriculturetoproducenew
formsofhardy,diseaseresistantplants.
I
insect
Insectsaresmallinvertebrateanimals.Theyhavesixlegsandlongfeelerscalled
Imagenotavailable.
JaneGoodall

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Insect.
Bumblebee(left),grasshopper(topcenter),ant(bottomcenter),andcockroach(right).

antennae.Ants,bees,grasshoppers,andcockroachesareallinsects.
instinct
Instinctisawayofbehavingthatisinherited(passedonthroughHEREDITY)ratherthanlearnedortaught.Forinstance,birdsdonotteacheachotherhowtobuildnests
theirinstinctservesasaguide.
invertebrates
Animalswithoutbackbones,likeinsectsandmollusks,areinvertebrates.CompareVERTEBRATES.
M
mammals
Mammalsarewarmbloodedanimalswithhairwhomakemilktofeedtheiryoung.Cows,dogs,elephants,giraffes,horses,mice,andhumanbeingsareallmammals.
Althoughporpoisesandwhalesliveinthesea,theyarealsomammals.
McClintock,Barbara
BarbaraMcClintockwasanAmericanscientistofthetwentiethcenturywhoisbestknownforherstudyofGENES.Herstudies,particularlyofcorn,showedthat
geneticmaterialcouldshiftpositiononaCHROMOSOMEfromgenerationtogenerationandwasamajorcontributiontoDNAresearch.
meiosis(meyeOHsis)
MeiosisisthedivisionofaparentCELLintofour"daughter"cells,eachwithhalftheGENESoftheparent.ItisamajorprocessinsexualREPRODUCTIONandproducesan
endlessnumberofvariationsintheoffspring.
Mendel,Gregor
GregorMendel,anineteenthcenturybiologistandmonkinAustria,discoveredthelawsofHEREDITYbyexperimentingwithpeaplants.
metamorphosis
Whenananimalcompletelychangesitsform,itissaidtoundergo

Metamorphosis.
Themetamorphosisofabutterflyfromeggtolarva(caterpillar)topupatobutterfly.

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metamorphosis.Metamorphosisoccurswhenacaterpillarchangesintoabutterfly.
microorganisms
MicroorganismsareORGANISMSthataresosmalltheycanbeseenonlywiththeaidofaMICROSCOPE.
mitochondrion
AmitochondrionisamicroscopicstructurefoundintheCYTOPLASMofmostlivingcells.ItcontainsENZYMESthatacttochangefoodtoenergythatcanbeusedbythe
cell.Anyonecellcontainsmanymitochondria.
mitosis(meyeTOHsis)
MitosisisthedivisionofasingleCELLintotwoidentical"daughter"cells.ItbeginswhenDNAintheparentcellreproducesitselfitendswiththetwocellshaving
exactlythesameGENES.MitosisisanimportantprocessinREPRODUCTION.
mollusk
MollusksareINVERTEBRATEanimalswithsoftbodiesthatareoftencoveredbyhardshells.Clams,snails,scallops,andsquidareallmollusks.
MoneranKingdom
TheMoneranKingdomismadeupofsinglecelledorganisms,suchasBACTERIA,thatdonothaveacellNUCLEUS.Theyarethemostprimitivelivingthings.
mutation
AmutationisachangeintheGENESorCHROMOSOMESofalivingthingthatcanbeinheritedbythatorganism'soffspring.
N
naturalselection
NaturalselectionistheprinciplethatonlyORGANISMSbestabletosurviveintheirenvironmenttendtosurviveandtoreproduce,passingtheirgeneticcharacteristicsto
theiroffspring.Theseoffspringwill,inturn,surviveandreproduce,aswilltheiroffspring,thusincreasingtheproportionofthesecharacteristicswitheachgeneration.
ThisprincipleisfundamentaltoEVOLUTIONasdescribedbyCHARLESDARWIN.
nucleus
InsideeachCELLofanORGANISMisatinyroundbodycalledthenucleus.ItcontrolstheactivitiesofthecellandcontainstheCHROMOSOMES.

Photosynthesis

O
omnivore
Ananimalthateatsbothmeatandplantsiscalledanomnivore.CompareCARNIVOREHERBIVORE.
organism
Anorganismisalivingthing.Allplantsandanimalsareorganisms.
P
Pavlov,Ivan
IvanPavlovwasaRussianscientistofthelatenineteenthcentury.Heexperimentedwithdogstoshowwhathecalledaconditionedresponse.Forexample,whenhe
rangabellandpresentedfoodtoadog,thefoodcausedthedogtoproduceanaturalflowofSALIVA.Afterherepeatedthisprocessseveraltimes,thedogswould
salivatemerelyatthesoundofthebell,withoutfoodbeingoffered.
photosynthesis
Photosynthesisisaprocessthattakesplaceingreenplantswhentheplant

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usestheenergyinsunlighttomakefoodforitself.Duringphotosynthesis,carbondioxideistakenfromtheairandoxygenisreleasedintoit.CHLOROPHYLLplaysan
importantpartinphotosynthesis.
pistil
Thepistilisthepartofaflowerthatcontainstheeggcells.Inorderfortheflowertoreproduce,thesecellsmustbefertilizedbyPOLLEN.SeealsoFERTILIZATIONSTAMEN.
plants
Likeanimals,plantsareorganisms(livingthings).Plantsaredifferentfromanimals,however,becausetheycannotmovebythemselvesandbecausetheycanusually
maketheirownfood.GreenplantsusePHOTOSYNTHESIStomaketheirfood.Trees,bushes,grass,andflowersareplantssoaremossandseaweed.Someplants
likecorn,wheat,andriceprovidehumanbeingswithfood.
pollen
PollenisapowderproducedbytheSTAMENoffloweringplants.ItfertilizestheeggcellsinthePISTILsothattheplantcanmakeSEEDSandreproduce.Seealso
FERTILIZATION.
ProtistKingdom
TheProtistKingdomincludesORGANISMS,usuallysinglecelledones,whoseCELLSincludeaNUCLEUS.Itincludesverysimpleorganisms,suchastheamoeba.
protoplasm
ProtoplasmisajellylikesubstanceformingthelivingMATTERinallplantandanimalcells.ItismadeupofPROTEINS,fats,andothersubstancesdissolvedandsuspended
inwater.Acell'sprotoplasmincludestheNUCLEUSandCYTOPLASM.
R
reproduction
Whenplantsoranimalsproduceoffspring,theprocessiscalledreproduction.Therearetwotypesofreproduction:asexualandsexual.Asexualreproductionrequires
onlyoneparent.Forexample,atinyanimalcalledanamoebareproducesbydividingintwo.SexualreproductionrequirestheunionofaSPERMandanEGGtoforma
newcell.Thisnewcelleventuallybecomesananimalorplant.SeealsoFERTILIZATION.
reptiles
Reptilesareagroupofanimalswhosebodiesarecoveredwithscales.Snakes,lizards,turtles,andalligatorsareallreptiles.LikeAMPHIBIANS,reptilesareCOLDBLOODED
ANIMALS,but,unlikeamphibians,reptilesalwayshavelungs.
RNA
RNAisoneofagroupofMOLECULESsimilarinstructuretoasinglestrandofDNA.ItcarriesinformationfromDNAinacell'sNUCLEUSintothebodyofthecellandis
importantintheproductionofPROTEINS.
S
seed
AseedisthesmallEMBRYOofaplant.Itusuallycontainssomefoodthatcanbeusedwhenitstartstogrow.Theseedisusuallyprotectedbyacoveringthatmustbe
wetbeforeitwillgrow.SeealsoFRUIT.
species
Individualplantsandanimalsthatbelongtoexactlythesamebiologicalclassificationaresaidtobelongtothesamespecies.Allhumanbeingsbelongtothespecies
HOMOSAPIENS.
sperm
Aspermisamalereproductivecellinaplantorananimal.SeealsoEGGFERTILIZATIONREPRODUCTION.
stamen
ThestamenisthepartofaflowerthatproducesPOLLEN.SeealsoFERTILIZATIONPISTIL.
V
vertebrate
Animalswithbackbones,likemammalsandreptiles,arevertebrates.CompareINVERTEBRATE.
W
warmbloodedanimal
Awarmbloodedanimal'sbodytemperaturedoesnotchangewhenthesurroundingtemperaturechanges.Thus,whethertheairishotorcold,thetemperatureofa
warmbloodedanimalstaysthesame.Mammalsandbirdsarewarmbloodedanimals.CompareCOLDBLOODEDANIMAL.
Watson,JamesD.
JamesD.WatsonisatwentiethcenturyAmericanscientistwho

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workedwithFRANCISCRICKonthediscoveryoftheDOUBLEHELIXofDNA.
X
Xchromosome
TheXchromosomeisassociatedwithfemalesexcharacteristics.TheXandY CHROMOSOMESarecalledsexchromosomesbecausetheydeterminewhatsexaliving
thingwillbe.AtFERTILIZATION,eachparentsuppliesonesexchromosometotheneworganism.Themother'sEGGalwayssuppliesanXchromosomewhilethefather's
SPERMcansupplyeitheranXoraYchromosome.IftwoXchromosomesarepaired,theoffspringwillbefemale.IfthepairingconsistsofanXandaY
chromosome,theoffspringwillbemale.
Y
Ychromosome
TheYchromosomeisassociatedwithmalesexcharacteristics.SeeX CHROMOSOMES.
Z
zoology
Zoologyisthesciencethatstudiesanimals.

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MedicineandtheHumanBody
Thehumanbodyisoneofnature'smostcomplicatedcreations.Itiseasiertoenjoyyourlifeifyouarehealthy,anditiseasiertostayhealthyifyouknowsomething
abouthowyourbodyisputtogetherandhowitworks.Youcanlearntoeattherightfoods,exercise,andrecognizethekindsofthingsinthebodythatsometimesgo
wrong.Youcanalsolearnhowyourphysicalconditionaffectsyourmentalhealth.Thefollowingtermswillbeusefulasyoulearnmoreaboutyourhealthandwell
being.
A
abdomen
InhumansandotherMAMMALS,theabdomenisthefrontpartofthebodyfrombelowthechesttojustabovewherethelegsjoin,containingtheSTOMACH,INTESTINES,
andotherlifesustainingORGANS.
adolescence
Adolescenceisthetimeoflifebetweenchildhoodandadulthoodwhenthebodygrowsandchangesphysically,emotionally,andmentally.SeealsoPUBERTY.
AIDS

standsfor"acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome,"aconditioninwhichtheAIDSVIRUS,knownasHIV1,destroysaperson'simmunesystem.Becausetheir
immunesystemsareweakened,peoplewithAIDSmaycontractanddiefrommanydiseases.SeealsoIMMUNITY.
AIDS

alcoholism
Alcoholismisadiseaseinwhichpeoplecannotcontroltheirdesiretodrinkalcoholicbeverages.
allergy
Anallergyresultswhenthebodyreactsbadlytooutsidesubstancessuchaspollen,dust,animals,orcertainfoods.Peoplewithallergiesdevelopsymptomssuchas
sneezingandrashes.
Alzheimer'sdisease
Alzheimer'sdiseaseisaNONCOMMUNICABLEDISEASEoftheNERVOUSSYSTEMmarkedbyadeteriorationofmemoryandothermentalfaculties.
antibiotics
AntibioticsaredrugsthatcontroldiseasesbykillingtheBACTERIAthatcausethem.
antibodies
Antibodiesaresubstancesmadebythebodythatfightdiseasecausinggerms(suchasVIRUSES)byattachingthemselvestothegermsandmakingthemharmlessuntil
theycanberemovedfromthebody.
antigen
Anantigenisasubstancethatstimulatesthebody'sproductionofANTIBODIES.CertainBACTERIA,VIRUSES,foreignbloodcells,and

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Imagenotavailable.
Balanceddiet.
Dietary"pyramid"chartshowingthesixfoodgroups
andtheidealnumberofdailyportionsofeach.

cellsfromtransplantedTISSUEScanallactasantigensinthebody.
antihistamine
AnantihistamineisanyofseveralDRUGSthatblocktheproductionoractionofhistamine,asubstancethebodyproducesinresponsetoexternalagentssuchaspollen.
Whenactivated,histaminecausessymptomssuchasrunnynose,wateryeyes,andsneezing.
antiseptic
AnantisepticisasubstancethatstopsthegrowthandactivityofMICROORGANISMSthatcauseINFECTION.
aorta
TheaortaisthelargestARTERY.Bloodleavestheheartthroughtheaortaandcirculatesthroughoutthebody.
appendix
TheappendixisatubeattachedtothelargeINTESTINE.Ithasnoknownfunction.Iftheappendixbecomesinfected,itcausesanillnesscalledappendicitis.Whenthis
happens,theappendixmustberemovedbysurgery.
artery
AnarteryisatypeofBLOODVESSELthatcarriesbloodfromthehearttootherpartsofthebody.SeealsoCIRCULATORYSYSTEM.
arthritis
ArthritisisINFLAMMATIONofTISSUESinaJOINTorjoints,usuallyresultinginpainandstiffness.
asthma
Asthmaisarespiratorydiseasecharacterizedbydifficultyinbreathing,coughing,andatightnessofthechest.VarioussubstancestowhichapersonhasanALLERGY
cancauseanasthmaattack.
B
babyteeth
Thebabyteetharethefirstsetofteethtoappearinachild.Theyfalloutonebyoneasthepermanentteethgrowin.
bacteria
Bacteriaaretiny,onecelledorganisms(orlivingthings).YoucanseethembyusingaMICROSCOPE.Mostbacteriaareharmless.Somebacterialiveinyourintestines
andhelptodigestfood.OtherscauseINFECTIONS,suchastetanusandtuberculosis,whentheyenterthebody.

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balanceddiet
Abalanceddietcontainsallthekindsoffoodthatapersonneedstostayhealthy.ItincludesPROTEINS,CARBOHYDRATES,FATS,VITAMINS,andMINERALS.Proteinsbuild
TISSUESsuchasMUSCLES.Carbohydratesandfatsprovideenergy.Vitaminsandmineralshelpthebodytofunctionnormally.SeealsoRDA.
bicuspids
Bicuspidsarethesmaller,flatteethintheinnerpartofthemouth.Theyareusedtogrindfood.
Blackwell,Elizabeth
ElizabethBlackwellwasanAmericanphysicianofthe1800sandearly1900swhowasborninEngland.ThefirstwomanintheUnitedStatestoreceiveamedical
degree,shehelpedfoundaninfirmaryforwomenandchildrenandamedicalcollegeforwomeninNewYorkCity.
blood
Bloodistheredfluidthatcarriesoxygenandfoodtothevariouspartsofthebody.BloodalsoremoveswasteproductsthatbuildupafterCELLSusetheoxygenand
food.SeealsoCIRCULATORYSYSTEM,PLASMA,PLATELETS,REDBLOODCELLS,WHITEBLOODCELLS.
bloodpressure
BloodpressureisthemeasureofhowhardthebloodpressesagainstthewallsoftheARTERIES.Ifaperson'sbloodpressuregetstoohigh,itcancausedamagetothe
heartorotherpartsofthebody.
bloodtype
HumanBLOODisdividedintofourmaintypes,knownasA,B,AB,andO.ThesetypesdifferwithrespecttothepresenceorabsenceofcertainPROTEINSonthesurface
ofbloodcells.Inmostcases,theproteinsonthebloodcellsofonetypeofbloodwillactasANTIGENS,producingANTIBODIESwhentheycomeincontactwithbloodcells
carryingproteinsfromadifferentbloodgroup.Topreventthisreactionduringbloodtransfusions,thetypeofablooddonoriscarefullyanalyzedtomakesureit
matchesthetypeofthepersonintowhomthebloodistobetransfused.Becausebloodtypeisinherited,thesearchfortheperfectblooddonoroftenbeginswithinthe
recipient'sownfamily.

Brain.
Cutawayview.

bloodvessels
BloodvesselsarethetubesthatcarryBLOODthroughthebody.TheyaremadeofTISSUESandMUSCLES.SeealsoARTERYCAPILLARYVEIN.
bone
Aboneisoneofthepiecesofhardanddensematerialsupportingtherestofthebody.Forexample,yourarmhasthreemainbones,oneintheupperarmandtwoin
thelowerarm.ThesystemofbonesinthebodyiscalledtheSKELETALSYSTEM.
brain
ThebrainistheverycomplexORGANinsidetheheadthatcontrolstherestofthebody.ItreceivesinformationfromtheSENSESandcontrolsmovement.Itisalsothe
centerofthoughtandfeeling.SeealsoNERVOUSSYSTEM.
C
caffeine
CaffeineisaDRUGfoundinmanysoftdrinks,chocolate,coffee,andteathatincreasestheactivityoftheBRAINandNERVOUSSYSTEM.Toomuchcaffeinecanmakeyou
nervousorirritable.
cancer
CancerisadiseaseinwhichCELLSinthebodygrowwithoutstoppinganddestroyotherpartsofthebody.Somekindsofcancer

Page233

canbecontrollediftheyarediscoveredearlyenough.
canineteeth
Thecanineteetharethesharp,pointedteethnearthefrontofthemouthoneithersideoftheINCISORS.Canineteethareusedtobiteandtearfood.
capillary
CapillariesaretinybloodvesselsthatconnectARTERIESandVEINS.TheyareimportantbecausetheyletfoodMOLECULESandoxygenpassfromthebloodtothebody's
cellsthroughtheirthinwalls.Theyalsopickupwasteproductsthatbuildupwhenoxygenandfoodareusedbythecells.SeealsoCIRCULATORYSYSTEM.
carbohydrates
Carbohydratesarefoodsthatsupplyenergy.Sugarsandstarchesarecarbohydrates.Someofthemostcommoncarbohydratefoodsarebread,noodles,potatoes,
andcorn.SeealsoBALANCEDDIET.
cartilage
Cartilageissoft,flexibleTISSUEintheJOINTS.Partsofthenoseandearsarealsomadeofcartilage.Becausecartilagecanstanduptopressure,ithelpstoprotectparts
ofthebodyfromshock.
cavity
Acavityisaholeinthesurfaceofatooth.
cerebrum
ThecerebrumisthelargestpartoftheBRAINandisthecenterofthought,feeling,andremembering.Italsocontrolsthebody'smovements.
chickenpox
ChickenpoxisaCOMMUNICABLEDISEASEthatiscausedbyaVIRUS.Itoftencausesfeverandblisters.
cholesterol
CholesterolisafattysubstancethatisimportantinMETABOLISMandHORMONEproduction.Cholesterolisfoundinblood,eggyolks,andseeds.Inexcessiveamounts,
cholesterolisthoughttocausediseasesthatinvolvetheHEARTandBLOODVESSELS,especiallyarteries.
circulatorysystem
ThecirculatorysystemismadeupofBLOOD,BLOODVESSELS,andtheHEART.Theheartpumpsthebloodthroughthebody.Bloodmovesfromtheheartthroughthe
ARTERIES.Thearteriesgetsmallerasthebloodgetsfartherfromtheheart.ThebloodthenmovesintotinyCAPILLARIES.Thethinwallsofthecapillariesallowfood
moleculesandoxygentopassintothecellsandallowwasteproductstomovefromthecellsintotheblood.ThebloodthentravelsthroughVEINSthatgetlargerasthe
bloodiscarriedbacktotheheart.
communicabledisease
Acommunicablediseaseisadiseasethatonepersoncancatchfromanother.Thesediseasesarecausedbytinygerms,suchasBACTERIAandVIRUSES.Germsspread
frompersontopersonthroughtheairorphysicalcontact.Coldsandthefluarecommoncommunicablediseases.CompareNONCOMMUNICABLEDISEASE.
cornea
ThecorneaistheclearpieceofTISSUEthatprotectsthefrontoftheeye.
CPR
CPRstandsforcardiopulmonaryresuscitation,anemergencyprocedurethatusesheartmassageandmouthtomouthresuscitationtorestorenormalbreathingand
circulationinapersonwhosehearthasstoppedfunctioning.
cranium
ThecraniumisthesetofboneplatesintheheadthatprotecttheBRAIN.Itisalsocalledtheskull.
D
digestion
Digestionistheprocessofbreakingdownfoodsothatitcanbeusedbythebody.
digestivesystem
ThedigestivesystemisthegroupofORGANSthattakeinfoodandbreakitdownsothatitcanbeusedbythebody.Itincludesthedigestivetract(themouth,THROAT,
STOMACH,andsmallandlargeINTESTINES)andGLANDS(suchastheLIVERandKIDNEYS).Whenfoodisswallowed,itenters

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Circulatorysystem.
Inthisillustration,veinsareblackandarteriesarewhite.

Page235

Digestivesystem

thestomach.Thestomachmixesfoodanddigestivejuicestogether.Thejuicesbreakdownthefood,whichthenpassesintothesmallintestine,wheremoredigestion
takesplace.Wasteproductsthenpassthroughthelargeintestineandfinallyleavethebodythroughtheanus.SeealsoSALIVA.
Drew,Charles
CharlesDrewwasanAfricanAmericansurgeonoftheearly1900swhodevelopedawaytopreservebloodplasmafortransfusion,thetransferofbloodfromone
persontoanother.
drug
Adrugisachemicalthatcauseschangesinthewaythebodyworks.Somedrugsaremedicinesprescribedbydoctorstohelppeoplegetwell.Otherdrugsarefound
infoodsordrinks.CAFFEINEisadrugthatisfoundinsomesoftdrinksandinchocolate,tea,andcoffeealcoholisadrugfoundinbeer,wine,andotherliquors.Still
otherdrugs,likemarijuanaandheroin,areillegalsubstancesitisagainstthelawtosellorusethem.Theyalsocancausepermanentdamagetothebody.Manydrugs
arehabitformingthatis,peoplemaybegintofeelthattheyneedtotakethem.

Ear

E
eardrum
TheeardrumisaroundpieceofTISSUEattheendoftheearcanal(whichleadsfromtheopeningtotheinnerpartoftheear).Theeardrumislikethetightlystretched
skinofadrum.Soundcausesittovibrate.Theeardrumpassesalongthevibrationstotheinnerear,whichpassesthemtotheBRAINasnerveimpulses.Thebrainthen
makessenseoftheseimpulses,causingustohear.
enzyme
AnenzymeisaPROTEINproducedinlivingcellsthataidsinbringingaboutchangesinotherchemicalsubstanceswithoutbeingchangeditself.
epidemic
Anepidemicisanoutbreakofadiseasethatspreadsquicklyandinfectsmanypeopleatthesametime.
esophagus(eeSOFuhguhs)
Theesophagusisthetubethatconnectsthethroatwiththestomachforthepassageanddigestionoffood.SeealsoDIGESTIVESYSTEM.
eye
SeeCORNEAIRISLENSOPTICNERVEPUPILRETINA.

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F
farsightedness
Farsightednessisaneyeproblemthatcausesdistantobjectstoappeardistinctwhilenearbyobjectslookfuzzy.
fat
AfatisanORGANICcompoundthatisfoundinplantandanimalTISSUESandthatservesasareservesourceofenergy.Inhumansfatsalsohelpthebodyabsorbcertain
vitamins.FatsareoftendividedintotwotypesknownasSATURATEDFATSandUNSATURATEDFATS.
Fleming,Alexander
AlexanderFlemingwasaScottishscientistwhodiscoveredtheantibioticPENICILLINin1928.
foodpoisoning
Foodpoisoningisanillnessresultingfromeatingfoodthathasbecomecontaminatedwithtoxicsubstancesorillnesscausingorganisms.Foodpoisoningcanbeserious
orevenfatal,asinbotulism,anillnesscausedbypoisonsproducedbybacteriathatgrowinimproperlycannedorpreservedfood.
G
gland
AglandisanORGANinthebodythatmakesasubstancethatthebodyuses.Saliva,sweat,andtearsaremadebyglands.
H
heart
TheheartistheMUSCLEinthemiddleofthechestthatpumpsBLOODthroughthebody.Thesoundmadebytherepeated,rhythmicactionoftheheartasitpumpsblood
iscalledtheheartbeat.
heartattack
Aheartattackoccurswhentheheartmuscledoesnotgetenoughblood.Heartattacksdamagetheheartandaresometimesfatal.
hemoglobin
HemoglobinisthecomplexORGANICsubstancethatcontainsironandthatgivesREDBLOODCELLStheircharacteristiccolor.HemoglobincarriesOXYGENtothecellsofthe
body.
hormone
AhormoneisachemicalproducedbycertainGLANDS.HormonestravelthroughthebloodandcontrolbodilyprocessessuchasgrowthandDIGESTION.
I
immunity
Immunityistheabilitytoresistdisease.WhenyourbodyproducesenoughANTIBODIEStokillthegermsthatcauseaparticulardisease,youaresaidtobeimmuneto
thatdisease.
immunization
ImmunizationistheprocessofbringingaboutIMMUNITYbyVACCINATION,thatis,bytheinjectionofANTIBODIESintothebody.Schoolchildrenareoftenrequiredbylawto
beimmunizedagainstcertaindiseases,suchassmallpoxanddiphtheria.
incisors
Incisorsaretheflatedgedteethatthefrontofthemouththatareusedforbitingfood.
infection
AninfectionhappenswhenBACTERIA,VIRUSES,orotherharmfulgermsgrowandreproduceinthebody.Cutsintheskincanbecomeinfectediftheyarenotkeptclean.
Colds,theflu,pneumonia,andotherdiseasesarealsocausedbyinfections.
infectiousdisease
SeeCOMMUNICABLEDISEASE.
inflammation
Inflammationistheresponseofapartofthebodytoinjury,irritation,orINFECTION,characterizedbyredness,swelling,soreness,andheat.
influenza
InfluenzaisaCOMMUNICABLEDISEASEcausedbyVIRUSESandcharacterizedbyfever,INFLAMMATIONoftheRESPIRATORYSYSTEM,headache,irritationoftheDIGESTIVESYSTEM,
andmuscularpain.Itiscommonlycalledtheflu.
intestine
Theintestinesarelongtubesinthebodybelowthestomach.Afterfoodismixedwithdigestivejuicesinthestomach,itgoesintothesmallintestine,whereitisdigested
further.Wasteproductsthenpassintothelargeintestineandfinallyleavethebody.SeealsoDIGESTIVESYSTEM.
iris
Theirisisthecoloredpartoftheeye.Itcontrolstheamountoflightthatisletinto

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theeyebymakingthePUPIL(thedarkopeningoftheeye)largerorsmaller.Ifaroomisdark,theeyeneedsmorelighttosee,sotheirismakesthepupillargertoletin
morelight.Ifitisbright,theirismakesthepupilsmallertoletinlesslight.
J
Jenner,Edward
EdwardJennerwasaBritishphysicianofthelate1700sandearly1800s.HewasthefirsttodiscoverthemedicalusesofVACCINATION.
jetlag
Jetlagisatemporarydisruptionofthebody'srhythms,suchaseatingandsleepingtimes,causedbyrapidtravelthroughseveraltimezonesbyairplane.
joint
AjointisaplaceinthebodywheretwoBONESmeet.Movablejointssuchasthekneeandtheelbowallowbodypartstomove.
K
kidneys
ThekidneysaretheORGANSthatfilterliquidwasteproductsoutoftheblood.Theyarenearthelowerpartoftheback.
L
lens
ThelensisthepartoftheeyethatfocuseslightraysontotheRETINA.ItisjustbehindthedarkopeningoftheeyecalledthePUPIL.
ligament
AligamentisabandofTISSUEthatfastensBONEStogetherattheJOINTS.
liver
TheliverisalargeORGANnearthestomachthatremoveswastefromthebloodandproducesdigestivejuices.
lungs
ThelungsaretheORGANSthatallowustobreathe.TheyareinthechestoneithersideoftheHEART.Inthelungs,oxygeninhaledfromtheairistransferredtotheBLOOD
whilecarbondioxideisremovedfromthebloodandexhaled.SeealsoRESPIRATORYSYSTEM.
lymphnodes
Thelymphnodesarenumeroussmallroundedstructureslocatedalongthesmallvesselsknownasthelymphaticsystem.LymphnodessupplycertainWHITEBLOOD
CELLStothebodyandfilteroutharmfulBACTERIAandforeignparticlesfromthelymphfluid.
M
malnutrition
Malnutritionoccurswhenthebodyisweakenedbecauseitdoesnotgetenoughofthefoodsitneeds.Malnutritioncanalsobecausedbydiseasesthatkeepthebody
fromproperlyusingthefoodthatitdoesget.SeealsoBALANCEDDIET.
marrow
MarrowisthesoftTISSUEinsideBONE.REDBLOODCELLSforminbonemarrow.
measles
Measlesisadiseasecausedbyavirusthatmakesarashofpinkorredspotsbreakoutallovertheskin.Itiscontagious,whichmeansthatapersonwhohasitcan
easilygiveittoanotherperson.Rubella,acontagiousdiseasethatcausesarash,issometimescalledGermanmeasles.
menopause
Menopauseistheperiodinawoman'slifeduringwhichMENSTRUATIONceases,occurringusuallybetweentheagesof45and55.
menstruation
MenstruationistheperiodicdischargeofthebloodenrichedliningoftheUTERUSthatoccursinwomenwhoarenotpregnantabouteveryfourweeksfromPUBERTYto
MENOPAUSE.
metabolism
Metabolismisthesumofchemicalandphysicalprocessesthatoccurwithinlivingcells.
minerals
Mineralsaresubstancesinfoodthatkeepthebodyworkingcorrectly.TheyhelpkeepteethandBONESstrongandalsomaintainMUSCLESandBLOODcells.Calciumisan
exampleofamineral.
molars
Molarsarethelarge,flatteethatthebackofthemouththatareusedtogrindfood.
mucus
Mucusisadense,stickyliquidinthemouth,nose,throat,andlungs.Itkeeps

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Nervoussystem

Page239

dustandgermsfromgettingfarinsidethebody.
mumps
MumpsisadiseasecausedbyavirusthataffectstheGLANDSatthebackofthethroat.Itssymptomsincludeswellingandsoreness.
muscles
MusclesaretheTISSUESthatmakethebodypartsmove.Voluntarymusclesaremusclesthatyoucontrol,liketheonesinyourarmsandlegs.Involuntarymuscles,like
theheartandthemusclesinthestomach,workwhetherornotyouareawareofthem.
N
nearsightedness
Nearsightednessisaneyeproblemthataffectsthewayapersonsees.Anearsightedpersoncanseenearbyobjectsclearly,butdistantobjectsappearfuzzy.
nerves
NervesarefibersthatconnecttherestofthebodytotheBRAIN.Theymakeactionspossiblebycarryingmessages,calledelectricalimpulses,fromthebrainandthe
spinalcordtotherestofthebody.
nervoussystem
ThenervoussystemismadeupoftheBRAIN,theSPINALCORD,andtheNERVESandcontrolsthebody'sORGANS,movements,andSENSES.Messagesfromonepartofthe
bodytoanotheraresentbywayofthenervoussystem,fromthebrainalongthespinalcordtothenerves.ThenervessendthemessagestotheMUSCLESortheorgans.
Messagesarealsosentfromthebodybacktothebrainalongthesamepath.
neuron
Aneuronisanervecell.Neuronstransmitelectricsignalsthroughoutthenervoussystem.
noncommunicabledisease
Anoncommunicablediseaseisonethatisnotcausedbygermsandcannotbecaughtfromanotherperson.Somenoncommunicablediseasesarecausedby
substancesintheenvironment.Forexample,cancermaybecausedbysmokingcigarettes.Othernoncommunicablediseasesareinherited,orpasseddowntochildren
intheirgenes.Stillothersarepresentinthebodywhenapersonisbornthesearecalledcongenitaldiseases.CompareCOMMUNICABLEDISEASE.
nutrients
Nutrientsarethesubstancesinfoodthatprovideenergyandhelpthebodytogrowandstayhealthy.SeealsoBALANCEDDIET.
nutrition
Nutritionisthestudyofthefoodspeopleneedtostayhealthy.SeealsoBALANCEDDIET.
O
olfactorynerves
Theolfactorynervesarehighinsidethenoseandsensethevariousodorsandflavorswecandetect.SeealsoTASTEBUDS.
opticnerve
TheopticnerveconnectstheeyetotheBRAIN.Itcarriesmessagesfromtheeyetothebrain,whichthebraininterprets,enablingustosee.
organ
Anorganisapartofthebodythatdoesaspecificjob.TheHEART,STOMACH,andeyesareorgans.
P
Pasteur,Louis(pasTUR,pahSTEUR)
InthenineteenthcenturyLouisPasteurhelpedprovethatmanydiseasesarecausedbysmallorganismssuchasBACTERIA.Hisnamewasgiventotheprocessknownas
pasteurization,inwhichfluidssuchasmilkareheatedinordertokillharmfulbacteria.
pathogen
Pathogensarediseasecausingagents,suchascertainMICROORGANISMSandVIRUSES.Thecommontermforpathogensisgerms.
pediatrician
Apediatricianisadoctorwhotakescareofbabies,children,andteenagers.
penicillin
PenicillinwasthemostimportantearlyANTIBIOTICtobediscoveredthatdidnotharmthebody.Penicillinisproducedbymoldssuchastheonesthatgrowonbread.

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Permanentteeth.
Teethofanadulthuman(left)and
crosssectionofanincisor(right).

permanentteeth
ThepermanentteetharethosethatgrowinafterchildrenlosetheirBABYTEETH.Whenpermanentteethremainhealthy,theywilllastalifetime.Thebodycannotreplace
themiftheyfalloutoraredamaged.SeealsoBICUSPIDSCANINETEETHINCISORSMOLARS.
pharmacist
Apharmacistisapersonwhohasbeentrainedtogiveoutdrugsprescribedbyadoctor.SeealsoPRESCRIPTIONDRUG.
plasma
PlasmaisthepartoftheBLOODthatcarriesbloodCELLS.Itisoftenusedtoreplacethebloodapersonlosesinanaccidentorduringanoperation.
platelets
PlateletsaremicroscopicflatdisksthatarefoundinBLOODandthataidintheclottingofblood.
pneumonia(nooMOHNyuh)
PneumoniaisaCOMMUNICABLEDISEASEthatcausesinflammationoftheLUNGS.Onceaverydangerousdisease,pneumoniacannowoftenbecuredwithantibioticssuch
aspenicillin.
prescriptiondrug
Prescriptiondrugsaremedicinesprescribedbyadoctor.Whenyouaresick,thedoctorexaminesyouanddecideswhichdrugswillhelpyougetwell.Anotefrom
yourdoctor,calledaprescription,tellsthePHARMACISTwhatkindofdrugtosellyouandhowmuchofityoushouldtake.
proteins
Proteinsarethepartsoffoodthathelpthebodyrepairitselfandgrow.Eggs,meat,fish,andcheesehaveproteinsinthem.SeealsoBALANCEDDIET.
psychiatrist
Apsychiatristisadoctorwhohelpspeoplewithmentaloremotionalproblems.Apsychiatristispermittedtoprescribedrugs.
psychologist
Apsychologistisapersonwhohelpspeoplewithmentaloremotionalproblems.Unlikepsychiatrists,psychologistsarenotdoctorsandcannotprescribedrugs.
puberty
Pubertyisthetimeinlifewhenchildren'sbodiesstarttobecomelikeadults'.Duringpuberty,childrenbegintomaturesexuallythatis,theydeveloptheabilitytohave
children.SeealsoADOLESCENCEREPRODUCTIVESYSTEM.
pupil
Thepupilisthedarkopeningintheeyethroughwhichlightenterstheeye.
R
rabies
Rabiesisaverydangerousinfectiousdisease.Peoplecatchitiftheyarebittenbyananimalthatisinfectedwiththedisease.Avaccinetopreventrabieswas
developedbyLOUISPASTEUR.
RDA
RDAstandsforrecommendeddailyallowance.Theresultofstudybyvariousscientificgroups,RDAsareamountsofvarious

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,
,andMINERALSthatareconsiderednecessarytotheproperfunctioningofthebody.MostpeoplemeettheRDAsthroughtheirdailyintakeoffood,
althoughoccasionallyadditionalamountsofcertainsubstances,suchascalciumandiron,areneeded.Suchadditionalamountsareknownassupplements.Seealso
BALANCEDDIET.
PROTEINS VITAMINS

redbloodcells
RedbloodcellsarethecellsinthebloodthatcontainHEMOGLOBIN.
reproductivesystem
ThereproductivesystemisthegroupofGLANDSandORGANSthatallowpeopletoreproduce,thatis,tohavechildren.Thefemalereproductiveglandsarecalledthe
ovariestheyproduceeggcells.Themalereproductiveglandsarecalledthetestestheyproducespermcells.
respiration
Respirationistheactionofbreathing.Whenyouinhale,orbreathein,oxygenistakenintothebodyandusedbythecells.Cellsproducecarbondioxideasawaste
product,whichisreleasedfromthebodywhenyouexhale,orbreatheout.
respiratorysystem
Therespiratorysystemisthemechanismthatallowsyoutobreathe.ItismadeupoftheLUNGSandthetubesthatconnectyournoseandmouthtothelungs.Thelungs
pullairintothebodytogetoxygen.TheytransfertheoxygentothebloodstreamandremovecarbondioxidefromtheBLOOD.Thelungsthenpushthecarbondioxide
outofthebodyandpullinfreshoxygen.Theyalsoactasfilterstopreventgermsanddustintheairfromgettingintothebloodstream.
retina
TheretinaisalayerofTISSUEatthebackoftheeye.Lightraysarefocusedontotheretina,wheretheyformanimage.Theretinathentransmitstheimagealongthe
OPTICNERVEtotheBRAIN.
ribs
TheribsaretheseriesofcurvedBONESinthechestthatareattachedtotheSPINALCOLUMN.RibsprotecttheORGANSinthechest,suchastheLUNGSandHEART.
S
saliva
SalivaisthefluidproducedbytheGLANDSinthemouth.Itkeepsthemouthmoistandsoftensfoodsothatitcanbechewedandswallowed.
saturatedfats
Saturatedfatsaresonamedbecausetheyaresaturatedwithallthehydrogenatomstheyneed.Saturatedfatsareusuallysolidatroomtemperatureandarefoundin
butter,milk,andanimalproducts.Eatingtoomanysaturatedfatsincreasesthelikelihoodofheartdisease.
senses
ThefiveprincipalsensestelltheBRAINwhatishappeningintheoutsideworld:sight,hearing,touch,taste,andsmell.Thebodyalsolearnswhatisgoingoninside
throughsensessuchashunger,thirst,andtiredness.Thesensessendmessagestothebrainsothatitcantellthebodyhowtoreact.Forexample,ifyoutouch
somethingthatistoohot,yourbrain''tells"yourhandtopullawaybeforeitisbadlyburned.Ifyouhavenoteatenforalongtime,yoursenseofhunger"tells"youthat
yourbodyneedsfood.
shock
Shockoccurswhenaperson'sORGANSdonotgetenoughBLOODbecausetheblood'scirculationistooslow.Itissometimescausedbyanaccidentoraseriousillness.
Apersoninshockmustbekeptwarmuntilmedicalhelparrives.
skeletalsystem
Theskeletalsystem,orskeleton,isthesystemofBONESthatsupportsthebodyandholdsittogether.SomepartsoftheskeletalsystemprotectinternalORGANS.The
CRANIUMprotectstheBRAINtheSPINALCOLUMNprotectstheSPINALCORDtheribcageprotectsmanyoftheorgansinthechest.
skin
Theskinistheouterlayerofthehumanbody.Ithelpstoprotecttheinsideofthebodyandkeepthebody'stemperatureattheproper

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Skeleton.
Frontalviewoftheadultskeletalsystem(left)andprofileoftheadultskullandspine(right).

Page243

Skin.
Cutawayviewofthelayersofhumanskin.

level.Skinalsokeepsthebodyintouchwiththeoutsideworldbysensingheatandcoldandbyallowingustofeelthings.
spinalcolumn
Thespinalcolumn,alsocalledthebackbone,orspine,isaseriesoflinkedBONESthatprotecttheSPINALCORD.
spinalcord
ThespinalcordisalongpieceofnerveTISSUEthatrunsfromtheBRAINdownthroughthebackboneandconnectsthebraintotheNERVES.Thebackbone,orSPINAL
COLUMN,protectsthespinalcordfrominjury.
stomach
Thestomachistheplacewherefoodgoeswhenitisswallowed.Thestomachmixesfoodanddigestivejuicestogether.Thejuicesbreakdownthefoodsothatitcan
beusedbythebody.Thefoodthenmovesintothesmallintestine,wherefurtherdigestiontakesplace.SeealsoDIGESTIVESYSTEM.
stroke
AstrokeisasuddenlossofBRAINfunctioncausedbyablockageorruptureofaBLOODVESSELtothebrainandmarkedbylossofmuscularcontrol,lossofsensationor
consciousness,dizziness,orslurredspeech.
T
tastebuds
Thetastebudsaregroupsofcellsinthetongue.TheysensethechemicalsinfoodandsendinformationaboutthemtotheBRAIN,allowingustonoticetastesthatare
bitter,salty,sweet,orsour.SeealsoOLFACTORYNERVES.
teeth
SeeBABYTEETHPERMANENTTEETH.
tendons
TendonsarethestrongpiecesofTISSUEthatconnecttheMUSCLEStotheBONES.
throat
ThethroatisthepartofthedigestivetractthatformsapassagebetweentherearofthemouthandtheESOPHAGUS.
tissues
Tissuesaregroupsofcellsthatacttogethertoperformaspecificjob.
tonsils
ThetonsilsaretwoovalmassesofTISSUElocatedoneachsideoftheTHROAT,eitherorbothofwhichmayoftenbethesiteofINFECTIONorINFLAMMATION,especiallyin
youngchildren.Aninflammationofthetonsilsiscalledtonsillitis.
U
unsaturatedfats
Unsaturatedfatsaresocalledbecausetheycantakeupmorehydrogenatoms.Unsaturatedfats,whichareoftenliquidatroomtemperature,arefoundinoilssuchas
peanutandsoybeanandinfoodssuchaspeanutbutter,olives,andotherplantproducts.Theyaresafertoeat,inmoderation,thanaresaturatedfats.
uterus
TheuterusisahollowmuscularORGANofthefemaleREPRODUCTIVESYSTEMinwhichthefertilizedEGGimplantsanddevelopsfromEMBRYOtoFETUS.
V
vaccination
Vaccinationisamethodthatdoctorsusetoprotectthebodyagainstdisease.TheyinjectasmallamountofaweakenedordeadVIRUS,calledaVACCINE,intothebody,
whichthenproducesANTIBODIEStofightthevirus.Theantibodiesstayinthebodyandprotectitagainstthediseasecausedbythatparticularvirus.
vaccine
AvaccineisasubstancethatcausesthebodytomakeANTIBODIES.Vaccinesare

Page244

usuallyweakordeadVIRUSESorBACTERIA.SeealsoVACCINATION.
vein
AveinisaBLOODVESSELthatcarriesbloodbacktotheHEART.SeealsoCIRCULATORYSYSTEM.
virus
Avirusisanextremelysmallorganismthatcausesdisease.VirusescannotbeseenwithoutusingaverypowerfulMICROSCOPE.
vitamins
Vitaminsarethesubstancesinfoodsthathelpthebodytouseotherfoodgroups,suchascarbohydratesandproteins.Althoughthebodyneedsonlysmallamountsof
vitaminseachday,theydomanythingstokeepthebodyhealthy.Foodsthatarerichinvitaminsincludegreen,yellow,andredvegetablesaswellasfruits,meats,and
somegrains,suchasbreadandcereals.SeealsoBALANCEDDIET.
W
whitebloodcells
Whitebloodcellsarethecellsinthebloodthathelpthebodyfightdisease.Theysurroundandkillgermsorotherharmfulsubstancesthatenterthebody.
X
xray
Anxrayisaformofenergylikelight.Xrayscangothroughmanysurfacesthatstoplight.Doctorsusexraystotakepicturesoftheinsideofthebodysothatthey
canseethingsthatmaybewrong.

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Technology
Technologyconcernsinventionsandtechniquesthataffecteverypartofyourlife.Youalreadyknowmanyexamplesofmoderntechnology.Carsandairplanesallow
ustotravelfasterandfartherthanusedtobepossiblefurnacesandairconditionerskeepuscomfortableinanyweathermoviesandtelevisionentertainuscomputers
makemanykindsofworkfasterandeasier.Examplesofmoderntechnologysuchasovensandheatersareinalmosteveryhomeintheindustrialnationsoftheworld.
Technologyisnotjustanotherwordformachines,however.Abookisanexampleoftechnologysoareapenandpaper.Theinventionofwritingwasamajor
advanceintechnology.Forthousandsofyearsthewheelhasbeenusedtomovethings,theplowhasbeenusedtotillfields,andaxesandkniveshavebeenusedto
breakthingsapart.
Thissectiondoesnotattempttomentioneveryimportantinventionandtechnologicaldiscovery.Instead,itnotessometerms,ideas,andmachinesthatwillhelpyou
understandthemoderntechnologythataffectsyourlifeeachday.Italsonamesafewpeoplewhohavehelpedcreatethetechnologyofthemodernage.
A
alloy
Analloyisamaterialmadebymixingmetalstogether.Itisdesignedtobestrongerorlastlongerthantheindividualmetals.Bronzeisanalloyusuallymadeofcopper
andtin.
alternatingcurrent
Analternatingcurrent,alsocalledAC,isanELECTRICCURRENTthatregularlychangesdirection.ACiscreatedbyGENERATORS.MosthomesintheUnitedStatesuse
alternatingcurrent.CompareDIRECTCURRENT.
aluminum
Aluminumisalightweightsilvermetalthatdoesnotrusteasily,likeiron.Airplanesareoftenmadeofaluminumbecauseitisbothlightandstrong.Drinkingcans,
aluminumfoil,andotherhouseholdproductsarealsomadeofaluminum.
ampere
AnamperemeasurestherateofELECTRONflowinanelectriccircuit.SeealsoVOLTAGEWATT.
amplifier
Anamplifierisadevicethattakesaweakelectricsignalandmakesitstrongerwithoutchangingitspattern.Amplifiersareusedinstereosystems,electricguitars,and
someloudspeakers.
assemblyline
Anassemblylineisawayofputtingproductstogetherbyaseriesofindividualtasks.Acar,forexample,moves

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Imagenotavailable.
Assemblyline.
Inanautomobileplant.

throughanumberofworkstations.Ateachstation,workersdosomething,suchasboltadoorontothecarorputintheengine.Eachpersononanassemblylinehas
onespecialjobandrepeatsitoverandoveragain.
automation
Automationistheuseofmachinesratherthanpeopletodoajob.Forexample,aTHERMOSTATautomaticallykeepsaroom'sTEMPERATUREthesame,soyoudonothave
toadjusttheheatyourself.Automationisalsousedtodojobsmorequicklyoraccuratelythanpeoplecandothem.
axle
SeeWHEELANDAXLE.
B
Babbage,Charles
CharlesBabbagewasaBritishmathematicianandinventorofthenineteenthcentury.Heexperimentedwiththedevelopmentofamechanicalcomputationalaid.
Thoughitwasnevermassproduced,itwasaforerunnerofthemodernCOMPUTER.
battery
AbatteryisadevicethatmakesELECTRICITYthroughchemicalaction.
Bell,AlexanderGraham
AlexanderGrahamBellwasaScottishborninventerofthelate1800sandearly1900s.Heinventedthetelephoneinthelate1800s.
C
cabletelevision
Inacabletelevisionsystem,televisionsignalsaretransmittedbycabletosubscriberswhopayfortheservice.
capacity
SeeVOLUME.
CDROM
CDROMstandsforcompactdisk,readonlymemory.Itisadiskusedforstoringlargeamountsofinformationthatcanberead,butnotchanged,byacomputer
PROGRAM.
Celsiusscale(SELseeuhs)
TheCelsiusscaleisusedtomeasureTEMPERATUREinscientificworkandinmostcountriesexcepttheUnitedStates.OntheCelsiusscale,waterfreezesat0degrees
(0C)andboilsat100degrees(100C).Anexampleofatemperaturebelowthefreezingpointis8C.SeealsoCENTIGRADE.CompareFAHRENHEITSCALE.
centigrade
ThecentigradeTEMPERATUREscaleistheCELSIUSSCALE.Centigrade,fromtheLatinwordforonehundred(centum),means"dividedintoonehundredparts."The
Celsiusscaledividestherangeoftemperaturebetweenwater'sfreezingandboilingpointsinto100degrees.
Imagenotavailable.
AlexanderGrahamBell.
CallingChicagofromNewYorkCityin1892.

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chainreaction
Achainreactionisaprocessthatkeepsgoingbyitselfonceitisstarted.Abadforestfireisachainreaction.Afterthefirestarts,theflamesfromonetreesetthenext
treeonfire,andsoon,untilsomethingstopsit.Thetermalsoreferstoanuclearchainreaction,whentheNUCLEUSofanATOMsplitsandreleaseshighenergyparticles.
Theseparticlessplitthecentersofotheratoms,whichthensplitothersasthereactionkeepsgoing.NuclearchainreactionsreleasetremendousamountsofENERGY.
circuit
AcircuitisthepaththatanELECTRICCURRENTtravels.Computerscontainverycomplicatedcircuits.
compass
Acompassisadevicewithamagneticneedlethatpointstothenorth.Theneedleisdirectedbytheearth'smagneticfieldtowardaspotneartheNorthPole.
computer
Acomputerisadevicethatstoresinformationandfollowsinstructionsveryrapidly.SeealsoFLOPPYDISKHARDWAREPERSONALCOMPUTERSOFTWARE.
concavelens
AconcavelensisaLENSthatiscurvedinwardtowarditscenterandisthickerattheedgesthanatthecenter.CompareCONVEXLENS.
conductor
AconductorisasubstancethatcancarryanELECTRICCURRENTorotherformsofENERGYsuchasheat.Metalssuchascopperandsilveraregoodconductorsofheat
andelectricity.CompareINSULATOR.
convexlens
AconvexlensisaLENSthatiscurvedoutward,awayfromthecenter,andisthinnerattheedgesthanatthecenter.CompareCONCAVELENS.
cyberspace
Cyberspaceistheimaginaryspaceinwhichcomputerinformationisexchangedbetweencomputersandwithincomputernetworks.
D
database
Adatabaseisanorganizedcollectionofinformationthatcanbesearched,changed,sorted,andretrievedbytheuseofvariouscomputerprograms.Thepiecesof
informationinadatabasearecalleddata.
directcurrent
Adirectcurrent,alsocalledDC,isanELECTRICCURRENTthatflowsinonedirection.BATTERIESproduceadirectcurrent.CompareALTERNATINGCURRENT.
E
Edison,ThomasA.
ThomasA.Edisonwasaninventorofthelate1800sandearly1900swhoperfectedtheelectriclightbulbandthephonograph,anearlyformoftherecordplayer.
electriccurrent
AnelectriccurrentistheflowofELECTRONSalongamaterial,suchasawire,thatcancarrythem.SeealsoALTERNATINGCURRENTCONDUCTORDIRECTCURRENT.
electricity
ElectricityisaformofENERGYcausedbythemovementoftinyparticlescalledELECTRONS.Electricityisusedtocreatelight,heat,andpower.Italsooccursinnature,for
example,asLIGHTNING.
electronmicroscope
AnelectronmicroscopeisaMICROSCOPEthatusesabeamofELECTRONStodetectextremelytinyparticlesandORGANISMS.Ithasgreatermagnificationthananordinary
microscope.
electronics
ElectronicsisauseofELECTRICITYthatemploysspecialcontroldevices,suchasTRANSISTORS,smallSWITCHES,andAMPLIFIERS,whichmakeelectricityperformcomplex
tasks.SomeelectronicdevicesareCOMPUTERSandtaperecorders.
email
Emailisanabbreviationforelectronicmail,amessagesentelectronicallyfromonecomputerusertoanothercomputeruserwithinaNETWORK.
engineering
Engineeringistheuseofscientificknowledgeforpracticalpurposes.Engineersdesignandbuildallkindsofusefulitems,fromtinycalculatorstohugedamsand
bridges.

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F
factory
Afactoryisanyplacewhereproductsaremadeinlargequantities.FactoriesreplacedsmallshopsandhomecraftsintheINDUSTRIALREVOLUTION.SeealsoMASS
PRODUCTION.
Fahrenheitscale(FAIRuhnheyet)
FahrenheitistheTEMPERATUREscalemostcommonlyusedintheUnitedStates.IntheFahrenheitscale,waterfreezesat32degrees(32F)andboilsat212degrees
(212F).Thenormaltemperatureofthehumanbodyis98.6F.CompareCELSIUSSCALECENTIGRADE.
fax
Afaxisanimagethatissentfromoneelectronicdevicetoanother.Theimageistranslatedinto0s(zeroes)and1s(ones)bythesendingmachineandretranslatedinto
animagebythereceivingmachine.
file
Afileisasequenceof0s(zeroes)and1s(ones)thatisgivenanameandthatcanbechanged,stored,andretrievedbyacomputer.
floppydisk
AfloppydiskisadiskwithmagneticmaterialonitthatcanstoreinformationforaPERSONALCOMPUTER.Itiscalledfloppybecauseitismadeofaflexiblematerial.
force
Aforceisapushorapullonsomething.SeealsoENERGYGRAVITYWORK.
friction
FrictionistheFORCEthatslowsdownamovingobjectwhenitrubsagainstasurface.Ifyoushoveapencilorashoeacrossthefloor,frictionwillkeepitfromgoing
veryfar.Carpetingproducesmorefrictionthanabarefloor.
fuel
FuelisanythingthatcanbeburnedtomakeENERGY.Wood,gasoline,andoilarefuels.
fulcrum
AfulcrumisthepointonwhichaLEVERrests.
Fulton,Robert
RobertFultonwasanAmericanengineerandinventorofthelate1700sandearly1800s.Heinventedthesteamboatintheearly1800s.
G
gear
Agearisasimplemachineawheelwithteethcutinitthatmakesiteasiertomoveanotherobject.Manyturnsofasmallgearmakeoneturnofalargegear.
Therelativesizeofthegearsdetermineshowharditistoturnthewheel.Mosthanddrillsandcanopenersusegears.
generator
Ageneratorisamachinethat,whenturnedrapidly,producesELECTRICITY.Smallgeneratorsmakepowerforasinglemachineorhouse.Largegeneratorsthesizeof
buildingsprovideelectricityforcitiesandstates.
globalvillage
Thisphraseexpressesthegeneralideathatthepeopleoftheworldaregettingtoknoweachotherbetterbecausetechnologyandmassmediaallowinformationto
movequicklythroughouttheworld.
H
hardware
InCOMPUTERterminology,hardwareisthewiring,devices,andphysicalpartsthatmakeupacomputersystem.SeealsoSOFTWARE.
homepage
AhomepageisthefirstSCREENcontaininginformationonaWORLDWIDEWEBsite,usuallyincludingagreetingtovisitorstotheSITE,generalinformationaboutan
organizationorgroup,andconnections,calledlinks,tootherfiles.
hydroelectricpower
HydroelectricpoweriscreatedwhenENERGYfromrunningwateristurnedintoELECTRICITYinaGENERATORinahydroelectricplant.Hydroelectricpowerplantscanuse
naturalwaterfalls,artificialwaterfallscreatedbydams,runningwaterinrivers,orwavestoturntheTURBINESofgenerators.
I
inclinedplane
Aninclinedplaneisaslantedsurface,orramp,thatmakesiteasiertomoveobjectstoahigherplaceorletthemrolldownagain.Peopleuseinclinedplanestoload
things

Page249

intotrucksbecauseitiseasiertorollorcarryanobjectupaninclinedplanethantoliftitofftheground.
informationsuperhighway
TheinformationsuperhighwayisacommunicationsNETWORKthatconnectscomputerusersandcomputerdatabasesworldwide.
insecticides
Insecticidesarechemicalsusedbyfarmersandgardenerstokillinsects.Onlargefarms,airplanesareusedtosprayinsecticidesoncrops.
insulator
AninsulatorisasubstancethatdoesnoteasilycarryELECTRICITYorheat.Woodandrubberaregoodinsulators.CompareCONDUCTOR.
internalcombustionengine
Aninternalcombustionengineburnsfuelinsidetheengineitself,asinacarengine.Inotherengines,suchasSTEAMENGINES,theburningoccursoutsidetheengine.
InternalcombustionenginesusuallyburnFOSSILFUELSandareoftenamajorcauseofAIRPOLLUTION.
Internet
TheInternetisalarge,complexcomputerNETWORKthatconnectshundredsofthousandsofcomputers,andmorethantwentymillionuserstooneanother.
irrigation
Irrigationistheprocessofbringingwatertolandthatwouldotherwisebetoodrytogrowcrops.
Imagenotavailable.
Inclinedplane

J
jetengine
Ajetenginecreatesahighspeedrushofgasesbyburningfuelandair.Theenormousthrustofthegasespushingoutbehindtheenginemovesitforward.Seealso
ROCKETENGINE.
L
laser
Alaserisadevicethatmakesahighlyconcentratedbeamoflight.Thebeamissopowerfulthatitcanbeusedtocutmetal.Itisalsosonarrowlyfocusedthatitcan
beusedtoperformdelicatesurgery.

Laser

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Lens.
Lightpassingthroughadoubleconvexlens(left),andlightpassingthrough
adoubleconcavelens(right).The"f"indicatesthefocus(orfocalpoint).

Lever.
Fromtoptobottom:Firstclasslever,
withthefulcrumbetweentheweight
andtheforce(forexample,removing
anailwithaclawhammer)secondclass
lever,withtheweightbetweenthefulcrum
andtheforce(forexample,liftingthe
handlesofawheelbarrow)thirdclasslever,
withtheforcebetweenthefulcrumandthe
weight(forexample,bendingone'selbow).

lens
Alensisapieceofcurvedglassorplasticthatcanbendlightrays.Lensesareusedincameras,projectors,eyeglasses,TELESCOPES,andMICROSCOPES.
lever
AleverisabarorpolethatrestsonapointcalledaFULCRUM.Itisasimplemachinethatmakesiteasiertomoveobjects.Forexample,youcanraiseapersonofyour
ownsizewhoissittingonaseesaw(whichisalever)muchmoreeasilythanyoucouldbyyourself.
Lovelace,Ada
AdaLovelacewasanineteenthcenturyBritishwriterandmathematician.SheworkedwithCHARLESBABBAGEonthedevelopmentofaforerunneroftheCOMPUTER.A
computerprogramminglanguage,Ada,isnamedafterher.
M
magnet
Amagnetisadevice,usuallymadeofiron,thatcreatesamagneticfield.Whenawiremovesthroughamagneticfield,itmakesELECTRICITY.Whenelectricitypasses
throughawire,itmakesamagneticfield.ThesefactsarethebasisofGENERATORS.Magnetshavepositiveandnegativepoles.Oppositepolesattracteachotherlike
polesrepeleachother.
massmedia
Themassmediaarethemethodsofcommunicationusedinmodernsocietytoreachlargenumbersofpeopleatthesametime.Theyaretelevision,newspapers,
movies,radio,books,andmagazines.

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Metricsystem.
Onegallonisapproximately3.75liters
onefootisjustunderonethirdof
ameter200gramsequals7ounces.

massproduction
Massproductionisthefastestandleastexpensivewayofmakingmanyidenticalthings.Forexample,acookieFACTORYcanmakeandpackthousandsofcookiesin
thetimeitwouldtakeyoutomakeandpackasmallbatch.
mechanicalenergy
MechanicalenergyistheENERGYpossessedbysomethingthatismoving.
metricsystem
Themetricsystemisusedtoweighandmeasurethingsbyscientistsandbypeopleinmostofthecountriesintheworld.Everythinginthemetricsystemisbasedonthe
meter,whichisaboutthreefeetlong.Weightisdefinedbythegram,whichistheweightofonecubiccentimeterofwater.(Acentimeterisonehundredthofameter.)
Areaisdefinedbysquaremeters.AunitofVOLUMEistheliter,whichis1000cubiccentimeters,aboutonequart.
microscope
AmicroscopeisaninstrumentthatusuallyusesLENSEStomakesmall,verycloseobjectsappearlarger.Itcanbeusedtoseeobjectstoosmalltobeseenwiththeeye
alone.CommonmicroscopesuselensesothertypesofmicroscopesuseELECTRONS,XRAYS,orotherkindsofradiation.CompareTELESCOPE.
microwave
AmicrowaveisakindofENERGY.Itiscommonlyusedinmicrowaveovens,whichcancookfoodmuchfasterthanovensthatuseheat.Microwavesarelightwaves
thatarelongerthaninfraredwavesandshorterthanradiowaves.
monitor
AmonitorisacomputerSCREENandthecasethatcontainsit.
Morse,SamuelF.B.
SamuelF.B.MorsewasanAmericanartistandinventorofthenineteenthcentury.HeinventedtheTELEGRAPHinthemid1800s.HealsodevisedtheMorsecode.
Morsecode
TheMorsecodeisasetofshortandlongsignals(''dots"and"dashes")thatstandforlettersandnumbers.Forinstance,SOS,thesignalforemergencies,is[...
...].MorsecodewasinventedtosendmessagesoveraTELEGRAPH,butitcanalsobetransmittedbyradioandwithflashesoflight.
mouse
Amouseisahandheld,buttonactivateddevicethat,whenrolledalongaflatsurface,controlsthemovementofapointeronacomputerSCREEN.
multimedia
AmultimediacomputerPROGRAMisonethatpresentsinformationinmultipleformssuchastext,pictures,VIDEO,andsound.
N
network
Anetworkisagrouporsystemofcomputersthatisconnectedsothatuserscan

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Nuclearreactor

exchangeinformationandaccessavarietyofDATABASES.
nuclearenergy
NuclearenergyisENERGYthatcomesfromtheNUCLEUS,orcenter,ofanATOMwhenpartofitsmatterisconvertedtoenergy.Itisthemostpowerfulenergysource
known.Anucleuschangesmattertoenergywhenitsplitsapartorwhenitfuseswithanothernucleus.SeealsoCHAINREACTION.
nuclearreactor
AnuclearreactorisadevicethatproducesNUCLEARENERGYinagradual,controlledwaytomakeELECTRICITY.
Imagenotavailable.
Nuclearweapons.
The"mushroom"cloudthatformedoverNagasaki,Japan,onAugust9,1945,
aftertheUnitedStatesdroppedanatomicbombonthecity.

nuclearweapons
NuclearweaponscreatepowerfulexplosionsbyproducingNUCLEARENERGYsuddenlyinaCHAINREACTION.Theyalsoreleasedeadlyradioactiveparticlesintotheair.
Somenuclearweapons,suchasatomicandhydrogenbombs,candestroyacitywithasingleblast.SeealsoRADIOACTIVITY.
P
patent
Apatentisalegaldocumentthatsaysthatnoonemayuse,make,orsellaperson'sinventionwithoutpermission.Thegovernmentissuesapatentwhenaperson
appliesfor

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itandtheinventionisacceptedasanewproduct.
PC
PCisanabbreviationforPERSONALCOMPUTER.
personalcomputer
ApersonalcomputerisasmallCOMPUTERthatisusedbyonepersonatatime,unlikealargercomputer,whichisusedbymany.
pipeline
Apipelineisachainofconnectedpipesdesignedtocarrywater,naturalgas,oil,orotherfluidsoverlongdistances.
piston
ApistonisasolidCYLINDERsetinsideahollowtubethatisslightlybiggerthanthecylinder,allowingittomovebackandforth.ThepressurefromexpandingGASESor
fromLIQUIDSunderpressuremovesthecylinderforward.Thenthepressureisreleasedandthepistonmovesback.Thepistonisattachedtoarodthattransfersthe
backandforthmovementwhereitisneeded.Mostcarenginesusepistons.
program
InCOMPUTERterminology,aprogramisasetofinstructionsthatdirectsacomputer.AgeneraltermforcomputerprogramsisSOFTWARE.
pulley
Apulleyisasimplemachinemadeofawheelwitharopemovingaroundit.Severalpulleysworkingtogethermakeiteasiertoraiseandlowerheavyobjects.
R
radar
RadarisanELECTRONICdevicethatusesradiowavestofindobjectstoofarawaytobeseen.Itworksbybouncingtheradiowavesofftheobjectsandreceivingthe
wavesthatarereflectedback.Radarequipmenttracksthemovementofobjectsandcandeterminetheirspeed,asusedbyhighwaypolice.Airplanesandairportsuse
radartofindobjectsinthesky.
refinery
Arefineryisafactorywherenaturalmaterialsarepurifiedandmadeintousefulproducts.AnoilrefinerytakescrudeoilandturnsitintoFUEL.
resistance
InanelectricCIRCUIT,resistanceslowsdownorstopsthemovementofELECTRONS,convertingtheirflowintoWORKorheat.Resistanceismeasuredinohms.
rocketengine
ArocketenginemovesbycreatingafastrushofGASES.Theforceofthegasespushingoutbehindtheenginemovesitforward.ArocketengineisdifferentfromaJET
ENGINEbecauseitneedsnoairtoburnitsFUEL.Allthechemicalsitburnsareinsidetherocket.Becauserocketsdonotneedtomixfuelwithair,theycanbeusedin
outerspace,wherethereisnoair.ThefirstpeopletomakerocketsarethoughttohavebeentheChinese,whopropelledbambootubeswithgunpowder1900years
ago.
S
screen
AscreenisthepartofacomputerMONITORthatshowsinformationinavisualformsimilartothepictureonatelevision.
screw
AscrewisasimplemachinethatworkslikeanINCLINEDPLANEtwistedintoaspiral.Woodscrewsanddrillsusethescrew'sactiontomoveintoorthroughasurface.
Thepropellersthatmoveplanesandboatsarecalledscrewsbecausetheyusethesamespiralactiontomovethroughtheairandwater.
shortcircuit
AshortcircuitoccurswhenwiresinaCIRCUITthatarenotsupposedtotoucharebroughtintocontact.BecausethereislittleRESISTANCE,theamountofELECTRIC
CURRENTinthecircuitincreasesandbecomeshighenoughtogenerateadangerousamountofheat.Shortcircuitscancausefires.
site
AsiteisanaddressontheINTERNETthatprovidesinformationtocomputerusers.
software
InCOMPUTERterminology,softwarereferstothePROGRAMSandinstructionsthatacomputercanrun.SeealsoHARDWARE.

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solarcell
AsolarcellisadevicethatconvertsENERGYfromthesunintoelectricalenergy.

Solarcell

solarpower
SolarpowerisENERGYthatcomesfromthesun.Solarenergycomestoearthintheformoflight.Specialmaterialscanchangesolarenergyintousableheator
electricity.SeealsoSOLARCELL.
sonicboom
Asonicboomistheloudsoundmadewhenanairplanetravelsfasterthanthespeedofsound.
spaceshuttle
Thespaceshuttleisavehiclethatcanflyintospacewithpassengersandcargoandreturntotheearth.Unlikeearlierspacevehicles,thespaceshuttlecanbeused
againandagain.
spacestation
AspacestationisanartificialSATELLITEthatorbitstheEARTH.Eventually,spacestationswillbebigenoughformanypeopletoliveandworkin.Theycouldserveas
laboratoriesforscientificexperimentsandasbasesforfurtherexplorationsofouterspace.
staticelectricity
StaticelectricityisthenameforelectricalchargesthatarenotmovinginaCIRCUIT.(Thewordstaticmeans"notmoving.")Theshockyougetwhenyouwalkacrossa
thickcarpetonadrydayandthentouchadoorknobiscausedbystaticelectricity.Italsomakessomekindsofclothesclingtogetheraftertheycomeoutofadryer.
steamengine
AsteamengineusessteamtheGASgivenoffwhenwaterboilstomakeMECHANICALENERGY.Thesteamenginewasthefirstenginepowerfulenoughtorunfactory
machinesandtopropellargeboatsandtrains,anditmademodernindustrypossible.Moststeamengineshavebeenreplacedtodaybyelectricmotors,TURBINES,and
INTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINES.SeealsoINDUSTRIALREVOLUTIONWATT,JAMES.
steel
Steelisastronganddurablemetalmadebypurifyingironandmixingitwithothermaterials.Itisusedtomakemachinesandlargebuildings.SeealsoALLOY.
supersonic
Supersonicmeans"fasterthanthespeedofsound."Airplanesthattravel

SpaceShuttle.
Thespaceshuttleliftingofffromits
launchpadattheKennedySpaceCenter.

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fasterthanthespeedofsoundarecalledsupersonicplanes.
switch
AswitchisadevicethatcanopenorcloseanelectricCIRCUIT.
T
technology
Technologyreferstoanymachineorprocessthatmakesworkeasierorthathelpspeopletogetsomethingtheyneedorwant.Thewheelandtheplowareexamples
ofearlytechnology.Whenpeopleusethewordnow,theyusuallymeantheadvancedtechnologyofmodernsociety,suchastelevision,rockets,automobiles,lasers,
andcomputers.Thetermhightechnologyorhightechissometimesusedtorefertothelatest,mostadvancedtechnology.
telegraph
ThetelegraphwasthefirstdevicethatusedELECTRICITYtosendmessagesoverlongdistances.ItwasinventedbySamuelF.B.Morseinthemid1800s.Thefirst
telegraphsusedakeythatsentelectricalimpulsesalongawire.Theimpulsescouldbeheardontheotherendofthewireasaseriesofclickingsounds.Telegraph
operatorsusedtheMORSECODEtospelloutmessagesusingtheclicks.Nowtelegraphsareattachedtotypewriterkeyboardsandcanbeusedtosendprinted
messages.
telescope
Atelescopeisaninstrumentthatcanbeusedtoseeobjectsthatareveryfarawaybecauseitmakesthemappearlarger.(InGreek,telemeans"faraway,"asin
telephoneandtelevision.)TelescopesareusedtostudytheSTARSandthePLANETS.CompareMICROSCOPE.
temperature
Temperatureisthemeasureofhowhotorcoldasubstanceis.ItstemperatureisrelatedtohowfastitsMOLECULESaremoving.Forexample,whenwatermoleculesare
heated,theymovefasterandfasteruntiltheybecomesteam.Whenthewatermoleculesgetcolder,theyslowdownuntiltheybecomeice.

Telescope.
Refractingtelescope(top)and
reflectingtelescope(bottom).

thermometer
AthermometerisadeviceusedtomeasureTEMPERATURE.
thermostat
AthermostatisanautomaticdevicethatsensesandcontrolsTEMPERATURE.Inaroom,itkeepsthetemperaturethesamebysendingsignalstothefurnace.The
thermostatwillturnonthefurnacewhenthetemperaturegetstoolowandturnitoffwhenthetemperaturegetshighenough.
transformer
AtransformerisadevicethatincreasesordecreasestheVOLTAGEofanALTERNATINGCURRENT.

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transistor
AtransistorisatinydevicethatisoperatedbyoneELECTRICCURRENTtoinfluenceanotherone.ItcanactasasmallAMPLIFIER.Transistorsareusedinsmallelectronic
devices(forexample,portableradios)andinCOMPUTERS.
turbine
Aturbineisawheelwithfins.Afan,forexample,isaturbine.Thewheelcanbemovedbywater,heatedair,orsteam.ManyGENERATORSuseturbines.
U
utility
Autilityisacompanythatprovidesanecessaryservicetothepeopleofagivenarea.Thephonecompany,theelectricpowercompany,andthewatercompanyare
allutilities.Utilitiesareoftenregulatedinsomewaybythelocal,state,ornationalgovernment.
V
vacuum
AvacuumisaspaceinwhichthereisnoMATTERorair.
VCR
VCRstandsforvideocassetterecorder,adevicethatelectronicallyrecordsorplaysbacktheimagesandsoundonaVIDEOTAPE.
video
VideoisthevisualpartofatelevisionbroadcastorVIDEOTAPE.
videotape
Videotapeisamagnetictapeusedtorecordvisualimagesandassociatedsoundforlaterplayback.Avideotapeandthecasethatcontainsitiscalledavideocassette.
volt
SeeVOLTAGE.
voltage
VoltagesignifiestheforcethatmovesELECTRONSinaCIRCUIT.CompareAMPERERESISTANCEWATT.
volume
Volumeisthemeasureofthespaceinsideanobjectorcontainer.Itismeasuredinunitssuchasthecubicinch,whichistheamountofspaceinsideaCUBEwithedges
1inchlong.Somecommonunitsofvolumeare:
cubicinch(cuinorin3)
cubicfoot(cuftorft3)=1728cubicinches
cubicyard(cuydoryd3)=27cubicfeet

Somemetricunitsofvolumeare:
cubiccentimeter(cucmorcm3)
cubicmeter(cumorm3)=1106cubiccentimetersor1.3cubicyards

Thevolumeofaliquidisoftenmeasuredinounces:
fluidounce(floz)=1.8cubicinches
pint(pt)=16fluidounces
quart(qt)=2pints
gallon(gal)=4quarts

Themostcommonmetricliquidmeasurementistheliter(l)1literisalittlelessthan1quart.SeealsoMETRICSYSTEM.
W
waterpower
Waterpowerisprovidedbymovingwater,suchasawaterfall.SeealsoHYDROELECTRICPOWER.
watt
AwattisaunitofelectricalpowerthatcombinesVOLTSandAMPERES.
Watt,James
JamesWattwasaScottishengineerandinventorofthe1700sandearly1800s.HeimprovedtheSTEAMENGINEinthe1700s.Hisenginewasthefirstonethatwas
efficientenoughtobeusedwidelyinindustry.
wedge
Awedgeisasimplemachinemadeoftwoplanesthatmeettoformasharpedge.Wedgessuchasaxesandknivesmakeiteasiertobreakthingsapart.
weight
Weightisthemeasureofhowheavysomethingis.Somecommonunitsofweightare:
ounce(oz)(theweightof1ounceofwaterbyvolume)
pound(lb)=16ounces
ton=2000pounds

Somecommonmetricunitsofweightare:
milligram(mg)=0.001gram
centigram(cg)=0.01gram(theweightof1cubiccentimeterofwater)
gram(g)=100centigramsor0.035ounces
kilogram(kg)=1000gramsor2.2pounds

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wheelandaxle
Awheelandaxleisasimplemachinemadeofawheelturningaroundarod.Thewheelsonacarorawagonusethewheelandaxletomakeiteasiertomovethings.
Imagenotavailable.
EliWhitney.
Whitney'scottongin.

Whitney,Eli
EliWhitneywasanAmericaninventorofthelate1700sandearly1800s.Heinventedthecottongininthelate1700s.Thecottonginwasamachinethatremovedthe
seedsfromcottonplantsmuchfasterthanpeoplecoulddoitbyhand.
work
Inscience,workiswhathappenswhenaFORCEisusedtomoveanobjectthroughadistance.
WorldWideWeb
TheWorldWideWebisanINTERNETinformationnetworkthatstoresFILESandmakesthemavailabletouserseitherastextorinMULTIMEDIA.

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GuidetoFurtherReading
Thefollowingisaselectionofbooksappropriateforagessixthroughtwelve.Wehaveincludedreferenceworksandanthologiesaswellasafewdescriptivelistsof
books.Afullercompilation,containingmorethan400titles,canbefoundinapublicationoftheNewYorkPublicLibraryentitledReferenceBooksforChildren's
Collections(1991),whichiscitedhereunderGeneralReference.TheeditorwishestothanktheNewYorkPublicLibraryforpermissiontouseitsguideasthebasis
forthefollowingselectionandforpermissiontoquotefromthedescriptionsfoundinthiswork.Theguideitselfcanbeordered,for$7percopyplusshipping,from
theOfficeoftheBranchLibraries,TheNewYorkPublicLibrary,455FifthAvenue,NewYork,NewYork100160122.
GeneralReference
TheAmericanHeritageStudent'sDictionary,rev.ed.HoughtonMifflin,1986.Detailed,cleardefinitionsinbasicdictionaryformatillustrated.Marginalnotes
containwordhistories,grammarandusage,andsupplementarymaterialssuchasRomannumerals,Morsecode,andthemetricsystem.
InformationPleaseAlmanac,AtlasandYearbook,1947.HoughtonMifflin,1947.Annual.Basicalmanacformatgearedtostatistical,factualinformation.
MacmillanDictionaryforChildren,1strev.ed.CollierMacmillan,1982.Bright,colorfuldesignwithsimple,cleardefinitionsmakethisaninvitingchoicefor
beginningreadersthroughthemiddlegrades.Current,oneofthefinest.
TheNewBookofKnowledgeEncyclopedia.21vols.Grolier,1987.Curriculumoriented,highlyreliable,andcurrent,itisdesignedandorganizedtobeespecially
usefulinmeetingchildren'sneedsforinformationbothinandoutoftheclassroom.Itsbroadcoverageofgeneralinformationispresentedinlanguageeasily
comprehendedbyelementaryschoolchildren.Superblyillustrated.Dictionaryindexwithencapsulatedfactentries.
Scott,ForesmanBeginningDictionary.Doubleday,1983.Authoritative,appealing,uptodatevocabulary.Profuselyillustrated.
Scott,ForesmanIntermediateDictionary.Doubleday,1983.Containsthemostentriesandtheclearestformatofallcomparablebooksexaminedbasicdictionary
format.Includesscientifictermsandwordhistories.
Vogliano,Dolores.ReferenceBooksforChildren'sCollections.TheNewYorkPublicLibrary,1991.Annotatedbibliographyof400referencebooksarrangedby
subjectforagessixthroughtwelve.Includesresourcesforadultsconcernedwithliteratureforchildren.
WorldAlmanacandBookofFacts,1868.Doubleday,1868.Annual.Basicalmanacformat.Concentratesonyearcovered,givingstatisticalinformation,
chronologicalsurvey.Informationisinbriefform.Excellentindex.
TheWorldBookDictionary.2vols.WorldBookChildcraft,1986.SupplementsWorldBookEncyclopedia.Carefullyedited,unabridgeddictionary.Definitions,
usagenotes,andwordhistoriesaccurate,accessibletoyoungreaders,anduptodate.
WorldBookEncyclopedia.22vols.WorldBookChildcraft,1987.Curriculumoriented,thissuperior

Page260

encyclopediaiswelleditedandproducedtomeetthereferenceandinformationalneedsofstudentsfromgradefourthroughhighschool.Continuesalongstanding
traditionofexcellenceforreadability,accuracy,authoritativeness,objectivity,judiciousandextensiveuseofgraphicsandtimelines.
Literature
Chute,MarchetteG.StoriesfromShakespeare.NewAmericanLibrary,1976.Retellingofthe36playsintheFirstFolio.
Cohn,AmyL.Children'sClassics:WithListsofRecommendedEditions.HornBook,1985.Listscurrenteditionsoftitleshistoricallyconsideredclassicsfor
children.Approximately60titleslisted,mostlyhistoricalratherthancontemporary.
Ferris,HelenJ.FavoritePoems,OldandNew.Doubleday,1957.Comprehensivecollectionlongtimefavoritesandmodernverse.
Gillespie,JohnThomas.IntroducingBooks:AGuidefortheMiddleGrades.Bowker,1970.Children'sroom"masterplots."Summaries,booktalksuggestions,
andrelatedmaterialformorethan80titlessuitableforchildrenageeighttofourteen.
Hadlow,Ruth.Children'sBooksTooGoodtoMiss,rev.andenl.8thed.LucasCommunicationsGroup,n.d.Highlyselectivelistwithcriticalappraisalsofbooksof
"outstandingmerit."Excellentrecommendationsforreadingaloud.
AMultimediaApproachtoChildren'sLiterature:ASelectiveListofFilms(andVideocassettes),Filmstrips,andRecordingsBasedonChildren'sBooks,3rd
ed.AmericanLibraryAssociation,1983.Buyingguideforbookrelatednonprintmaterialsforpreschoolthroughsixthgrade.Usefulforbuildingchildren'sliterature
collectionsinavarietyofformats.
Opie,IonaA.TheOxfordDictionaryofNurseryRhymes.OxfordUniversityPress,1952.Theoriginandhistoryofmorethan500traditionalrhymes,songs,and
riddles,arrangedalphabeticallybykeyword.Indexofnotablefiguresassociatedwithrhymes.
Rollock,Barbara.TheBlackExperienceinChildren'sBooks.TheNewYorkPublicLibrary,1994.Annotatedlistoffolklore,fiction,andnonfictionportraying
blacklifeforchildrenfrompreschooltoagetwelve.Arrangedgeographicallyappendixlistsblackauthorsandillustratorswhoseworksappearinthislist.
Stevenson,BurtonE.TheHomeBookofVerseforYoungFolks,rev.ed.Holt,Rinehart&Winston,1957.Poemsarrangedbythemeemphasisonnineteenthand
twentiethcenturies.Indexedbyauthor,firstline,andtitle.
Stott,JonC.Children'sLiteraturefromAtoZ:AGuideforParentsandTeachers.McGrawHill,1984.Shortessaysonnotableauthorsandillustrators.
Informationincludesabriefbiographyoftheauthorandthemajorthemesandcharactersfoundintheauthor'sworks.Includesessaysontypicalgenresofchildren's
literature,suchasfolktalesandfantasy.Popularfolktalessuchas"Cinderella"and"HanselandGretel"arediscussed.AftereachentrythereisabriefsectionTips
forParentsandTeachersthatsuggeststhebestwaytopresenttheauthor'sworkstochildren.Particularlygoodforthosewhoarenewtochildren'sliterature.
Trelease,Jim.TheReadAloudHandbook,rev.ed.PenguinBooks,1985.Aresourcefulguidethatdiscusseswhy,how,andwhentoreadaloudandoffersan
annotatedlistofmorethan300recommendedbooks.Thelistisdividedintocategoriesrangingfromwordlessbookstoanthologies.Withineachgroupbooksare
alphabetizedbytitle,withsuggestedgradelevelforeach.Author/illustratorindexisincluded.
Mythology
Barber,Richard.ACompaniontoWorldMythology.Delacorte,1979.Preparedforjuvenilereaders.Dictionaryoffigures,places,andstoriesofmajor
mythologies.Includesinformationonheroesandlegends.
Burland,CottieArthur.MythologyoftheAmericas.Hamyln,1970.InformationonNorth,Central,andSouthAmericanIndianbeliefsandmythologicalfigures.
Funk&WagnallsStandardDictionaryofFolklore,Mythology,andLegend.Crowell,1972.Comprehensivecoverageofcustoms,beliefs,songs,tales,and
heroesofworldcultures.Explainsallusionstolegendarycharactersandgodsandthesignificanceofplantsandanimalsinfolklore.Surveyarticles,bibliographies,and
biographies.
Stapleton,Michael.TheConciseDictionaryofGreekandRomanMythology.PeterBedrickBooks,1986(1982).Originallypublishedin1978underthetitleA
DictionaryofGreekandRomanMythology,itpresentsthethemes,characters,andlegendsofGreekandRomanmythology.Allthegreatepicsandtheprincipal

Page261

Greektragediesareoutlinedplacesofparticularimportance,suchasTroyandMycenae,aredescribed,andthespecialnatureofRomanmythologyisstated.
Theonlythingconciseaboutthisbookisitssizeandthesizeofthetype.Definitionsarefactualanddetailed.Includesextensivebibliographyandindexofminor
charactersandplacenames.
Music
Browne,C.A.TheStoryofOurNationalBallads,rev.ed.Crowell,1960.PatrioticsongsandwarballadsfromtheRevolutionaryWartoWorldWarII,with
biographiesofmanyoftheirauthors.
Ewen,David.GreatComposers:13001900.Wilson,1966.Completeanddetailedbiographical,historical,andcriticalinformationonabout200composersofthe
pastpluslistingsoftheirprincipalworksandbibliographies.Mosthaveportraits.
FolkSongU.S.A.NewAmericanLibrary,1975.Collectionof111bestknownAmericanballads.
Gombrich,E.H.StoryofArt.14thed.Enl.&rev.PrenticeHall,1985.Informativeandreadableintroductiontothehistoryofartasupplementarysourcesuitable
forelementaryandjuniorhighschoolstudents.
Minton,Lynn.MovieGuideforPuzzledParents:TV,Cable,Videocassettes.DelacortePress,1984.1500reviewsfrom1973to1983.Evaluateseachfilmwith
referencetosexualcontent,violence,rawlanguage,andsocietal,political,andmoralvalues.Includeslistsoffilmsonparticularthemesfamily,blackheroes,strong
female,homosexuality,inspirational,thosenotrecommendedforspecificages,etal.
NationalAnthemsoftheWorld.EditedbyW.L.Reed.6threv.andenl.ed.BlanfordPress,1985.Musicandlyricsforover150countriesintheoriginallanguage
andinEnglish,includingbriefhistoricalnotes.
Sleeman,PhillipJ.200SelectedFilmClassicsforChildrenofAllAges:WheretoObtainThemandHowtoUseThem.C.C.Thomas,1984.Emphasizes
qualityoffilmsandqualityofthebooksonwhichthefilmsarebased.Alphabeticalbytitleannotationgivesproductiondata,themeindicators,programideas,age
group.Authorindex,butnosubjectindex.
TheBibleandReligion
BenAsher,Naomi.TheJuniorJewishEncyclopedia,10threv.ed.Shengold,1984.Guidetothehistory,customs,literature,andotheraspectsofJewishlife.
Includesbiographiesprofuselyillustrated.
Bible.TheHolyBible.ContainstheOldandNewTestamentsandApocrypha.AuthorizedKingJamesversion.Nelson,n.d.NewAmericanLibrary,1974.
Protestant.
Bible.TheHolyScripturesAccordingtotheMasoreticText.2vols.AuthoritativeEnglishtranslationoftheHebrewBible.JewishPublicationSociety,1917.
EnglishandHebrewtext.Jewish.
Bible.TheNewAmericanBible.CatholicBiblicalAssociationofAmerica.RomanCatholicreplacesDouayeditionmodernEnglishtranslation.
Bible.TheNewOxfordAnnotatedBiblewiththeApocrypha.Expandeded.Revisedstandardversion,containingthesecondeditionoftheNewTestamentandan
expandededitionoftheApocrypha.OxfordUniversityPress,1977.Ecumenicalstudyeditionmoderntranslationwithnotesforallfaiths.
EerdmansFamilyEncyclopediaoftheBible.Eerdmans,1978.Allpurposereferenceonbiblicaltopicsintensections.Containsbiographicaldictionary,gazetteer,
dictionaryofterms,atlas.Colorfulillustrationsandlimitedvocabularymakethismoreappealingtoyoungreaders.
Gaer,Joseph.HolidaysAroundtheWorld.Little,Brown,1953.SimplywritteninformationonChinese,Hindu,Christian,Jewish,andMoslemholidays.Each
sectionapprovedbyanauthorityoftherespectivefaith.
.HowtheGreatReligionsBegan,new&rev.ed.Dodd,Mead,1956.Originsofthereligionsoftheworld,includingBuddhism,Jainism,Hinduism,
Confucianism,Taoism,Shinto,Zoroastrianism,Judaism,Christianity,andIslam.IncludesbiographiesanddiscussionoftheReformation.Forthemiddlegrades.
UnitedStatesHistoryandCulture
Brown,FrancisJames.OneAmerica:TheHistory,Contributions,andPresentProblemsofOurRacialandNationalMinorities,3rded.Greenwood,1970
(1952).Historicalinformationonolderimmigrantgroupsforthemiddlegrades.
ConciseDictionaryofAmericanHistory,rev.ed.Scribner,1983.Coversfacts,events,movements,treaties,courtcases,historicaltheories,etal.Excellentfor
readyreferenceandobscureinformation.

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DeGregorio,William.TheCompleteBookofU.S.Presidents.Dembner/Norton,1984.FromWashingtontoReagan.Informallywrittenwithdetailedinformationon
eachpresident,includingphysicaldescription,lifestory,significanteventsduringpresidency,roleinhistory,andbibliography.
EbonyPictorialHistoryofBlackAmerica.4vols.JohnsonPublishingCompany,19711973.TracesthehistoryofAmericanblacksfromthegoldenageofAfrica
through1972.Themanypicturesandareadabletextmakethisausefulreferencetool.
Findlay,BruceA.YourRuggedConstitution:HowAmerica'sHouseofFreedomIsPlannedandBuilt,2ndrev.ed.StanfordUniversityPress,1974(1969).A
clearpresentationoftheorganizationandmeaningofthevarioussectionsoftheConstitution.Includesthe26thAmendment(1974).
Grant,Bruce.AmericanIndians,YesterdayandToday,rev.ed.Dutton,1960.AprofuselyillustratedencyclopediaoftheAmericanIndian.Dictionaryformat
usefulforreadyreference.
Ross,FrankX.StoriesoftheStates:AReferenceGuidetotheFiftyStatesandtheU.S.Territories.Harper&Row,1969.Concisedescriptionsofstates,
territories,andtrusts.Informationonhistory,statesong,statemotto,andstateflagforyoungreaders.
Urdang,Laurence.TheTimetablesofAmericanHistory.Simon&Schuster,1983.Currentthrough1980.WhathappenedandwhodidwhatinAmericaatthe
sametimeinhistoryplusmajorconcurrenteventselsewhere.Eventsarelistedunderthefollowingcategories:historyandpolitics,thearts,scienceandtechnology,and
miscellaneous.Illustratedwithphotosandengravings.
WorldHistoryandCulture
Adams,RussellL.GreatNegroes,PastandPresent,3rded.,rev.AfroAmericanPublishingCompany,1984(1969).Over180personalitiesfromancienttimesto
thepresentandfrommanyprofessions,includingscience,business,education,literature,andthearts,discussedbrieflyinanaccessiblestyle.Includesportraitsand
bibliographies.
AncientCivilizations.Warwick/Watts,1978.Conciseinformationontheancientworld,includingMesopotamia,Egypt,Greece,Persia,Phoenicia,Rome,India,and
China.
Davis,WilliamsStearns.ADayinOldAthens.BiblioandTannen,1960.Everydaylifeandcustomsin360B.C.
.ADayinOldRome.BiblioandTannen,1972.EverydaylifeandcustomsinA.D.134.
FlagsoftheWorld.EditedbyE.M.C.BarracloughandW.G.Crampton.2ed.(of1978ed.)withrevisionsandsupplement.Warner,1981.Historyand
descriptionoftheflagsoftheUnitedStates,LatinAmerica,Asia,Africa,andEurope,withspecialemphasisonBritishflags.Alsointernationalandsignalflags,etc.
Colorplatesanddrawings.Standardreference.
Hartman,Gertrude.MedievalDaysandWays.Macmillan,1965.Descriptionofmedievallifeinclearandsimplelanguageandcoveringallphasesofmedievallifein
Europetrade,customs,religion,medievalsociety,etc.Illustratedwithreproductionsofmanuscripts,prints,andwoodcuts.Forthemiddlegrades.
Hornburger,JaneM.AfricanCountriesandCultures:AConciseIllustratedDictionary.McKay,1981.Briefdescriptionsofindividualcountriesandgeneral
informationonthelanguage,traditions,andlifestylesofvariousculturesandpeoplealsobiographicaldata.
Mills,Dorothy.TheBookoftheAncientWorldforYoungerReaders:AnAccountofOurCommonHeritagefromtheDawnofCivilizationtotheComingof
theGreeks,2nded.Putnam,1951.IndepthcoverageoftheEgyptians,Hebrews,Hittites,Persians,andPhoenicians.
Schon,Isabel.AHispanicHeritage,SeriesI:AGuidetoJuvenileBooksaboutHispanicPeopleandCultures.Scarecrow,1980.Acriticalannotatedlistof
bookswritteninEnglishandpublishedintheUnitedStatesthroughthelate1970s.Dividedbycountryandalphabeticalbyauthor.Indexedbyauthor,subject,and
title,withbibliography.
.AHispanicHeritage,SeriesII:AGuidetoJuvenileBooksaboutHispanicPeopleandCultures.Scarecrow,1985.ContinuesSeriesI,concentrating
onbookspublishedinthelate1970sandearly1980s.
Siegel,MaryEllen.HerWay:AGuidetoBiographiesofWomenforYoungPeople,2nded.AmericanLibraryAssociation,1984.Greatlyexpandedsecond
editionofasourcebookofbiographiesaboutwomen:morethan1000shortprofilesofnotablewomenthroughouthistory,followedbyalistofannotatedbiographies
suitableforstudentsfromelementarythroughhighschool.Alsoanannotatedlistofcollectivebibliographies.Appendedarelistsof''NationalityOtherThanAmerican,"
"AmericansClassifiedbyEthnicGroups,"and

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"VocationsandAvocations."Includesanauthortitleindexandsubjectindex.
TheSouthAmericanHandbook,1924.RandMcNally,1924.Annual.Essentiallyatravelguide,itincludesusefulhistorical,economic,political,andsocial
informationonthecountriesinSouthAmerica,CentralAmerica,Mexico,andtheWestIndies.
Tappan,EveM.WhenKnightsWereBold.HoughtonMifflin,1939.ExcellentsourceonlifeintheMiddleAges.
UnitedStatesGeography
Gilbert,Martin.AtlasofAmericanHistory.Reprint.DorsetPress,1984,1968.112mapstracingthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesfromearliestexplorationand
settlementsto1968usefulforyoungerchildren.OriginallypublishedunderthetitleAmericanHistoryAtlas.
NationalGeographicSociety.Washington,D.C.,BookService.NationalGeographicPictureAtlasofOurFiftyStates.NationalGeographicSociety,1980.
Supplementaryreferenceforthemiddlegradesarrangedbygeographicalarea,withexcellentresourceandproductmapsforeachstate.
WorldGeography
Goode,JohnPaul.Goode'sWorldAtlas,17thed.RandMcNally,1986.Physical,political,andeconomicatlasarrangedbycontinentandregion.Includes
metropolitanareamapsandmuchstatisticaldata.Numberofthematicmapshasbeenincreased.Standardatlasforelementaryschoolchildren.
TheTimesConciseAtlasofWorldHistory.EditedbyGeoffreyBarraclough.Hammond,1982,1978.Over300colormapsandchartsarrangedchronologically
fromprehistorictimesto1980.Includeshistoricalinformationoneachperiod,bibliography,andindex.
Webster'sNewGeographicalDictionary.MerriamWebster,1984.Concisegazetteer,listingbothancientandmodernplacenames.Mostentriesinclude
pronunciation,briefdescription,population,andbriefhistory.Includesnumerouschartsandlists,somemaps,andalistofgeographicaltermsfromotherlanguages.
Mathematics
Bendick,Jeanne.MathematicsIllustratedDictionary:Facts,Figures,andPeopleIncludingtheNewMath.McGrawHill,1972(1965).Alphabeticallistingof
historicalandcurrentmathematicalterminologygearedforelementaryschoolchildrencharts,tables,andbiographicalsketchesofmathematicians.
PhysicalSciencesandGeneralScience
Lewis,RichardS.TheIllustratedEncyclopediaoftheUniverse:ExploringandUnderstandingtheCosmos.HarmonyBooks,1983.Acomprehensivework
providingscientificallyaccurateinformationontheuniverse,thesolarsystem,andthespaceprogram.Examinestheoriginandevolutionoftheuniverse,galaxies,and
starscoversplanets(withbasicdatacharts),sun,moon,meteorites,andcomets,presentsfuturepossibilitiesofspaceexplorationandcolonization,sourcesofenergy,
extraterrestrialresourcesdetailsspaceexplorationfromtheSputniksof1956totheendof1983.Profuselyillustratedwithcolorphotographs,drawings,and
diagrams.Glossaryandindex.
Wilma,DeniseMureko.ScienceBooksforChildren:SelectionsfromBooklist,19761983.AmericanLibraryAssociation,1985.Approximately500bestbooks,
frompicturebooksforpreschoolerstoadulttitlesforjuniorhighschooluse.Lengthyannotationsincludegradelevelauthortitleandsubjectindexesincluded.
Wolff,Kathryn.TheBestScienceBooksforChildren.AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience,1983.Brieflyannotatesmorethan1000booksfor
childrenagefivethroughtwelve.Manyofthetitleswerepublishedinthe1970snoneafter1981.UpdatedintheperiodicalScienceBooks&Films.
EarthSciences
Pough,FrederickH.AFieldGuidetoRocksandMinerals.4thed.HoughtonMifflin,1976.Eachentryincludesadetaileddescriptionofphysicalattributes,
chemicalcomposition,andlocalitiesofoccurrence.Photographsincolorandblackandwhiteofcrystalformation.
LifeSciences
Chinery,Michael.ConciseColorEncyclopediaofNature.Crowell,1972.Guidetotheplantandanimalkingdomsarrangedtopically,withmorethan1000color
andblackandwhiteillustrationsinformationonecology,evolution,andprehistoriclife.

Page264

Edlin,HerbertL.AtlasofPlantLife.Crowell,1973.Regionbyregion,surveyofthevariouswildandcultivatedplantsoftheworlddetaileddistributionmapsand
listingofthescientificnamesofprincipalplants.
MacmillanIllustratedAnimalEncyclopedia.EditedbyPhilipWhitfield.Macmillan,1984.Acomprehensivecatalogueoftheanimalkingdom,dividedintofive
categoriesofvertebrates,arrangedbyorderandfamily.Eachentryincludesscientificandcommonname,habitat,physicalandphysiologicalcharacteristics,and
conservationstatus.Colorillustrationsofalmost2000species.
NationalGeographicBookofMammals.2vols.NationalGeographicSociety,1981.Eachconciseentryincludesphysicalcharacteristics,habitat,food,lifespan,
andbehavior.Over1000colorphotographsoftheanimalsintheirnaturalsetting.
Sattler,HelenR.TheIllustratedDinosaurDictionary.Lothrop,Lee&Shepherd,1983.Excellentresourcecompletecompendiumofinformationonthissubjectin
alphabeticalorderpronunciation,etymologyofname,andbriefinformationusuallyaccompaniedbylinedrawingsshortarticlesundersubjectheadings.
Technology
Bragonier,Reginald.What'sWhat:AVisualGlossaryofthePhysicalWorld.Hammond,1981.Ballantine,1982.Picturedictionaryclear,detailed,fullpage
blackandwhiteillustrations(drawingsandphotographs)ofeverydayobjectsinwhichallvisiblepartsareidentifiedandlabeled.
Macaulay,David.TheWayThingsWork.HoughtonMifflin,1988.Profuselyillustratedandentertainingguidetotheprinciplesandworkingsofmachines.
Yenne,Bill.TheEncyclopediaofUSSpacecraft,ProducedinCooperationwithNASA.ExeterBooks,1985.Thiscatalogueofthespacecraftdevelopedinthe
UnitedStatesforcommercial,military,andNASAprogramsdescribesindetailthephysicalcharacteristicsofthevariousspacecraftandgivesabriefdescriptionof
themissioneachwasusedfor.Numerousphotographs,maps,andcharts.Difficulttousebecausetherearefewcrossreferencesandnoindex.
Zehavi,A.M.TheCompleteJuniorEncyclopediaofTransportation.Watts,1972.Comprehensiveencyclopediaofallmethodsoftransportation.Signedarticles
ofvaryinglengthsarrangedinalphabeticalorder.Dated,butbestsourceforhistoricalmaterial.

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IllustrationCredits
Literature
BrerRabbitFromUncleRemusandHisFriends,byJoelChandlerHarrisEmilyDickinson,DonQuixoteStockMontage,Inc.DraculaDustjacketof1901
editionofDraculapublishedbyArchibaldConstable&Co.,Ltd.FoxandtheGrapesCorbisBettmannArchiveGulliver'sTravelsStockMontage,Inc.Hare
andTortoiseCorbisBettmannArchiveHumptyDumptyCorbisBettmannArchiveKingArthurFromStoriesofLegendaryHeroes,selectedandarrangedby
E.M.Tappan.DrawingbyDanielMaclise.LittleRedRidingHoodCorbisBettmannArchiveMotherGooseFromSt.Nicholas,vol.40,pt.1,November
1912April1913.CourtesyoftheBostonPublicLibrary,JordanCollection.RapunzelFromHouseholdStoriesfromtheBros.Grimm.CourtesyoftheBoston
PublicLibrary,JordanCollection.MarkTwainLibraryofCongressPhillisWheatleyArtResource,N.Y./NationalPortraitGallery,SmithsonianInstitution,
Washington,D.C.
Mythology
AdonisVenusandAdonis,byTitian.NationalGalleryofArt,Washington,WidenerCollection.AthenaCorbisBettmannArchiveCupidStockMontage,Inc.
DianaLibraryofCongressHerculesCourtesy,MuseumofFineArts,Boston,C.P.PerkinsCollectionOdysseus,PegasusCorbisBettmannArchiveRomulus
andRemusLibraryofCongressTrojanHorseCorbisBettmannArchive
Music,Art,andArchitecture
AcropolisPhotographbyRussellA.ThompsonBalletPhotographbyJackMitchell/BostonBalletBeethovenAKG/PhotoResearchers,Inc.BigBenBritish
TouristAuthorityEiffelTowerPhotographbyPierreBerger/PhotoResearchers,Inc.GoldenGateBridgePhotographbyRussellA.ThompsonLeaning
TowerPhotographbyPeterMenzel/Stock,BostonMonaLisaPhotoResearchers,Inc.MusicalNotationFromTheReturnQuickStep,composedby
Zetzsche.CourtesyoftheBostonPublicLibrary,PrintDepartment.PyramidsPhotographbyGeorgeHolton/PhotoResearchers,Inc.Rock'n'RollBrown
BrothersTajMahalPhotographbyNatNorman/PhotoResearchers,Inc.TepeeStateHistoricalSocietyofNorthDakota/FrankB.Fiske,neg.no.5530Venus
deMiloAlinari/ArtResource,N.Y.FrankLloydWrightPhotographbyDavidHeald/TheSolomonR.GuggenheimFoundation,N.Y.
TheBible
BooksoftheBibleCopyright1991byHoughtonMifflinCompany.AdaptedandreprintedbypermissionfromTheAmericanHeritageDictionary,Second
CollegeEdition.AdamandEveCourtesy,MuseumofFineArts,Boston,CentennialgiftofLandonT.ClayDanielinthelion'sdenCorbisBettmannArchive
JonahCorbisBettmannArchiveTheLastSupperStockMontage,Inc.MaryTheSmallCowperMadonna,Raphael.NationalGalleryofArt,Washington
WidenerCollection.MosesLibraryofCongressNoahTheWaltersArtGallery,BaltimorePlaguesofEgypt,SatanCorbisBettmannArchive
ReligionandPhilosophy
BuddhaPhotographbyDavidS.Strickler/PictureCube,Inc.ConfuciusBrownBrothersJesusPhotographbyOmikron/PhotoResearchers,Inc.Martin
LutherH.ArmstrongRoberts,Inc.MeccaPhotoResearchers,Inc.PopePhotograph1980byUlrikeWelsch/PhotoResearchers,Inc.SaintYaleUniversityArt
Gallery.PurchasedbytheuniversityfromJamesJacksonJarves,acsn.no.1871.108.SocratesTheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,WolfeFund,1931.Catharine
LorillardWolfeCollection(31.45).WesternWallPhotographbyJanLukas/PhotoResearchers,Inc.
AmericanHistoryto1865
BostonMassacreLibraryofCongressDeclarationofIndependenceLeft:StockMontage,Inc.Right:AP/WideWorldPhotosBenjaminFranklinStock
Montage,Inc.AbrahamLincolnStockMontage,Inc.MayflowerLibraryofCongressNavajosDepartmentofLibrary,Archives,andPublicRecords,Research
Library,ArizonaStateCapitolSlaveryUniversityofMaryland,BaltimoreCounty,PhotographyCollections,acsn.no.7613002HarrietTubmanSophiaSmith
Collection,SmithCollege,neg.no.SATHGeorgeWashingtonTheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,GiftofJohnStewartKennedy,1897(97.34).Allrightsreserved.
TheMetropolitanMuseumofArt.
AmericanHistorysince1865
SusanB.AnthonySchlesingerLibrary,RadcliffeCollegeCivilRightsPhotographbyMattHerron/BlackStarBillClintonTheWhiteHouseAmeliaEarhart
AP/WideWorldPhotosThomasEdisonCollectionsofGreenfieldVillageandtheHenryFordMuseum,Dearborn,Michigan,neg.no.B34599JohnGlennNASA
GreatDepressionLibraryofCongressJohnF.KennedyJohnF.KennedyLibrary,photono.AR7595BMartinLutherKing,Jr.UPI/CorbisBettmann
NewsphotosPearlHarborNationalArchivesandRecordsAdministrationProhibitionLibraryofCongressFranklinD.RooseveltAP/WideWorldPhotos
SittingBull,WrightBrothersCorbisBettmannArchive

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PoliticsandEconomics
DictatorshipCorbisBettmannArchiveEpluribusunumTheGreatSealoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,asitappearsonthebackofanAmericandollarbill.
DepartmentoftheTreasury,BureauofEngravingandPrintingFeminismUPI/CorbisBettmannArchiveLincolnMemorialUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture,
neg.no.BN36272StatueofLibertyPhotographbyPeterMenzel/Stock,BostonUncleSamStockMontage,Inc.WashingtonMonumentH.Armstrong
Roberts,Inc.WhiteHouseWhiteHousePhotoOffice
WorldHistoryto1600
AztecsPhotographbyGeorgeHolton/PhotoResearchers,Inc.ChristopherColumbusLibraryofCongressElizabethIToledoMuseumofArt,GiftofEdward
DrummondLibbey,acsn.no.53.94HieroglyphicsMarburg/ArtResource,N.Y.MachuPicchuPhotographbyIraKirschenbaum/Stock,BostonRoman
EmpireJacquesChazaudSamuraiTheGrangerCollection,NewYorkVikingsCulverPictures,Inc.
WorldHistorysince1600
AnneFrankAP/WideWorldPhotosBerlinWallReuters/CorbisBettmannArchiveConcentrationCampsNationalArchivesandRecordsAdministration,neg.
no.208AA206K31DDayU.S.ArmyPhotoMohandasGandhiAP/WideWorldPhotosAdolfHitlerCopyrightMaryEvansPictureLibrary/Photo
Researchers,Inc.NapoleonCorbisBettmannArchiveTitanicStockMontage,Inc.QueenVictoriaCorbisBettmannArchiveVietnamWarUPI/Corbis
BettmannArchiveWorldWarIILibraryofCongressZapataBrownBrothers
UnitedStatesGeography
UnitedStatesMaryBethNortonetal.,APeopleandaNation:AHistoryoftheUnitedStates,SecondEdition.Copyright1986byHoughtonMifflin
Company.Adaptedandreprintedwithpermission.GrandCanyonGrantHeilmanPhotography,Inc.MiddleAtlanticStates,TheMidwestJacquesChazaud
MountRushmorePhotographbyLeonardLeeRueIII/PhotoResearchers,Inc.NewEnglandJacquesChazaudNiagaraFallsNewYorkStateDepartmentof
EconomicDevelopmentPacificCoastStates,RockyMountainStates,TheSouth,TheSouthwestJacquesChazaudYosemiteNationalParkNational
ArchivesandRecordsAdministration,neg.no.57PS28
WorldGeography
TheWorld,AfricaJacquesChazaudAntarcticaTheGrangerCollection,NewYorkAsia,AustraliaandOceania,EuropeJacquesChazaudGangesRiver
Reuters/CorbisBettmannArchiveIstanbulH.ArmstrongRoberts,Inc.NorthAmericaandtheWestIndiesJacquesChazaudSaharaH.ArmstrongRoberts,
Inc.SouthAmericaJacquesChazaudThailandH.ArmstrongRoberts,Inc.
Mathematics
Angle,Area,BarGraph,Circle,Cone,Cylinder,Diagonal,Ellipse,Hexagon,Intersect,LineGraph,Octagon,Parallel,Pentagon,PieChart,Pyramid,
Quadrilateral,Sphere,Trapezoid,TriangleLaurelCookLhowe
PhysicalSciences
ApolloProgramNASAMarieCurieBrownBrothersAlbertEinsteinAP/WideWorldPhotosGalaxyEwingGallowayMars,SatelliteNASASolarSystem
LaurelCookLhoweXrayCorbisBettmannArchive
EarthSciencesandWeather
DeltaGrantHeilmanPhotography,Inc.EarthLaurelCookLhoweFossilsPhotographbyBuckyReeves/PhotoResearchers,Inc.LightningPhotographby
EdCarlin/PictureCube,Inc.TornadoUPI/CorbisBettmannNewsphotosVolcanoUnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture,neg.no.BN48108
LifeSciences
BirdCourtesyofHollyHartmanCell,DinosaurLaurelCookLhoweFoodChainCopyright1984byHoughtonMifflinCompany.Adaptedandreprintedby
permissionfromSpaceshipEarth:EarthScience,rev.ed.JaneGoodallUPI/CorbisBettmannArchiveInsect,Metamorphosis,PhotosynthesisLaurelCook
Lhowe
MedicineandtheHumanBody
BalancedDietHans&Cassady,Inc.,Westerville,OhioBrain,CirculatorySystem,DigestiveSystem,Eardrum,NervousSystem,PermanentTeeth,
SkeletalSystem,SkinLaurelCookLhowe
Technology
AlexanderBellStockMontage,Inc.AssemblyLinePhotographbyMichaelHayman/Stock,BostonInclinedPlanePhotographbyBarbaraRios/Photo
Researchers,Inc.Laser,Lens,Lever,MetricSystem,NuclearReactorLaurelCookLhoweNuclearWeaponsUnitedStatesAirForcePhotoSolarCell
LaurelCookLhoweSpaceShuttleNASATelescopeLaurelCookLhoweEliWhitneyStockMontage,Inc.

Page267

Index
Note:Pagenumbersinitalicsrefertoillustrations.
A
Abbreviation,12
Abdomen,230
Abel,Cainand,67
Abolition,87
AbrahamandIsaac,66
Abstractart,50,60
AC(alternatingcurrent),245
Acapulco,164
Achilles,41,44,47
Achilles'heel,41
Acid,203
Acidrain,212
AconcaguaMountain,164
Acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome(AIDS),230
Acropolis,50,50
Act,18
Actionsspeaklouderthanwords,1
Acuteangle,191,191
A.D.,124
AdamandEve,66,67,69
Adams,John,87
Addams,Jane,102,113
Addition,191
AdirondackMountains,146
Adjective,12
Adolescence,230
Adonis,41,41
AdventuresofHuckleberryFinn,The(Twain),27
AdventuresofTomSawyer,The(Twain),38
Adverb,12
AegeanSea,164
Aesop'sfables,11,18,20,2324,26
Afghanistan,164
Africa,164,167
Aftershock,212
Agamemnon,41
Agreement:
pronounnoun,12
subjectverb,12
Ada,59
AIDS

(acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome),230

Airpollution,212
Airpressure,212
Airplane,115
Alabama,90,146
Aladdin'sLamp,18
Alamo,88,90,97,142
Alaska,146
Albania,164
Alcoholism,230
Alcott,LouisaMay,18,30
AlexandertheGreat,44,124
Alexandria,164
Algae,221
Algeria,164
Algonquins,88
Alhambra,50
Ali,Muhammad,102
AliBaba,18,32
AliceinWonderland,1819,20
Alice'sAdventuresinWonderland(Carroll),1819,23
Alkali,203
Allanimalsareequal,19
Allforoneandoneforall,1
Allmenarecreatedequal,88,118
Allah,77,79,80
AlleghenyMountains,146
Allergy,230
Allies,136,145
Alliteration,19
Alloy,245
All'swellthatendswell,1
Alphabet.SeeConsonantsVowels
Alps,129,164
Alternatingcurrent(AC),245
Alto,50
Aluminum,245
Alzheimer'sdisease,230
A.M.,6
"AmazingGrace,"50
AmazonRiver,16466
Amazons,42
Amendment,116
"America,"5051,59
"AmericatheBeautiful"(Bates),51,59
AmericanGothic(Wood),51
Americanhistory:
before1865,87101
since1865,10215
AmericanRevolution(RevolutionaryWar),87,89,96,97,101
Ampere,245
Amphibians,221
Amplifier,245
Amsterdam,166
Anatomy,221
Andersen,HansChristian,19,23,34,39
AndesMountains,129,166
AndroclesandtheLion,19
Angelou,Maya,19
Angle,191
acute,191,191
obtuse,191,197
right,191,201
Angola,166
AnimalFarm(Orwell),19
Animals,221
coldblooded,223
warmblooded,228
Annapolis,146
Annie,58
AnnoDomini(A.D.),124
AntarcticCircle,166

Page268

Antarctica,166,166
Antemeridiem(A.M.),6
Anthony,SusanB.,102,102,114
Antibiotics,230,239
Antibodies,230
Antigen,23031
Antihistamine,231
Antiseptic,231
Antony,Marc,126
Antonyms,13
Aorta,231
Apaches,88,107
Apartheid,136
Aphrodite(Venus),41,42,48,49
Apollo(mythology),42,43
ApolloProgram,203,203
Apostles,6667,69,71,7374
Apostrophe,13,14,16
AppalachianMountains,146
AppalachianSpring(Copland),53
AppalachianTrail,146
Appendix(biology),231
Appleadaykeepsthedoctoraway,An,1
Appleseed,Johnny(JohnChapman),88
AppomattoxCourtHouse,88,90,93
AprilshowersbringMayflowers,1
Aqueduct,51
Aquifer,212
Arabia,166
ArabianNights,18,19,36
Arapahos,88
Arc,192
Arch,51
Architecture:
conceptsin,5065
definitionof,51
ArcticCircle,166
ArcticOcean,166
Area,192,192
Ares(Mars),42,4546
Argentina,168
Aristotle,77,83,128
Arithmetic,192
Arizona,146
Arkansas,90,146
Armada,Spanish,128,134
Armenia,168
Armsrace,136
Armstrong,Louis,56
Armstrong,Neil,1023,203,208
Arnold,Benedict,88
Art:
abstract,50,60
conceptsin,5065
Artemis(Diana),42,43
Artery,231
Arthritis,231
Arthur(kingofEngland).SeeKingArthur
Article,13
ArticlesofConfederation,88
AsILayDying(Faulkner),23
Asthecrowflies,6
Asceticism,77
Asgard,42,49
Ashantis,12425
Asia,168,169
AsiaMinor,189
Asknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyou,103
Assemblyline,24546,246
Asteroid,2034
Asthma,231
Astronaut,204
Astronomy,203,204
Athena(Minerva),42,42,46
Athens,125,128,168
Atlanta,146
AtlanticOcean,168
Atlas:
ingeography,168
inmythology,42
AtlasMountains,168
Atmosphere,212
Atom,204
Atomicbomb,103,110,113,115,139,141,206
Attucks,Crispus,88,89
"AuldLangSyne"(Burns),51
Australia,168,171
Austria,168
Autobiography,19
Automation,246
Auxiliaryverb,13
Average,192
Axis:
geographic,168
ofrotation,212
Axispowers,145
Axle,wheeland,257
Azerbaijan,168
Azteccalendarstone,125
Aztecs,125,127,131
B
"Baa,baa,blacksheep,"19
Babar,19
Babbage,Charles,246
Babe,theblueox,32
Babel,Towerof,67
Babyteeth,231
Babylon,125
Bacchus(Dionysus),42,4344
Bach,JohannSebastian,51,53
Backtothedrawingboard,6
Bacteria,221,227,231,239
Badlands,146
Bahamas,168
Balanceofnature,221
Balanceddiet,231,232
Balder,42
Baldwin,James,19
BalkanMountains,168
Balkans,the,168
Ballad,51
Ballerina,51
Ballet,51,52
BalticSea,168
Bangkok,168
Banneker,Benjamin,88
Bantus,125,135
Baptism,77
Bargraph,192,192
Barmitzvah,77
Barkisworsethanhisbite,His,6
Barnum,P.T.,103
Barometer,212
Barrie,J.M.,20,31,33,38
Base,204
Baseball,integrationof,112
Bass,52
Bastille,13637,139
Batmitzvah,77
Bates,KatherineLee,51
Battery,246
"BattleHymnoftheRepublic,The"(Stowe),52,56
BattleofBunkerHill,89
BattleofGettysburg,92
BattleofHastings,131
BattleofIwoJima,108
BattleofJericho,57,69
BattleofMarathon,131,132
BattleoftheLittleBighorn,89,105,113
BattleofWaterloo,141,144
BattleofYorktown,90,101
Baum,L.Frank,40
B.C.,125
B.C.E.,125
Beat(music),52,57

Page269

Beataroundthebush,6
Beatitudes,75
Beatles,61
"BeautyandtheBeast,"19
Beautyisonlyskindeep,1
Beeinhisbonnet,6
Beethoven,Ludwigvan,52,52,53,62
Beggarscan'tbechoosers,1
Beginning,Inthe,67
Beijing,168
Beirut,168
Belarus,168
Belfast,168
BelgianCongo(Zaire),190
Belgium,170
Belgrade,170
Bell,AlexanderGraham,103,246,246
BeringSea,170
Berlin,170
BerlinWall,137,137
Bermuda,170
Bestlaidplansofmiceandmenoftgoawry,The,1
Bethlehem,67,72,73
Betterlatethannever,1
Bettersafethansorry,2
Bible:
booksof,67
concepts,events,andpeopleof,6676
definitionof,67,78
GoldenRule,2
KingJamesversionof,81
Bibliography,13
Bicuspids,232
BigBadWolf,20,38
BigBen,52,52
BigDipper,204
Biggertheyare,thehardertheyfall,The,2
BillofRights,8889,116
BillytheKid,103
Biography,20
Biology,221
Birdinthehandisworthtwointhebush,A,2
Birds,221,222
Birdsofafeatherflocktogether,2
Birthdaysuit,67
Bishop,53,78
Bitethedust,7
Bitethehandthatfeedsyou,7
BlackDeath,125
Blackhole,204
BlackPower,103,110
BlackSea,170
Blackfeet,89
Blackwell,Elizabeth,232
Blessedarethemeek,75
"BlindMenandtheElephant,The,"20
Blood,232
Bloodcells:
red,242
white,244
Bloodpressure,232
Bloodtransfusion,234
Bloodtype,232
Bloodvessels,232
Bloomer,Amelia,103
Blowhotandcold,7
BlueRidgeMountains,146
Blues,5253
BoerWar,137
Boilingpoint,204
Bolvar,Simn,137,170
Bolivia,137,170
Bolsheviks,142
Bone,232
Bonn,170
Bonney,William(BillytheKid),103
Boone,Daniel,89
Booth,JohnWilkes,89,94
Bosnia,170
Bosporus,170
Boston,146
BostonMassacre,88,89,89
BostonTeaParty,89
Botany,221
Bourgeoisie,137
"BoyWhoCriedWolf,The,"20
Boycott,103,110
Braces,192
Brahms,Johannes,53,62
Brain,232,232
BrandenburgConcertos(Bach),51
Brass,53
Brazil,170
Breaktheice,7
Breathing(respiration),242
BrerRabbit,20,20,39
Britain.SeeUnitedKingdom
BritishColumbia,170
BritishEastIndiaCompany,139
BritishIsles,170
BronzeAge,125
Brooklyn,146
BrooklynBridge,53,146
BrooklynDodgers,112
BrothersGrimm,25
Brother'skeeper,67
BrownversusBoardofEducationofTopeka,Kansas,103,110
Browning,Robert,33
Brunhoff,Jeande,19
Brunhoff,Laurentde,19
Brussels,170
Brutus,125
Bubonicplague,125
Budapest,170
Buddha,78,78
Buddhism,78
Budget,116
BuenosAires,170
BuffaloBill(WilliamCody),103,111
Bulgaria,170
Bullinachinashop,7
BunkerHill,Battleof,89
Buoyancy,204
Burgess,Gelett,31
Burma(Myanmar),170,182
Burnett,FrancesHodgson,36
Burns,Robert,51
Burroughs,EdgarRice,37
Burythehatchet,7
Bush,George,103
ByzantineEmpire,125,127
Byzantium,179
C
Cabletelevision,246
Cabot,John,125
Caesar,Augustus,125
Caesar,Julius,28,126
Caffeine,232
CainandAbel,67
Cairo,170
Calculator,192
Calcutta,170
Calder,Alexander,50,58
California,151
CaliforniaGoldRush,53,91,92
Calvary,68,70
Calvin,John,78
Calvinism,78
Calypso,53
Cambodia,170
Camelot,20,25
"CamptownRaces"(Foster),53
Canada,172

Page270

Canals.SeeErieCanalPanamaCanalSuezCanal
Cancer(medicine),23233
Cancer,Tropicof,189
Canineteeth,233
Can'tholdacandleto,7
Capacity.SeeVolume
Cape,150
CapeCanaveral,150
CapeCod,150
Capillary,233
Capitalletter,13,17
Capitalism,11617,120
Capitol(Washington,D.C.),54,100,117
Capricorn,Tropicof,189
CaptainHook,20,33
CaptainKidd,140
Caracas,172
Carbohydrates,233
Carbon,204
Carbondioxide,204
Cardinalnumber,192
Cardiopulmonaryresuscitation(CPR),233
CaribbeanSea,172
Carnegie,Andrew,103
Carnivore,221
Carol(Christmas),53,6364
Carpetbagger,1034
Carroll,Lewis,1819,20,23,27,28
Carson,Rachel,21213
Carter,Jimmy,104
Cartier,Jacques,126
Cartilage,233
Cartography,172
Carver,GeorgeWashington,104
Case:
nominative,15
objective,15
"CaseyattheBat"(Thayer),37
"CaseyJones,"53
Cash,Johnny,54
CaspianSea,172
Castro,Fidel,137
CatintheHat,The(Seuss),36
Catchascatchcan,7
Cathedral,53
CatherinetheGreat,137
Catholicism,84.SeealsoBibleJesusChrist
Cats,58
Cave,213
Cavity,233
CDROM,246
C.E.,124
Cellmembrane,222
Cellwall,222
Cells:
definitionof,222,222
redblood,242
whiteblood,244
Celsiusscale,246
Centigrade,246
CentralAmerica,172
CentralIntelligenceAgency(CIA),117
Centrifugalforce,204
Cerberus,42
Cerebrum,233
Ceres(Demeter),42,43
Cervantes,Miguelde,20,22,132
Ceylon(SriLanka),187
Chad,172
Chainreaction,247
Champlain,Samuelde,126
ChangJiang(YangtzeRiver),190
Changeofphase,204
Chanukah(Hanukkah),80,82
Chaplin,Charlie,55,104
Character,20
Charity,78
Charlemagne,126
Charleston,150
Chavez,Cesar,104
Chesar,sar,5
Checksandbalances,117
Chemicalenergy,204
Chemistry,203,204
Cherokees,89,99
ChesapeakeBay,150
CheshireCat,19,2021
Cheyennes,89
ChiangKaishek,137
Chicago,62,150
ChickenLittle,21
Chickenpox,233
ChiefJoseph,104
Child'sGardenofVerses,A(Stevenson),21,37
Chile,172
Chimera,42
Chimpanzees,225
China:
People'sRepublicof,126,172
Republicof(Taiwan),137,188
Chiponone'sshoulder,7
Chivalry,126
Chlorophyll,222
Chloroplast,222
Cholesterol,233
Chord(mathematics),192
Chosenpeople,68,69
Christ.SeeJesusChrist
Christianity,78,80
Christina'sWorld(Wyeth),65
Christmas,78,81
ChristmasCarol,A(Dickens),21,24,36
ChristopherRobin,40
Chromosome,222
ChurchofJesusChristofLatterdaySaints(Mormons),95,160
Churchill,Winston,137,140
CIA(CentralIntelligenceAgency),117
"Cinderella,"21
Circle,192,193
Circuit,247
Circulatorysystem,233,235
Circumference,193
Cirrusclouds,213
"CivilDisobedience"(Thoreau),38
Civilrights,definitionof,117
CivilRightsActof1964,104
Civilrightsmovement,102,104,1045,108,109.SeealsoBlackPowerFreedomRidersMarchonWashingtonVotingRightsActof1965
CivilWar,87,8990,91,92,97
Civilization:
cradleof,131
definitionof,126
Clark,William,9394
Classicalmusic,53
Classicalmythology,41
Classification,222
Clause,13,16
Cleanbillofhealth,7
Clemens,SamuelLanghorne,33,39
"Clementine,"53
Cleopatra,126
Climate,213
Clinton,WilliamJefferson(Bill),105,105
Clouds:
cirrus,213
cumulonimbus(thunderheads),218
cumulus,213
nimbostratus,216
"Clouds"(Rossetti),28,31

Page271

Coal,213
Coatofmanycolors,68
Cody,William(BuffaloBill),103,111
Coldfeet,7
Coldfront,213
Coldshoulder,7
ColdWar,105,137
Coldbloodedanimal,223
Collodi,C.,33
Colombia,172
Colon,13
Colonialism,13738
Color(Cullen),21
Colorado,150
ColoradoRiver,150,213
Colosseum,53
ColumbiaRiver,150
Columbus,Christopher,87,126,126,132
Combustion,204
Comedy,21
Comedy,musical,58
Comet,204
Comma,13
Commondenominator,193
CommonSense(Paine),96
Communicabledisease,233
Communion,78
Communism,117
CommunistManifesto,The(MarxandEngels),121
Compass,247,247
Compound,204
Compute,193
Computer,246,247
Computer,personal,253
Computernetwork,252
Concavelens,247
Concentrationcamp,138,138
Concerto,53
"ConcordHymn"(Emerson),23,98
Condensationpoint,205
Conditionedresponse,227
Conductor:
inmusic,53,60
inphysics,247
Cone,193,193
Confederacy,90,97
Confession,79
Confirmation,79
Confucianism,79
Confucius,79,79
Congo(Zaire),190
CongoRiver,172
Congress,117
Congress,Libraryof,121
Congruent,193
Conjunction,13
Connecticut,99,150
Conquistadors,127
Conservation,213,216
Conservative,117
Consonants,1314,17
ConstantinetheGreat,127
Constantinople,125,127,179
Constellation,205
Constitution,U.S.,87,88,90,94,117,123.SeealsoBillofRights
Constitution,U.S.S.(OldIronsides),96
ConstitutionalConvention,90
Consumer,117
Continent,213
ContinentalArmy,90
Contraction,13,14
Contralto,50
Convents,82
Convexlens,247
Cook,CaptainJames,138
Coordinates:
ingeography,172
inmathematics,193
Copenhagen,172
Copernicus,Nicolaus,205
Copland,Aaron,53
CopperSun(Cullen),21
Core,213
Cornea,233
Cornwallis,Charles,90,101
Coronado,Franciscode,127
Corporation,117,122
Corts,Hernando,127
Cosmonaut,205
CostaRica,172
Cottongin,257,257
Countyourblessings,2
Countryandwesternmusic,5354,61
Couplet,21
(cardiopulmonaryresuscitation),233

CPR

Cradleofcivilization,131
Crane,Ichabod,21,29
Cranium,233
CrazyHorse,98,105
Creation,68,71
Credit,117
Creeks(tribe),90
Crick,Francis,223
Croatia,172
Crockett,Davy,88,90
Crocodiletears,7
Crownofthorns,68
Crucifixion,68,69,70,74
Crusades,127,132
Crust,213
Crystal,205
Cuba,172
Cubanmissilecrisis,105
Cube,193
Cubism,54
Cullen,Countee,21,26
Culture,127
Cumulonimbusclouds(thunderheads),218
Cupid(Eros),43,43,44,4748
Curie,Marie,205,205
Curie,Pierre,205
Currents,215
Custer,GeorgeA.,98
Custer'sLastStand,89,98,105,113
Cyberspace,247
Cyclone,213
Cyclops,43
Cylinder,193,193
Cyprus,17273
Cytoplasm,223
Czar,138
CzechRepublic,173
D
daVinci,Leonardo,57
Daedalus,43,45
Dakota(tribe),90
Dallas,150
Danielinthelions'den,68,68
DanubeRiver,173
Daphne,43
Dare,Virginia,90
DarkAges.SeeMiddleAges
Darwin,Charles,223,224,227
Data,193
Database,247
dateline,international,178
David(Michelangelo),58,61
David,JacquesLouis,85
DavidandGoliath,68
DavidCopperfield(Dickens),21
Davis,Jefferson,90

Page272

DayofAtonement(YomKippur),86
DayofJudgment,69
Daywhichwillliveininfamy,111
DC(directcurrent),247
DDay,105,115,138,138,141
DeGaulle,Charles,138
DeSoto,Hernando,127
DeadSea,173
DeathofSocrates,The(David),85
DeathValley,150
Debt,117
Deciduous,223
Decimal,19394,195
repeating,200
Decimalpoint,194
''DecktheHalls,"53
DeclarationofIndependence,87,88,90,91,91,92,93,94,11718
Declarativesentence,14
Definitearticle,13
Defoe,Daniel,35
Degree,194
Delaware(state),99,150
Delawares(tribe),90
Delhi,173
Delilah,75
Delphicoracle,42,43,46
Delta,213,213
Demeter(Ceres),42,43
Democracy,118
Democraticparty,118
Denmark,173
Denominator:
common,193
definitionof,194
lowestcommon,19697
Density,205
Denver,150
Dependentclause,13
Deposit,118
Depression,Great,107,111
Desert,21314
Detroit,150
Devil,75,79
Dew,214
Diagonal,194,194
Diameter,194
Diana(Artemis),42,43,43
DianaRossandtheSupremes,61
Dickens,Charles,21
ChristmasCarol,A,21,24,36
DavidCopperfield,21
OliverTwist,21,32
TaleofTwoCities,A,21
Dickinson,Emily,21,2122
Dictatorship,118
"DiddleDiddleDumpling,"22
Difference,194
Digestion,233
Digestivesystem,23334,234
Digit,194
"Diller,aDollar,A,"22
Dimension,194
Dinosaur,223,223
Dionysus(Bacchus),42,4344
Directcurrent(DC),247
Directobject,14
Discount,118
Disease:
communicable(infectious),233
noncommunicable,239
Disney,Walt,36,55,105
Distillation,205
DistrictofColumbia,162.SeealsoWashington,D.C.
Dividend,194
Division,19495
Divisor,195
"Dixie,"54
,223

DNA

Dountoothersasyouwouldhavethemdountoyou,2
Dr.JekyllandMr.Hyde,22
Dr.Seuss(TheodoreSeussGeisel),25,33,36
Dodgson,CharlesLutwidge,20
Dogisaman'sbestfriend,A,2
Dome,54
DominicanRepublic,173
DonGiovanni(Mozart),59
DonQuixote(Cervantes),20,22,22,3536
DonRiver,173
DonaldDuck,105
Don'tcountyourchickensbeforetheyhatch,2
Don'tcryoverspiltmilk,2
Don'tcutoffyournosetospiteyourface,2
Don'tjudgeabookbyitscover,2
Don'tkillthegoosethatlaysthegoldeneggs,2425
Don'tlockthestabledoorafterthehorseisstolen,2
Don'tlookagifthorseinthemouth,2
Don'tputallyoureggsinonebasket,2
Don'tputthecartbeforethehorse,2
Dormancy,223
Doublehelix,223
Douglass,Frederick,87,9091
Downbeat,61
"DownbytheRiverside,"54
"DownintheValley,"54
Downpayment,118
Doyle,SirArthurConan,36
Dracula,22,22
Dracula(Stoker),22
Drake,SirFrancis,127
Drawing,54
Drew,Charles,234
Drug,234
"DrunkenSailor,The,"54
DuBois,W.E.B.,105
Dublin,173
Dumas,Alexander,1
DutchEastIndiaCompany,139
E
Epluribusunum,118,11819
Eardrum,234,234
Earhart,Amelia,1056,106
Earlybirdcatchestheworm,The,2
Earlytobedandearlytorise/Makesamanhealthy,wealthy,andwise,2,92
Earp,Wyatt,106
Earth,205,214,214
Earthsciencesandweather,21220
Earthquake,160,214,217,218
Easiersaidthandone,7
EastAsia,173
EastCoast,150
EastGermany.SeeGermany
EastIndiaCompany,13839
Easter,79,80,81
Easternculture,124
EasternHemisphere,177
EasternOrthodoxchurches,79
Eatcrow,7
Eathumblepie,8
Eatsomeoneoutofhouseandhome,8
Echo,44
Eclipse,205
Ecology,223
Economics:
conceptsin,11623
definitionof,116
Ecosystem,214

Page273

Ecuador,173
Eden,Gardenof,66,69
Edinburgh,173
Edison,ThomasA.,106,106,247
Egg,223
Egypt,127,173
EiffelTower,54,54
Einstein,Albert,2056,206
Eisenhower,DwightD.(Ike),105,106,115
ElSalvador,173
Election,118
Electriccurrent,247
Electriclightbulb,106,247
Electricity,92,247
Electron,206
Electronmicroscope,247
Electronics,247
Element,206
Eleventhhour,8
Elf,23
ElizabethI(queenofEngland),12728,128
Ellington,Duke,55,56
Ellipse,195,195
EllisIsland,106
Email,247
EmancipationProclamation,91,94
Embryo,224
Emerson,RalphWaldo,3,23,98
"Emperor'sNewClothes,The"(Andersen),19,23
EmpireStateBuilding(NewYorkCity),55,62
Energy,206
Energy,solar,218
Engels,Friedrich,121
Engine,internalcombustion,249
Engineering,247
England,173
English(language),1217
EnglishChannel,173
"Entertainer,The"(Joplin),57
Environment,214
Enzyme,234
Epic,23
Epicenter,214
Epidemic,234
Epiphany,feastof,72
EqualRightsAmendment(ERA),119
Equation,195
Equator,173,214
Equilateraltriangle,195,202
Equilibrium,206
ERA(EqualRightsAmendment),119
Ericson,Leif,128
Erie,Lake,152,154
ErieCanal,150
Eros(Cupid),43,43,44
Erosion,214
Eskimos,56
Esophagus,234
Essay,23
Estimate,195
Estonia,173
Etcetera(etc.),8
Ettu,Brute?,28
Etc.,8
Ethics,79
Ethiopia,173
Eucharist,78
EuphratesRiver,131,17376
Eurasia.SeeAsiaEurope
Eureka!,8
Europe,17475,176
Eurydice,44,47
Evaporation,206
Eve,Adamand,66,67,69
Evennumber,195
Everest,Mount,177,182
Everglades,97,150
Evergreen,224
Everycloudhasasilverlining,2
Evolution,223,224,227
Excalibur,23
Exclamation,14
Exclamationpoint,14
Executivebranch,119
Exodus,69,73,82,84
Experiment,206
Exponent,195
Export,119
Expressionism,55
Extinction,214
Extraterrestrial,206
Eye.SeeCorneaIrisLensOpticnervePupilRetina
Eyesight.SeeFarsightednessNearsightedness
F
Fables,18,23
ofAesop,11,18,20,2324,26
Factor,195
Factory,140,248
Fahrenheitscale,248
Fairy,23
Fairytale,18,23
FallofRome,128
Fallingwater(BearRun,Penn.),65
FarEast,173,176
FarWest,150
Farsightedness,237
Fascism,119
Fasting,79,81,84,86
Fat,237
Fates,44
Fatherofhiscountry,91,100
"FatherWilliam"(Carroll),23
Fats,saturated,242
Fats,unsaturated,243
Faulkner,William,23
Fault,214
Fax,248
FBI(FederalBureauofInvestigation),108,119
(Roosevelt,FranklinD.),111,112

FDR

Featherinyourcap,8
FederalBureauofInvestigation(FBI),108,119
Federalgovernment,119.SeealsoExecutivebranchJudicialbranchLegislativebranch
FeminineMystique,The(Friedan),107
Feminism,119
FerdinandII(kingofAragon),126,128
Fertilization,224
Feudalism,128,131,134
Fewandfarbetween,8
Fiction:
charactersin,20
definitionof,23
plotof,33
Field,Eugene,40
FifteenthAmendment,119
File,248
Filmmaking,55
Finland,176
Firstcome,firstserved,8
Fish,224
Fishoutofwater,likea,8
Fitzgerald,Ella,56
Fleming,Alexander,237
Flood,Noahandthe,73,73
Floppydisk,248
Florida,90,132,150
FloridaKeys,150

Page274

Flower,224
Fluid,206
Folkdance,55,62
Folksong,55
Folktale,18,23
Followyournose,8
Foodchain,224,22425
Foodpoisoning,237
Foodpyramid,231
Foolandhismoneyaresoonparted,A,2
"ForAlltheSaints,"56
Forthebirds,8
Force,248
centrifugal,204
Forgiveandforget,8
Formosa,188
Formula,195
FortMcHenry,57,91
FortSumter,91
Fortywinks,8
Fortyniners,53,91,92
Fossilfuels,215
Fossils,215
Foster,Stephen,53,64
FoundingFathers,87,91
FountainofYouth,128,132
Fourscoreandsevenyearsago,9192
1492,87
FourteenthAmendment,119
FourthofJuly,92
"FoxandtheGrapes,The"(Aesop),11,18,2324,24
Fraction,19394,195
improper,196
France,176
Frank,Anne,139,139
Frankenstein(Shelley),24
Franklin,Benjamin,2,19,91,92,92
Freeenterprise,117,119
Freeverse,24,34
Freedomofreligion,116,120
Freedomofspeech,116,120
Freedomofthepress,116,119
FreedomRiders,107
Freezingpoint,206
FrenchRevolution,13637,139
"FrreJacques,"61
Fresco,55
Freya,44
Friction,248
Friedan,Betty,107,114,119
Friendinneedisafriendindeed,A,2
Friends,ReligiousSocietyof(Quakers),83,96,97
Frigg,42,44
Frogprince,24
Frost,Robert,24
Fruit,225
Fuel,248
Fugue,55
Fhrer,Der(AdolfHitler),140
Fulcrum,248
Fulton,Robert,248
Fungus,225
Furies,44
G
Galahad,Sir,24
Galaxy,206,206
Galileo,206
Gandhi,Mohandas,139,139
GangesRiver,176,176
GardenofEden,66,69
Gargoyle,55
Garland,Judy,40
Garvey,Marcus,107
Gas,207
natural,216
Gear,248
Geisel,TheodoreSeuss,33,36
Gene,225,226
Generator,248
Genesis,69
Genetics,225
Geneva,176
GenghisKhan,128
Geography:
definitionof,212
oftheUnitedStates,14663
world,16490
Geology,212,215
Geometry,195
GeorgeIII(kingofEngland),139
Georgia(country),176
Georgia(state),90,99,150
"GeorgiePorgie,"24
Germany,137,17677
Geronimo,107
Gershwin,George,55
Getatasteofone'sownmedicine,8
Getuponthewrongsideofthebed,8
Gettysburg,Battleof,92
GettysburgAddress,88,9192,94
Ghana,177
Gibraltar,177
Givemeliberty,orgivemedeath!,92
Givemeyourtired,yourpoor,/Yourhuddledmassesyearningtobreathefree,122
Givethedevilhisdue,8
Glacier,129,215
Gladiators,128
Gland,237
Glenn,John,107,107
Globalvillage,248
GlobeTheater,24
GoTellItontheMountain(Baldwin),19
Gotopot,8
GobiDesert,177
God,7980
"GodBlessAmerica,"55
Godblessus,everyone!,24
Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves,2
"GodofOurFathers,"56
Gods,80
GoldRushof1849,53,91,92
Goldencalf,69
GoldenFleece,44,45
GoldenGateBridge,55,55,160
GoldenRule,2
"GoldilocksandtheThreeBears,"24
Goliath,Davidand,68
GoodFriday,80
GoodSamaritan,69
Goodall,Jane,225,225
Goodman,Benny,56
"GooseThatLaidtheGoldenEggs,The,"2425
Gordianknot,44
Gospelmusic,55,61
Gospels,69,72
Governmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeopleshallnotperishfromtheearth,92
Governor,120
Gracias,8
Grahame,Kenneth,40
Grammar,14
GrandCanyon,127,15152,152
Grant,UlyssesS.,88,92
Graphs:
bargraph,192,192
linegraph,196,197
piechart,199,199
Grassisalwaysgreenerontheotherside,The,2

Page275

Grassland,215
Gravity,207,208
GreatBritain,177.SeealsoEnglandScotlandWales
GreatDepression,107,107,111
GreatLakes,152
Greatoaksfromlittleacornsgrow,2
GreatPlains,152
GreatRiftValley,177
GreatSaltLake,152
GreatSealoftheUnitedStates,118
GreatSmokyMountains,152
GreatSociety,108
GreatWallofChina,55
Greece,12829,177
Greekmythology,41
Greenland,177
"Greensleeves,"55
Greenwich(England),180,184
GrimmBrothers,25,35,37
Grinch,25
Groundwater,215
Guam,177
Guatemala,177
GuggenheimMuseum(NewYorkCity),65,65
Guild,129
Guinevere,25
Gulf,215
GulfofMexico,152,177
GulfStream,215
Gulliver'sTravels(Swift),25,25,29
Guthrie,Woody,55,63
H
Habitat,225
Hades(Pluto),42,43,44,47
Hail,215
Haiti,143,177
Hale,Nathan,93
Halfaloafisbetterthannone,3
Halley,Edmond,207
Halley'scomet,207
Hamilton,Alexander,91,92
Hamlet(Shakespeare),25,36
Handel,GeorgeFrederick,56
Hannibal,129
"HanselandGretel"(GrimmBrothers),2526
Hanukkah,80,82
Hardwater,215
Hardware,248
"HareandtheTortoise,The,"18,26,26
HarlemRenaissance,21,26,27,28
Harmony,56
Harris,JoelChandler,20,39
Hastemakeswaste,1,3
Hastings,Battleof,131
Havana,177
Hawaii,152
HawaiianIslands,138
Hawthorne,Nathaniel,26
Haydn,FranzJoseph,53,62
Hewhohesitatesislost,1,3
Hewholaughslastlaughsbest,3
HeadlessHorseman,26,29
Heart,237
Heartattack,237
Heaven,80
Hector,44
Hel,44
HelenofTroy,44,48
Hell,80
Helping(auxiliary)verb,13
Helsinki,177
Hemingway,Ernest,26
Hemisphere,177
Hemoglobin,237
Henry,Patrick,92
HenryVII(kingofEngland),125
HenryVIII(kingofEngland),129
Hephaestus(Vulcan),44,49
Hera(Juno),44,45
Herbivore,225
Hercules,4445,45,47
"HereWeGo'RoundtheMulberryBush,"56
Heredity,225,226
Hermes(Mercury),45,46
Hero,26
Heroine,26
Herzegovina,170
Hexagon,196,196
"HeyDiddleDiddle,"26
Hiawatha,26,30
Hibernation,225
Hickok,James(WildBill),108
"Hickory,Dickory,Dock,"2627
Hidalgo,Miguel,139
Hieroglyphics,127,129,129
Hightechnology,255
Himalayas,177
Hinduism,80,176
Hiroshima,103,110,113,115,139
Hisbarkisworsethanhisbite,6
History,American:
before1865,87101
since1865,10215
History,world:
before1600,12435
since1600,13645
Hitthenailonthehead,9
Hitchyourwagontoastar,3
Hitler,Adolf,118,13940,140,141
Hobbit,The(Tolkien),38
Holiday,Billie,53
Holland,183
Hollywood,152
Holocaust,138,140
HolyLand,69,127
"HomeontheRange,"56
Homepage,248
Homer,23,27,128
Homer,Winslow,56
Homosapiens,225
Honduras,177
HonestAbe,93
HongKong,17778
Honolulu,152
Honshu,178
Hook,Captain.SeeCaptainHook
Hoover,J.Edgar,108
Hopis,93
Horizon,56
Horizontal,196
Hormone,237
"HotCrossBuns,"27
HouseofRepresentatives,U.S.,117,120
"HouseThatJackBuilt,The,"27
HousesofParliament(London),52
Houston,154
HowtheGrinchStoleChristmas(Seuss),25,36
H2O,207
Hubbletelescope,210
HuckleberryFinn,TheAdventuresof(Twain),27
Hudson,Henry,129
HudsonBay,129,178
HudsonRiver,129,154
Hughes,Langston,26,27
Hugo,Victor,27
HullHouse(Chicago),102,113
Humidity.SeeRelativehumidity
"HumptyDumpty,"19,27,27

Page276

HunchbackofNotreDame,The(Hugo),27
Hungary,178
Huns,129
Huron,Lake,152,154
Hurricane,215
Hurston,ZoraNeale,26,27
"Hush,littlebaby,"56
Hutchinson,Anne,93
Hybridization,225
Hydrocarbons,207
Hydroelectricpower,248
Hydrogen,207
Hymn,56
Hypertext,257
Hypotenuse,196
I
Icame,Isaw,Iconquered,129
Ihaveadream,108,109,110
IKnowWhytheCagedBirdSings(Angelou),19
IonlyregretthatIhavebutonelifetoloseformycountry,93
Ipledgeallegiancetotheflag,121
IthinkIcan,IthinkIcan,29
IbnBatuta,129
Icarus,45
IceAge,129,215
Iceberg,215
Iceland,178
Icons(religion),79
Idaho,154
Idioms,611
Ifatfirstyoudon'tsucceed,try,tryagain,3
Ifwisheswerehorses,thenbeggarswouldride,3
Igloo,56
Igneousrock,215
Iliad(Homer),23,27,49
Illinois,154
Imagery,28
Immigration,106,120
Immunity,237
Immunization,237
Impeachment,108,120
Imperativesentence,14
Import,120
Impressionism,56
Improperfraction,196
Inhotwater,9
Inthebeginning,67
Incas,129,130,13031,132
Incisors,237
Inclinedplane,24849,249
Indefinitearticle,13
Independence,Declarationof,87,88,90,91,91,92,93,94,11718
IndependenceDay(FourthofJuly),92
Independentclause,13,16
India,129,139,178
IndianOcean,178
Indianremovalpolicy,93
Indiana,154
Indianapolis,154
Indirectobject,14
Indochina,178
Indonesia,178
IndusRiver,129,178
IndustrialRevolution,21,140,248
Inertia,207
Infection,237
Infectious(communicable)disease,233
Infinity,196
Inflammation,237
Inflation,120
Influenza,237
Informationsuperhighway,249
Infraredradiation,207
Inorganic,207
Insect,22526,226
Insecticides,249
Instinct,226
Instruments,musical,59.SeealsoBrassPercussionStringsWoodwinds
Insulator,249
Integer,196
Integration,108,112
Interest,120
Interjection,14
Internalcombustionengine,249
Internationaldateline,178
Internet,249
Interrogativesentence,14
Intersect,196,196
Intestine,237
Invertebrates,221,226
Investment,120
Ions,207
Iowa,154
Iran,179
Iraq,179
Ireland,Republicof,186.SeealsoNorthernIreland
Iris(eye),23738
IronAge,130
IronCurtain,140
IroquoisLeague,88,93
Irregularverb,1415
Irrigation,249
Irving,Washington,21,26,29,35
Isaac,Abrahamand,66
IsabellaI(queenofSpain),126,128
Islam,80,81,82
Isoscelestriangle,196
Israel,75,179
Israelites,68,69,7273,75,82
Istanbul,127,178,179
Isthmus,215
Italics,15
Italy,179
It'sneverovertillit'sover,3
It'snevertoolatetomend,4
It'srainingcatsanddogs,10
IvantheGreat(IvanIII,czarofRussia),130
IvantheTerrible(IvanIV,czarofRussia),130
"I'veBeenWorkingontheRailroad,"56
IwoJima,108
J
"Jabberwocky"(Carroll),28
"JackandJill,"28
"JackandtheBeanstalk,"28
"JackBeNimble,"28
"JackSprat,"28
Jackson,Andrew,93
Jamaica,179
James,Jesse,108
JamesI(kingofEngland),81
JamesRiver,154
Jamestown,93,96,154
Japan,179
JasonandtheGoldenFleece,44,45
Jazz,55,56,57
JazzAge,112
Jefferson,Thomas,90,91,93,118,156
Jehovah,69
JekyllandHyde,22
Jenner,Edward,238
Jericho,Battleof,57,69
Jerusalem,69,76,82,86,134,179

Page277

"Jesu,JoyofMan'sDesiring"(Bach),51
JesusChrist(JesusofNazareth),80
birthof,67,73,78,81
crucifixionof,68,69,70,74
descriptionof,6970,8081
LastSupperof,71,71
Resurrectionof,70,75,79,81
andsalvation,84
Jetengine,249
Jetlag,238
Jetstream,215
JFK(Kennedy,JohnF.),1089,109
JimCrowlaws,108
JoanofArc,130
Job(biblical),70
John(saint),67,69
"JohnBrown'sBody,"56
JohnF.KennedySpaceCenter,150
JohnHancockBuilding(Chicago),62
"JohnHenry,"5657
JohnPaulII(pope),83
JohntheBaptist,69,70
Johnson,Andrew,108,120
Johnson,JamesWeldon,26,28
Johnson,LyndonB.,108,114
Joint,238
JollyRoger,140
Jonah,70,70
Joplin,Scott,57
Jordan,179
JordanRiver,179
Joseph(saint),69,70
Josephandhisbrothers,68,7071
Joshua,69
"JoshuaFittheBattleofJericho,"57
Joyce,James,173
Judaism,81,85,86
JudasIscariot,71
Judge,120
Judgenot,thatyebenotjudged,71
Judicialbranch,120
JuliusCaesar(Shakespeare),28,36
JungleBook(Kipling),29
Juno(Hera),44,45
Jupiter:
inmythology,45,49
planet,45,207
JustSoStories(Kipling),29
K
Kansas,154
KansasCity,154
Kapital,Das(MarxandEngels),121
Kazakhstan,179
Keepyourfingerscrossed,9
Keller,Helen,19,108
Kennedy,JohnF.,103,105,1089,109
Kentucky,154
Kenya,179
Key,FrancisScott,57,62,91
,140

KGB

Khrushchev,Nikita,105
Kidd,Captain,140
Kidnapped(Stevenson),37
Kidneys,238
Kilimanjaro,179
Killtwobirdswithonestone,9
Kilmer,Joyce:"Trees,"39
King,MartinLuther,Jr.,105,108,109,109,110
KingArthur,20,23,25,28,2829,31,126
KingJamesBible,81
KingLear(Shakespeare),4
KingTut.SeeTutankhamen
Kipling,Rudyard,29
KittyHawk(NorthCarolina),115
Knight,126,130,135
KnightsoftheRoundTable,20,29
Koran,80,81,82
KoreanWar,109,140
Kosciusko,Thaddeus,93
KuKluxKlan,109
Kuwait,179
L
LaborDay,109
Laborunion,111,120.SeealsoUnion
Labyrinth,43,45,46
LadyoftheLake,23,29
"Ladybug,Ladybug,FlyAwayHome,"29
Lafayette,Marquisde,93
LakeErie,152,154
LakeHuron,152,154
LakeMaracaibo,179
LakeMichigan,152,154
LakeOntario,152,154
LakeSuperior,152,154
LakeTanganyika,179
LakeTiticaca,179
LakeVictoria,179
Lancelot,Sir,25,29
Landflowingwithmilkandhoney,71
LandofNod,9
Laos,179
LaoTzu,85
LasVegas,154
Lascauxcavepaintings,57
Laser,249,249
Laststraw,the,9
LastSupper,71
LastSupper(LeonardodaVinci),55,57,71
LatinAmerica,180
Latitude,180
Latvia,180
Laugh,andtheworldlaughswithyou,3
Lava,215
Lavoie,Serge,51
Lazarus,Emma,122
LeagueofNations,114,140
LeaningTowerofPisa,57,57
Lear,Edward,32,35
LeavesofGrass(Whitman),40
Lebanon,180
Lee,RobertE.,88,93
"LegendofSleepyHollow,The"(Irving),21,26,29
Legislativebranch,117,12021
Length,196
Lenin,V.I.,140
Lens:
concave,247
convex,247
ofeye,238
mechanical,250,250
Lent,81
LeonardodaVinci,55,57,58,71,132
Leopardcannotchangehisspots,A,3
Leprechaun,45
Letbygonesbebygones,3
Letthecatoutofthebag,9
Lettherebelight,71
Leutze,Emanuel,100
Lever,250
Lewis,Meriwether,9394
LewisandClarkExpedition,9394,97
Liberal,121
Liberty,Equality,Fraternity,141
LibertyBell,94
LibraryofCongress,121
Libya,180

Page278

Life,liberty,andthepursuitofhappiness,94,118
Lifesciences,22129
"LifeEv'ryVoiceandSing"(Johnson),28
Ligament,238
Light,207
speedof,21011
Lightyear,207
Lightning,92,215,21516
Lightningneverstrikestwiceinthesameplace,3
Likeafishoutofwater,8
Lilliput,25,29
Limerick,29
Lincoln,Abraham,40,89,93,94,94,156.SeealsoEmancipationProclamationGettysburgAddress
LincolnMemorial,121,121
Lindbergh,Charles,110,113
Line,196
Linegraph,196,197
Linesegment,196
Linkingverb,15
Liquid,207
Lisbon,180
Literature,1840
Lithuania,180
LittleBighorn,Battleofthe,89,105,113
"LittleBopeep,"29
"LittleBoyBlue,"29
"LittleEngineThatCould,The"(Piper),29
LittleHouseonthePrairie,The(Wilder),40
"LittleJackHorner,"29
LittleMen(Alcott),18
"LittleMissMuffet,"2930
LittleRedHen,30
"LittleRedRidingHood,"30,30
Littlestrokesfellgreatoaks,3
LittleTramp.SeeChaplin,Charlie
LittleWomen(Alcott),18,30
Liveandlearn,3
Liveandletlive,3
Liver,238
Livingstone,David,141
Loqueser,ser,5
Loan,121
Loavesandfishes,miracleofthe,71
Localgovernment,121
Lock,stock,andbarrel,9
Locke,John,81
Logic,81
LoireRiver,180
Loki,45
London,180
"LondonBridgeIsFallingDown,"57
LongIsland,154
LongJohnSilver,39
Longfellow,HenryWadsworth,26,30,33,37,39
Longitude,180
Lookbeforeyouleap,3
LordoftheRings,The(Tolkien),38
Lord'sPrayer,7172,75
LosAngeles,154
LostColony,90,94
Lot'swife,72
LouisXIV(kingofFrance),64,141
Louisiana,90,154
LouisianaPurchase,93,94
Lovelace,Ada,250
Lowercaseletter,15
Lowestcommondenominator,19697
Lowestterms,197
Luke(saint),67,69
Lungs,238
Luther,Martin,56,81,81,83
Lymphnodes,238
Lynn,Loretta,54
Lyrics,50,57
M
Macbeth(Shakespeare),30,36
Macedonia,180
MachuPicchu,130,13031
Madagascar,180
Madame,9
MadameButterfly,59
Mademoiselle,9
Madison,James,91,94
Madonna,72,82.SeealsoMary(motherofJesus)
Madrid,180
Magellan,Ferdinand,131
Magellan,Straitof,188
MagenDavid(StarofDavid),85,85
Magi(WiseMen),72,73
Magiccarpet,30
MagicFlute,The(Mozart),58
Magma,216
MagnaCarta,131
Magnet,207,250
Maine,154
Makeamountainoutofamolehill,6,9
Makeendsmeet,9
Makehaywhilethesunshines,3
MalayPeninsula,180
Malaysia,180
MalcolmX,110
Malnutrition,238
Mammals,226
Manhattan,154
ManhattanProject,110
Manifestdestiny,94
Manila,180
Mann,Horace,94
Mantle,216
Manyhandsmakelightwork,3
MaoZedong(Tsetung),141
Map,180
mapscale,182
"MapleLeafRag"(Joplin),57
Maracaibo,Lake,179
Marathon,Battleof,131,132
MarchonWashington(1963),108,110,111
MarianasTrench,216
MarieAntoinette,141
Mark(saint),67,69
MarriageofFigaro,The(Mozart),58
Marrow,238
Mars:
inmythology,42,4546
planet,4546,207,207
"Marseillaise,La,"59
Marshall,Gen.GeorgeC.,110
Marshall,Thurgood,103,110
MarshallPlan(EuropeanRecoveryPlan),110
Mart,Jos,141
Marx,Karl,117,121
Mary(motherofJesus),69,72,72,8182,86
"Mary,Mary,QuiteContrary,"30
"MaryHadaLittleLamb,"30
Maryland,99,154
MasonDixonline,9495
Mass:
inphysics,208
inRomanCatholicChurch,82
Massmedia,250
Massproduction,251
Massachusets(tribe),95

Page279

Massachusetts(state),99,154
MassachusettsBayColony,95,97
Mathematics,191202
Matter:
definitionof,208
phasesof,209
Matterhorn,182
Matthew(saint),67,69
Maya,131,132
Mayflower,95,95,96
MayflowerCompact,95
McClintock,Barbara,226
McKinley,Mount,156
Mean,197
Measles,238
Measure(music),5758
Mecca,80,82,82
Mechanicalenergy,251
Median,197
Medicine,23044
MediterraneanSea,182
Medusa,46
Meiosis,226
Melody,58
Meltingpoint,208
Melville,Herman,30,31
MemorialDay,110
Mendel,Gregor,226
Menopause,238
Menorah,80,82
Menstruation,238
Mercatorprojection,182
Merci,9
Mercury:
inmythology,45,46
planet,46,208
Meridian,182,216
Merlin,29,31
Mesopotamia,131,179
Messiah(Handel),56
Metabolism,238
Metamorphicrock,216
Metamorphosis,226,22627
Metaphor,31
Meteor,208
Meteorite,208
Meteorology,212,216
Meter:
inmusic,52,58
inpoetry,31
Metricsystem,251,251
MexicanWar,95,142
Mexico,182
Mexico,Gulfof,152,177
MexicoCity,182
Miami,154
Michelangelo,58,61,132
Michigan,154
Michigan,Lake,152,154
MickeyMouse,105
Micronesia,182
Microorganisms,227
Microscope,251
electron,248
Microwave,251
Midas,46
MiddleAges,124,128,131
MiddleAtlanticstates,95,147,15456
MiddleEast,182
MiddleWest(Midwest),151,156
MidsummerNight'sDream,A(Shakespeare),36
Midwest,the,151,156
"MightyFortressIsOurGod,A"(Luther),56
Migrantfarmworkers,104
MilkyWay,208
Milne,A.A.,40
Mindyourp'sandq's,3
Minerals:
inearthsciences,216
inhumanbody,238
Minerva(Athena),42,42,46
Minister,82
Minnesota,156
Minotaur,45,46
Minuteman,95
MiracleWorker,The,108
Mirror,mirror,onthewall,31,37
Missisasgoodasamile,A,3
Mississippi,90,156
MississippiRiver,127,156
Missouri,156
MissouriRiver,156
Mitchell,Maria,208
Mitochondrion,227
Mitosis,227
Mixednumber,197
Mobile,58
MobyDick(Melville),30,31
Modifier,15.SeealsoAdjectiveAdverb
Mohammed,80,81,82
MojaveDesert,156
Molars,238
Moldova,182
Molecule,208
Mollusk,227
MonaLisa(LeonardodaVinci),57,58,58
Monarchy,121
Monasteries,82
MoneranKingdom,227
Moneyburningaholeinyourpocket,9
Moneyistherootofallevil,3
Mongolia,182
Mongols,128
Monitor(computer),251
Monk,82
Monroe,James,95
MonroeDoctrine,95
Monsieur,9
MontBlanc,182
Montana,156
Montezuma,131
Montgomery(Alabama)busboycott(1955),103,110,111
Montreal,182
Moon,208
MoonlightSonata(Beethoven),52
Moore,ClementC.,31
Moore,Henry,50
Moral,31
Morethemerrier,The,3
Mormons(MormonChurch),95,160
Morocco,182
Morse,SamuelF.B.,251,255
Morsecode,251,255
Mosaic,58
Moscow,182
Moses,69,72,7273,74,76
Moslems,82
Mosque,82
MotherGoose,31,31
Mott,Lucretia,110,114
MountEverest,177,182
MountMcKinley,156
MountRainier,156
MountRushmore,156,156
MountSaintHelens,156,219
MountWhitney,156
Mountain,216
Mouse(computer),251
Mozart,WolfgangAmadeus,53,58,62
Ms.magazine,113
Mucus,237,239
Muhammad.SeeMohammed
Muir,John,216
Multimedia,251
Multiple,197

Page280

Multiplication,197
Mummies,127
Mumps,239
Munich,182
Mural,58
"MurdersintheRueMorgue,The"(Poe),34
Muscles,239
Museum,58
Music:
conceptsin,5065
countryandwestern,5354
gospel,55
Musicalcomedy,58
Musicalinstruments,59.SeealsoBrassPercussionStringsWoodwinds
Musicalnotation,59,59,62
Mussolini,Benito,118,141
Mutation,227
"MyBedIsaBoat"(Stevenson),36
Mycountry,'tisofthee,59
MyFairLady,58
Myanmar(Burma),170,182
Mythology,4149
N
Nagasaki,103,110,113,115,141,252
Nairobi,183
NapoleonBonaparte,139,141,141
Narcissus,44,46
Narrator,31
NASA(NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration),121,203
Nashville,156
NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration(NASA),121,203
Nationalanthem,59,62
NationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople(NAACP),105
Nationalism,121
NativeSon(Wright),40
Nativity,67,73,81
Naturalgas,216
Naturalresources,216
Naturalselection,227
Nature,balanceof,221
Navajos,95,9596
Nazis,138,13940,141
Nearsightedness,239
Nebraska,158
Necessityisthemotherofinvention,3
Negativenumber,197
Neitheraborrowernoralenderbe,25
Neptune:
inmythology,46,47
planet,46,208
Nero,131
Nerves,239
olfactory,239
Nervoussystem,236,239
Netherlands,the,183
Network,25152
Neuron,239
Neutron,208
Neutronstar,208
Nevada,158
Neverovertillit'sover,It's,3
Neverputofftilltomorrowwhatyoucandotoday,4
Nevertoolatetomend,It's,4
"Nevermore,"34
NeverNeverLand,31,33
NewDelhi,183
NewEngland,153,158
NewHampshire,99,158
NewJersey,99,158
NewMexico,158
NewOrleans,158
NewTestament,3,66,73
NewYork(state),99,158
NewYorkCity,55,62,65,158
NewYorkYankees,112
NewZealand,183
Newfoundland,183
Newton,Isaac,207,208
NiagaraFalls,158,158
Nicaragua,183
Nigeria,183
"NightbeforeChristmas,'Twasthe,"31
Nightingale,Florence,141
NileRiver,183
Nimbostratusclouds,216
Nia,126
Nitrogen,208
Nixon,Richard,110,114,120
Notaxationwithoutrepresentation,96
NoahandtheFlood,73,73
"NobodyKnowstheTroubleI'veSeen,"59
Nod,landof,9
Nominativecase,15
Noncommunicabledisease,239
Nonfiction,31
Nonviolence,105,109,11011,139
NormanConquest,131,135
Normandy,138,141
Norsemythology,41
NorthAmerica,181,183
NorthCarolina,90,99,158
NorthDakota,158
NorthKorea,183
NorthPole,166,184,217
NorthSea,183
NorthStar(Polaris),208
Northeast,the,158
NorthernHemisphere,177,21617
NorthernIreland,183
NorthwestPassage,131
Norway,183
Noseoutofjoint,9
Notovertillit'sover,It's,3
Nothingwillcomeofnothing,4
NotreDame(Paris),27,59
Noun:
definitionof,15
pronounnounagreement,12
proper,16
NovaScotia,183
Novel,3132
"NowILayMeDowntoSleep,"32
Nuclearenergy,252
Nuclearreactor,252,252
Nuclearweapons,252,252
Nucleus:
inbiology,227
inphysics,2089
Number:
cardinal,192
even,195
mixed,197
negative,197
odd,198
opposite,198
ordinal,198
positive,199
prime,199
whole,202
Numeral,197
Numerals,Roman,201
Numerator,197
Nun,82
Nurseryrhyme,18,32
Nutcracker,The(Tchaikovsky),52
Nutrients,239
Nutrition,239
Nymph,44,46
O
Obeautifulforspaciousskies,59
"OCanada,"59
"OCaptain!MyCaptain!"(Whitman),40

Page281

"OCome,AllYeFaithful,"53
"OSusanna,"59
Oakley,Annie,111
Object,15
direct,14
indirect,14
Objectivecase,15
Obtuseangle,191,197
Ocean,217
Oceania,171,183
Oceanography,212
Octagon,198,198
Octave,59,61
Oddnumber,198
"OdetoJoy"(Beethoven),52
OderRiver,183
Odin,46
Odysseus,32,43,46,46,48,49
Odyssey(Homer),23,27,32,46
Oedipus,46,48
Ohio,158
OhioRiver,158
Oil,217
O'Keeffe,Georgia,59
Oklahoma,158
OldFaithful,163
"OldFolksatHome,The"(Foster),64
Oldhat,9
OldIronsides(Constitution),96
"OldKingCole,"32
OldManandtheSea,The(Hemingway),26
"OldMotherHubbard,"32
OldTestament,66,73
Olfactorynerves,239
OliverTwist(Dickens),21,32
Olympicgames,47
Olympus,47
Omnivore,227
Onitslastlegs,10
Ontenterhooks,10
Onthewarpath,10
"OnTopofOldSmoky,"59
Oncebitten,twiceshy,4
Onceinabluemoon,10
"One,two,bucklemyshoe,"32
Oneifbyland,andtwoifbysea,33
Onepictureisworthathousandwords,4
Onerottenapplespoilsthewholebarrel,4
Onesmallstepforaman,onegiantleapformankind,That's,103
Onlythingwehavetofearisfearitself,The,111
Onomatopoeia,32
Ontario,183
Ontario,Lake,152,154
"Open,Sesame,"18,32
Opera,59
Oppositenumber,198
Opticnerve,239
Orbit,209
Orchestra,5960,62
symphony,62
Orderedpair,198
Ordinalnumber,198
Ore,217
Oregon,158
Organ:
inbiology,239
inmusic,60
Organic,209
Organism,227
Orient,the,183
OrinocoRiver,183
Orpheus,44,47
Orthodoxchurches,79
Orwell,George,19
Oslo,183
Othello(Shakespeare),32,36
Ottawa,183
Ounceofpreventionisworthapoundofcure,An,4
Outofmany,one(Epluribusunum),11819
Outofthefryingpanintothefire,10
"OwlandthePussycat,The"(Lear),32
Oxidation,209
Oxygen,209
Ozone,209
P
Pacificcoaststates,155,158
PacificNorthwest,158
PacificOcean,18384
Paine,Thomas,96
Painting,60
Pakistan,184
Paleontologist,217
Palestine,179,184
PalmSunday,82
Pampas,184
Pan,47
Panama,184
PanamaCanal,184
Pandora'sbox,47
PapuaNewGuinea,184
Paradise,82
Paragraph,15
Paraguay,184
Parallel,198,198
Parallelogram,198
Parentheses:
asEnglishpunctuation,15
inmathematics,198
Paris(mythology),44,47,48
Paris(city),54,184
Parks,Rosa,110,111
Parthenon,42,50,60
PartingoftheRedSea,75
Partsofspeech,15
Passover,8283,84
Pasteur,Louis,239
"Patacake,PataCake,"60
Patent,25253
Pathogen,221,239
Paul(saint),7374
PaulBunyan,32
"PaulRevere'sRide"(Longfellow),30,33
Pavlov,Ivan,227
PC(personalcomputer),253
Peanuts,104
PearlHarbor,111,111,115,14142
PecosBill,33
Pediatrician,239
Pegasus,47,47
Peking(Beijing),168
Pelican,222
Penname,33
Penelope,46,47
Penicillin,239
Peninsula,217
Penn,William,96,160
Pennsylvania,96,99,15860
Pennysavedisapennyearned,A,4
Pentagon(Arlington,Va.),121
Pentagon(mathematics),198,198
People'sRepublicofChina,126,172
Percent,198
Percussion,60
Perimeter,198
Period,15
Periodictable,209
Permanentteeth,240,240
Perpendicular,199
Persephone(Proserpina),43,47
Perseus,46

Page282

PersianEmpire,131
PersianGulf,184
PersianWars,131,132
Person,15
Personalcomputer(PC),253
Personalpronoun,15
Personification,33
Perspective,60,64
Peru,184
Peter(saint),74,83
PeterandtheWolf(Prokofiev),60
PeterPan(Barrie),20,31,33,38
PeterPiperpickedapeckofpickledpeppers,19
PeterRabbit,TheTaleof(Potter),33
PetertheGreat,142
Pharaoh,132
Pharmacist,240
Phasesofmatter,209
Philadelphia,160
Philippines,184
Philosopher,83
Philosophy:
conceptsof,7786
definitionof,77
Phoenix,47
Phonograph,106,247
Photosynthesis,227,22728
Phrase,15
prepositional,16
Physicalsciences,20311
Physics,203,209
Pi,199
Picasso,Pablo,50,54,60
Pictureisworthathousandwords,One,4
Piechart,199,199
''PiedPiperofHamelin,The,"33
Piet(Michelangelo),58
PikesPeak,160
Pilate,Pontius,74
Pilgrimage,80,82,83,96
Pilgrims,95,96
Pillarofsalt,72
Pinocchio(Collodi),33
Pinta,126
Pipeline,253
Piper,Watty,29
Pirates,140
Pisa,LeaningTowerof,57,57
Pistil,228
Piston,253
Pitch,59,60
Pitcher,Molly(MaryLudwigHaysMcCauley),96
Pittsburgh,160
Pizarro,Francisco,127,132
Placeforeverythingandeverythinginitsplace,A,4
Placevalue,199
Plague,125
PlaguesofEgypt,74,74
PlainsIndians,96,115
Plane(mathematics),199
Planet,209,210
Plants,228
Plasma,240
Plate(earthscience),217
Plateau,217
Platelets,240
Plato,77,83,128
Play,33
Playwright,33
PledgeofAllegiance,121
Plot,33
Plural,12,16
Pluto:
inmythology,44,47
planet,47,209
PlymouthColony,95,96
PlymouthRock,95,96
P.M.,10
Pneumonia,240
Pocahontas,96,97
Poe,EdgarAllan,34
Poem,34
Poetry,34.SeealsoCoupletFreeverseMeterRhymeStanzaVerse
Point,199
Poland,184
Polarregions,217
Polaris(NorthStar),208
Pole,184.SeealsoNorthPoleSouthPole
Politics:
conceptsin,11623
definitionof,116
Pollen,228
Pollution,136,217
air,212
Pollyanna(Porter),34
Polo,Marco,132
Polygon,199
Polyhedron,199
Polynesia,184
PoncedeLen,Juan,128,132
PonyExpress,96
Pooh(WinniethePooh),40
PoorRichard'sAlmanack(Franklin),2,92
Pope,83,84,86
Porter,Eleanor:Pollyanna,34
Portland(Oregon),160
Portugal,184
Poseidon(Neptune),46,47
Positivenumber,199
Possessive,13,16
Postmeridiem(P.M.),10
Potcallingthekettleblack,the,10
PotomacRiver,160
Potter,Beatrix,33
Power(mathematics),199
Power,solar,254
Powhatan,9697
Practicemakesperfect,4
Practicewhatyoupreach,1,4
Prague,184
Prairie,152
"PraisetotheLord,theAlmighty,"56
Prayer,83
Precipitation,217
Predicate,16
Prefix,16
Prehistoriccavepaintings,atLascaux,57
Preposition,16
Prepositionalphrase,16
Prescriptiondrug,240
President,119,12122
Presley,Elvis,61
Press,freedomofthe,116,119
Prevailingwinds,217
Priest,78,83
Primemeridian,180,184
Primenumber,199
"PrincessandthePea,The"(Anderson),19,34
Printmaking,60
Probability,199
Procrastinationisthethiefoftime,4
Prodigalson,74
Product(mathematics),199
Program,253
Prohibition,111,111
Prokofiev,Sergei,60
Prometheus,47
PromisedLand,69,71,75
Pronoun,16
personal,15
pronounnounagreement,12
Proofofthepuddingisintheeating,The,4
Propaganda,122

Page283

Propernoun,16
Prophet.SeeMohammed
Proportion,60,199200
Prose,34
Proserpina,47
Proteins,240
Protestantchurches,81,83,132
ProtistKingdom,228
Proton,209
Protoplasm,228
Proverbs,15
Psalms,75,76
Pseudonym,33
Psyche,4748
Psychiatrist,240
Psychologist,240
Puberty,240
Pueblos,93,97
PuertoRico,132,160
Pulley,253
Punctuationmarks,16.Seealsonamesofspecificmarks
Pupil(eye),240
Puritans,95,97
"PussinBoots,"34
Pygmalion,48
Pyramid:
inarchitecture,60,60,132
inmathematics,200,200
Pyrenees,184
Q
Quadrilateral,200,200
Quakers,83,96,97
Quartet,61
Quasimodo,27
Quebec,126,184
Questionmark,16
Quotationmarks,16
Quotient,200
Qur'an(Koran),80,81,82
R
Rabbi,83
Rabies,240
Radar,253
Radiation,209
infrared,207
ultraviolet,211
Radioactivity,209
Radius(radii),200
"Rain,rain,goaway,"34
Rainforest,21819
tropical,21819
Rainbow,217.SeealsoSpectrum
Rainier,Mount,156
Rainingcatsanddogs,It's,10
Ramadan,84
Randolph,A.Philip,110,111
Raphael,72
"Rapunzel,"34,34
Rate,200
Ratio,200
"Raven,The"(Poe),34
(recommendeddailyallowance),24042

RDA

Readbetweenthelines,10
Reagan,Ronald,11112
Reciprocal,200
Recommendeddailyallowance(RDA),24042
Reconstruction,112
Rectangle,200,200
Recycling,217
Redbloodcells,242
RedSea,186
partingofthe,69,75
Redcoat,97
Refinery,253
Reflection,209
Reformation,78,132
Refraction,209
Regularverb,14,16
ReignofTerror,139,142
Reincarnation,84
Relativehumidity,217
Reliefmap,186
Religion:
conceptsin,7786
definitionof,77
freedomof,116,119
Remainder,200
Rembrandt,61
RemembertheAlamo!,88,97
Remus.SeeRomulusandRemus
Renaissance,124,132
Repeatingdecimal,200
Rpondezs'ilvousplat(R.S.V.P.),10
Reproduction,228
Reproductivesystem,242
Reptiles,228
Republic,122
Republic,Roman,132
Republic,The(Plato),83
RepublicofChina(Taiwan),137,188
RepublicofIreland,186
Republicanparty,122
Requiescatinpace(R.I.P.),10
Reservation,97
Resistance,253
Respiration,242
Respiratorysystem,242
Rest(music),61
Resurrection,70,75,79,81
Retina,242
Revere,Paul,30,33,97
Revolution:
American(RevolutionaryWar),87,89,96,97,101
French,13637,139
Industrial,21,140,248
Russian,142
RevolutionaryWar,87,89,96,97,101
RhapsodyinBlue(Gershwin),55
RhineRiver,186
RhodeIsland,99,100,160
Rhodesia(Zimbabwe),190
Rhombus,200,200
RhoneRiver,186
Rhyme,21,34
Rhymescheme,35
Rhythm,61
Ribs,242
RichardtheLionHearted(kingofEngland),132
Richterscale,217
"RideaCockHorse,"35
Rightangle,191,201
Righttriangle,201,202
"RingAroundtheRosies,"61
RingofFire,186
RiodeJaneiro,186
RodelaPlata,186
RioGrande,160
R.I.P.,10
"RipVanWinkle"(Irving),35
,228

RNA

"RoadNotTaken,The"(Frost),24
Roadtohellispavedwithgoodintentions,The,4
RoanokeIslandcolony,90,94
RoaringTwenties,112
RobinHood,35,36
Robinson,Jackie,112
RobinsonCrusoe(Defoe),35
Rock,217
igneous,216
metamorphic,216
sedimentary,21718
Rock'n'roll,61
RockofGibraltar,177
"RockaByeBaby,"35
Rocketengine,253
RockyMountainstates,157,160
RockyMountains,160
Rodeo(Copland),53

Page284

Rolfe,John,97
RomanCatholicChurch,84.SeealsoBibleJesusChrist
RomanEmpire,128,132,133
Romanmythology,41
Romannumerals,201
RomanRepublic,132
Romania,186
Rome,186
fallof,128
namingof,48.
SeealsoRomanEmpire
Romewasn'tbuiltinaday,4
RomeoandJuliet(Shakespeare),35,36
RomulusandRemus,48,48
Roosevelt,Eleanor,112
Roosevelt,FranklinD.(FDR),111,112,122
Roosevelt,TheodoreR.,112,156
Rosesarered,35
RoshHashanah,84
Ross,Betsy,97
Rossetti,Christina,28,31
Rotation,axisof,212
RoughRiders,112
Round(music),61
RoundTable,Knightsofthe,20,29
Rounding,201
"Row,Row,RowYourBoat,"61
R.S.V.P.,10
"RubADubDub,"35
Ruleofthumb,10
Ruletheroost,10
Rumania(Romania),186
"Rumpelstiltskin"(GrimmBrothers),35
Runofthemill,10
Rushmore,Mount,156,156
Russia,186
RussianRevolution,142
Ruth,75
Ruth,GeorgeHerman(Babe),112
S
Sabbath,68,75
Sacajawea,97
Sacrament,84
Sacred,84
Sahara,186
Saint,84
St.GeorgeKillingtheDragon,84
SaintHelens,Mount,156,219
St.LawrenceRiver,126,160
St.LawrenceSeaway,160
St.Louis,160
St.Paul'sCathedral(London),144
Saladin,134
Salemwitchtrials,97
Saliva,242
Salt(chemistry),210
Salt,pillarof,72
SaltLakeCity,95,160
Salvation,84
Samoa,186
Samson,75
Samurai,134
SanAndreasFault,160,217
SanFrancisco,55,160
SanchoPanza,22,22,3536
SantaAnna,AntonioLopezde,142
SantaMara,126
SoPaulo,187
Satan,75,75,79
Satellite,210,210
Saturatedfats,242
Saturn:
inmythology,48
planet,48,210
SaudiArabia,187
Scale:
inmathematics,201
inmusic,61
Scalenetriangle,201,202
Scandinavia,187
ScarletLetter,The(Hawthorne),26
Scene,36
Sciences:
earth,21220
life,22129
physical,20311
Scientificmethod,210
Scotland,187
Screen(computer),253
Screw,253
Scrooge,21,36
Sculpture,61
Sea,217
SearsTower(Chicago),62
Seattle,160
Secession,97
SecretGarden,The(Burnett),36
Seder,84
Sedimentaryrock,21718
Sedimentation,218
Seed,228
Seeger,Pete,55
Seeingisbelieving,4
Segregation,103,104,105,112.SeealsoJimCrowlaws
Seine,187
Seismograph,218
Semicolon,16
Seminoles,97
Senate,U.S.,117,122
SenecaFallsConvention,9798,110
Seor,10
Seora,10
Seorita,10
Senses,242
Sentence,16
declarative,14
imperative,14
interrogative,14
predicateof,16
subjectof,12,17
topic,17
Sequoya,98
Serf,128,134
Sermon,84
SermonontheMount,70,71,72,75,79
Set,201
Settlementhouse,102,11213
Seuss,Dr.(TheodoreSeussGeisel),25,33,36
SevenDwarfs,36,37
1776,inUnitedStates,87,90,92
Shakespeare,William,24,33,36,127,132
Hamlet,25,36
JuliusCaesar,28,36
KingLear,4
Macbeth,30,36
Othello,32,36
RomeoandJuliet,35,36
Shanghai,187
Shawnees,98
Shelley,Mary,24
ShenandoahValley,160
SherlockHolmes,36
SherwoodForest,35,36
Shinto,8485
Shipshape,10
Shock,242
Shoguns,134
Shortcircuit,25354
Shortstory,36
Shoshones,98
Shotheardroundtheworld,the,23,98
Showmustgoon,The,4
Siberia,187
Sicily,187
SierraNevada,160
"SilentNight,"53
SilentSpring(Carson),213
Simile,36
"SimpleSimon,"36

Page285

SinbadtheSailor,36
"SingaSongofSixpence,"3637
Singapore,187
Singular,12,1617
Sioux,90,98
Sirens,46,48
SistineChapel,58,61
Sitonthefence,10
Site(Internet),253
Sitin,113
SittingBull,98,105,113,113
Skeletalsystem,241,242
Skin,24243,243
Skyscraper,6162
Slavetrade,142
Slavery,87,8990,98.SeealsoAbolitionEmancipationProclamation
"SleepingBeauty,"37
SleepingBeauty(Tchaikovsky),52
Slovakia,187
Slovenia,187
Slowandsteadywinstherace,26
Smith,Bessie,53
Smith,CaptainJohn,96,98
Smog,218
"SnowWhite"(GrimmBrothers),25,31,36,37
Socialsecurity,122
Socialism,116,122
Socrates,83,85
Socraticmethod,85
Software,253
Soil,218
Solarcell,254,254
Solarenergy,218
Solarpower,254
Solarsystem,210,210
Solid:
inmathematics,201
inphysics,210
Solomon,69,76
Solution,210
"SongofHiawatha,The"(Longfellow),26,30
"SongofMyself"(Whitman),24
Sonicboom,254
Sophocles,128
Soprano,62
SoundandtheFury,The(Faulkner),23
SoundofMusic,The,58
Sourgrapes,1011,2324
Sousa,JohnPhilip,62
South,the,54,95,159,162
SouthAfrica,136,187
SouthAmerica,185,187
SouthCarolina,90,99,162
SouthDakota,162
SouthKorea,187
SouthPole,166,184,218
SouthSeas,187
SoutheastAsia,187
SouthernHemisphere,177,218
Southwest,the,161,162
SovietUnion,142,187,189
Spaceprogram,1023,109,142
SpaceShuttle,254,254
Spacestation,254
Spain,187
SpanishArmada,128,134
SpanishAmericanWar,112,113
Sparta,128,134
Speaksoftlyandcarryabigstick,112
Species,228
Spectrum,210
Speech:
freedomof,116,120
partsof,15
Speedoflight,21011
Sperm,228
Sphere,201,201
Sphinx,46,48,134
Spinalcolumn,243
Spinalcord,243
SpiritofSt.Louis,The,110,113
Spiritual,62
Sputnik,142
Square,200,201
Squaredance,55,62
Squareroot,201
SriLanka,187
Staff(music),57,62
Stalactites,218
Stalagmites,218
Stalin,Joseph,142
Stallings,Carla,51
Stamen,228
Stanton,ElizabethCady,98,110,114
Stanza,37
Star,211
"StarLight,StarBright,"37
StarofDavid,85,85
StarsandStripes,97,98
"StarsandStripesForever"(Sousa),62
"StarSpangledBanner,The"(Key),57,59,62,91
Stategovernment,119,122
Staticelectricity,254
StatueofLiberty,61,122,122
Stealsomeone'sthunder,11
Steamegine,254,256
Steamboat,248
Steel,254
Stegosaurus,223
Steinem,Gloria,113,114,119
Steppes,187
Stevenson,RobertLouis,21,22,36,37,3839
Stitchintimesavesnine,A,4
Stock,117,122
Stockholm,188
Stoker,Bram,22
Stomach,243
StoneAge,134
Stonehenge,134
"StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening"(Frost),24
Stowe,HarrietBeecher:
"BattleHymnoftheRepublic,The,"52,56
UncleTom'sCabin,39,100
StraitofMagellan,188
StrangeCaseofDr.JekyllandMr.Hyde,The(Stevenson),22,37
Stratusclouds,218
Strike,122
Strikewhiletheironishot,4
Strings,62
Stroke,243
Style(writing),17
Styx,48
Subject,12,17
Subjectverbagreement,12
Subtraction,2012
Sudan,188
SuezCanal,188
Suffix,17
Sum,202
Sun,211
SunAlsoRises,The(Hemingway),26
Sunspot,211
Superior,Lake,152,154
Superman,37
Superpowers.SeeColdWar
Supersonic,254
SupremeCourt,123

Page286

Supremes,DianaRossandthe,61,61
Surfacearea,202
SwanLake(Tchaikovsky),52
Sweden,188
Swift,Jonathan,25,29
"SwingLow,SweetChariot,"62
Switch,255
Switzerland,188
Sydney,188
Syllogism,81
Symmetry,202
Symphony,62
Symphonyorchestra,62
Synagogue,85
Synonyms,17
Syria,188
T
Tahiti,188
Taiwan,137,188
TajMahal,62,62
"TakeMeOuttotheBallGame,"63
Takethebullbythehorns,6,11
TaleofTwoCities,A(Dickens),21
Talltale,37
Talmud,85
Tangdynasty,134
Tanganyika,Lake,179
Tanzania,188
Taoism,85
Tapdance,63
Tarzan,37
Tastebuds,243
Tchaikovsky,Peter,52,53
Technology:
conceptsin,24557
definitionof,255
Teeth:
baby,231
permanent,23940,240
Tehran,188
TelAviv,188
Telegraph,96,25152,255
Telephone,103,246
Telescope,206,255,255
Temperatezone,218
Temperature,255
Tempestinateapot,a,11
Temple,86
Tempo,63
TenCommandments,69,73,76,79
Tenderfoot,11
Tendons,243
Tennessee,90,162
Tenor,63
Tense,17
Tepee,63,63,96
Teresa,Mother,14243
Testament:
New,3,66,73
Old,66,73
Texas,90,162
Thailand,188
Thames,189
That'sonesmallstepforaman,onegiantleapformankind,103
Thayer,ErnestLawrence,37
"ThereisnojoyinMudville,"37
"Therewasalittlegirl"(Longfellow),37
"ThereWasanOldWomanWhoLivedinaShoe,"3738
There'sasuckerborneveryminute,103
There'smorethanonewaytoskinacat,4
There'snoplacelikehome,4
Thermometer,255
Thermostat,255
Theseus,46
Thirteencolonies,88,9899
"ThirtyDaysHathSeptember,"38
"ThisLandIsYourLand"(Guthrie),63
Thislittlepiggywenttomarket,38
Thor,48
Thoreau,HenryDavid,38
Thorpe,Jim,113
Thoth,129
ThousandandOneNights,The.SeeArabianNights
"ThreeBears,Goldilocksandthe,"24
"ThreeBlindMice,"38
"ThreeLittlePigs,The,"20,38
ThreeMusketeers,The(Dumas),1
Throat,243
ThroughtheLookingGlass(Carroll),19,27,28,39
Throughthickandthin,11
Thunder,218
Thunderheads,218
TiberRiver,189
Tibet,189
Tidalwave,218
Tides,218
TigrisRiver,131,189
Tillthecowscomehome,11
Timbuktu,11
Timehealsallwounds,4
TimesSquare,162
TinkerBell,33,38
Tipoftheiceberg,216
Tissues,243
Titfortat,11
Titanic,H.M.S.,142,143
Titans,42,47,48
Titian:VenusandAdonis,41
Titicaca,Lake,179
Tobe,ornottobe,thatisthequestion,25
Tokyo,189
Tolkien,J.R.R.,38
Tom,Dick,andHarry,11
TomSawyer,TheAdventuresof(Twain),38
TomThumb,38
Tonsils,243
Topicsentence,17
Topographicmap,218
Topsoil,218
Torah,81,86
Tornado,218,219
Toronto,189
"TortoiseandtheHare,The,"26
totempole,99
Touchandgo,11
Touch,11
ToussaintL'Ouverture,143
TowerofBabel,67
Tragedy,38
TrailofTears,89,99
Transcontinentalrailroad,99
Transformer,255
Transistor,256
Trapezoid,202,202
TreasureIsland(Stevenson),37,3839
"Trees"(Kilmer),39
Triangle,202
equilateral,195,202
isosceles,196
right,201,202
scalene,201,202
Triceratops,223
Trinity,86
Trojanhorse,4849,49
TrojanWar,27,41,44,46,47,4849
Troll,49

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TropicofCancer,189
TropicofCapricorn,189
Tropicalrainforest,21819
Tropics,219
Troy,48,49
Troy,Helenof,44
Truman,HarryS.,103,113
Trumbull,John,91
Truth,Sojourner,87,99
Truthisstrangerthanfiction,4
Tsunami,219
Tubman,Harriet,87,99,99
Tundra,219
Turbine,256
Turkey,189
"TurkeyintheStraw,"63
Turnoveranewleaf,11
Turner,Nat,100
TuskegeeInstitute,114
Tutankhamen,13435
Twain,Mark,27,33,38,39,39
"'TwasthenightbeforeChristmas,"31
TweedledumandTweedledee,19,39
"TwelveDaysofChristmas,The,"6364
TwelveLaborsofHercules,45
TwentythirdPsalm,76
"Twinkle,twinkle,littlestar,"39
Twoheadsarebetterthanone,5
Twowrongsdon'tmakearight,5
Tyrannosaurus,223
U
Uganda,189
"UglyDuckling,The"(Anderson),19,39
Ukraine,189
Ultravioletradiation,211
Ulysses,49.SeealsoOdysseus
UncleRemus,20,39
UncleSam,123,123
UncleTom,100
UncleTom'sCabin(Stowe),39,100
UndergroundRailroad,99,100
Unicorn,49
Union,100,123.SeealsoLaborunion
UnionofSovietSocialistRepublics(USSR),142,187,189
UnitedKingdom,189.SeealsoEnglandNorthernIrelandScotlandWales
UnitedNations,143
UnitedStates,mapof,14849
UnitedStatesMilitaryAcademy(WestPoint),162
UnitedStatesNavalAcademy(Annapolis),146
Universe,211
Unsaturatedfats,243
Uppercaseletter,13,17
UralMountains,189
Uranus,211
Uruguay,189
Utah,162
Uterus,243
Utility,256
V
Vaccination,243
Vaccine,24344
Vacuum,211,256
Valhalla,49
ValleyForge,100
Vampire,22
Vancouver,189
Vanishingpoint,64
Variable,202
Vassal,128,135
Vatican(VaticanCity),61,83,86,189
VCR(videocassetterecorder),256
Vein,244
Venezuela,189
Venice,189
Venus:
inmythology,41,41,42,48,49
planet,49,211
VenusdeMilo,64,64
Verb,17
auxiliary,13
irregular,1415
linking,15
regular,14,16
subjectverbagreement,12
tenseof,17
Vermont,162
Versailles,64
Verse,39
Vertebrate,221,228
Vertical,202
Viceversa,11
Victoria(queenofEngland),143,143
Victoria,Lake,179
VictoriaFalls,190
Video,256
Videocassetterecorder(VCR),256
Videotape,256
Vienna,190
Vietnam,190
VietnamWar,108,11314,143,144
Vikings,135,135
Villa,Pancho,144
"VillageBlacksmith,The"(Longfellow),39
VirginIslands,162
VirginMary,69,72,72,8182,86
Virginia,90,99,162
Virus,244
Vitamins,244
Volcano,219,219
Volga,190
Volt,256
Voltage,256
Volume(physics),256
VotingRightsActof1965,114
Vowels,13,17
Vulcan(Hephaestus),44,49
W
WailingWall,86
Walden(Thoreau),38
Wales,190
Warof1812,57,62,91,100
WarofSecession.SeeCivilWar
WaronPoverty,108,114
Warmfront,21920
Warmbloodedanimal,228
Wars:
BoerWar,137
CivilWar,87,8990,91,92,97
KoreanWar,109,140
MexicanWar,95,142
PersianWars,131,132
RevolutionaryWar,87,89,96,97,101
SpanishAmericanWar,112,113
TrojanWar,27,41,44,46,47,4849
VietnamWar,108,11314,143,144
Warof1812,57,62,91,100
WorldWarI,114,136,14445
WorldWarII,111,115,136,145.
SeealsoColdWarWaronPoverty
Warsaw,190
Washington(state),162
Washington,BookerT.,114
Washington,George,90,91,100,100101,156
Washington,D.C.,100,162
WashingtonMonument,123,123
Wastenot,wantnot,5
Watchedpotneverboils,A,5
Watercycle,220
Waterpower,256
Watervapor,220
Watergate,110,114

Page288

Waterloo,Battleof,141,144
Watson,JamesD.,229
Watt,211,256
Watt,James,256
"WaydownupontheSwaneeRiver,/Far,faraway,"64
We,thepeople,117,123
Weholdthesetruthstobeselfevident,118
Weatherandearthsciences,21220
Weathersatellite,220
Weatherservice,220
Weathering,220
Wedge,256
Weight,256
Wellbegunishalfdone,5
Wellington,Dukeof(ArthurWellesley),144
WestCoast,162
WestGermany.SeeGermany
WestIndies,181,190
WestPoint,162
WestVirginia,162
Westernculture,124
WesternHemisphere,177
WesternWall,86,86
Whatwillbe,willbe,5
Wheatley,Phillis,3940,40
Wheelandaxle,257
When,inthecourseofhumanevents,118
WheninRome,doastheRomansdo,5
Whenitrains,itpours,5
"WhenJohnnyComesMarchingHome,"64
"WhentheSaintsGoMarchingIn,"62,64
Wherethere'sawill,there'saway,5
Whistler,James,64
Whistler'sMother(Whistler),64
Whitebloodcells,244
WhiteHouse,100,123,123
Whitman,Walt,24,40
Whitney,Eli,257
Whitney,Mount,156
Wholenumber,202
Whosoevershallsmitetheeontherightcheek,turntohimtheotheralso,75
WildWest,114
Wilder,LauraIngalls,40
WilliamTell,40
WilliamtheConqueror,135
Williams,Hank,54
Williams,Roger,101
Wilson,Woodrow,114,140
WindintheWillows,The(Grahame),40
Winds,prevailing,217
WinniethePooh,40
Wisconsin,162
Witchtrials,Salem,97
WizardofOz,The(film),40
WizardofOz,TheWonderful(Baum),40
Wolfinsheep'sclothing,11
Women'smovement,107,114,119
Women'ssuffrage,97,102,114,121
WonderfulWizardofOz,The(Baum),40
Wood,Grant,51
Woodwinds,6465
Work,257
Worldgeography,16490
Worldhistory:
before1600,12435
since1600,13645
Worldmap,165
WorldTradeCenter(NewYorkCity),62
WorldWarI,114,136,144
WorldWarII,111,115,136,14445
WorldWideWeb,257
WoundedKnee,115
Wright,FrankLloyd,65
Wright,Richard,40
Wrightbrothers(WilburandOrville),115,115
Wyeth,Andrew,65
"Wynken,BlynkenandNod"(Field),40
Wyoming,162
X
Xchromosome,229
Xray,211,211,244
Y
YangtzeRiver,190
"YankeeDoodle,"65
Ychromosome,229
Yeats,W.B.,173
YellowRiver(China),190
YellowstoneNationalPark,163
YomKippur,86
Yorktown,Battleof,90,101
YosemiteNationalPark,162,163
Youcanleadahorsetowater,5
Youcan'tteachanolddognewtricks,5
Young,Brigham,95
Yucatn,190
Yugoslavia,190
YukonTerritory,190
Z
Zaire,190
Zapata,Emiliano,145,145
Zedong,Mao.SeeMaoZedong(Tsetung)
Zero,202
Zeus(Jupiter),45,49
Zimbabwe,190
Zoology,221,229
Zulus,135
Zurich,190